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Beitrag zur Käferfauna Griechenlands : sechstes Stück: Malacodermata, Cleridae, Ptinidae, Anobiadae
(1859)
Simple Summary
Endometrial cancer is the most frequent gynecologic tumor in developed countries. Obesity is an established risk factor for this disease. This work provides an overview of pathophysiological interactions and pathways in obese women initiating tumorigenesis. Furthermore, the clinical impact of adiposity on the treatment of endometrial cancer is discussed as well therapeutic and preventive options.
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most frequently observed malignant gynecologic disease in developed countries. There is a strong association between the established risk factor obesity and the incidence of EC. Furthermore, the rate of women with a body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m2 is increasing worldwide, correspondingly leading to a higher prevalence of EC. Understanding the adipose tissue as an endocrine organ, elementary pathophysiological pathways of tumorigenesis have been revealed. This includes the fundamental role of hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and hyperestrogenemia, as well as interactions with a chronic proinflammatory microenvironment. Therapeutic options potentially include metformin or bariatric surgery. Moreover, changes in individual lifestyle such as weight reduction, physical activity, and an awareness of healthy nutrition are effective in preventing the disease.
Ich habe das Buch mit Interesse an den historischen Vorgängen gelesen, gegen Ende auch mit einer gewissen Spannung hinsichtlich des Ausganges der Aufarbeitungsgeschichte, aber „packend“ fand ich den Krebsgang nicht. Grass arbeitet sich langsam an das heran, was im Zentrum der Novelle stehen sollte, die Torpedierung der „Wilhelm Gustloff“, und umgibt die lange aufgesparte Vergegenwärtigung dieses Ereignisses zugleich mit zwei intermittierend sich entfaltenden Rahmenerzählungen: einer historischen, die über die Vorgeschichte des Zentralereignisses informiert, und einer aktuellen, die den späteren Umgang mit diesem schrecklichen dramatisiert.
ONE NIGHT IN PARIS entstand am 9. und 10. Oktober 2001 im Palais Omnisport, Paris. Zwar wird nur der 10. Oktober als Aufnahmedatum angegeben, der Song It Doesn’t Matter Two, der im Film zu sehen ist, wurde jedoch nur am 9. Oktober gespielt und zeigt somit, dass Material von beiden Auftritten verwendet wurde. An den fast zweistündigen Konzertmitschnitt schließt sich umfangreiches Zusatzmaterial an, unter anderem Interviews und Hintergrundinformationen über die Vorbereitung und Umsetzung der Tour.
Solar photovoltaics (PV) panels in combination with batteries are often proposed as a solution to provide stable power supply in rural areas. PV generation is mostly dominated by the solar diurnal cycle and has, in some countries, already started to have influence on the daily price distribution on the electricity market.
In this work, we study the performance and optimisation of rural PV-battery hybrid systems in a future renewable Polish power system. We use data on generation potentials to study PV and battery deployment. Together with a power system optimisation and dispatch model for the Polish power system, we study market values when selling at the national market for different CO2 price scenarios. We show that optimal orientations with respect to tilt/azimuth are subject to change as the PV share grows and that the benefit from batteries grows for higher shares of renewables.
In this study, we investigate the wealth decumulation decision from the perspective of a retiree who is averse to the prospect of fully annuitizing her accumulated savings. We field a large online survey of hypothetical product choices for phased drawdown offerings and annuities. While the demand for annuities remains low in our sample, we find significant demand for phased withdrawal products with equity-based asset allocations and flexible payout structures. Consistent with the product choice, the most important self-reported considerations for the wealth decumulation decision are low default risk in the products they purchase, the size of the withdrawal rates, and flexibility in the timing of their withdrawal. As determinants of the decision of how much wealth individuals are willing to draw down, we identify consumers’ attitudes towards future economic conditions, the extent to which they are protected against longevity risk, and their desire to leave bequests. Policy implications are discussed.
Rezensionen zu: Richard Wagners politische Theologie : Kunst zwischen Revolution und Religion / Peter Hofmann. - Paderborn : Verl. Ferdinand Schöningh, 2003. - 320 S., ISBN 3-506-73929-8, 39,80 Euro Richard Wagner : Ahasvers Wandlungen / Dieter Borchmeyer. - Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Insel Verl., 2002. - 647 S., ISBN 3-458-17135-5, 44,90 Euro.
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) expressed in cancer cells influences cancer pathogenesis but the role of MGL in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is less known. Using a syngeneic tumor model with KP cells (KrasLSL-G12D/p53fl/fl; from mouse lung adenocarcinoma), we investigated whether TME-expressed MGL plays a role in tumor growth of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
In sections of human and experimental NSCLC, MGL was found in tumor cells and various cells of the TME including macrophages and stromal cells. Mice treated with the MGL inhibitor JZL184 as well as MGL knock-out (KO) mice exhibited a lower tumor burden than the controls. The reduction in tumor growth was accompanied by an increased number of CD8+ T cells and eosinophils. Naïve CD8+ T cells showed a shift toward more effector cells in MGL KOs and an increased expression of granzyme-B and interferon-γ, indicative of enhanced tumoricidal activity. 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) was increased in tumors of MGL KO mice, and dose-dependently induced differentiation and migration of CD8+ T cells as well as migration and activation of eosinophils in vitro.
Our results suggest that next to cancer cell-derived MGL, TME cells expressing MGL are responsible for maintaining a pro-tumorigenic environment in tumors of NSCLC.
Hintergrund: Eine adäquate Anpassung der Glukokortikoidsubstitution an unterschiedliche Situationen ist essenziell für Leistungsfähigkeit und Lebensqualität von Patienten mit Nebennierenrindeninsuffizienz (NNRI). Sie dient darüber hinaus der Vermeidung lebensbedrohlicher adrenaler Krisen.
Ziel der Arbeit: Verbesserung der Versorgung von Patienten mit Nebennierenrindeninsuffizienz.
Material und Methoden: Selektive Literaturrecherche unter besonderer Berücksichtigung neuerer Studien.
Ergebnisse: Eine optimale Glukokortikoidsubstitution hat das Ziel, die physiologischen Kortisolschwankungen möglichst genau nachzuahmen. Hier haben in den letzten Jahren Präparate mit veränderter Pharmakokinetik das Therapiespektrum erweitert. Im Vordergrund stehen eine adäquate Anpassung der Substitution in Stresssituationen sowie die Vermeidung und adäquate Behandlung adrenaler Krisen, die mit einer Inzidenz von 4,8 bis 8,3 Krisen pro 100 Patientenjahre auftreten und mit einer Mortalität von etwa 0,5 pro 100 Patientenjahre weiterhin eine tödliche Bedrohung darstellen.
Schlussfolgerung: Zur Verhinderung lebensbedrohlicher Nebennierenkrisen ist eine Schulung von Patienten, Angehörigen und insbesondere auch medizinischem Personal notwendig.
Rhythmic neural spiking and attentional sampling arising from cortical receptive field interactions
(2018)
Summary: Growing evidence suggests that distributed spatial attention may invoke theta (3-9 Hz) rhythmic sampling processes. The neuronal basis of such attentional sampling is however not fully understood. Here we show using array recordings in visual cortical area V4 of two awake macaques that presenting separate visual stimuli to the excitatory center and suppressive surround of neuronal receptive fields elicits rhythmic multi-unit activity (MUA) at 3-6 Hz. This neuronal rhythm did not depend on small fixational eye movements. In the context of a distributed spatial attention task, during which the monkeys detected a spatially and temporally uncertain target, reaction times (RT) exhibited similar rhythmic fluctuations. RTs were fast or slow depending on the target occurrence during high or low MUA, resulting in rhythmic MUA-RT cross-correlations at at theta frequencies. These findings suggest that theta-rhythmic neuronal activity arises from competitive receptive field interactions and that this rhythm may subserve attentional sampling.
Highlights:
* Center-surround interactions induce theta-rhythmic MUA of visual cortex neurons
* The MUA rhythm does not depend on small fixational eye movements
* Reaction time fluctuations lock to the neuronal rhythm under distributed attention
Growing evidence suggests that distributed spatial attention may invoke theta (3–9 Hz) rhythmic sampling processes. The neuronal basis of such attentional sampling is, however, not fully understood. Here we show using array recordings in visual cortical area V4 of two awake macaques that presenting separate visual stimuli to the excitatory center and suppressive surround of neuronal receptive fields (RFs) elicits rhythmic multi-unit activity (MUA) at 3–6 Hz. This neuronal rhythm did not depend on small fixational eye movements. In the context of a distributed spatial attention task, during which the monkeys detected a spatially and temporally uncertain target, reaction times (RTs) exhibited similar rhythmic fluctuations. RTs were fast or slow depending on the target occurrence during high or low MUA, resulting in rhythmic MUA-RT cross-correlations at theta frequencies. These findings show that theta rhythmic neuronal activity can arise from competitive RF interactions and that this rhythm may result in rhythmic RTs potentially subserving attentional sampling.
Sampling of information is thought to be an important aspect of explorative behaviour. Evidence for it has been gained in behavioural assessments of a variety of overt and covert cognitive domains, including sensation, attention, memory, eye movements and dexterity. A common aspect across many findings is that sampling tends to exhibit a rhythmicity at low frequencies (theta, 4–8 Hz; alpha, 9–12 Hz). Neurophysiological investigations in a wide range of species, including rodents, non-human primates and humans have demonstrated the presence of sampling related neural oscillations in a number of brain areas ranging from early sensory cortex, hippocampus to high-level cognitive areas. However, to assess whether rhythmic sampling represents a general aspect of exploratory behaviour one must critically evaluate the task parameters, and their potential link with neural oscillations. Here we focus on sampling during attentive vision to present an overview on the experimental conditions that are used to investigate rhythmic sampling and associated oscillatory brain activity in this domain. This review aims to (1) provide guidelines to efficiently quantify behavioural rhythms, (2) compare results from human and non-human primate studies and (3) argue that the underlying neural mechanisms of sampling can co-occur in both sensory and high-level areas.
Highlights
• Microstimulation of visual area V4 improves visual stimulus detection
• Effects of V4 microstimulation extend to the other hemifield
• Microstimulation effects are time dependent and consistent with attention dynamics
Summary
Neuronal activity in visual area V4 is well known to be modulated by selective attention, and there are reports on V4 lesions leading to attentional deficits. However, it remains unclear whether V4 microstimulation can elicit attentional benefits. To test this hypothesis, we performed local microstimulation in area V4 and explored its spatial and time dynamics in two macaque monkeys performing a visual detection task. Microstimulation was delivered via chronically implanted multi-electrode arrays. We found that microstimulation increases average performance by 35% and reduces luminance detection thresholds by −30%. This benefit critically depends on the onset of microstimulation relative to the stimulus, consistent with known dynamics of endogenous attention. These results show that local microstimulation of V4 can improve behavior and highlight the critical role of V4 for attention.
Although the first travels to America were largely motivated by material interests, the news about native peoples published in Europe by the travellers little by little influenced a conception of the world, which was still dominated by medieval traditions. In general, the experience of the alien was still described in the forms of the own, but gradually the empirical knowledge began to structure a new discourse. The author analyses the earliest books on voyages to Brazil in the middle of the l6th century by Hans Staden, Jean de Léry and André Thevet. He observes how they develop discursive orders of their own, trying to deal with strange phenomena. They mark a first step for Western thought in the process of creating a space for the alien, who really exists – in this case on the coast of Brazil.
Reintroductions of plant species are increasingly popular in conservation practice. Steppe grasslands contain many rare and endangered plant species that are potential objects for such reintroductions. Most reintroduction projects, however, can only target a restricted number of species, which raises the question of how species should be prioritised. Here, we present a method to select priority species for reintroduction based on species' characteristics that are widely used in conservation practice. We first determined the local species pool containing those vascular plant species that occurred both in our target region (Thuringia, Germany) and target habitat (steppe grasslands), yielding 369 species. With the help of an a priori filter that selected currently endangered species with limited distribution, 136 potential target species were determined. These potential target species had experienced stronger decline, had a narrower phytosociological amplitude and were more likely to be species of the Festuco-Brometea class and the Festucetalia valesiacae order than non-target species. Potential target species were then ranked by a points system based on ten conservation-relevant characteristics of the species from the categories "threat and protection status", "distribution and decline", and "habitat affiliation". In the ranking, six steppe grassland plant species (Astragalus exscapus, Bothriochloa ischaemum, Prunella laciniata, Pulsatilla pratensis subsp. nigricans, Scorzonera purpurea, and Seseli hippomarathrum) achieved the highest scores. An additional seven species not specifically characteristic for steppe grasslands also scored highly. A post hoc evaluation of these 13 highest scoring species based on additional conservation criteria left five species (Astragalus exscapus, Linum leonii, Orchis morio, Pulsatilla pratensis subsp. nigricans and Scorzonera purpurea) as species with highest priority for reintroductions and another five species as highly suitable for reintroductions. Associations between the ranking order and different ranking criteria revealed that a species’ threat and rarity in Thuringia and its protection status had the highest representation in the ranking, followed by threat in Germany, regional decline and habitat affiliation. In contrast, international threat and responsibility of Thuringia for its conservation had only low representation in the ranking, probably because these characteristics applied to only a few species. The ranking list gives a selection of species for reintroductions, which combined with additional information based on comprehensive local and floristic knowledge, allows the identification of the species with the highest priority. Our method can be transferred to other regions or habitat types.
The management of urban waste constitutes one of the major environmental challenges facing African cities in general and Cameroon in particular. Unprecedented population growth and changes in consumption patterns and lifestyles have led to increased waste generation. Municipal solid waste management efforts lag behind the rate of waste generation with attendant environmental and public health risks. The activities, the gender dynamics and politics at the pools of waste generation, particularly the households and markets largely influence the outcome of waste management strategies and policies. This book brings out the gender dimension of municipal solid waste generation and management in the City of Bamenda. It is hoped that the findings revealed and proposals made from the study will be employed by municipal authorities in Cameroon and beyond to enhance waste management efforts.
Faunistic spider collections in the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin: The collection of Erich Hesse
(2012)
The ‘Hesse collection’ of spiders (Araneae) and harvestmen (Opiliones) in the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin is documented. Biographical notes on Erich Hesse – a former arachnid curator at the museum (1921–1940) – are provided. The ‘Hesse collection’ was actually put together by other workers, and can be broadly divided into two parts. One comes from Bielinek (= Bellinchen) on the Polish side of the Oder Valley (West Pommerania); now part of the ‘Unteres Odertal’ National Park. This Bielinek material includes notable records of Heriaeus oblongus Simon, 1918 and Gibbaranea ullrichi (Hahn, 1835). The other part of the collection comes from Colbitz-Letzlinger Heide in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Notable here are Pistius truncatus (Pallas, 1772) and Philodromus buchari Kubcová, 2004; the latter representing the first record of this species for Saxony-Anhalt.
A female of the dwarf sheet spider Hahnia picta Kulczyński, 1897 was found in an old castle park in Berlin (Germany). All published records as well as unpublished records from Austria are listed and mapped. This species is rarely recorded. Its distribution is confined to Europe. H. picta seems to live exclusively under the bark of old deciduous trees.
The rare money spider Walckenaeria simplex Chyzer, 1894 was found in 2007 near the city of Meißen (Germany) on a rock overlooking the river Elbe. This is the northernmost occurrence of the species. W. simplex is distributed from Central to South Eastern Europe. The species is thermophilous and prefers wooded slopes with a southern exposition.
A glimpse of the tropics : spiders (Araneae) in the greenhouses of the Botanic Garden Berlin-Dahlem
(2008)
In a survey of the spider fauna in greenhouses of the Botanic Garden Berlin-Dahlem, 30 spider species were recorded. Two species are new to Europe: Theotima minutissima (Petrunkevitch, 1929) and Heteroonops spinimanus (Simon, 1891). T. minutissima is the first member of the family Ochyroceratidae reported from Europe. Oecobius navus Blackwall, 1859 is new to Central Europe. Triaeris stenaspis Simon, 1891, is recorded from Germany for the first time. Zodarion italicum (Canestrini, 1868) is new to eastern Germany. Despite the discovery of some species previously unknown to Germany, the spider fauna in the Botanic Garden consisted mainly of wellknown synanthropic species and common inhabitants of greenhouses. Several alien spiders recently found in greenhouses, garden centers and houses were not recorded in the Botanic Garden. The species composition of the exotic spider fauna in greenhouses seems to depend chiefly on the specific modes of acquisition of plants and plant substrate.
A female specimen of the cribellate spider species Badumna longinqua (L. Koch, 1867) was found in a 'do-it-yourself-store' in Berlin. The species is of Australian origin and has been introduced into New Zealand, Japan, Uruguay and California. This is the first record of a representative of the family Desidae from Europe. B. longinqua lives in and around houses and is apparently capable of establishing itself in Europe.
The increasing incidence of infected skin wounds poses a major challenge in clinical practice, especially when conventional antibiotic therapy fails. In this context, bacteriophages emerged as promising alternatives for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. However, clinical implementation remains hampered by the lack of efficient delivery approaches to infected wound tissue. In this study, bacteriophage-loaded electrospun fiber mats were successfully developed as next-generation wound dressings for the treatment of infected wounds. We employed a coaxial electrospinning approach, creating fibers with a protective polymer shell, enveloping bacteriophages in the core while maintaining their antimicrobial activity. The novel fibers exhibited a reproducible fiber diameter range and morphology, while the mechanical fiber properties were ideal for application onto wounds. Further, immediate release kinetics for the phages were confirmed as well as the biocompatibility of the fibers with human skin cells. Antimicrobial activity was demonstrated against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the core/shell formulation maintained the bacteriophage activity for 4 weeks when stored at − 20 °C. Based on these promising characteristics, our approach holds great potential as a platform technology for the encapsulation of bioactive bacteriophages to enable the translation of phage therapy into clinical application.
Here, we report on 33 molluscan species from Miocene ’Calcari a Lucina’ hydrocarbon-seep deposits in northern Italy. Three new species are described: the chilodontaid gastropod Putzeysia diversii sp. nov., the lucinid bivalve Miltha (sensu lato) romaniae sp. nov., and Sisonia ultimoi sp. nov., a heterodont bivalve of uncertain taxonomic affinity. Fourteen species are described in open nomenclature. The common but enigmatic gastropod species Phasianema taurocrassa is here suggested to belong to the seguenzioid genus Cataegis. Most gastropod species are inhabitants of the deep-sea floor in general, and are not restricted (obligate) to sites of hydrocarbon-seepage. The gastropod Putzeysia diversii sp. nov. and the bivalve Sisonia ultimoi sp. nov. are the geologically oldest members of their genera known to date. While the genus Putzeysia is geographically restricted to the NE Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, Sisonia ultimoi sp. nov. represents another link of the Miocene Mediterranean seep fauna to that of the central Indo-West Pacific Ocean.
EU financial integration : is there a 'Core Europe'? ; evidence from a cluster-based approach
(2005)
Numerous recent studies, e.g. EU Commission (2004a), Baele et al. (2004), Adam et al.(2002), and the research pooled in ECB-CFS (2005), Gaspar, Hartmann, and Sleijpen(2003), have documented progress in EU financial integration from a micro-level view.This paper contributes to this research by identifying groups of financially integratedcountries from a holistic, macro-level view. It calculates cross-sectional dispersions, andinnovates by applying an inter-temporal cluster analysis to eight euro area countries for the period 1995-2002. The indicators employed represent the money, government bond and credit markets. Our results show that euro countries were divided into two stable groups of financially more closely integrated countries in the pre-EMU period. Back then, geographic proximity and country size might have played a role. This situation has changed remarkably with the euro's introduction. EMU has led to a shake-up both in the number and composition of groups. The evidence puts a question mark behin d using Germany as a benchmark in the post-EMU period. The ¯ndings suggest as well that ¯nancial integration takes place in waves. Stable periods and periods of intense transition alternate. Based on the notion of 'maximum similarity', the results suggest that there exist 'maximum similarity barriers'. It takes extraordinary events, such as EMU, to push the degree of ¯nancial integration beyond these barriers. The research encourages policymakers to move forward courageously in the post-FSAP era, and provides comfort that the substantial di®erences between the current and potentially new euro states can be overcome. The analysis could be extended to the new EU member countries, to the global level, and to additional indicators.
Im Jahr 1993 wurde auf ehemaligen Ackerflächen in der Umgebung des Naturschutzgebiets „Garchinger Heide“ mit der Neuanlage von Kalkmagerrasen begonnen. In den Jahren 2001 bis 2004 wurde der Einfluss verschiedener Renaturierungsmaßnahmen (Bodenabtrag, Mähgutübertragung) auf die Vegetation untersucht und ein Vergleich mit Referenzflächen im Naturschutzgebiet durchgeführt. Trotz hoher P- und K-Gehalte der Böden ist der Phytomasseertrag auf Renaturierungsflächen ohne Bodenabtrag so niedrig, dass die Flächen als Magerrasen bezeichnet werden können. Sowohl die Gesamtartenzahl der Phanerogamen als auch die Anzahl der Magerrasenarten (überwiegend Festuco-Brometea-Arten) als Zielarten der Renaturierung sind auf Flächen mit Mähgut noch deutlich höher als auf Flächen ohne Mähgut, auf denen Molinio-Arrhenatheretea-Arten und Ruderalarten dominieren. Die γ-Diversität der Phanerogamen ist in den nie umgebrochenen Magerrasen der Garchinger Heide zwar niedriger, die Anzahl der Magerrasenarten aber höher als auf den Renaturierungsflächen ohne Bodenabtrag. Hinsichtlich der α-Diversität der Phanerogamen, die auf 0,01 m2 bis 100 m2 großen Aufnahmeflächen untersucht wurde, zeigen sich kaum signifikante Unterschiede zwischen ursprünglichen und neu angelegten Magerrasen. Die Anzahl der Magerrasenarten ist jedoch auf den meisten der untersuchten Maßstabsebenen auf den Renaturierungsflächen niedriger als im Naturschutzgebiet. Bei den Kryptogamen ist bei gleicher γ-Diversität sowohl die α-Diversität als auch die Anzahl der Magerrasenarten in den ursprünglichen Magerrasen höher als in den neu angelegten.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Ermittlung von Artenzahlen ohne Angaben zur Artenzusammensetzung oder zur Anwesenheit von Zielarten nicht ausreicht, um den Erfolg von Naturschutz- und Renaturierungsmaßnahmen zu beurteilen. Die Magerrasenarten als Zielarten der Renaturierung sind dagegen gut als Indikatorartengruppe im Rahmen von Erfolgskontrollen geeignet.
We give a report of the fourth annual symposium of the Dry Grassland Working Group, which was organized in conjunction with the second workshop ‘Floristics and geobotany - Contributions to applied questions’, from 6 to 8 Sept. 2007 in Freising-Weihenstephan. The symposium was entitled ‘Restoration and spontaneous establishment of dry and semi-dry grasslands at traditional and urban-industrial sites’. Additionally, the aims of the Dry Grassland Working Group are shortly outlined and the next symposia of both groups are announced.
Background: In patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C infection, telaprevir (TVR) in combination with peginterferon and ribavirin (PR) significantly increased sustained virologic response (SVR) rates compared with PR alone. However, genotypic changes could be observed in TVR-treated patients who did not achieve an SVR.
Methods: Population sequence analysis of the NS3•4A region was performed in patients who did not achieve SVR with TVR-based treatment.
Results: Resistant variants were observed after treatment with a telaprevir-based regimen in 12% of treatment-naïve patients (ADVANCE; T12PR arm), 6% of prior relapsers, 24% of prior partial responders, and 51% of prior null responder patients (REALIZE, T12PR48 arms). NS3 protease variants V36M, R155K, and V36M+R155K emerged frequently in patients with genotype 1a and V36A, T54A, and A156S/T in patients with genotype 1b. Lower-level resistance to telaprevir was conferred by V36A/M, T54A/S, R155K/T, and A156S variants; and higher-level resistance to telaprevir was conferred by A156T and V36M+R155K variants. Virologic failure during telaprevir treatment was more common in patients with genotype 1a and in prior PR nonresponder patients and was associated with higher-level telaprevir-resistant variants. Relapse was usually associated with wild-type or lower-level resistant variants. After treatment, viral populations were wild-type with a median time of 10 months for genotype 1a and 3 weeks for genotype 1b patients.
Conclusions: A consistent, subtype-dependent resistance profile was observed in patients who did not achieve an SVR with telaprevir-based treatment. The primary role of TVR is to inhibit wild-type virus and variants with lower-levels of resistance to telaprevir. The complementary role of PR is to clear any remaining telaprevir-resistant variants, especially higher-level telaprevir-resistant variants. Resistant variants are detectable in most patients who fail to achieve SVR, but their levels decline over time after treatment.
Les larves de cécidomyes ont depuis longtemps attiré l'attention sur elles soit à cause des déformations que la plupart produisent sur les plantes, soit a cause du dégât occasionné par plusieurs autres. Il doit encore en être de même si nous considérons la forme et l'organisation de leur corps. Pour nous en convaincre, voyons d'abord des larves qui, n'occasionnant ni cécidie ni dégât, semblent à première vue n'avoir aucun droit à notre intérêt. Celles du genre Rubsaamenia m., demeurées inconnues jusqu'ici, nous en fourniront un premier exemple.
En passant par Francfort, sa ville natale, le 23 août 1797, Goethe fait la découverte d'"environ deux cents gravures satiriques françaises" comme il l'écrit le lendemain à Schiller. Il s'agit de gravures faites il y a deux ou trois ans à Paris, la dernière au mois de mars 1797. [...] De toute façon Goethe choisit 55 de ces gravures, les "schématise" (ibid.), comme il dit lui-même, et en donne une brève description. Résultat: le manuscrit "Recension einer Anzahl französischer satyrischer Kupferstiche" que son secrétaire du nom de Geist recopie sous la dictée de son maître.
Aims: Somatic mutations in haematopoietic stem cells can lead to the clonal expansion of mutated blood cells, known as clonal haematopoiesis (CH). Mutations in the most prevalent driver genes DNMT3A and TET2 with a variant allele frequency (VAF) ≥ 2% have been associated with atherosclerosis and chronic heart failure of ischemic origin (CHF). However, the effects of mutations in other driver genes for CH with low VAF (<2%) on CHF are still unknown.
Methods and results: Therefore, we analysed mononuclear bone marrow and blood cells from 399 CHF patients by deep error-corrected targeted sequencing of 56 genes and associated mutations with the long-term mortality in these patients (3.95 years median follow-up). We detected 1113 mutations with a VAF ≥ 0.5% in 347 of 399 patients, and only 13% had no detectable CH. Despite a high prevalence of mutations in the most frequently mutated genes DNMT3A (165 patients) and TET2 (107 patients), mutations in CBL, CEBPA, EZH2, GNB1, PHF6, SMC1A, and SRSF2 were associated with increased death compared with the average death rate of all patients. To avoid confounding effects, we excluded patients with DNMT3A-related, TET2-related, and other clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP)-related mutations with a VAF ≥ 2% for further analyses. Kaplan–Meier survival analyses revealed a significantly higher mortality in patients with mutations in either of the seven genes (53 patients), combined as the CH-risk gene set for CHF. Baseline patient characteristics showed no significant differences in any parameter including patient age, confounding diseases, severity of CHF, or blood cell parameters except for a reduced number of platelets in patients with mutations in the risk gene set in comparison with patients without. However, carrying a mutation in any of the risk genes remained significant after multivariate cox regression analysis (hazard ratio, 3.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.8–5.4; P < 0.001), whereas platelet numbers did not.
Conclusions: Somatic mutations with low VAF in a distinct set of genes, namely, in CBL, CEBPA, EZH2, GNB1, PHF6, SMC1A, and SRSF2, are significantly associated with mortality in CHF, independently of the most prevalent CHIP-mutations in DNMT3A and TET2. Mutations in these genes are prevalent in young CHF patients and comprise an independent risk factor for the outcome of CHF, potentially providing a novel tool for risk assessment in CHF.
Electric stimulation of the auditory nerve via cochlear implants has made the treatment of sensory deafness possible. Advanced signal processing and stimulation paradigms have led to continuously improved results in speech understanding. Consequently, indication criteria have been extended to patients with profound and severe-to-profound hearing loss and limited speech understanding with conventional acoustic amplification.
Outside this group, a considerable number of patients presents with rather wellpreserved, low frequency hearing of 30-60 dB up to 1 kHz, but severe loss in the mid to high frequency range of more than 60-70 dB. Monosyllabic word scores in these patients do not generally exceed 35%, due to missing consonant information. But, even increasing the audibility of these high frequencies by acoustic amplification still has very limited efficiency for discriminating speech, and therefore, these patients obtain only minor benefit from conventional hearing aids. On the other hand, standard cochlear implantation would carry a high risk of causing complete hearing loss. This situation has led to considering a combination of both modes of stimulation for these patients who are on the borderline between hearing aids and cochlear implant.
In our present model, the surviving low frequency region of the cochlea could still be stimulated acoustically-combined with additional electrical stimulation of the impaired mid and high frequency region of the cochlea.
Several questions still have to be answered with regard to combined electric and acoustic stimulation (EAS). The possible interaction of electric and acoustic stimuli on the different levels off the auditory system is a major issue. Animal experiments clearly demonstrate that tuning properties of auditory neurons, in response to acute acoustic stimulation, are essentially preserved in the presence of electric stimulation even at high levels of electric stimulation, and that chronic electric stimulation of tie intact inner ear does not have a significant effect on the compound action potentials (CAP) thresholds or inner ear function.
In a previous report, we were able to show that this combined F.A.S of the auditory system is possible in humans, and that it has a synergistic effect on speech understanding. Further major issues regard the surgical feasibility and reproducibility of cochlear implantation with the preservation of residual hearing.
Encouraged by our findings, a clinical study was initiated on the application of EAS. So far, seven adults have been included in this study. In addition, one child has been implanted outside the study.
Es mag sein, dass sich die japanische Kultur – ganz abgesehen von der Schrift – nicht leicht lesen lässt. Aber warum denn nicht? Warum soll uns die reizvolle Erfahrung erspart bleiben, dass ein wirtschaftlich und technologisch ebenbürtiger Partner der Weltgesellschaft sein Niveau auf einem andern Weg, aufgrund einer verschiedenen sozialen Kultur erreicht hat? Dass sich vermeintliche Universalien – Natur, Liebe, Religion, Familie, Individualität, Bindung, Freiheit – auch ganz anders buchstabieren und in stark abweichender Besetzung bis in 21. Jahrhundert mit Erfolg halten lassen? Warum eigentlich sollen wir nicht besser lesen lernen?
Schon im Jahr 1970 rechnet der noch junge und von Film und Rockmusik gleichermaßen begeisterte Wim Wenders mit einem Genre ab, "das es nicht gibt": mit dem Musikfilm, vor allem mit den "Rock'n'Roll- und Popmusikfilmen" (Wenders 1989, 82), die bis dato entstanden und denen er insgesamt vorwirft, gerade an der Darstellung der Musik zu scheitern. "Sie zeigen mehr ihr Desinteresse, ihr Missfallen oder ihre Verachtung als ihren Gegenstand. Das, was es zu sehen gibt, die Musiker, die Instrumente, die Bühne, die Arbeit, der Spaß oder die Anstrengung, Musik zu machen, erscheint ihnen nicht wert genug, so wie es ist, gezeigt zu werden" (83). Wenders wirft den Musikfilmen vor, nicht dem authentischen Entstehen der Musik im Augenblick, also live auf der Bühne, und nicht dem Ausdruck der Musik gerecht werden, sondern die eigene Sprache der Rockmusik in eine andere, in die des Films zu übertragen.
Ihrem letzten Roman "In Amerika" (2000) stellte Susan Sontag als Motto eine Zeile des afroamerikanischen Poeten Langston Hughes voran: "America will be!" Der Lockruf eines Landes, das permanent im Entstehen ist, das wird, um einmal zu existieren, vielleicht nur als schöner Traum, bestimmt diesen historischen Roman, in dem eine polnische Schauspielerin, eine Diva, im Jahr 1876 ihre Heimat verlässt, um ihm zu folgen und dann doch nie sesshaft zu werden in Amerika. Die "Sehnsucht nach Neuem, Leerem, Vergangenheitslosem", und der "Traum, das Leben in reine Zukunft zu verwandeln" in der neuen Welt, treiben sie stets weiter, von Stadt zu Stadt, von einer Rolle zur nächsten. Die Schauspielerin bringt Kultur in ein raues Land, indem sie Kunst lebt, auf einer "lange(n) Tournee", wie die letzen Worte des Romans verheißen.
Liest man die heute schon reichlich nostalgisch angehauchten Rückblicke auf die Blütezeit des Neuen deutschen Films in den siebziger Jahren, dann stößt man auf die Namen Fassbinder, Schlöndorff, Wenders und Herzog, vielleicht noch Kluge und Schroeter. Kaum aber noch fällt der Name Hans Jürgen Syberberg. Das ist um so erstaunlicher, da Syberberg damals im Ausland – und wo sonst, wenn nicht im Ausland, galt der Neue deutsche Film als das, was er in der Bundesrepublik nie war: als kulturelle Dominante – als der deutsche Filmemacher schlechthin angesehen wurde.
Die Sackspinne Clubiona similis L. Koch, 1867 wird in der älteren Literatur aus den verschiedensten Gebieten und Lebensraumtypen Mittel- und Osteuropas erwähnt. Nach HEIMER & NENTWIG (1991) ist sie "in feuchtem Gelände auf niedriger Vegetation" zu finden. Bei HANGGI et al. (1995) werden überwiegend Nachweise aus Küstendünen, daneben einzelne aus Wäldern und extensiv oder ungenutzten Lebensraumtypen des Offenlandes genannt.
The study objective was to assess the current status of HIV knowledge, attitudes and behavior (KAB) among employees of Namibian ministries. As most HIV campaigning takes place in the capital of Windhoek, an additional aim was to compare Windhoek to four regions (Hardap, Erongo, Oshana, and Caprivi). Between January and March 2011 a cross-sectional survey was conducted in two Namibian ministries, with participants selected randomly from the workforce. Data collection was based on questionnaires. 832 participants were included in the study (51.6% male). Nearly 90% of participants reported to have been tested for HIV before. Knowledge about HIV transmission ranged from 67% to 95% of correct answers, with few differences between the capital and regions. However, a knowledge gap regarding HIV transmission and prevention was seen. In particular, we found significantly lower knowledge regarding transmission from mother-to-child during pregnancy and higher rate of belief in a supernatural role in HIV transmission. In addition, despite many years of HIV prevention activities, a substantial proportion of employees had well-known HIV risk factors including multiple concurrent partnership rates (21%), intergenerational sex (19%), and lower testing rates for men (82% compared to women with 91%).
In this paper I intend to discuss the relation of Marcuse’s theory of technology to its grounding in the possibilities he believed lay inherent, but as yet untapped in nature. Marcuse was an early critic of what he considered to be the exploitative, predatory approach to nature brought about through the direction of technology, industry and science under consumer capitalism, however his alternative; a “new science” and “new technology” which would treat nature as an “ally” in the general struggle for liberation and emancipation, was not without its problems.
Combining cultural history with the insights of psychoanalytic theory, this article examines Maurice Sendak's Caldecott-winning and controversial Where the Wild Things Are (1963), arguing that Sendak’s book represents picturebook psychology as it stood in the early 1960s but also radically recasts it, paving the way for a groundswell in applied picturebook psychology. The book can be understood as rewriting classical Freudian analysis, retaining some of its rigor and edge while making it more palatably American. Where the Wild Things Are has been embraced as a psychological primer, a story about anger and its management through fantasy; it is also a text in which echoes of Freud remain audible. It is read it here as a bedtime-story version of Freud’s Wolf Man case history of 1918, an updated and upbeat dream of the wolf boy. It is to Sendak what the Wolf Man case was to Freud, a career-making feral tale. Standing at the crossroads of Freudian tradition, child analysis, humanistic psychology, and bibliotherapy, the article reveals how the book both clarified and expanded the uses of picturebook enchantment.
The widespread application of fertilizers has greatly influenced many processes and properties of agroecosystems, and agricultural fertilization is expected to increase even further in the future. To date, most research on fertilizer impacts has used short-term studies, which may be unrepresentative of long-term responses, thus hindering our capacity to predict long-term impacts. Here, we examined the effects of long-term fertilizer addition on key ecosystem properties in a long-term grassland experiment (Palace Leas Hay Meadow) in which farmyard manure (FYM) and inorganic fertilizer treatments have been applied consistently for 120 years in order to characterize the experimental site more fully and compare ecosystem responses with those observed at other long-term and short-term experiments. FYM inputs increased soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, hay yield, nutrient availability and acted as a buffer against soil acidification (>pH 5). In contrast, N-containing inorganic fertilizers strongly acidified the soil (<pH 4.5) and increased surface SOC stocks by increasing the C stored in the coarse (2.8 mm-200 μm) and fine (200–50 μm) fractions. Application of N fertilizers also reduced plant species richness and the abundance of forbs and legumes. Overall, our results were broadly consistent with those observed in other very long-term studies (the Park Grass and Steinach Grassland experiments) in that fertilization effects on plant and soil properties appeared to be driven by differences in both nutrient input and changes to soil pH. We also established that the direction of long-term fertilization effects tended to be comparable with short-term experiments, but that their magnitude differed considerably, particularly where ammonium sulphate-induced acidification had occurred. We therefore conclude that short-term studies are unlikely to possess the required timeframe to accurately predict long-term responses, thus necessitating the use of long-term study sites. Such experiments should be strategically established in regions where future fertilizer use is expected to increase rapidly.
This book makes an important contribution to existing knowledge on the processes of reading and comprehension by identifying the various approaches and corresponding theories. The book is organized in various chapters that cumulatively lead to our entry into the three key areas. Chapter One provides important background to reading as a skill, explaining the hidden dynamics that avoid the process and outcome of reading. Chapter Two deals with comprehension and vocabulary, both very important aspects of the reading process, while Chapter Three focuses on the relationship between reading, remembering and perception. Chapters four and five deal with various ways of assessing comprehension and the role of the reader respectively.
The Devil's Hill
(2012)
Dani is gifted in all ways, yet he lives under the shadow of his hero, an old friend and a school dropout. The day he discovers a heap of money and a gun under a trap door in his friend's house, he realised his friend was no longer a mere bully but a member of a dangerous gang wanted for various crimes ranging from smuggling diamonds, carjacking to murder. This becomes the beginning of a nightmare that nearly costs Dani his life as well as that of another of his friends, Zack.
Edukative Grenzüberschreitung : Text-Bild-Verweise in 'The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen'
(2017)
Zwar integrieren Comics bildliche und textuale Elemente. Oft herrscht in einzelnen Bildern oder Szenen aber ein Primat des Texts oder des Bildes vor. Dies bedeutet eine faktische Text-Bild-Trennung im Comic-Panel. 'The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen' macht diese Text-Bild-Grenzen durch gezielte Überschreitungen fruchtbar: Die implizite Hierarchie von Text und Bild wird durch gegenseitige, explizite Verweise aufeinander in Frage gestellt. Dies lässt auch den Informationswert der einzelnen Panels zweifelhaft erscheinen: Geht hier mehr vor sich, als auf den ersten Blick ersichtlich ist? 'League' provoziert so ein aufmerksames, 'detektivisches Lesen', das sensibel ist gegen die Verweisstrukturen des Comics. Dieser zeigt über sich selbst – auf einen Kanon literarischer Vorlagen – hinaus.
In natural environments, background noise can degrade the integrity of acoustic signals, posing a problem for animals that rely on their vocalizations for communication and navigation. A simple behavioral strategy to combat acoustic interference would be to restrict call emissions to periods of low-amplitude or no noise. Using audio playback and computational tools for the automated detection of over 2.5 million vocalizations from groups of freely vocalizing bats, we show that bats (Carollia perspicillata) can dynamically adapt the timing of their calls to avoid acoustic jamming in both predictably and unpredictably patterned noise. This study demonstrates that bats spontaneously seek out temporal windows of opportunity for vocalizing in acoustically crowded environments, providing a mechanism for efficient echolocation and communication in cluttered acoustic landscapes.
One Sentence Summary: Bats avoid acoustic interference by rapidly adjusting the timing of vocalizations to the temporal pattern of varying noise.
In natural environments, background noise can degrade the integrity of acoustic signals, posing a problem for animals that rely on their vocalizations for communication and navigation. A simple behavioral strategy to combat acoustic interference would be to restrict call emissions to periods of low-amplitude or no noise. Using audio playback and computational tools for the automated detection of over 2.5 million vocalizations from groups of freely vocalizing bats, we show that bats (Carollia perspicillata) can dynamically adapt the timing of their calls to avoid acoustic jamming in both predictably and unpredictably patterned noise. This study demonstrates that bats spontaneously seek out temporal windows of opportunity for vocalizing in acoustically crowded environments, providing a mechanism for efficient echolocation and communication in cluttered acoustic landscapes.
One Sentence Summary Bats avoid acoustic interference by rapidly adjusting the timing of vocalizations to the temporal pattern of varying noise.
In natural environments, background noise can degrade the integrity of acoustic signals, posing a problem for animals that rely on their vocalizations for communication and navigation. A simple behavioral strategy to combat acoustic interference would be to restrict call emissions to periods of low-amplitude or no noise. Using audio playback and computational tools for the automated detection of over 2.5 million vocalizations from groups of freely vocalizing bats, we show that bats (Carollia perspicillata) can dynamically adapt the timing of their calls to avoid acoustic jamming in both predictably and unpredictably patterned noise. This study demonstrates that bats spontaneously seek out temporal windows of opportunity for vocalizing in acoustically crowded environments, providing a mechanism for efficient echolocation and communication in cluttered acoustic landscapes.
In natural environments, background noise can degrade the integrity of acoustic signals, posing a problem for animals that rely on their vocalizations for communication and navigation. A simple behavioral strategy to combat acoustic interference would be to restrict call emissions to periods of low-amplitude or no noise. Using audio playback and computational tools for the automated detection of over 2.5 million vocalizations from groups of freely vocalizing bats, we show that bats (Carollia perspicillata) can dynamically adapt the timing of their calls to avoid acoustic jamming in both predictably and unpredictably patterned noise. This study demonstrates that bats spontaneously seek out temporal windows of opportunity for vocalizing in acoustically crowded environments, providing a mechanism for efficient echolocation and communication in cluttered acoustic landscapes.
One Sentence Summary: Bats avoid acoustic interference by rapidly adjusting the timing of vocalizations to the temporal pattern of varying noise.
Written in a clear, concise and engaging style this book presents the entire criminal process in a simple, yet authoritative and informative way. The core principles that underpin the criminal procedure, their rationale and assumptions are well articulated and critiqued. In addition the book presents by way of illustration a comprehensive range of the latest local judicial decisions.
Ribosomes translate the genetic code into proteins. Recent technical advances have facilitated in situ structural analyses of ribosome functional states inside eukaryotic cells and the minimal bacterium Mycoplasma. However, such analyses of Gram-negative bacteria are lacking, despite their ribosomes being major antimicrobial drug targets. Here we compare two E. coli strains, a lab E. coli K-12 and human gut isolate E. coli ED1a, for which tetracycline exhibits bacteriostatic and bactericidal action, respectively. The in situ ribosome structures upon tetracycline treatment show a virtually identical drug binding-site in both strains, yet the distribution of ribosomal complexes clearly differs. While K-12 retains ribosomes in a translation competent state, tRNAs are lost in the vast majority of ED1a ribosomes. A differential response is also reflected in proteome-wide abundance and thermal stability assessment. Our study underlines the need to include molecular analyses and to consider gut bacteria when addressing antibiotic mode of action.
»Wo ist der Platz, den man jetzt in der Welt einzunehmen sich bestreben könnte, im Augenblick, wo alles seinen Platz in verwirrter Bewegung verwechselt.« Diese Zeilen schreibt Kleist im Juni 1807 aus der Kriegsgefangenschaft in Châlons-sur-Marne an seine Cousine Marie von Kleist. […] Seine Literatur wird gleichsam bestimmt von Figuren, deren Leben und Erleben keine Kontinuität kennt. Kleist stellt seine Figuren in einen Versuchsraum, er treibt sie in Zustände der innersten Gespanntheit und Zerspaltenheit, lässt sie gegen eine Welt anrennen, die sie nicht begreifen, stürzt sie in die Tiefe ihres Inneren, das ins Bodenlose führt, setzt sie einem ständigen Wechsel der Empfindung und der Wahrnehmung aus. […] In „Die Marquise von O….“ [markiert] [e]inzig ein Gedankenstrich […] die Geburt der Gegensätze, die im Folgenden an der Marquise zerren. In diesen Gedankenstrich legt Kleist die Zeugung des Kindes. Ob Vergewaltigung oder Liebesakt, in Ohnmacht oder bei klarem Verstand, ist hier nicht zu klären. Aber es ist ein Akt, der sich nicht im Bewusstsein der Marquise verankert und dessen Folgen doch alles verändern.
Das Ziel dieses Beitrags ist die Herausstellung von Geschlechterstereotypen der deutschen Jugendlichen, die in Form von semantischen Assoziationen zu Kategorien "Frau/Mann" auftreten, und der mit den Stereotypen verbundenen Asymmetrie. Dafür wurden die empirischen Daten, die infolge der Befragung mit dem Einsatz des psychoassoziativen Experimentes gewonnen wurden, analysiert. Die geschlechtsspezifische Asymmetrie wurde auch insubstantivischen Kollokationen, deren Basen als negativ gefärbte Substereotype eingeschätzt werden können, mit subordinierten Adjektiven verfolgt.
Twenty-eight Odonata species were recorded in the Poliskyi Nature Reserve (Zhytomyr oblast’, North Ukraine) in 2006 and 2007, 18 of which were reported for the first time from this location. This included such rare species as Somatochlora arctica (second record in the Ukraine, first record for 100 years), Leucorrhinia dubia, Leucorrhinia rubicunda and Leucorrhinia albifrons. A breeding site and a dense population of Nehalennia speciosa were found in a bog near the river. Zholobnytsya. The record of Orthetrum coerulescens is the northernmost in Ukraine.
The 14 known localities of Coenagrion armatum in Ukraine are listed and the 27 dragonfly species recorded are presented. An expedition devoted to revisit 10 of them in spring 2007 did not result in a confirmation at any of them. Here, all localities are described in detail and possible reasons for the absence of the species are discussed. These include habitat alterations because of anthropogenic impact, such as agricultural activity, as well as decreasing competitiveness against Mediterranean species that spread in response to altered climatic conditions. Proposed measures of conservation of C. armatum in Ukraine include a) the inclusion into the Red Data Book of Ukraine under category I (Endangered) and b) additional studies, monitoring and habitat conservation.
A list of 60 Odonata species and their distribution across 109 localities on the Crimean Peninsula is provided. The study is based on a literature review and a field survey between 1999 and 2008. Erythromma lindenii and Epitheca bimaculata are here recorded for the first time from Crimea. Diagnostic morphological characters of Calopteryx splendens taurica and Orthetrum coerulecens anceps are briefly described. Discriptions of typical Crimean habitats of dragonflies are also presented. The necessity of the protection of Crimean freshwater habitats is discussed.
The ecological and faunistic research of Odonata in Ukraine has been based on three main pillars. The first are investigations of species composition, habitat preferences, trophic connections, parasites and predators, behaviour patterns, and morphological and physiological peculiarities of dragonflies by expert-odonatologists. The second pillar is the collection and identification of adults for the survey of animals from different regions, especially rare and endangered species for the Red Lists and Red Data Book. Thirdly, there is the study of Odonata larvae as components of freshwater ecosystems, particularly as food of fish.
Some present Ukrainian regions belonged to Poland, Hungary, Slovakia and Romania before 1939-1945. Odonatological investigations were held up during the Second World War and the 12 years of post-war rebuilding.
The first data on Ukrainian Odonata were published in the second part of the 19th century (Belke, 1859, 1866). Since then, several Ukrainian, Russian, Polish, Hungarian and Romanian scientists have made great contributions to the investigation of the odonate fauna and ecology. One of the most famous odonatologists, J. Dziêdzielewicz, worked in the western Ukraine from the end of the 19th to the early 20th century. At the same time G. Artobolevs’ky investigated the northern and central parts of Ukraine and the Crimea peninsula. A. Brauner and A. Bartenev carried out research in the southern Ukraine and Crimea.
R. Pavlyuk continued research in the western region of Ukraine. He carried out faunistic, ecological and parasitological investigations. A. Oliger studied faunistic and ecological aspects of dragonflies in the easternmost part of the Ukraine (Donets’k region). Recently, S. Gorb published many papers devoted to the functional morphology of dragonflies. He also provided a study of the species composition and ecological peculiarities of Odonata in northern Ukraine and a catalogue of the Ukrainian species. Today, several odonatologists are actively involved in odonatological research in Ukraine. N. Mathuskina works on the functional morphology of the ovipositor and dragonfly behaviour, L. Khrokalo on faunistics and ecology in the northeastern Ukraine and on aspects of nature conservation, O. Dyatlova on the faunistics in the southwest of the country and some aspects of morphology and behaviour. A. Martynov studies the faunistics in the eastern part of Ukraine.
Mitofusin 2 (MFN2) is a mitochondrial outer membrane GTPase, which modulates mitochondrial fusion and affects the interaction between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Here, we explored how MFN2 influences mitochondrial functions and inflammatory responses towards zymosan in primary human macrophages. A knockdown of MFN2 by small interfering RNA decreased mitochondrial respiration without attenuating mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced interactions between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. A MFN2 deficiency potentiated zymosan-elicited inflammatory responses of human primary macrophages, such as expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β, -6, -8 and tumor necrosis factor α, as well as induction of cyclooxygenase 2 and prostaglandin E2 synthesis. MFN2 silencing also increased zymosan-induced nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells and mitogen-activated protein kinases inflammatory signal transduction, without affecting mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. Mechanistic studies revealed that MFN2 deficiency enhanced the toll-like receptor 2-dependent branch of zymosan-triggered responses upstream of inhibitor of κB kinase. This was associated with elevated, cytosolic expression of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 in MFN2-deficient cells. Our data suggest pro-inflammatory effects of MFN2 deficiency in human macrophages.
Einleitung: Diese Arbeit vergleicht den Goldstandard der Knochendichtemessung die dual x-ray absorptiometry mit Daten, die durch Vermessungen der Claviculae bds. eines Patientenkollektivs am Röntgenthorax zu dessen Evaluation bzw. zur eventuellen Frakturvorhersagbarkeit. Material und Methoden: Auf den Röntgenbildern wurde die Länge und die Mitte der Claviculae bestimmt, die ROI, die region of interest, befindet sich in der Mitte. Dort wurden mit einem Kaliper der äußere ( outer periostal width / OPW ) und der innere Durchmesser ( inner endostal width / IEP ) gemessen. Für den CCT subtrahiert man den IEW vom OPW, für den %CCT teilt man den CCT durch den OPW. Alle durch die DXA-Messung ermittelten Werte der LWS sowie der Hüften in Form von BMD, bone mineral density, und BMC, bone mineral concentration, wurden korreliert mit der CCT, der combined cortical thickness und der %CCT der rechten und der linken Claviculae, die durch das Vermessen des Röntgenbildes ermittelt wurden. Ergebnisse: Beim Vergleich aller Werte konnte eindeutig eine fehlende Korrelation, also weder eine negative noch eine positive Korrelation, festgestellt werden. Diskussion: Im Vergleich zu vorhergehenden Arbeiten ergibt sich die Bestätigung, dass das konventionelle Röntgenbild keine geeignete Methode ist, die Diagnose der Osteoporose allein zu stellen.Diese Arbeit vergleicht den Goldstandard der Knochendichtemessung die dual x-ray absorptiometry mit Daten, die durch Vermessungen der Claviculae bds. eines Patientenkollektivs am Röntgenthorax zu dessen Evaluation bzw. zur eventuellen Frakturvorhersagbarkeit.
Die Arbeit behandelt die äußere Entwicklung von Küken des Austernfischers (Haematopus ostralegus) vom Schlüpfen bis zur Flugfähigkeit der Jungvögel im Schleswig-Holsteinischen Wattenmeer. Das Aussehen und die Veränderung von Dunenkleid, Schnabel, Beinen und Lidring sowie die Entwicklung des Gefieders vom ersten bis etwa zum 40. Lebenstag werden beschrieben und durch Fotos illustriert. Gewicht, Flügellänge, Schnabellänge und -höhe von ein-, 18- und 30-tägige Küken werden angegeben. Mehr als 40 Küken wurden nach dem Schlüpfen markiert und ihre Entwicklung bis zum Flüggewerden verfolgt. Am ersten Tag nach dem Schlüpfen trocknet das kontrastreiche Dunenkleid. Die Beine sind zuerst hell fleischfarben, verfärben sich aber schnell blaugrau. Der Schnabel ist mehrfarbig weiß, grau und schwarz und besitzt eine rosa Basis. Bis zum etwa 14. Tag tragen die Küken ein hell sandfarbenes Dunenkleid mit schwarzer Zeichnung. Der Eizahn fällt am dritten oder vierten Tag ab. Die ersten Handschwingen durchbrechen am elften Tag die Blutkiele. Der Schnabel ist dann dunkel braunschwarz mit oranger Unterschnabelbasis. Ab dem etwa 15. Tag wirkt das Dunenkleid deutlich dunkler, was durch nachschiebendes dunkles Gefieder verursacht wird. Der Kontrast der schwarzen Zeichnung nimmt ab. Der Schnabel verfärbt sich zunehmend orange und die Umfärbung des Lidrings zu dunkelgelb beginnt. Ab ca. dem 20. Tag sind auf den meisten Körperpartien die Federn des Jugendkleids durchgebrochen. Dunenreste bleiben noch länger, vor allem auf Kopf und Rücken auffällig. Die Umfärbung des Lidrings wird abgeschlossen und sehr langsam verfärben sich die Beine fleischfarben. Ab ca. dem 30 Tag erscheinen die Jungvögel voll befiedert, man findet aber noch kleinflächige Dunenreste. Der Schnabel ist dann orange mit dunkler Spitze und dunklerem Oberschnabelfirst. Die Umfärbung der Beine wird erst später deutlich. Ab etwa dem 40. Tag sind kaum mehr Dunen zu erkennen. Kopf, Hals, Brust und Oberseite der jetzt flugfähigen Jungvögel sind größtenteils dunkelbraun, nur ein dünner heller Kragen bleibt erhalten. Die Unterseite ist weiß.
Goats remain the most viable livestock in the warzone of South Lebanon because of their compatibility with wartime environments and ordnance. They can survive periods of scarcity during active war, occupations, or invasions by foraging for food and eating almost anything. Most crucially, goats are small and light and can graze in the borderland's many minefields without setting off the hidden explosives designed to kill humans, who are not as light-footed. In this essay, Munira Khayyat explores how an enduring, explosive military technology is both domesticated and resisted by a homegrown, anti-mine survival assemblage.
In dieser Arbeit konnten erstmals differentielle Ionisationswirkungsquerschnitte für Antimaterie-Materie-Stöße gemessen werden. Mit Hilfe der COLd Target Recoil Ion Momentum Spectroscopy (COLTRIMS) wurden die Stoßsysteme p± + He ® p± + He+1 + ebei einer Einschußenergie von etwa 1 MeV untersucht. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse für die Einfachionisation von Helium durch Antiprotonenstöße werden mit denen für Protonenstöße verglichen. Dies erlaubt den Stoßmechanismus in Abhängigkeit von der Richtung der störenden Kraft zu studieren. Als Ergebniss konnte die Post-Collision-Interaction (PCI) in der longitudinalen Richtung des Stoßes (Projektilrichtung) quantitativ bestimmt werden. Trotz der großen experimentellen Schwierigkeiten (hochenergetischer Antiprotonenstrahl, geringer Antiprotonenstrom, große Strahldivergenz und Strahlungsuntergrund durch Antiprotonenzerfall) konnten absolute die Wirkungsquerschnitte in Abhängigkeit vom Longitudinalimpuls gemessen werden. Innerhalb der experimentellen Fehler zeigen die Longitudinalimpulsverteilungen keine Abhängigkeit vom Projektilvorzeichen. Die folgende Tabelle faßt die mittleren Impulse des Elektrons und des Rückstoßions für Antiprotonen- und Protonenstöße zusammen Rückstoßion Elektron Antiproton 0.07±0.045 a.u. 0.087±0.039 a.u. Proton 0.075±0.025 a.u. 0.075±0.007 a.u. Die Tabelle zeigt, daß nach dem Stoß die Elektronen in beiden Stoßsystemen etwas nach vorne emittiert werden. Das steht im Widerspruch zu den theoretischen Vorhersagen, wonach erwartet wird, daß die Elektronen im Protonenstoß etwas nach „vorne“ und im Antiprotonenstoß etwas nach „hinten“ emittiert werden. Das Rückstoßion agiert in beiden Systemen als Beobachter. Dies widerspricht ebenfalls den Vorhersagen, wonach erwartet wird, daß das Rückstoßion im Protonenstoß etwas nach hinten und im Antiprotonenstoß etwas nach vorne emittiert wird. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse zeigen eine bessere Übereinstimmung mit den Continuum-Distorted-Wave (CDW) Rechnungen als mit den Classical- Trajectory-Monte-Carlo (CTMC) Rechnungen. Im Vergleich zur Stößen mit schnellen hochgeladenen Ionen zeigen die Daten dieser Arbeit, daß die Elektronen die Impulsverluste des Projektils kompensieren, während in hochgeladenen Ion-Atom-Stöße die Rückstoßionen den Impuls der Elektronen kompensieren.
Nikotinabhänigkeit und -abstinenz sind mit erniedrigtem bzw. erhöhtem Körpergewicht assoziiert. Dem Nucleus arcuatus kommt eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Körpergewichtsregulation zu, und es wurde bereits gezeigt, dass eine inadäquate Genexpression in diesem hypothalamischen Kerngebiet zu Adipositas führen kann. Obwohl bekannt ist, dass Nikotin die Genexpression im Hypothalamus beeinflussen kann, sind die genauen Mechanismen, die zu den anorektischen Effekten führen, noch weitgehend unbekannt. Diese Studie wurde durchgeführt, um eine Methode zu etablieren, mit der umfassende und informative Genexpressionsprofile im Nucleus arcuatus - unter anderem - in Abhänigkeit von Nikotinwirkungen erstellt werden können. Hierzu wurden Microarrays mit einer limitierten Zahl an Genen hergestellt, für die teilweise bereits Informationen zu Nikotin-abhängiger Gegenregulation verfügbar waren. Fünfundzwanzig Fischer-Ratten wurden miniosmotische Pumpen implantiert, die entweder Nikotin (9mg/kg Körpergewicht/ Tag) oder physiologische Kochsalzlösung freisetzten. Nach einer Woche wurde ein Teil der Tiere getötet, während bei den übrigen Tieren die Effekte einer dreitägigen Nikotinabstinenz untersucht wurden. Die Nikotinbehandlung war mit einer reduzierten Gewichtszunahme sowie einer erhöhten Rektaltemperatur (p=0,001) assoziiert. Die Nikotinabstinenz führte dagegen zu einer gesteigerten Gewichtszunahme (p=0,012), einer erniedrigten Rektaltemperatur sowie einer höheren Serumglukosekonzentration (p=0,028). Für die Serumkonzentrationen von Insulin, Leptin, Cholesterin oder Triglyceriden konnten keine signifikanten Unterschiede aufgezeigt werden, was möglicherweise aber auf die relativ geringe Anzahl an Versuchstieren zurückzuführen ist. Mit den Microarray-Studien ließen sich die vorbeschriebenen Daten für die Nikotin-abhängige Regulation der Genexpression von NPY sowie teilweise auch von POMC bestätigen. Darüberhinaus konnten neue Informationen im Hinblick auf die Nikotinabhängige Regulation der Genexpression von AGRP, LepRb, Insulinrezeptor, MC3R, NPY-Y5-Rezeptor, Prohormone-Convertase-1, POMC und SOCS-3 gewonnen werden. Zusätzlich zu den neuen Daten stellen wir somit einen methodischen Ansatz vor, mit dem Expressionsprofile für viele hundert hypothalamischen Genen in Abhängigkeit von Manipulationen des Körpergewichts erstellt werden können, um so dann tiefgreifende Einsichten in die neuronalen molekularen Mechanismen der Körpergewichtskontrolle nehmen zu können.
Die primär – und sekundärprophylaktische Versorgung durch einen plötzlichen Herztod bedrohter Patienten mittels Implantierbarer Cardioverter Defibrillatoren hat sich in mehreren groß angelegten Studien einer rein konservativ-medikamentösen Behandlung gegenüber als überlegen erwiesen. Ein Hauptproblem dieser Therapieform ist jedoch die mit 25 – 40% berichtete hohe Inzidenz inadäquater Therapieabgaben. Bisher weitgehend ungeklärt blieben die prognostische Bedeutung, eventuelle Risikofaktoren sowie die daraus abzuleitenden therapeutischen Implikationen des Auftretens inadäquater Therapieabgaben. Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert die Daten 783 (630 Männer, 153 Frauen. Medianes Alter 65 Jahre) konsekutiv im Zeitraum von 1993 bis 2005 in der Medizinischen Klinik III – Kardiologie und Angiologie – Abteilung für Elektrophysiologie der Universitätsklinik der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität implantierter Patienten über einen medianen Nachbeobachtungszeitraum von 37 Monaten. Implantiert wurden nach allgemein anerkannter Indikationsstellung Cardioverter Defibrillatoren der Firmen CPI/Guidant, Ela-Medical, Medtronic Inc. und St. Jude Medical. Zum Einsatz kamen hierbei Ein – Zwei – und Dreikammergeräte (Einkammer = 511, Zweikammer = 239, Dreikammer = 33). Die Sachkontrolluntersuchungen fanden im ersten Jahr nach Implantation dreimonatig, danach halbjährlich sowie bei Notwendigkeit außerplanmäßig statt. Hierbei wurden jeweils alle stattgehabten, von den Implantierbaren Cardioverter Defibrillatoren registrierten Ereignisse ausgedruckt und auf Speichermedien gesichert. Die archivierten Elektrogramme der in diesem Zeitraum aufgetretenen 11.942 tachykarden Ereignisse bilden die Grundlage der Analyse der vorliegenden Arbeit. Hierbei wurden alle aufgetreten inadäquaten Therapiegaben an Hand der Elektrogramme einer von neun ätiologischen Kategorien zugeordnet. Der aktuelle Status aller 783 Patienten wurde im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit, soweit unbekannt und somit notwendig, telefonisch oder per Briefkontakt mit den weiterbehandelnden Ärzten und Zentren eruiert. Im Rahmen der Untersuchung wurden Parameter betreffend der Erkrankungen der Patienten (Herzinsuffizienz, Koronare Herzerkrankung, Dilatative Cardiomyopathie, Klappenvitien und vorbekannte atriale Tachykardien) sowie zu ihrer zum jeweiligen Untersuchungszeitpunkt aktuellen Medikation (Klasse-I-Antiarrhythmika, Sotalol, Amiodaron, Beta-Blocker, Klasse-IV-Antiarrhythmika, Digitalisglykoside, ACE-Inhibitoren/AT1-Antagonisten, Aldosteronantagonisten, Diuretika und CSE-Inhibitoren ) erfasst. Die statistische Auswertung bezüglich des Auftretens inadäquater Therapien sowie ihrer Ätiologie, der Versterbenshäufigkeit, der Überlebensdauer, des gefährdeten Auftretenszeitraums inadäquater Therapien, eines eventuellen prädilektiven Risikoalters, des Einflusses der verschieden Ätiologien und der Anzahl inadäquater Therapiegaben auf Überlebensdauer und Versterbenshäufigkeit, des Einflusses der Begleitmedikation, des Einflusses der Begleiterkrankungen, der Differenzen zwischen Ein – Zwei – und Dreikammergeräten, der Differenzen der Geräte der verschiedenen Hersteller sowie der erfolgten Programmierung der Implantierbaren Cardioverter Defibrillatoren erfolgte mittels des Leevene-Tests, des Kolmogoroff-Smirnoff-Tests, des Zweistichproben-t-Tests sowie Fisher’s exaktem Test. Im nachbeobachteten Zeitraum wurden 11.942 tachykarde Ereignisse registriert, deren Auswertung 2806 (23,5%) inadäquate Therapien ergab. Davon waren 27,9% Defibrillationen, 72,1% antitachykarde Überstimulationen. 200 der 783 Patienten (25,5%) erlitten inadäquate Therapieabgaben während der Nachbeobachtungsperiode. 29,1% der implantierten CPI/Guidant-Geräte waren von inadäquaten Therapien betroffen, 40,8% der Ela90 Geräte, 21,2% der Medtronic-Geräte und 25% der St. Jude-Geräte. Tachykard übergeleitetes Vorhofflimmern machte 45,6% der inadäquaten Therapien aus, Sinustachykardien 11,3%, Vorhofflattern 9,1%, supraventrikuläre Tachykardien 16,1%, Sondendefekte 14,1%, Muskelpotentialfehlwahrnehmungen 0,8%, T-Wellen-Fehlwahrnehmungen 1,6%, R-Wellen-Doppelwahrnehmungen 0,4% und nicht anhaltende Ventrikuläre Tachykardien 0,9%. Die Analyse der Differenzen der Patienten, welche inadäquate Therapien erlitten und der Patienten, welche keine inadäquaten Therapien erlitten, ergab signifikante Unterschiede. Die Nachbeobachtungsperiode der Patienten mit inadäquaten Therapien war mit 54,2 Monaten im Median länger als die der Patienten ohne inadäquate Therapien (Median hier 30 Monate, p<0,000001). Gleiches gilt für die Überlebensdauer der Patienten mit inadäquaten Therapien (mediane Überlebenszeit 56,9 Monate versus 33,4 Monate, p<0,0001). Weder das generelle Auftreten inadäquater Therapien noch die Zahl der erlittenen inadäquaten Therapien reduzierten die Überlebensdauer. Auch konnte keine Form von inadäquater Therapie identifiziert werden, die mit einer Übersterblichkeit einherging. Das Auftreten inadäquater Therapien an sich jedoch ging in einer Subgruppenanalyse der Patienten mit inadäquaten Therapien, der Patienten mit nur adäquaten Therapien und der Patienten ohne jegliche Therapien mit einer erhöhten Versterbenswahrscheinlichkeit einher (p<0,000003 bzw. p<0,01). Insofern kann an dieser Stelle ein negativer Einfluss inadäquater Therapien in der Zusammenschau der Befunde nur gemutmaßt, nicht aber eindeutig nachgewiesen werden. Bezüglich der Risikofaktoren für das Auftreten inadäquater Therapien ergab sich ein gefährdeter Zeitraum innerhalb der ersten sechs Monate nach Implantation, was auf die zu diesem Zeitpunkt noch nicht individuell optimierte Programmierung zurückzuführen ist. Patienten jeden Alters wiesen ein vergleichbares Risiko auf, inadäquate Therapien zu erleiden. Insofern konnte kein Risikoalter identifiziert werden. Mit einem erhöhten Risiko für die Entwicklung inadäquater Therapien gingen eine insuffiziente Versorgung mit Betablockern oder Amiodaron (p<0,000001 bzw. p<0,04) sowie vor der Implantation bekannte atriale Tachykardien (p<0,001) einher. Beide Umstände erklären sich mit der Dominanz atrialer Rhythmusstörungen als auslösende Ursache inadäquater Therapien (82,1% aller inadäquaten Therapien wurden durch atriale Rhythmusstörungen ausgelöst) sowie durch den reduzierenden Effekt der beiden Antiarrhythmika auf die Inzidenz dieser atrialen Rhythmusstörungen. Die restlichen Begleiterkrankungen blieben ohne nachweisbaren Einfluss auf das Auftreten inadäquater Therapieabgaben. Zwei- und Dreikammergeräte konnten, entgegen der Erwartungen, die Inzidenz inadäquater Therapieabgaben gegenüber den Einkammergeräten nicht signifikant reduzieren (p<0,1). Am ehesten zu erklären ist dies mit den bei Zwei- und Dreikammergeräten vermehrt auftretenden Wahrnehmungsproblemen sowie den zusätzlich benötigten, defektanfälligen Sonden. Die vorliegende Arbeit konnte die berichtete hohe Inzidenz inadäquater Therapiegaben sowie deren dominierende Ätiologien in einem breiten, den klinischen Routinebedingungen entsprechenden Patientenkollektiv innerhalb eines langen Zeitverlaufes bestätigen und eventuelle Risikofaktoren identifizieren. Weiterhin konnten Erkenntnisse bezüglich der prognostischen Bedeutung inadäquater Therapieabgaben gewonnen werden. Die Kenntnis der Risikofaktoren könnte dazu beitragen helfen, gefährdete Patienten frühzeitig zu identifizieren sowie durch prophylaktische Maßnahmen die Inzidenz inadäquater Therapiegaben zu mindern. Weiterhin können die in dieser Arbeit gewonnen Erkenntnisse als Grundlage der Hypothesengenerierung und Planung weiterer klinischer Studien dienen.
It is estimated that a number between 27,000 and 31,000 foreign fighters have been flocking to Iraq and Syria since the breakout of the war in 2011.
An updated assessment of the flow of foreign fighters into Syria and Iraq shows that there is a significant increase in the number of foreign fighters travelling to Syria. Data provided by the Soufan Group in 2014 estimated that the identifiable number of foreign fighters is approximately 12,000 from 81 countries. It was also believed that the number of foreign Jihadists coming form Western countries does not exceed 3000: “Around 2,500 are from Western countries, including most members of the European Union, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand”, according to Soufan’s initial report on Foreign Fighters in Syria. Now the number exceeds 27,000 foreign fighters from at least 86 countries...
In den letzten drei Jahrzehnten haben sich die politischen, ökonomischen, sozialen und kulturellen Strukturen unserer Welt auf verschiedenen Ebenen radikal verändert. Das Interesse am Islam ist nicht nur in wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten und Zeitschriften gestiegen, sondern auch in allen anderen westlichen Medien. Dieses Interesse wurde unter Anderem durch die Islamisch-Iranische Revolution von 1979, die Fatwa gegen den Buchautor von „Die satanischen Verse“ Salman Rushdie 1989, die Golfkriege Anfang der 90er Jahre, den Balkankonflikt als auch die Einwanderung von Migranten mit islamischem Hintergrund in Europa gefördert...
Authoritarian regimes and religious institutions in the Muslim majority world see eye-to-eye on the topic of atheism. United by their fear of losing control over their populations and their desire for conformity, consecutive governments have pushed for unfair restrictions on their subjects’ beliefs since their inception. But even in society, non-belief remains a taboo. Should atheists in Muslim majority world become more vocal?
Atheism remains one of the most extreme taboos in Saudi Arabia. It is a red line that no one can cross. Atheists in Saudi Arabia have been suffering from imprisonment, maginalisation, slander, ostracisation and even execution. Indeed, atheists in Saudi are considered terrorists. Efforts for normalisation between those who believe and those who don’t remain bleak in the kingdom.
Despite constant warnings of Saudi religious authorities of “the danger of atheism”, which is, according to them, “equal to disbelieving in God”, many citizens in the kingdom are turning their back on Islam. Perhaps inter alia the Saudi dehumanising strict laws in the name of Islam, easy access to information and mass communication are the primary driving forces pushing Saudis to leave religion. Unfortunately, those who explicitly do, find themselves harshly punished or forced to live dual lives.
The role of social groups in making historical events succeed takes shape according to two important factors: Their ability to change and the kind of their contribution to the development of that change in a way or another. The role of social groups especially emerges at times of revolutions and their subsequent changes on the political, socioeconomic and even intellectual levels. The most active and capable group to achieve change is the group of youth and students. In the revolutionary movements in Latin America, for instance, students prominently contributed to the fall down of long-lasting totalitarian dictatorships such in Chile, Brazil and Argentina. In the Arab uprisings in 2010-2011, students‘ roles varied from one country to another based on three axes of context, networks and contentious practices. This article expands on the role of Egyptian student movement in thriving for change despite the intensified restrictions by the state and how it continued its protest under repressive circumstances as a political actor...
Political rationality as a theory is important in its own right. Government leaders must calculate political costs such as the resources needed to generate support for a policy, the implications of a policy decision for re-election, and the possibility of provoking hostility for decisions not well received. Bounded rationality approach has yielded an enhanced understanding of how government organizations may produce unexpected or even unpredicted policy or program results. With public organizations not operating under full rationality conditions, administrators aspiring toward rationality may nonetheless find their goals undermined by a variety of forces, such as informational uncertainties and non-rational elements of organisational decision-making...
What’s that again? Blasphemy law? An Egyptian court sentenced the Islamic scholar and theologian Islam Al-Buhairi to one year in prison for blasphemy. Al-Buhairi was accused of insulting Islam in his TV show “With Islam Al-Buhairi” on “Al-Qahira wa Al-Nas” channel. Al-Buhairi questioned the “Islamic heritage”, which angered the Al-Azhar scholarship...
Islamic State (IS), previously known as the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), has shown nothing but destruction, chaos and sectarianism. Through terror strategies, they rapidly spread over great parts of eastern Syria and north and central Iraq. Their new recruits came from all over the world, but mainly from Islamic countries. Arab countries had the biggest share of recruits. While IS was assembling supporters and sympathisers, Sunni Clergymen constantly called for ‘material and moral’ support to the Syrian rebels, and accordingly, thousands of foreign fighters flooded into Syria for Jihad. According to a Soufan Group research in 2014 on the foreign fighters in Syria, it is estimated that the highest number of foreign fighters came from Tunisia (about 3,000), Saudi Arabia (about 2,500), Morocco (about 1,500), Russia (about 800), France (700), Turkey and the United Kingdom (about 400 each). These numbers exclude the Syrians and Iraqis who are already in IS...
Given the current Middle Eastern scenario, one may reasonably hold the argument that the on-going turmoil in the Middle East owes its burden equally to the Machiavellian Anglo-American policies in the region and the harrowing failure of the Muslim governments/leaderships in the Middle East to rationally respond to those challenges. But are there any dimensions beyond religion?
After five years of the Syrian war, we can recognize “four” conflicting parties on the ground – Assad, ISIS, rebel groups and the Kurds. Each one of these conflicting parties has regional and international backers, who ironically do not agree with each other about whom they are fighting for or against. The Syrian regime is backed by Iran, Russia, Hezbollah and Iraqi militias. ISIS is backed by the flood of global Jihadists from all over the world. Rebel groups are backed by Gulf States, Turkey, Jordan and the US. The Kurds are supported by the US. While in the media, we always say “the Syrian conflict, crisis or war”, I wonder what makes this war that much Syrian. It is rather a war on the land of Syria, in which more than 50% of Syria’s population have been displaced, over 220 thousand have been killed, and many more have been injured or imprisoned. According to Amnesty international, more than 12.8 million Syrian people are in “urgent need of humanitarian assistance”. In addition to this humanitarian catastrophe, most of the Syrian land and infrastructure have been destroyed. So what is that Syrian about the Syrian “war”?...
Tensions between Saudi Arabia and Iran have been increasing recently. Although the narrative developed to describe the execution of a Saudi Shiite cleric, Nimr Al-Nimr, as a sectarian dimension of the Kingdom’s policies towards Iran, Saudi Arabia’s goals are not principally fuelling the Shiite-Sunni divide. The Saudi executions were partially an attempt by Saudi Arabia to severe ties with Iran and push the tensions forward. Lifting sanctions against Iran, coupled with oil prices plummeting to around $32 per barrel remains a frightening nightmare for the Saudis...
Practicing politics within religious frameworks is more likely to increase states‘ fragility. While employing religious references in political discourses could foster positive outcomes such as avoiding dangerous eruptions of violence under authoritarian regimes, it could also increase the space for political and religious elites to instrumentalise religion for their own interests. Such patterns of instrumentalisation are more common in the Middle East; especially the dominant religion in the region is Islam, which enjoys a decentralised mode of function...
Religion in the Middle East seems to define allies and enemies inside and outside the political borders. On the one hand, Shiite Iran is allies with the Iraqi government, the Houthi rebels in Yemen, Hezbollah in Lebanon, revolutionary forces in Bahrain and the Syrian regime. On the other hand, Sunni Saudi Arabia and other Gulf States, Egypt, Turkey and Sunni elements in the region form an alliance against what they call the expansion of the Iranian influence. There is an unmistaken pattern of alliance in the Middle East, in which states, monarchies and forces seem to define their allies and enemies based on sectarian dimensions, and by which we witness a minority oppressing a majority when it is possible and vice versa across the Middle East including Israel...
Here we go again. Recent terrorist attacks against another European capital city in less than a year continue to shake the core of world politics. It is worth to note that terrorist attacks are not only happening against European states, but also against other countries, most notably Turkey and Indonesia. Is it a clash of cultures, religions, or it is merely politics? How do we keep serving Daesh (Islamic State)?
When the Iranian revolution embarked against Muhammad Reza Shah’s regime in the late 70s, it wasn’t a social revolution aiming at changing the society, but rather a political one with legitimate demands similar to what Syrians once were looking forward to achieve in 2011. When all this started in Iran, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the most central and inspirational figure in the Iranian revolution was still in exile. This is a story that happened 35 years ago and we cannot but see the rhyming of its events with the current Syrian imbroglio...