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Elliptic flow from nuclear collisions is a hadronic observable sensitive to the early stages of system evolution. We report first results on elliptic flow of charged particles at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV using the STAR Time Projection Chamber at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The elliptic flow signal, v2, averaged over transverse momentum, reaches values of about 6% for relatively peripheral collisions and decreases for the more central collisions. This can be interpreted as the observation of a higher degree of thermalization than at lower collision energies. Pseudorapidity and transverse momentum dependence of elliptic flow are also presented.
Observation of enhanced subthreshold K+ production in central collisions between heavy nuclei
(1994)
In the very heavy collision system 197Au+197Au the K+ production process was studied as a function of impact parameter at 1 GeV/nucleon, a beam energy well below the free N-N threshold. The K+ multiplicity increases more than linearly with the number of participant nucleons and the K+/ pi + ratio rises significantly when going from peripheral to central collisions. The measured K+ double differential cross section is enhanced by a factor of 6 compared to microscopic transport calculations if secondary processes (Delta N-->K Lambda N and Delta Delta -->K Lambda N) are ignored.
The energy dependence of rapidity distributions and flow effects was studied in central Ar+Pb collisions at 400, 800, and 1800 MeV/nucleon using a streamer chamber. Rapidity distributions for proton and pions are found to have a Gaussian shape whereas those for deuterons exhibit a two-peak structure at the two higher energies. The average in-plane transverse momentum per/nucleon and per/event shows saturation of flow around 800 MeV/nucleon for this asymmetric system. The aspect ratio of the sphericity tensor is closely correlated with the flow angle. This correlation appears to be independent of beam energy. The number of participating nucleons in central collisions varies from 213 at 400 to 135 at 1800 MeV/nucleon indicating that at the lowest energy almost the entire target nucleus participates in the collision.
Nuclear resonance fluorescence experiments have been performed on the deformed actinide nucleus 236U. Bremsstrahlung of 3.9 MeV endpoint energy has been used as the photon source. The scattered photons were detected by three high resolution Ge- gamma -spectrometers installed at scattering angles of 92°, 128°, and 150°, respectively. Precise excitation energies, decay branching ratios, and ground state decay widths of numerous previously unknown spin 1 states in the excitation energy range 1.8-3.2 MeV have been extracted. The dipole strength has been found to be concentrated in the energy range 2.1-2.5 MeV. The systematics of the so-called scissors mode observed as a result of the previous ( gamma , gamma ') and (e,e') experiments on 232Th and 238U and, in particular, their combined analysis suggests likewise to attribute these new dipole excitations in 236U to the orbital M1 scissors mode.
Semicentral Ar+KCl, La+La, and Ar+Pb collisions at 800 MeV/nucleon were studied using a streamer chamber. The results are analyzed in the framework of the transverse momentum analysis and in terms of the average sphericity matrix. A critical examination of the analysis procedures, both experimental and theoretical, is given. New procedures are described to account for overall momentum conservation in the reaction, and to correct for azimuthal variations in the detection efficiency. Average transverse momenta per nucleon in the reaction plane are presented for deuterons emitted in the forward hemisphere, as these provide the most reliable information. A Vlasov-Uehling-Uhlenbeck calculation with a stiff equation of state gives a good fit to the momenta in the Ar+Pb reaction. Flow effects parametrized further using the sphericity tensor are found stronger than in the cascade model and consistently weaker than predicted by hydrodynamics. Parameters from the sphericity tensor exhibit a larger variation as a function of multiplicity than do the average momenta per nucleon.
Models with multiple equilibria are a popular way to explain currency attacks. Morris and Shin (1998) have shown that, in the context of those models, unique equilibria may prevail once noisy private information is introduced. In this paper, we generalize the results of Morris and Shin to a broader class of probability distributions and show - using the technique of iterated elimination of dominated strategies - that uniqueness will hold, even if we allow for sunspots and individual uncertainty about strategic behavior of other agents. We provide a clear exposition of the logic of this model and we analyse the impact of transparency on the probability of a speculative attack. For the case of uniform distribution of noisy signals, we show that increased transparency of government policy reduces the likelihood of attacks. JEL Classification F 31, D 82
The focus of this article is the analysis of the inflation risk of European real estate securities. Following both a causal and a final understanding of risk, the analysis is twofold. First, to examine the causal influence of inflation on short- and long-term asset returns, different regression approaches are employed based on the methodology of Fama and Schwert (1977). Hedging capacities against expected inflation are found only for German open-end funds. Secondly, different shortfall risk measures are used to study whether an investment in European real estate securities protects against a negative real return at the end of a given investment period.
In contrast to the United States and the United Kingdom, little empirical work exists about the distributional characteristics of appraisalbased real estate returns outside these countries. The purpose of this study is to fill this gap by focusing on Germany. In line with other studies, this paper offers an extensive investigation into the distribution of German real estate returns and compares them with and U.S. and U.K. data in the same period. Furthermore, the comovements with bonds and stocks are also examined. In the core, the distributional characteristics for German real estate are comparable to that for the U.S. and U.K.
U.S. investors hold much less international stock than is optimal according to mean–variance portfolio theory applied to historical data. We investigated whether this home bias can be explained by Bayesian approaches to international asset allocation. In comparison with mean–variance analysis, Bayesian approaches use different techniques for obtaining the set of expected returns by shrinking the sample means toward a reference point that is inferred from economic theory. Applying the Bayesian approaches to the field of international diversification, we found that a substantial home bias can be explained when a U.S. investor has a strong belief in the global mean–variance efficiency of the U.S. market portfolio, and in this article, we show how to quantify the strength of this belief. We also found that one of the Bayesian approaches leads to the same implications for asset allocation as the mean–variance/tracking-error criterion. In both cases, the optimal portfolio is a combination of the U.S. market portfolio and the mean–variance-efficient portfolio with the highest Sharpe ratio.
In this paper, we calculate a transaction–based price index for apartments in Paris (France). The heterogeneous character of real estate is taken into account using an hedonic model. The functional form is specified using a general Box–Cox function. The data basis covers 84 686 transactions of the housing market in 1990:01–1999:12, which is one of the largest samples ever used in comparable studies. Low correlations of the price index with stock and bond indices (first differences) indicate diversification benefits from the inclusion of real estate in a mixed asset portfolio. JEL C43, C51, O18, R20.
The GPS recorder consists of a GPS receiver board, a logging facility, an antenna, a power supply, a DC-DC converter and a casing. Currently, it has a weight of 33 g. The recorder works reliably with a sampling rate of 1/s and with an operation time of about 3 h, providing time-indexed data on geographic positions and ground speed. The data are downloaded when the animal is recaptured. Prototypes were tested on homing pigeons. The records of complete flight paths with surprising details illustrate the potential of this new method that can be used on a variety of medium-sized and large vertebrates.
Charged-particle exclusive data for Ar+Pb collisions at 0.772 GeV/u are analyzed in terms of collective variables for the event shapes in momentum space. Semicentral collisions lead to sidewards flow whereas nearly head-on collisions have spherical shapes in the c.m. frame, resulting from complete stopping of projectile motion. The hydrodynamical model predictions agree qualitatively with the data whereas the standard cascade model disagrees, lacking in stopping power and collective flow.
Nuclear resonance fluorescence measurements with linearly polarized bremsstrahlung were performed to determine parities of bound dipole transitions in 206Pb. A new 1+ level at 5800 keV was found, which has almost the same strength as the isoscalar M1 transition in 208Pb. Twenty-four further dipole states in 206Pb below 7.6 MeV possess negative parity.
Pion and proton production are measured to investigate thermal equilibrium in central collisions of 40Ar+KCl at 1.8 GeV/nucleon. The bulk of the pion yield is isotropic in the c.m. system, with an apparent temperature of 58±3 MeV, much lower than the 118±2 MeV of the protons. It is shown that the low pion "temperature" can be explained by the decay kinematics of delta resonances in thermal equilibrium. A (5±1)% component in the pion spectrum is, however, found to have a temperature of 110±10 MeV. The effect on the spectra of possible contributions from collective radial flow is discussed.
An event by event analysis is carried out for all charged particles observed in central collisions of 40Ar + KCl and 40Ar + Pb at 1.808 and 0.772 GeV/nucleon, respectively. Total transverse energy is used for impact parameter selection within the central trigger condition. The central Ar + KCl reaction exhibits a forward-backward oriented momentum flux. The flux distribution of the most central Ar + Pb events is approximately isotropic in the fireball center of mass.
Triple differential cross sections d3 sigma /dp3 for charged pions produced in symmetric heavy-ion collisions were measured with the KaoS magnetic spectrometer at the heavy-ion synchrotron facility SIS at GSI. The correlations between the momentum vectors of charged pions and the reaction plane in 197Au+197Au collisions at an incident energy of 1 GeV/nucleon were determined. We observe, for the first time, an azimuthally anisotropic distribution of pions, with enhanced emission perpendicular to the reaction plane. The anisotropy is most pronounced for pions of high transverse momentum in semicentral collisions.
Nuclear resonance fluorescence experiments with linearly polarized bremsstrahlung were performed to determine parities of strong dipole transitions in 40Ar. A total of 14 transitions—ten of them previously unknown—in the energy range from 4.7 to 10.2 MeV could be identified. From this experiment it is evident that the main dipole strength to bound states is due to E1 excitations. An upper limit of B(M1) [up arrow] <0.5 µN2 was found for individual magnetic dipole excitations in 40Ar in the energy region below neutron threshold.
Electric charge correlations were studied for p+p, C+C, Si+Si, and centrality selected Pb+Pb collisions at sqrt[sNN]=17.2 GeV with the NA49 large acceptance detector at the CERN SPS. In particular, long-range pseudorapidity correlations of oppositely charged particles were measured using the balance function method. The width of the balance function decreases with increasing system size and centrality of the reactions. This decrease could be related to an increasing delay of hadronization in central Pb+Pb collisions.
The properties of two measures of charge fluctuations D-tilde and DeltaPhiq are discussed within several toy models of nuclear collisions. In particular their dependence on mean particle multiplicity, multiplicity fluctuations, and net electric charge are studied. It is shown that the measure DeltaPhiq is less sensitive to these trivial biasing effects than the originally proposed measure D-tilde. Furthermore the influence of resonance decay kinematics is analyzed and it is shown that it is likely to shadow a possible reduction of fluctuations due to QGP creation.
Dt. Fassung: Rechtsentfremdungen: Zum gesellschaftlichen Mehrwert des zwölften Kamels, Zeitschrift für Rechtssoziologie 21, 2000, 189-215 und in Gunther Teubner (Hg.) Die Rückgabe des zwölften Kamels: Niklas Luhmann in der Diskussion über Gerechtigkeit. Lucius & Lucius, Stuttgart 2000, 189-215. Englische Fassung: Alienating Justice: On the Social Surplus Value of the Twelfth Camel. In: David Nelken and Jirí Pribán (Hg.) Law's New Boundaries: Consequences of Legal Autopoiesis. Ashgate, London 2001, 21-44. Französische Fassung: Les multiples aliénations du droit : Sur la plus-value sociale du douzième chameau. Droit et Société 47, 2001, 75-100. Polnische Fassung: Sprawiedliwosc alienujaca : O dodatkowej wartosci dwunastego wielblada. Ius et Lex 1, 2002, 109-132. Italienische Fassung: Le molteplici alienazioni del diritto : Sul plusvalore sociale del dodicesimo camello. In: Annamaria Rufino und Gunther Teubner, Il diritto possibile: Funzioni e prospettive del medium giuridico. Guerini, Milano, 2005, 93-130.
The transverse momentum and rapidity distributions of negative hadrons and participant protons have been measured for central 32S+ 32S collisions at plab=200 GeV/c per nucleon. The proton mean rapidity shift < Delta y>~1.6 and mean transverse momentum <pT>~0.6 GeV/c are much higher than in pp or peripheral AA collisions and indicate an increase in the nuclear stopping power. All pT spectra exhibit similar source temperatures. Including previous results for K0s Lambda , and Lambda -bar, we account for all important contributions to particle production.
The NA35 experiment has collected a high statistics set of momentum analyzed negative hadrons near and forward of midrapidity for central collisions of 200A GeV/c 32S+S, Cu, Ag, and Au. Using momentum space correlations to study the size of the source of particle production, the transverse source radii are found to decrease by ~40% at midrapidity and ~20% at forward rapidity while the longitudinal radius RL is found to decrease by ~50% as pT increases over the interval 50<pT<600 MeV/c. Calculations using a microscopic phase space approach (relativistic quantum molecular dynamics) reproduce the observed trends of the data. PACS: 25.75.+r
Transverse momenta and rapidities of Lambda 's produced in central nucleus-nucleus collisions at 4.5 GeV/c·u (C-C,...,O-Pb) were studied and compared with those from inelastic He-Li interactions at the same incident momentum. Polarization of the Lambda hyperons was found to be consistent with zero ( alpha P=-0.06=0.11 for Lambda 's from central collisions). An upper limit of the Lambda -bar / Lambda production ratio was estimated to be less than 4.5 x 10-3. The experiment was performed in a triggered streamer chamber.
Difficulties of the thermodynamical model approach to pion production in relativistic ion collisions
(1983)
Thermodynamical models with various forms of partial transparency of nuclear matter are considered. It is shown that the introduction of transparency, however, significantly improves agreement with pion data concerning multiplicities and transverse momenta leads to a serious discrepancy with average rapidities of pions. Qualitative arguments are given that difficulties of the thermodynamical approach can be overcome if one assumes hydrodynamical expansion in the first stage of nuclear interactions.
A detailed study of pion production in inelastic and central nucleus-nucleus collisions was carried out using a 2 m streamer spectrometer. Nuclear targets mounted inside the streamer chamber were exposed to nuclear beams of 4.5 GeV/c/nucleon momentum. A systematic study of the influence of the central trigger on observed data is performed. The data on multiplicities, rapidities, transverse momenta, and emission angles of negative pions are presented for various pairs of colliding nuclei. Intercorrelations between various characteristics are studied and discussed. The results are compared with predictions of some theoretical models. It is shown that the main features of the pion production in nuclear collisions can be satisfactorily described by a model assuming independent nucleon-nucleon collisions with subsequent cascading process. However, the observed correlation between Lambda and pion characteristics seems to be unexplained by this picture.
The main results obtained within the energy scan program at the CERN SPS are presented. The anomalies in energy dependence of hadron production indicate that the onset of deconfinement phase transition is located at about 30 A GeV. For the first time we seem to have clear evidence for the existence of a deconfined state of matter in nature. PACS numbers: 24.85.+p
We present the measured correlation functions for pi+ pi-, pi- pi- and pi+ pi+ pairs in central S+Ag collisions at 200 GeV per nucleon. The Gamov function, which has been traditionally used to correct the correlation functions of charged pions for the Coulomb interaction, is found to be inconsistent with all measured correlation functions. Certain problems which have been dominating the systematic uncertainty of the correlation analysis are related to this inconsistency. It is demonstrated that a new Coulomb correction method, based exclusively on the measured correlation function for pi+ pi- pairs, may solve the problem.
Using the NA49 main TPC, the central production of hyperons has been measured in CERN SPS Pb - Pb collisions at 158 GeV c-1. The preliminary ratio, studied at 2.0 < y < 2.6 and 1 < pT < 3 GeV c-1, equals ~ (13 ± 4)% (systematic error only). It is compatible, within errors, with the previously obtained ratios for central S + S [1], S + W [2], and S + Au [3] collisions. The fit to the transverse momentum distribution resulted in an inverse slope parameter T of 297 MeV. At this level of statistics we do not see any noticeable enhancement of hyperon production with the increased volume (and, possibly, degree of equilibration) of the system from S + S to Pb + Pb. This result is unexpected and counterintuitive, and should be further investigated. If confirmed, it will have a significant impact on our understanding of mechanisms leading to the enhanced strangeness production in heavy-ion collisions.
Preliminary inclusive spectra for K+, K-, Ks0, Λ, and are presented which were measured in central Pb + Pb collisions at 158 GeV per nucleon by the NA49 experiment. A comparison with data from lighter collision systems shows a strong change of the shape of the Λ rapidity distribution. The strangeness enhancement observed in S + S compared to p + p and p + A is not further increased in Pb + Pb.
Preliminary data on phi production in central Pb + Pb collisions at 158 GeV per nucleon are presented, measured by the NA49 experiment in the hadronic decay channel phi - K+K-. At mid-rapidity, the kaons were separated from pions and protons by combining dE/dx and time-of-flight information; in the forward rapidity range only dE/dx identification was used to obtain the rapidity distribution and a rapidity-integrated mt-spectrum. The mid-rapidity yield obtained was dN/dy = 1.85 ± 0.3 per event; the total phi multiplicity was estimated to be 5.0 ± 0.7 per event. Comparison with published pp data shows a slight, but not very significant strangeness enhancement.
Lambda and Antilambda reconstruction in central Pb+Pb collisions using a time projection chamber
(1997)
The large acceptance time projection chambers of the NA49 experiment are used to record the trajectory of charged particles from Pb + Pb collisions at 158 GeV per nucleon. Neutral strange hadrons have been reconstructed from their charged decay products. To obtain distributions of Λ, and Ks0 in discrete bins of rapidity, y, and transverse momentum, pT, calculations have been performed to determine the acceptance of the detector and the efficiency of the reconstruction software as a function of both variables. The lifetime distributions obtained give values of cτ = 7.8 ± 0.6 cm for Λ and cτ = 2.5 ± 0.3 cm for Ks0, consistent with data book values.
The transverse mass mt distributions for deuterons and protons are measured in Pb+Pb reactions near midrapidity and in the range 0<mt–m<1.0 (1.5) GeV/c2 for minimum bias collisions at 158A GeV and for central collisions at 40 and 80 A GeV beam energies. The rapidity density dn/dy, inverse slope parameter T and mean transverse mass <mt> derived from mt distributions as well as the coalescence parameter B2 are studied as a function of the incident energy and the collision centrality. The deuteron mt spectra are significantly harder than those of protons, especially in central collisions. The coalescence factor B2 shows three systematic trends. First, it decreases strongly with increasing centrality reflecting an enlargement of the deuteron coalescence volume in central Pb+Pb collisions. Second, it increases with mt. Finally, B2 shows an increase with decreasing incident beam energy even within the SPS energy range. The results are discussed and compared to the predictions of models that include the collective expansion of the source created in Pb+Pb collisions.
Englische Fassung: Alienating Justice: On the Social Surplus Value of the Twelfth Camel. In: David Nelken and Jirí Pribán (Hg.) Law's New Boundaries: Consequences of Legal Autopoiesis. Ashgate, London 2001, 21-44. Französische Fassung: Les multiples aliénations du droit : Sur la plus-value sociale du douzième chameau. Droit et Société 47, 2001, 75-100. Polnische Fassung: Sprawiedliwosc alienujaca : O dodatkowej wartosci dwunastego wielblada. Ius et Lex 1, 2002, 109-132. Italienische Fassung: Le molteplici alienazioni del diritto : Sul plusvalore sociale del dodicesimo camello. In: Annamaria Rufino und Gunther Teubner, Il diritto possibile: Funzioni e prospettive del medium giuridico. Guerini, Milano, 2005, 93-130.
Deutsche Fassung: Die Episteme des Rechts. Zu den erkenntnistheoretischen Grundlagen des reflexiven Rechts. In: Dieter Grimm (Hg.) Steigende Staatsaufgaben - sinkende Steuerungsfähigkeit des Rechts. Nomos, Baden-Baden 1990, 115-154. Englische Fassung: How the Law Thinks: Toward a Constructivist Epistemology of Law. Law and Society Review 23, 1989, 727-757, und in: Wolfgang Krohn, Günter Küppers und Helga Nowotny (Hg.) Self-Organization: Portrait of a Scientific Revolution. Sociology of the Sciences: A Yearbook, Bd. XIV. Kluwer, Boston, 1990, 87-113 und in: M.D.A. Freeman (Hg.) Lloyd's Introduction to Jurisprudence 6. Aufl. Sweet & Maxwell, London 1995, 636-654. Französische Fassung: Pour une épistémologie constructiviste du droit. In Gunther Teubner, Droit et réflexivité. Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, Paris 1994, 171-204. Veränderte Fassung in: Annales: Economies, Sociétés, Civilisations 1992, Paris, 1149-1169. Italienische Fassung: Il diritto come soggetto epistemico: Per una epistemologie giuridica "costruttivista," Rivista critica del diritto privato 8, 1990, 287-326.
Deutsche Fassung: Die Episteme des Rechts. Zu den erkenntnistheoretischen Grundlagen des reflexiven Rechts. In: Dieter Grimm (Hg.) Steigende Staatsaufgaben - sinkende Steuerungsfähigkeit des Rechts. Nomos, Baden-Baden 1990, 115-154. Französische Fassung: Pour une épistémologie constructiviste du droit. In Gunther Teubner, Droit et réflexivité. Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, Paris 1994, 171-204. Veränderte Fassung in: Annales: Economies, Sociétés, Civilisations 1992, Paris, 1149-1169. Italienische Fassung: Il diritto come soggetto epistemico: Per una epistemologie giuridica "costruttivista," Rivista critica del diritto privato 8, 1990, 287-326.
Deutsche Fassung: Die Episteme des Rechts. Zu den erkenntnistheoretischen Grundlagen des reflexiven Rechts. In: Dieter Grimm (Hg.) Steigende Staatsaufgaben - sinkende Steuerungsfähigkeit des Rechts. Nomos, Baden-Baden 1990, 115-154. Englische Fassung: How the Law Thinks: Toward a Constructivist Epistemology of Law. Law and Society Review 23, 1989, 727-757, und in: Wolfgang Krohn, Günter Küppers und Helga Nowotny (Hg.) Self-Organization: Portrait of a Scientific Revolution. Sociology of the Sciences: A Yearbook, Bd. XIV. Kluwer, Boston, 1990, 87-113 und in: M.D.A. Freeman (Hg.) Lloyd's Introduction to Jurisprudence 6. Aufl. Sweet & Maxwell, London 1995, 636-654. Französische Fassung: Pour une épistémologie constructiviste du droit. In Gunther Teubner, Droit et réflexivité. Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, Paris 1994, 171-204. Veränderte Fassung in: Annales: Economies, Sociétés, Civilisations 1992, Paris, 1149-1169. Italienische Fassung: Il diritto come soggetto epistemico: Per una epistemologie giuridica "costruttivista," Rivista critica del diritto privato 8, 1990, 287-326.
By order of 29 November 1999 the Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof) referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for a preliminary ruling under Article 234 EC two questions regarding the interpretation of the "doorstep-selling directive", and the "consumer credit directive", which arose in the course of proceedings involving Mr and Mrs Heininger, who took out from the Bayerische Hypo- und Vereinsbank AG bank a loan to purchase a flat, secured by a charge on the property (Grundschuld). Five years later they sought to cancel the credit agreement, maintaining that an estate agent had called uninvited at their home and induced them to purchase the flat in question and - at the same time acting on a self-employed basis as agent for the bank - to enter into the loan agreement, without informing them of their right of cancellation. Article 1 para. 1 of the doorstep-selling directive provides that it applies to contracts under which a trader supplies goods or services to a consumer and which are concluded during a visit by a trader to the consumer's home where the visit does not take place at the express request of the consumer'. Article 3 para. 2 a) of that directive provides that the directive shall not apply to contracts for the construction, sale and rental of immovable property or contracts concerning other rights relating to immovable property. Article 4 of the directive provides that traders shall be required to give consumers written notice of their right of cancellation. Article 5 provides that the consumer shall have the right to cancel the contract within seven days from receipt by the consumer of the notice. Article 2 of the consumer credit directive provides that it shall not apply to credit agreements intended primarily for the purpose of acquiring or retaining property rights in land or in an existing or projected building, and that Article 1 a) and Articles 4 to 12 of the directive shall not apply to credit agreements, secured by mortgage on immovable property. The German legislation transposing the doorstep-selling directive (the "HWiG") provides for a right of cancellation by the consumer within a period of one week, if a transaction is entered into away from the trader's business premises. The cooling-off period does not start to run until the customer receives a notice in writing containing information on this right and if that notice is not given, the right of cancellation will not lapse until one month after both parties have performed their obligations under the agreement in full. Section 5 para. 2 of the HwiG provides that where the transaction also falls within the scope of the legislation transposing the consumer credit directive (the "VerbrKrG"), only the provisions of the latter are to apply. Section 3 para. 2 of the VerbrKrG, in setting out the exceptions to the scope of that law, provides that inter alia Section 7 (right of cancellation) shall not apply to credit agreements in which credit is subject to the giving of security by way of a charge on immovable property, and is granted on usual terms for credits secured by a charge on immovable property and the intermediate financing of the same. Given this legal framework it is obvious that the Heiningers could not cancel the credit agreement according to the VerbrKrG. Although the agreement constitutes a consumer credit under section 1 VerbrKrG, the right of revocation is excluded by section 3 para. 2 VerbrKrG, the exclusion of which is backed by the consumer credit directive. Although the credit agreement was entered into away from the banks business premises, they as well could not cancel it under the HWiG since this law is not applicable to consumer credit agreements. Thus, the claim of the Heiningers was denied by German courts until the Federal Court of Justice raised the question, if the subsidiarity clause in section 5 para. 2 of the HWiG constitutes a contradiction to the provisions of the door step selling directive.
In the early Nineties the Hague Conference on International Private Law on initiative of the United States started negotiations on a Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (the "Hague Convention"). In October 1999 the Special Commission on duty presented a preliminary text, which was drafted quite closely to the European Convention on Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (the "Brussels Convention"). The latter was concluded between the then 6 Member States of the EEC in Brussels in 1968 and amended several times on occasion of the entry of new Member States. In 2000, after the Treaty of Amsterdam altered the legal basis for judicial co-operation in civil matters in Europe, it was transformed into an EC Regulation (the "Brussels I Regulation"). The 1999 draft of the Hague Convention was heavily criticized by the USA and other states for its European approach of a double convention, regulating not only the recognition and enforcement of judgments, but at the same time the extent of and the limits to jurisdiction to adjudicate in international cases. During a diplomatic conference in June 2001 a second draft was presented which contained alternative versions of several articles and thus resembled more the existing dissent than a draft convention would. Difficulties to reach a consensus remained, especially with regard to activity based jurisdiction, intellectual property, consumer rights and employee rights. In addition, the appropriateness of the whole draft was questioned in light of the problems posed by the de-territorialization of relevant conduct through the advent of the Internet. In April 2002 it was decided to continue negotiations on an informal level on the basis of a nucleus approach. The core consensus as identified by a working group, however, was not very broad. The experts involved came to the conclusion that the project should be limited to choice of court agreements. In March 2004 a draft was presented which sets out its aims as follows: "The objective of the Convention is to make exclusive choice of court agreements as effective as possible in the context of international business. The hope is that the Convention will do for choice of court agreements what the New York Convention of 1958 has done for arbitration agreements." In April 2004 the Special Commission of the Hague Conference adopted a Draft "Convention on Exclusive Choice of Court Agreements", which according to its Art. 2 No. 1 a) is not applicable to choice of court agreements, to which a natural person acting primarily for personal, family or household purposes (a consumer) is a party". The broader project of a global judgments convention thus seems to be abandoned, or at least to be postponed for an unlimited time period. There are - of course - several reasons why the Hague Judgments project failed. Samuel Baumgartner has described an important one as the "Justizkonflikt" between the United States and Europe or, more specifically Germany. Within the context of the general topic of this conference, that is (international) jurisdiction for human rights, in the remainder of this presentation I shall elaborate on the socio-cultural aspects of the impartiality of judgments and their enforcement on a global scale.
Wiederfang von zwei Sumpfmeisen (Parus palustris) nach einer Serie von Orientierungsversuchen
(1989)
We controlled two Marsh Tits in mist nets after they have been in orientation experiments for several weeks and released at the site of capture. One was controlled 1 1/2 years after the tests. There does not seem to be any impact of the experiments on the ability to survive well.
Die Schleiereule (Tyto alba) ist eine in fast allen Regionen der Erde vorkommende Eulenart. In Mitteleuropa erreicht sie die nördlichste Grenze ihres Verbreitungsgebiets. Man trifft sie hier in tiefergelegenen, waldarmen Gegenden an. Eine Arbeitsgruppe der Hessischen Gesellschaft für Ornithologie und Naturschutz (HGON) und des Deutschen Bund für Vogelschutz (DBV) führt im hessischen Main-Kinzig-Kreis seit 1976 Maßnahmen zum Schutz der Schleiereulen durch. Dazu gehören das Anbringen von Brutkisten an geeigneten Stellen und Winterfütterungsversuche. Die Brutkisten wurden jedes Jahr kontrolliert und die sich darin befindenden Jungvögel beringt. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Darstellung von Ergebnissen der Untersuchungen aus den zurückliegenden 12 Jahren. Dabei wird das Hauptaugenmerk einamal auf die Brutbiologie der Schleiereule und zum anderen auf die Disnigration der jungen Eulen gelegt.
Der Titel der Tagung, deren Beiträge dieser Band dokumentiert, ist Programm: Jenseits der postmodernen Abschiedsstimmung, in die manche Reflexion über die Zukunft des Staates je nach theoretischer und politischer Orientierung melancholisch oder mit Schadenfreude verfällt, setzt er voraus, was eigentlich selbstverständlich sein sollte: dass es auch in Zukunft den Staat weder theoretisch noch praktisch zu verabschieden gilt. Er versucht deutlich zu machen, dass es im Jahre 1 eines neuen Jahrtausends in der Berliner Republik nicht mehr um eine Fortsetzung der allgemeinen Verunsicherung der achtziger und neunziger Jahre gehen kann. Es reicht nicht theoretisch (und manchmal – so scheint es – nur theoretisch und ohne zur Kenntnis zu nehmen, welche Rolle moderne Staaten in den Industriegesellschaften faktisch spielen) zu bezweifeln, ob der Staat der Zukunft noch souverän, national, sozial, steuernd, intervenierend etc. sein könne, um nur einige Attribute des Staates zu nennen, die Gegenstand der skeptischen Überlegungen sind. Rückblickend auf die Debatten um die Steuerungsfähigkeit des Staates, die Krise des Sozialstaats, Deregulierung, Privatisierung und Entbürokratisierung sowie Internationalisierung und Globalisierung ist es an der Zeit, Lösungswege zur Diskussion zu stellen. Nach der soziologischen Entzauberung und philosophischen Dekonstruktion des Staates bedarf es gegenwärtig einer Gegenbewegung: der praxisfähigen Rekonstruktion normativer Leitbilder. ...
Indem das Internet als Infrastruktur die Transaktionskosten grenzüberschreitender Kommunikation radikal senkt, wirkt es als Katalysator der Globalisierung der Gesellschaft1. Rechtskollisionen erhalten hierdurch in allen gesellschaftlichen Bereichen eine gesteigerte Bedeutung. Im Rahmen der allgemeinen Debatte um die Etablierung einer Global Governance kommt der Internetgovernance deshalb eine paradigmatische Rolle zu. Aus ökonomischer Sicht steht dabei die Schaffung eines Rechtsrahmens für den globalen E-Commerce im Vordergrund. Im Hinblick auf eine innovationsoffene Regulierung erscheint es in diesem Zusammenhang als reizvoll, der Frage nach einem Rechtsrahmen für den grenzüberschreitenden Business-to-Consumer-E-Commerce nachzugehen. Denn das deutsche und europäische Verbrauchervertragsrecht stehen aktuell eher für eine gegenläufige Tendenz zur Begrenzung der Privatautonomie zugunsten zwingender Vorgaben des Gesetzgebers, die auch kollisionsrechtlich gegen eine parteiautonome Rechtswahl abgesichert werden5. Während etwa das in der E-Commerce-Richtlinie verankerte Herkunftsstaatprinzip nicht nur dasWirtschaftsaufsichtsrecht,sondern auch weite Teile des Zivilrechts den Innovationskräften des Systemwettbewerbs öffnet, scheint sich das Verbrauchervertragsrecht aufgrund seines Schutzzweckes als mit innovationsoffenen Regulierungsmodellen inkompatibel zu erweisen. Ist damit auf dem Gebiet des Verbrauchervertragsrechts nicht nur der traditionelle Wettbewerb der individuellen Vertragsklauseln sowie der Klauselwerke (AGB) innerhalb einer staatlichen Privatrechtsordnung, sondern auch der institutionelle Wettbewerb zwischen den Verbraucherschutzmodellen der verschiedenen staatlichen Privatrechtsordnungen ausgeschlossen, so verbleibt als potentieller Innovationsspeicher nur der Raum der gesellschaftlichen Selbstregulierung jenseits des (staatlichen) Rechts. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird im folgenden untersucht, ob und inwieweit sich aufgrund der spezifischen Charakteristika der Internetkommunikation im Bereich des globalen E-Commerce eine Verdichtung von Phänomenen der privaten Normsetzung und der sozialen Selbstregulierung beobachten läßt, die als Emergenz eines transnationalen Verbrauchervertragsrechts interpretiert werden kann. Zunächst soll dabei eine Definition transnationalen Rechts entwickelt werden, die diesen Begriff an die spontanen Innovationskräfte der globalen Zivil(rechts)gesellschaft koppelt (II.). In einem zweiten Schritt werden dann Entstehungsbedingungen und Phänomene eines transnationalen Verbrauchervertragsrechts beleuchtet (III.). Sodann wird der Frage nach einer Konstitutionalisierung des transnationalen Verbrauchervertragsrechts nachgegangen (IV.). Der Beitrag schließt mit einem Ausblick auf potentielle Ziele und Methoden der Regulierung des Wettbewerbs transnationaler Verbraucherschutzregimes (V.).
In April 2003 I commented on the European Commission’s Action Plan on a More Coherent European Contract Law [COM(2003) 68 final] and the Green Paper on the Modernisation of the 1980 Rome Convention [COM(2002) 654 final].1 While the main argument of that paper, i.e. the common neglect of the inherent interrelation between both the further harmonisation of substantive contract law by directives or through an optional European Civil Code on the one hand and the modernisation of conflict rules for consumer contracts in Art. 5 Rome Convention on the other hand, remain pressing issues, and as the German Law Journal continues its efforts in offering timely and critical analysis on consumer law issues,2 there is a variety of recent developments worth noting.