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The properties of pions from the hot and dense reaction stage of relativistic heavy ion collisions are investigated with the quantum molecular dynamics model. Pions originating from this reaction stage stem from resonance decay with enhanced mass. They carry high transverse momenta. The calculation shows a direct correlation between high pt pions, early freeze-out times and high freeze-out densities.
Dilepton spectra for p+p and p+d reactions at 4.9GeV are calculated. We consider electromagnetic bremsstrahlung also in inelastic reactions. N* and Delta* decay present the major contributions to the pho and omega meson yields.Pion annihilation yields only 1.5% of all pho's in p+d. The pho mass spectrum is strongly distorted due to phase space effects, populating dominantly dilepton masses below 770MeV.
Strong mean meson fields, which are known to exist in normal nuclei, experience a violent deformation in the course of a heavy-ion collision at relativistic energies. This may give rise to a new collective mechanism of the particle production, not reducible to the superposition of elementary nucleon-nucleon collisions.
We investigate the sensivity of pionic bounce-off and squeeze-out on the density and momentum dependence of the real part of the nucleon optical potential. For the in-plane pion bounce-off we find a strong sensivity on both the density and momentum dependence whereas the out-of-plane pion squeeze-out shows a strong sensivity only towards the momentum dependence but little sensivity towards the density dependence.
We demonstrate the importance of the Bose-statistical effects for pion production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The evolution of the pion phase-space density in central collisions of ultrarelativistic nuclei is studied in a simple kinetic model taking into account the effect of Bose-simulated pion production by the NN collisions in a dense cloud of mesons.
The volume changes of solid iodine under pressure are discussed with respect to the packing density of the atoms and to valence. The packing density of solid iodine which is 0.805 under ambient pressure increases to 0.976 in monoatomic iodine-II, 0.993 in iodine-III, and 1 in fcc iodine-IV. Simultaneously, the valence increases from 1 in the free molecule to 1.78 in the crystal structure under ambient pressure, 2.72 – 2.81 in iodine-II, 2.86 – 2.96 in iodine-III, and 3 in fcc iodine-IV. The valence then remains constant up to about 180 GPa and rises moderately to 3.15 at the highest investigated pressure of 276 GPa. Parameters for calculating bond numbers, valences and atomic volumes of densely packed halogens, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are given.
The volume changes of cesium under pressure are discussed with respect to the packing density of the atoms and valence. The element is univalent in densely packed Cs I and Cs II. Valence increases in Cs III (packing density q = 0.973), in Cs IV (q = 0.943), in Cs V (q ~ 0.99), and in close packed Cs VI. The diminuition of volume beyond ~ 15 GPa is caused by this increase only which implies that electrons of the fifth shell act as valence electrons.
Relationships between bond lengths and bond numbers and also between atomic volumes and valencies are derived and parameters for their calculation are given for the s-block, p-block, and d-block metals. From the atomic volumes under pressure, the valencies of three solid lanthanoids have been confirmed or redetermined: La 3; Ce 2. 3. and 4; Yb 2 and 3.