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This dissertation is concerned with the phenomenon of intervention effects, observed in three different domains: wh-questions, alternative questions (AltQ) and Negative Polarity Item (NPI) licensing. I propose that these three domains share some common properties, namely, they all involve focus-sensitive licensing, and are thus sensitive to an intervening focus phrase. The overview of the dissertation is as follows. In chapter 2, I discuss the phenomenon of intervention effects in wh-questions, brought to light in the discussion of German in Beck (1996), and Korean in Beck and Kim (1997). The basic idea of their analysis is that quantifiers block LF wh-movement. I show that intervention effects are observed in many other languages, too, suggesting that the intervention effect has a universal character. I then point out some problems with the analysis proposed by Beck (1996) and Beck and Kim (1997). In chapter 3, I propose a new generalization of the wh-intervention effects, namely that the core set of interveners, which is crosslinguistically stable, consists of focus phrases (and not quantifiers in general). Furthermore, I argue that the wh-intervention effect is actually an instance of the more general intervention effect, the "Focus Intervention Effect", which says that in a focus-sensitive licensing construction, no independent focus phrase may intervene between the licensor Op and the licensee XP. The underlying idea is that the Q operator is a focus-sensitive operator and that wh-phrases in-situ are dependent (i.e., semantically deficient) focus elements, which must be associated with the Q operator in order to be interpreted. An intervening independent focus operator precisely blocks that association. I further propose that the domain of focus-sensitive licensing includes not only wh-licensing, but also AltQ-licensing and NPI-licensing. In chapter 4, I show that alternative questions are also subject to the focus intervention effect, just like wh-questions. I provide evidence that the intervention effect in wh-questions and in alternative questions should receive a parallel analysis, in terms of focus-sensitivity. In chapter 5, I discuss a third construction which is sensitive to the focus intervention effect: the licensing of Negative Polarity Items (NPIs). I show that focus consistently blocks NPI licensing, with data from German and Korean. I propose that NPIs are also semantically deficient focus elements, which need to be associated with a NEG operator. Finally, chapter 6 summarizes the intervention effects and suggests some topics for future research into the precise nature of the intervention effect.
We introduce a new method for representing and solving a general class of non-preemptive resource-constrained project scheduling problems. The new approach is to represent scheduling problems as de- scriptions (activity terms) in a language called RSV, which allows nested expressions using pll, seq, and xor. The activity-terms of RSV are similar to concepts in a description logic. The language RSV generalizes previous approaches to scheduling with variants insofar as it permits xor's not only of atomic activities but also of arbitrary activity terms. A specific semantics that assigns their set of active schedules to activity terms shows correctness of a calculus normalizing activity terms RSV similar to propositional DNF-computation. Based on RSV, this paper describes a diagram-based algorithm for the RSV-problem which uses a scan-line principle. The scan-line principle is used for determining and resolving the occurring resource conflicts and leads to a nonredundant generation of all active schedules and thus to a computation of the optimal schedule.
In Abschnitt 4.1 wurden Algebren auf Mengen und Relationen vorgestellt. Desweitern wurde in Abschnitt 4.2 eine zu ALC erweiterte terminologische Wissensrepräsentationssprache ALCX definiert und gezeigt, daß die in Abschnitt 4.1 vorgestellten Algebren zur Festlegung der odell-theoretischen Semantik der Sprache ALCX benutzt werden können. Als Ergebnis einer derartigen Festlegung kann jeder terminologische Ausdruck direkt mit einem algebraischen Term assoziiert werden. Desweitern können alle in den Algebren aufgeführten universellen Identitäten in semantisch äquivalente terminologische Identitäten überführt werden. Eine mittels ALCX repräsentierte Wissensbasis ist in meinem Programm mit Hilfe der in der funktionalen Programmiersprache Gofer (Version 2.28) gegebenen Möglichkeiten formuliert. Mein Programm bietet durch Simplifizierung von Anfrageausdrücken eine optimierte Lösung des aus dem Bereich der Wissensrepräsentation bekannten Retrieval-Problems. Die Simplifizierung von Anfrageausdrücken wird in meinem Programm erzielt, indem in den oben genannten Algebren erfüllte universelle Identitäten als Simplifikationshilfsmittel benutzt werden. Die in den Algebren aufgeführten universellen Identitäten bestehen stets aus zwei äquivalenten Termen, für die eine unterschiedliche Anzahl von Reduktionsschritten zur Evaluierung benötigt werden. Es existieren universelle Identitäten, bei denen unabhängig von den Instanzen der Argumentterme ein Term gegenüber einem anderen Term effizienter auswertbar ist. Bei diesen universellen Identitäten kann eine Simplifikation von einem Term zu einem anderen Term immer unproblematisch realisiert werden. Es gibt jedoch auch universelle Identitäten, bei denen die Unabhängigkeit von den Instanzen der Argumentterme nicht gegeben ist. In diesen Fällen wird ein von der Wissensbasis abhängiges Komplexitätsabschätzungsverfahren eingesetzt, um den effizienter auswertbaren Term von zwei an einer universellen Identität beteiligten Termen zu ermitteln. Daß die Simplifikation eines Anfrageausdrucks große Einsparungen bei dessen Auswertung nach sich ziehen kann, wurde an verschiedenen Beispielen in Abschnitt 5.4.4 gezeigt. Über eine weitere Möglichkeit, die zum Simplifizieren von Anfrageausdrucken verwendet werden kann, wurde in Abschnitt 5.4.5 berichtet. Die Genauigkeit der Komplexitätsabschätzung kann erhöht werden, indem das Komplexitätsabschätzungsverfahren erweitert wird. So kann beispielsweise die Komplexität der Funktion "oder" genauer abgeschätzt werden, indem für zu vereinigende Mengen überprüft wird, ob Teilmengenbeziehungen vorhanden sind. Durch eine genauere Abschätzung der Mächtigkeit entstehender Vereinigungsmengen wird die Komplexitätsabschätzung insgesamt in ihrer Genauigkeit gesteigert. Eine Änderung der Instanzen meiner terminologischen Datenbank erfordert eine Änderung des Skripts meines Programms. Indem die Instanzen-Daten in einer veränderlichen Datenbank festgehalten würden, könnte hier Abhilfe geschaffen werden. Dies könnte im Rahmen der Erstellung einer benutzterfreundlichen Ein- und Ausgabe-Schnittstelle realisiert werden.
TO THE EDITOR: We read an interesting paper by Palta et al. in a recent issue of the Korean Journal of Hematology titled, "ZBTB16-RARA variant of acute promyelocytic leukemia with tuberculosis: a case report and review of literature" [1]. We would like to add some comments to their article and suggest additional molecular methods to confirm variant translocations in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)....
Background: Regulatory T cells (Treg) expressing the transcription factor forkhead-box protein P3 (Foxp3) have been identified to counteract anti-tumor immune responses during tumor progression. Besides, Foxp3 presentation by cancer cells itself may also allow them to evade from effector T-cell responses, resulting in a survival benefit of the tumor. For colorectal cancer (CRC) the clinical relevance of Foxp3 has not been evaluated in detail. Therefore the aim of this study was to study its impact in colorectal cancer (CRC).
Methods and Findings: Gene and protein analysis of tumor tissues from patients with CRC was performed to quantify the expression of Foxp3 in tumor infiltrating Treg and colon cancer cells. The results were correlated with clinicopathological parameters and patients overall survival. Serial morphological analysis demonstrated Foxp3 to be expressed in cancer cells. High Foxp3 expression of the cancer cells was associated with poor prognosis compared to patients with low Foxp3 expression. In contrast, low and high Foxp3 level in tumor infiltrating Treg cells demonstrated no significant differences in overall patient survival.
Conclusions: Our findings strongly suggest that Foxp3 expression mediated by cancer cells rather than by Treg cells contribute to disease progression.
We argue here for a lexicalist analysis of the Korean copula (following Kim, Sells and Wescoat (2004)), on the basis of different properties of sequences of noun-plus-copula, which shows word-like behavior, in contrast to noun and negative copula, which are independent syntactic units. The interactions of these items with various copy constructions brings out their clear differences. The analysis is formalized in HPSG using Lexical Sharing, from Wescoat (2002).
According to the Projection Principle (Chomsky 1981), expletives have no semantic content and thus cannot occur in theta-marked positions. However, there are many examples where expletive it appears as a direct object, in violation of the Projection Principle. The various attempts that have been made to account for such cases (e.g. the case-based analysis of Authier (1991), the predication analysis of Rothstein (1995), and the Specifier analysis of Stroik (1991, 1996)) all posit movement of the expletive from a non-theta marked position to direct object position. However, these analyses have so far been unsuccessful in capturing several important contrasts, e.g. variable optionality of the expletive it. This paper argues that such contrasts (and the complex behavior of expletive it more generally) follow straightforwardly from a lexicalist, constraint-based analysis in which lexical information and independently motivated constraints interact in subtle ways.
The so-called 'double' or 'multiple' nominative constructions (henceforth DNC or MNC) have been one of the puzzling phenomena in topic-prominent languages like Korean, Japanese, and Chinese. One intriguing property of the MNCs is that there is no conceptual limit to the number of nominative nominals as long as the two consecutive nominatives are in a certain semantic relation. This paper provides a 'head-driven' and 'constraint' based analysis in the sense that the lexical head and the tight interaction among declarative constraints play a crucial role in the formation of puzzling DNCs/MNCs. This analysis captures the gramamtical/functional properties of each nominative phrase in these constructions in a precise way, while describing the close specifier-head relation between the two consecutive nominatives without violating the locality principle. The analysis eventually allows us an explicit grammar for generating DNCs/MNCs in Korean. This is achieved through the familiar mechanism of argument composition and constraints on the lexical heads such as noun and verb.
In the Pacific Ocean, the taxonomy of the family Zosimeidae Seifried, 2003 is poorly understood and to date only five species of the genus Zosime Boeck, 1873 are known. During oceanographic cruises exploring the species diversity of harpacticoids, two undescribed zosimeid copepods were sampled from shallow Korean waters and the deep northwestern Pacific. A detailed morphological examination has led us to propose two new genera, Heterozosime gen. nov. for the Korean zosimeid H. tenuis gen. et sp. nov. and Acritozosime gen. nov. for the deep-sea zosimeid A. spinesco gen. et sp. nov. Both new genera exhibit a distinctive feature in that the first thoracic leg has a two-segmented exopod, in contrast to the three-segmented exopod of this leg in all known zosimeid genera. Furthermore, Acritozosime gen. nov. can also be discriminated from other genera by the two-segmented endopod in second to fourth thoracic legs and the reduced setal armatures of the second exopodal segment of antenna, the first endopodal segment of first to third thoracic legs and the third exopodal segment in second to fourth thoracic legs. A comparison of the fundamental structures of appendages suggests that A. spinesco gen. et sp. nov. experienced a unique evolutionary history within the Zosimeidae.
The genus Lissocnemis Kohl, 1907 of the subfamily Ctenocerinae is recorded from Korea for the first time. The diagnosis and characteristics of the genus, description of a new species, L. koreana Kim & Shimizu sp. nov. and redescription of another species, L. brevipennis hitherto known from Southeast Asia and Japan, are presented. The biogeographical distribution of the genus is discussed. Cryptosalius Turner, 1917 (type species: Pseudagenia rava Bingham, 1896; in part) and Dinagenia Banks, 1934 (type species: D. apollo Banks, 1934) are synonymized with Lissocnemis and the following new combinations are made: Lissocnemis tonkinensis (Turner, 1920) comb. nov. (= Cryptosalius tonkinensis Turner, 1920); Lissocnemis apollo (Banks, 1934) comb. nov. (= Dinagenia apollo Banks, 1934); and Lissocnemis satyrus (Banks, 1938) comb. nov. (= Dinagenia satyrus Banks, 1938). Lastly, L. satyrus (Banks, 1938) and L. nigricoxis Haupt, 1941 are rendered to be junior synonyms of L. apollo (Banks, 1934) comb. nov.
The SU(3) spin model with chemical potential corresponds to a simplified version of QCD with static quarks in the strong coupling regime. It has been studied previously as a testing ground for new methods aiming to overcome the sign problem of lattice QCD. In this work we show that the equation of state and the phase structure of the model can be fully determined to reasonable accuracy by a linked cluster expansion. In particular, we compute the free energy to 14-th order in the nearest neighbour coupling. The resulting predictions for the equation of state and the location of the critical end points agree with numerical determinations to O(1%) and O(10%), respectively. While the accuracy for the critical couplings is still limited at the current series depth, the approach is equally applicable at zero and non-zero imaginary or real chemical potential, as well as to effective QCD Hamiltonians obtained by strong coupling and hopping expansions.
Effective three-dimensional Polyakov loop theories derived from QCD by strong coupling and hopping expansions are valid for heavy quarks and can also be applied to finite chemical potential μ, due to their considerably milder sign problem. We apply the Monte-Carlo method to the Nf=1,2 effective theories up to O(κ4) in the hopping parameter at μ=0 to determine the critical quark mass, at which the first-order deconfinement phase transition terminates. The critical end point obtained from the effective theory to order O(κ2) agrees well with 4-dimensional QCD simulations with a hopping expanded determinant by the WHOT-QCD collaboration. We also compare with full QCD simulations and thus obtain a measure for the validity of both the strong coupling and the hopping expansion in this regime.
Hygroscopicity of nanoparticles produced from homogeneous nucleation in the CLOUD experiments
(2015)
Sulfuric acid, amines and oxidized organics have been found to be important compounds in the nucleation and initial growth of atmospheric particles. Because of the challenges involved in determining the chemical composition of objects with very small mass, however, the properties of the freshly nucleated particles and the detailed pathways of their formation processes are still not clear. In this study, we focus on a challenging size range, i.e. particles that have grown to diameters of 10 and 15nm following nucleation, and measure their water uptake. Water uptake constrains their chemical composition. We use a nanometer-hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (nano-HTDMA) at subsaturated conditions (ca. 90% relative humidity at 293 K) to measure the hygroscopicity of particles during the seventh Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD7) experiments performed at CERN in 2012. In CLOUD7, the hygroscopicity of nucleated nanoparticles was measured in the presence of sulfuric acid, sulfuric acid-dimethylamine, and sulfuric acid-organics derived from α-pinene oxidation. The hygroscopicity parameter Κ decreased with increasing particle size indicating decreasing acidity of particles. No clear effect of the sulfuric acid monomer concentrations on the hygroscopicities of 10nm particles produced from sulfuric acid and dimethylamine was observed, whereas the hygroscopicity of 15nm particles sharply decreased with decreasing sulfuric acid monomer concentrations. In 20 particular, when the concentrations of sulfuric acid was 5.1 x 106 molecules cm exp -3 in the gas phase, and the dimethylamine mixing ratio was 11.8 ppt, the measured Κ of 15nm particles was 0.3 ± 0.01 close to the value reported for dimethylamine sulfate (DMAS) (Κ DMAS ~ 0.28). Furthermore, the difference in Κ between sulfuric acid and sulfuric acid-dimethylamine experiments increased with increasing particle size. The Κ values of particles in the presence of sulfuric acid and organics were much smaller than those of particles in the presence of sulfuric acid and dimethylamine. This suggests that the organics produced from α-pinene ozonolysis play a significant role in particle growth already at 10nm sizes.
Hygroscopicity of nanoparticles produced from homogeneous
nucleation in the CLOUD experiments
(2016)
Sulfuric acid, amines and oxidized organics have been found to be important compounds in the nucleation and initial growth of atmospheric particles. Because of the challenges involved in determining the chemical composition of objects with very small mass, however, the properties of the freshly nucleated particles and the detailed pathways of their formation processes are still not clear. In this study, we focus on a challenging size range, i.e., particles that have grown to diameters of 10 and 15 nm following nucleation, and measure their water uptake. Water uptake is useful information for indirectly obtaining chemical composition of aerosol particles. We use a nanometer-hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (nano-HTDMA) at subsaturated conditions (ca. 90 % relative humidity at 293 K) to measure the hygroscopicity of particles during the seventh Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD7) campaign performed at CERN in 2012. In CLOUD7, the hygroscopicity of nucleated nanoparticles was measured in the presence of sulfuric acid, sulfuric acid–dimethylamine, and sulfuric acid–organics derived from α-pinene oxidation. The hygroscopicity parameter κ decreased with increasing particle size, indicating decreasing acidity of particles. No clear effect of the sulfuric acid concentration on the hygroscopicity of 10 nm particles produced from sulfuric acid and dimethylamine was observed, whereas the hygroscopicity of 15 nm particles sharply decreased with decreasing sulfuric acid concentrations. In particular, when the concentration of sulfuric acid was 5.1 × 106 molecules cm−3 in the gas phase, and the dimethylamine mixing ratio was 11.8 ppt, the measured κ of 15 nm particles was 0.31 ± 0.01: close to the value reported for dimethylaminium sulfate (DMAS) (κDMAS ∼ 0.28). Furthermore, the difference in κ between sulfuric acid and sulfuric acid–imethylamine experiments increased with increasing particle size. The κ values of particles in the presence of sulfuric acid and organics were much smaller than those of particles in the presence of sulfuric acid and dimethylamine. This suggests that the organics produced from α-pinene ozonolysis play a significant role in particle growth even at 10 nm sizes.
Im Zentrum der vorliegenden Studie steht Benjamins Konzeption der Politik der "Entstaltung". Dabei soll gezeigt werden, dass diese vor allem einer "Gesellschaft des Spektakels" Paroli bietet, in welcher alles, selbst die Politik sich als Zurschaustellung und Aufführung inszeniert. Die Politik der "Entstaltung" zielt hingegen darauf ab, mit der gesellschaftlichen Inszenierung und Repräsentierbarkeit radikal zu brechen und jenseits dieser eine Politik des Nicht-Repräsentierbaren als wirkliche Demokratie zu ermöglichen. Sie setzt dort an, wo eine konstitutive Lücke in der Gesellschaft sichtbar wird. Sie ist in erster Linie nichts anderes als die Sichtbarmachung und Zurschaustellung einer solchen konstitutiven Lücke in der gesellschaftlichen Ordnung. Die Lücke ist das Moment, in dem die gesellschaftliche Repräsentation und Darstellung, das heißt die Mimesis endet und die Performanz als das radikal Undarstellbare ansetzt. Diese Lücke heißt bei Benjamin im Anschluss an Brecht "Zustand". Die Politik der Entstaltung hält daher an "Zuständen" (GS II, 521) fest, die noch inhaltsleer sind und als Orte des Übergangs fungieren.
Die vorliegende Studie verortet den Begriff der Entstaltung im Kontext der Theorien der Gestalt bei Goethe, Mach, Ehrenfels und in der Gestaltpsychologie. Benjamins Begriff der Entstaltung ist demnach als ein antimetaphysisches Gegenkonzept zur Gestalt aufzufassen. Diese Studie führt den Gegensatz von Gestalt und Entstaltung auf die Divergenz zwischen Goethe und der Romantik zurück. Sie verfolgt die These, dass die Phantasie als "Entstaltung des Gestalteten" (GS VI, 114) in Benjamins Konzeption der Politik eine wesentliche Rolle spielt.
Impaired alveolar formation and maintenance are features of many pulmonary diseases that are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In a forward genetic screen for modulators of mouse lung development, we identified the non-muscle myosin II heavy chain gene, Myh10. Myh10 mutant pups exhibit cyanosis and respiratory distress, and die shortly after birth from differentiation defects in alveolar epithelium and mesenchyme. From omics analyses and follow up studies, we find decreased Thrombospondin expression accompanied with increased matrix metalloproteinase activity in both mutant lungs and cultured mutant fibroblasts, as well as disrupted extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Loss of Myh10 specifically in mesenchymal cells results in ECM deposition defects and alveolar simplification. Notably, MYH10 expression is downregulated in the lung of emphysema patients. Altogether, our findings reveal critical roles for Myh10 in alveologenesis at least in part via the regulation of ECM remodeling, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of emphysema.
The nucleus reuniens drives hippocampal goal‑directed trajectory sequences for route planning
(2023)
Goal-directed spatial navigation requires accurate estimates of one’s position and destination, as well as careful planning of a route between them to avoid known obstacles in the environment. Despite its general importance across species, the neural circuitry supporting the ability for route planning remains largely unclear. Previous studies described that place cells in the hippocampal CA1 encode the animal's next movement direction (Wood et al., 2000; Ito et al., 2015) and upcoming navigational routes (Pfeiffer & Foster, 2013). However, it has been shown that part of the CA1 activity representing the animal’s future behaviors is not necessarily generated in the hippocampus, but is derived from the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) via the nucleus reuniens of the thalamus (RE) (Ito et al., 2015). Notably, the importance of the PFC in navigation has been demonstrated in several studies, including the recent finding of a goal map in the orbitofrontal cortex (Basu et al., 2021). Therefore, I hypothesized that information flow from the PFC to CA1 via the RE plays a key role in route planning.
To assess the animals' route planning ability, I designed a new navigation task in which a rat has to navigate to a fixed target location from various starting positions in an arena. Furthermore, by adding an L-shaped wall in the maze and removing all light sources in the experimental room, this task forced the animals to plan a wall-avoiding route without relying on direct sensory perceptions. I confirmed that rats could learn this task successfully, memorizing the wall location and taking a smooth wall-avoidance route. To test the role of the RE, I inactivated RE neurons by expressing the inhibitory opsin SwiChR++, which resulted in a significant deficit in the animal’s route planning ability, taking a longer non-smooth path to the destination. By contrast, this manipulation did not affect navigation performance when a straight goal-directed route was available, suggesting a specific role of the RE in route planning. I further found that DREADDs-mediated inactivation of neurons in the bilateral hippocampi resulted in a similar deficit in route planning ability, implying cooperation between the RE and the hippocampus.
I finally examined the activity of hippocampal CA1 neurons with and without RE inactivation. While neurons in the hippocampus exhibited brief trajectory sequences corresponding to the animal’s subsequent goal-directed journey, I found that this goal-directed bias of trajectory events was significantly reduced by RE inactivation, likely associated with route-planning deficits in these animals.
Altogether, this dissertation demonstrates the role of the RE from both behavioral and neural coding perspectives, identifying a pivotal circuit element supporting the animal’s route-planning ability.