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Serine/arginine-protein kinase 1 (SRPK1) regulates alternative splicing of VEGF-A to pro-angiogenic isoforms and SRPK1 inhibition can restore the balance of pro/antiangiogenic isoforms to normal physiological levels. The lack of potency and selectivity of available compounds has limited development of SRPK1 inhibitors, with the control of alternative splicing by splicing factor-specific kinases yet to be translated. We present here compounds that occupy a binding pocket created by the unique helical insert of SRPK1, and trigger a backbone flip in the hinge region, that results in potent (<10 nM) and selective inhibition of SRPK1 kinase activity. Treatment with these inhibitors inhibited SRPK1 activity and phosphorylation of serine/arginine splicing factor 1 (SRSF1), resulting in alternative splicing of VEGF-A from pro-angiogenic to antiangiogenic isoforms. This property resulted in potent inhibition of blood vessel growth in models of choroidal angiogenesis in vivo. This work identifies tool compounds for splice isoform selective targeting of pro-angiogenic VEGF, which may lead to new therapeutic strategies for a diversity of diseases where dysfunctional splicing drives disease development.
Philadelphia-like B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph-like ALL) is characterized by distinct genetic alterations and inferior prognosis in children and younger adults. The purpose of this study was a genetic and clinical characterization of Ph-like ALL in adults. Twenty-six (13%) of 207 adult patients (median age: 42 years) with B-cell precursor ALL (BCP-ALL) were classified as having Ph-like ALL using gene expression profiling. The frequency of Ph-like ALL was 27% among 95 BCP-ALL patients negative for BCR-ABL1 and KMT2A-rearrangements. IGH-CRLF2 rearrangements (6/16; P=0.002) and mutations in JAK2 (7/16; P<0.001) were found exclusively in the Ph-like ALL subgroup. Clinical and outcome analyses were restricted to patients treated in German Multicenter Study Group for Adult ALL (GMALL) trials 06/99 and 07/03 (n=107). The complete remission rate was 100% among both Ph-like ALL patients (n=19) and the “remaining BCP-ALL” cases (n=40), i.e. patients negative for BCR-ABL1 and KMT2A-rearrangements and the Ph-like subtype. Significantly fewer Ph-like ALL patients reached molecular complete remission (33% versus 79%; P=0.02) and had a lower probability of continuous complete remission (26% versus 60%; P=0.03) and overall survival (22% versus 64%; P=0.006) at 5 years compared to the remaining BCP-ALL patients. The profile of genetic lesions in adults with Ph-like ALL, including older adults, resembles that of pediatric Ph-like ALL and differs from the profile in the remaining BCP-ALL. Our study is the first to demonstrate that Ph-like ALL is associated with inferior outcomes in intensively treated older adult patients. Ph-like adult ALL should be recognized as a distinct, high-risk entity and further research on improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches is needed.
Wie bereits die Beiträge in der letzten Ausgabe des FIB beschäftigen sich auch diese mit Begriffen auf der Grenze von Natur und Kultur, von Evolution und Geschichte: 'Environment', 'Ecosystem', 'Noosphäre' und 'Anthropozän' gehören zu einem sich überschneidenden Wortfeld, das im Deutschen der Ökologie- und Umweltproblematik zugeordnet ist. Diese Begriffe haben ihre gegenwärtige Brisanz nicht zuletzt durch die Klimaveränderung gewonnen, bei der die Frage, ob oder inwieweit der mit ihnen erfasste Sachverhalt der Natur oder der menschlichen Kultur/Gesellschaft zugehört, umstritten und damit höchst politisch ist.
Faces are thought to be processed primarily according to their configurations which is in-ferred from comparisons with non-facial stimuli. While the whole (face) seems to be more than the sum of its parts, the same does not apply to objects which are processed analytically according to their featural information. A recent recognition model stresses the importance of certain visual information within facial stimuli. By applying a specific filtering technique, stimuli can be generated that are restricted to contain information of only a certain orienta-tion. Dakin and Watt (2009) reported greatest recognition performance with faces that only contained horizontally aligned information with accuracy continuously declining at vertical. Furthermore, they showed that, compared with images of natural scenes, horizontal contours within faces have an unusual tendency to fall into vertically co-aligned clusters which were labelled biological ‘bar code’ referring to a highly constrained one-dimensional code. Con-secutive research tested for face-specific processing by comparing faces and objects that displayed information of different orientations. Results suggested configural processing only for faces that contained horizontal information (Goffaux & Dakin, 2010). The findings con-tribute important insight on a still unanswered question in face processing research: what information is extracted from faces for recognizing them. Despite the importance of remembering human faces on a daily basis, this ability seems to develop disadvantageously over lifetime. Decreased accuracy cannot be attributed to de-creased general cognitive ability (Hildebrandt, Wilhelm, Schmiedek, Herzmann, & Sommer, 2011) and slower reactions times are assumed to be a product of decision making rather than sensory speed (Habak, Wilkinson, & Wilson, 2008). Considering the amount of published work on face recognition, there is a lack of studies available assessing this important ability at a higher age. New theoretical concepts are rarely examined with older participants, appar-ently assuming their general validity. The current dissertation tries to help fill this gap by assessing the importance of horizontal information from a developmental perspective com-paring younger and older adults under different experimental variations. The first study showed, that presenting older participants with horizontally filtered faces has a dispropor-tional negative impact on recognizing younger unfamiliar faces suggesting differential pro-cessing mechanisms, since recognizing stimuli that only contained vertical information did not differ between age groups. On this basis, the following study manipulated the presented stimulus material, since some evidence suggests that own-age faces are more easily recog-nized compared to faces of other ages, which is referred to as “own-age bias”. Therefore, the second study systematically assessed the impact of stimulus age on recognition sensitivity. Moreover, encoding modalities were varied by providing increased exposure duration to the stimuli. The results of the first study were replicated, as older participants’ performance was still poor at recognizing younger faces, independent from encoding modalities. However, similar face recognition sensitivity compared to younger adults was observable when filtered faces of the older adults’ own age had to be recognized. Interestingly, correlations between recognizing filtered and unfiltered faces were obtained for younger adults but not for older adults suggesting age variant processing of horizontal information. The last study assessed the importance of horizontal information with stimulus material familiar to the observer. Although research highlights differences between recognizing unfamiliar and familiar stimu-lus material, this factor is often not considered by contemporary research. By presenting par-ticipants with their own faces, a stimulus of greatest individual familiarity was chosen. The superiority of own face recognition over other familiar material is referred to as “self-face advantage” and has been shown in comparison with personally familiar faces (Keyes & Brady, 2010) and famous faces (Caharel et al., 2002). While younger adults indeed recog-nized their self-faces better compared to famous faces independent from stimuli being fil-tered or unfiltered, older participants displayed a completely different pattern including the inability to recognize their filtered self-faces. Again, significant associations were obtained between filtered and unfiltered recognition conditions suggesting convergent processing mechanisms for younger adults but not for the older age group. This dissertation provides a first insight in the divergence of response behavior in older adults with a recent face processing model. While the obtained data undermine the im-portance of horizontal information in younger adults by replicating and extending previously published work, a profoundly different type of processing is suggested at a higher age which largely relies on low-level pictorial information due to the inability to process horizontally filtered faces configurally. Specifically, it is suggested that with age, focusing on aging-salient features with configural processing disrupted may function as a critical source of di-agnostic information which can ultimately result in performance similar to younger adults.
Wir haben für diese Ausgabe einmal Spezialisten gebeten, in kurzen Expertisen die Rezeption Kosellecks und der Begriffsgeschichte wenigstens für einige ausgewählte Ländern zu untersuchen. Dabei haben wir exemplarisch sowohl Länder ausgewählt, in denen es, wie in Spanien, Frankreich oder Italien, bereits eine längere Rezeption gibt als auch solche, in denen die Rezeption 'in status nascendi' beobachtet werden kann, wie in Polen oder der Türkei.
Um Verkehrungen zwischen Natur und Gesellschaft plastisch auf den Punkt zu bringen, paraphrasiert Karl Marx im Fetischkapitels des Kapitals einen Vers aus Shakespeares 'Viel Lärm um nichts' (3. Aufzug,3. Szene): "Ein gut aussehender Mann zu sein, ist eine Gabe der Umstände, aber lesen und schreiben zu können, kommt von Natur." Konnte Marx für das Publikum des 19. Jahrhunderts, auch indem er Shakespeares 'fortune' durch das zeitgenössisch eher sozial konnotierte 'Umstände' und 'Physiognomie' durch 'Aussehen' übersetzte, die Evidenz der Differenz von Natürlichem und Gesellschaftlichem noch sicher als rhetorische Schlusspointe für die Verkehrung der dinglich-natürlichen Gebrauchswerte und der gesellschaftlichen Tauschwerte einsetzen, so haben solche Unterscheidungen, vielleicht nicht zuletzt gerade auch aufgrund der von ihm selbst beschriebenen Vergesellschaftungsprozesse ihre unmittelbare Evidenz verloren. Denn wie manche Kognitionswissenschaftler und Linguisten heute die Sprachentwicklung am liebsten durch bildliche Darstellung aktivierter Hirnareale 'biologisch-hirnphysiologisch' fassen, so ist umgekehrt das natürliche physiognomisch Aussehen längst zu einem 'kulturell' konstruierbarem Artefakt geworden. Die vorliegende, aus einer Kooperation zwischen der von Clemens Knobloch geleiteten Siegener Forschergruppe 'Die Kulturkritik des Neoevolutionismus' und Mitarbeitern des 'Zentrums für Literatur- und Kulturforschung' (Berlin) entstandene Ausgabe des e-Journals wendet sich solchen semantischen Verschiebungen zu, wobei zudem der primäre Oppositionsbegriff zu Natur heute nicht Gesellschaft, sondern Kultur ist. Die interdisziplinären Begriffsgeschichten behandeln dabei Begriffe wie 'Kultur' und 'Natur', 'Evolution' und 'Geschichte'‚ 'Fortschritt' sowie 'survival of the fittest'.
Das Hauptziel dieser Dissertation lag in der Verbesserung einzelner Schritte im Prozess der automatischen Proteinstrukturbestimmung mittels Kernmagnetischer Resonanz (NMR). Dieser Prozess besteht aus einer Reihe von sequenziellen Schritten, welche zum Teil bereits erfolgreich automatisiert wurden. CYANA ist ein Programmpaket, welches routinemäßig zur automatischen Zuordnung der chemischen Verschiebungen, der Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE) Signalen und der Strukturrechnung von Proteinen verwendet wird. Einer der Schritte, der noch nicht erfolgreich automatisiert wurde, stellt die Signalidentifizierung von NMR Spektren dar. Dieser Schritt ist besonders wichtig, da Listen von NMR-Signalen Grundlage aller Folgeschritte sind. Fehler in den Signallisten pflanzen sich in allen Folgeschritten der Datenauswertung fort und können am Ende in falschen Strukturen resultieren. Daher war ein Ziel dieser Arbeit, einen robusten und verlässlichen Algorithmus zur Signalidentifizierung von NMR Spektren in CYANA zu implementieren. Dieser Algorithmus sollte mit dem in FLYA implementierten Ansatz zur automatischen Resonanzzuordnung, der automatischen NOE-Zuordnung und der Strukturrechnung mit CYANA kombiniert werden. Der in CYANA implementierte CYPICK Algorithmus ahmt den von Hand durchgeführten Ansatz nach. Bei der manuellen Methode schaut sich der Wissenschaftler zweidimensionale Konturliniendarstellungen der NMR Spektren an und entscheidet anhand verschiedener Geomtrie- und Ähnlichkeitskriterien, ob es sich um ein Signal des Proteins oder um einen Artefakt handelt. Proteinsignale sind ähnlich zu konzentrischen Ellipsen und erfüllen bestimmte geometrische Kriterien, wie zum Beispiel ungefähr kreisförmiges Aussehen nach entsprechender Skalierung der spektralen Achsen und gänzlich konvexe Formen, die Artefakte nicht aufzeigen. CYPICK bewertet die Konturlinien lokaler Extrema nach diesen Bedingungen und entscheidet anhand dieser, ob es sich um ein echtes Signal handelt oder nicht. Das zweite Ziel dieser Arbeit war es ein Maß zur Quantifizierung der Information von strukturellen NMR Distanzeinschränkungen zu entwickeln. Der sogenannte Informationsgehalt (I) ist vergleichbar mit der Auflösung in der Röntgenkristallographie. Ein weiteres Projekt dieser Dissertation beschäftigte sich mit der strukturbasierten Medikamentenentwicklung (SBDD). SBDD wird meist von der Röntgenkristallographie durchgeführt. NMR hat jedoch einige Vorteile gegenüber der Röntgenkristallographie, welche interessant für SBDD sind. Daher wurden Strategien entwickelt, die NMR für SBDD zugänglicher machen sollen.
Die Beiträge dieses Heftes sind unter dem Titel 'Pathologie und Moderne' versammelt. Dabei zeichnen die meisten Autoren des Heftes nicht nur historische Übertragungen des medizinischen Krankheitsbegriffs in verschiedene gesellschaftlich-kulturelle Felder nach, sondern verdeutlichen zugleich auch, dass solche Begriffsverwendungen zunehmend reflektierter und kritischer erfolgen.
The transcription factor Meis1 drives myeloid leukemogenesis in the context of Hox gene overexpression but is currently considered undruggable. We therefore investigated whether myeloid progenitor cells transformed by Hoxa9 and Meis1 become addicted to targetable signaling pathways. A comprehensive (phospho)proteomic analysis revealed that Meis1 increased Syk protein expression and activity. Syk upregulation occurs through a Meis1-dependent feedback loop. By dissecting this loop, we show that Syk is a direct target of miR-146a, whose expression is indirectly regulated by Meis1 through the transcription factor PU.1. In the context of Hoxa9 overexpression, Syk signaling induces Meis1, recapitulating several leukemogenic features of Hoxa9/Meis1-driven leukemia. Finally, Syk inhibition disrupts the identified regulatory loop, prolonging survival of mice with Hoxa9/Meis1-driven leukemia.
Background: This study aims at identifying orthodontic activities with the highest frequency of unfavorable/awkward and static postures held over a period of more than 4 s based on kinematic analysis. Moreover, a separate analysis of static postures for orthodontic and non-orthodontic activities serves to evaluate the duration for which these particular postures are assumed.
Methods: In total, 21 (13f/8 m) orthodontists (age: 31.5 ± 3.8 years) participated in this study. CUELA, a personal measurement system, was used to collect kinematic data for all orthodontic activities in a working day. Angle values of the head and torso were evaluated in accordance with ergonomic standards. Only those postures that were held statically for 4 s and longer were selected for further analysis. Alongside the kinematic analysis, the activities performed on-site were also subject to a detailed computerized analysis. The synchronization of data collected from both measurements arranges the patterns of posture found chronologically and in conjunction with the orthodontic activities performed ((I) "treatment" (II) "office" and (III) "other activities").
Results: For (I) we observed an anterior inclination of the head and torso area as well as a twist of the head and neck area to the right. We found anterior back inclination and lateral back torsion to the right for (II) and (III). If, furthermore, we differentiate the duration of static postures, there are primarily short to medium-term (4–30s) static postures identified for (I). Also, categories (II) and (III) predominantly demonstrate static back postures with a duration of up to 30 s. With regard to (II) we observed that the back is ventrally inclined for 10.1% of the total activity duration.
Conclusions: During treatment static strains are observed in the entire head and torso area. On the contrary, static postures prevalent in the torso area are essential for activities of the other categories, particularly office work. These findings allow for a careful selection of unfavorable and static postures for each of the activities performed and help to develop specific preventive measures.
Background: Many fungal species occur across a variety of habitats. Particularly lichens, fungi forming symbioses with photosynthetic partners, have evolved remarkable tolerances for environmental extremes. Despite their ecological importance and ubiquity, little is known about the genetic basis of adaption in lichen populations. Here we studied patterns of genome-wide differentiation in the lichen-forming fungus Lasallia pustulata along an altitudinal gradient in the Mediterranean region. We resequenced six populations as pools and identified highly differentiated genomic regions. We then detected gene-environment correlations while controlling for shared population history and pooled sequencing bias, and performed ecophysiological experiments to assess fitness differences of individuals from different environments.
Results: We detected two strongly differentiated genetic clusters linked to Mediterranean and temperate-oceanic climate, and an admixture zone, which coincided with the transition between the two bioclimates. High altitude individuals showed ecophysiological adaptations to wetter and more shaded conditions. Highly differentiated genome regions contained a number of genes associated with stress response, local environmental adaptation, and sexual reproduction.
Conclusions: Taken together our results provide evidence for a complex interplay between demographic history and spatially varying selection acting on a number of key biological processes, suggesting a scenario of ecological speciation.
Background: Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) are sensitive to heat, capsaicin, pungent chemicals and other noxious stimuli. They play important roles in the pain pathway where in concert with proinflammatory factors such as leukotrienes they mediate sensitization and hyperalgesia. TRPV1 is the target of several novel analgesics drugs under development and therefore, TRPV1 genetic variants might represent promising candidates for pharmacogenetic modulators of drug effects.
Methods: A next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel was created for the human TRPV1 gene and in addition, for the leukotriene receptors BLT1 and BLT2 recently described to modulate TRPV1 mediated sensitisation processes rendering the coding genes LTB4R and LTB4R2 important co-players in pharmacogenetic approaches involving TRPV1. The NGS workflow was based on a custom AmpliSeq™ panel and designed for sequencing of human genes on an Ion PGM™ Sequencer. A cohort of 80 healthy subjects of Western European descent was screened to evaluate and validate the detection of exomic sequences of the coding genes with 25 base pair exon padding.
Results: The amplicons covered approximately 97% of the target sequence. A median of 2.81 x 10 6 reads per run was obtained. This identified approximately 140 chromosome loci where nucleotides deviated from the reference sequence GRCh37 hg19 comprising the three genes TRPV1, LTB4R and LTB4R2. Correspondence between NGS and Sanger derived nucleotide sequences was 100%.
Conclusions: Results suggested that the NGS approach based on AmpliSeq™ libraries and Ion Personal Genome Machine (PGM) sequencing is a highly efficient mutation detection method. It is suitable for large-scale sequencing of TRPV1 and functionally related genes. The method adds a large amount of genetic information as a basis for complete analysis of TRPV1 ion channel genetics and its functional consequences.
Eine der wichtigen, gleichwohl bislang kaum untersuchten Traditionslinien der Begriffsgeschichtsschreibung führt in die Kulturphilosophie und -theorie des frühen 20. Jahrhunderts. Dieser Verbindung ist ein Schwerpunkt in der vorliegenden Ausgabe des 'Forum Interdisziplinäre Begriffsgeschichte' (FIB) gewidmet - am zugleich einschlägigen wie unerwarteten Beispiel Erich Rothackers. Bekanntlich stellte Rothacker nach 1933 sich und seine 'geistesgeschichtliche' Geschichtsphilosophie in den Dienst von Goebbels Propagandaministerium, bevor er nach 1945 die institutionellen Voraussetzungen für die philosophische Begriffsgeschichtsforschung in der Bundesrepublik legte. Weniger bekannt sind hingegen seine Verbindungen zur 'ersten Kulturwissenschaft'. Sie stehen im Zusammenhang mit seinem Konzept eines kulturphilosophischen Wörterbuchs aus den späten 1920er Jahren. Rothacker wollte darin, im heutigen Verständnis durchaus interdisziplinär, Grundbegriffe der Philosophie mit einzelwissenschaftlichen Begriffen der Soziologie, Psychologie, Kunstwissenschaft, Geschichtswissenschaft, Anthropologie sowie der Allgemeinkultur begriffshistorisch und systematisch in Verbindung bringen. Zur Realisierung des Wörterbuchs suchte er unter anderem die Zusammenarbeit mit der 'Kulturwissenschaftlichen Bibliothek' Aby Warburgs sowie mit Ernst Cassirer und dessen Schülern Joachim Ritter und Raymund Klibansky.
Als Unterzeichner der ‚Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities‘ unterstützt das ZfL den freien Zugang zu öffentlich finanzierten Forschungsergebnissen im Internet mit Online-Formaten, die den Goldenen Weg des Open Access beschreiten, bei dem neue Erkenntnisse als erstes online publiziert werden. Das zweimal pro Jahr erscheinende E-Journal "Forum Interdisziplinäre Begriffsgeschichte (FIB)" versammelt in Themenausgaben aktuelle Forschungen zur Begriffsgeschichte.
Respiration is one of the key processes of energy transduction used by the cell. It consists of two components: electron transfer and ATP production. The electron transfer chain converts the energy released from several biochemical redox reactions into an electrochemical proton gradient across membranes. This stored energy is used as the driving force for the production of ATP by the ATP synthase. The mitochondrial electron transfer chain contains four major protein complexes called complexes I-IV, with counting starting at the lower side of the redox potentials. It has been discussed for a long time how these protein complexes are organized in the membranes. Do they diffuse freely in the membrane? Alternatively, do they form a supercomplex built up of several neighboring complexes? The evidence supporting the free diffusion mode is that both electron transfer intermediates (cytochrome c and quinone) behave as “pool”. However, respiratory supercomplexes have been detected in membranes from bacteria, fungi, yeast, plant and animal during the last decade, and sometimes the respiratory complexes are only stable inside a supercomplex. Therefore, the idea of supercomplex formation has become more popular. The argument that the supercomplex arises from solubilization and is a detergent artifact could be rejected because: 1) supercomplexes can be isolated from many organisms in an active form; 2) supercomplexes have been proven to stabilize the individual complexes in some cases; 3) supercomplexes can be very stable after chromatographic isolation in some cases....
Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase 1 (PKG1) mediates presynaptic nociceptive long-term potentiation (LTP) in the spinal cord and contributes to inflammatory pain in rodents but the present study revealed opposite effects in the context of neuropathic pain. We used a set of loss-of-function models for in vivo and in vitro studies to address this controversy: peripheral neuron specific deletion (SNS-PKG1-/-), inducible deletion in subsets of neurons (SLICK-PKG1-/-) and redox-dead PKG1 mutants. In contrast to inflammatory pain, SNS-PKG1-/- mice developed stronger neuropathic hyperalgesia associated with an impairment of nerve regeneration, suggesting specific repair functions of PKG1. Although PKG1 accumulated at the site of injury, its activity was lost in the proximal nerve due to a reduction of oxidation-dependent dimerization, which was a consequence of mitochondrial damage in injured axons. In vitro, PKG1 deficiency or its redox-insensitivity resulted in enhanced outgrowth and reduction of growth cone collapse in response to redox signals, which presented as oxidative hotspots in growing cones. At the molecular level, PKG1 deficiency caused a depletion of phosphorylated cofilin, which is essential for growth cone collapse and guidance. Hence, redox-mediated guidance required PKG1 and consequently, its deficiency in vivo resulted in defective repair and enhanced neuropathic pain after nerve injury. PKG1-dependent repair functions will outweigh its signaling functions in spinal nociceptive LTP, so that inhibition of PKG1 is no option for neuropathic pain.
Drug product performance testing is an important part of quality-by-design approaches, but this process often lacks the underlying mechanistic understanding of the complex interactions between the disintegration and dissolution processes involved. Whereas a recent draft guideline by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has allowed the replacement of dissolution testing with disintegration testing, the mentioned criteria are not globally accepted. This study provides scientific justification for using disintegration testing rather than dissolution testing as a quality control method for certain immediate release (IR) formulations. A mechanistic approach, which is beyond the current FDA criteria, is presented. Dissolution testing via United States Pharmacopeial Convention Apparatus II at various paddle speeds was performed for immediate and extended release formulations of metronidazole. Dissolution profile fitting via DDSolver and dissolution profile predictions via DDDPlus™ were performed. The results showed that Fickian diffusion and drug particle properties (DPP) were responsible for the dissolution of the IR tablets, and that formulation factors (eg, coning) impacted dissolution only at lower rotation speeds. Dissolution was completely formulation controlled if extended release tablets were tested and DPP were not important. To demonstrate that disintegration is the most important dosage form attribute when dissolution is DPP controlled, disintegration, intrinsic dissolution and dissolution testing were performed in conventional and disintegration impacting media (DIM). Tablet disintegration was affected by DIM and model fitting to the Korsmeyer–Peppas equation showed a growing effect of the formulation in DIM. DDDPlus was able to predict tablet dissolution and the intrinsic dissolution profiles in conventional media and DIM. The study showed that disintegration has to occur before DPP-dependent dissolution can happen. The study suggests that disintegration can be used as performance test of rapidly disintegrating tablets beyond the FDA criteria. The scientific criteria and justification is that dissolution has to be DPP dependent, originated from active pharmaceutical ingredient characteristics and formulations factors have to be negligible.
Background: Archaeal membranes have phytanyl ether lipids instead of common fatty acid-glycerol esters in bacterial and eukaryotic cells. Sulfolobus and Thermoplasma species have unique membrane-spanning tetraether lipids (TEL), which form stable liposomes. Recently, we cultured Thermoplasma species from the Indonesian volcano Tangkuban Perahu and isolated TEL. The purpose of this in vitro study is to investigate the transfer of fluorescent dye from stable TEL liposomes to cultured colon carcinoma cells.
Methods: TEL was extracted from cultured cells with chloroform-methanol (1:1), then it was fractionated and purified via diethylaminoethyl-cellulose-acetate columns and activated charcoal for the formation of stable liposomes. For the fluorescence exchange assay, TEL liposomes were loaded with water-soluble carboxyfluorescein (CF). Staining experiments were conducted with various cell cultures, and T84 colon carcinoma cells were chosen for the main experiments. Liposome stability was tested by light scattering and electron microscopic size determinations as well as by unspecific CF release at low pH (6.0–7.4) and increased temperature (4–50°C/70°C).
Results: TEL liposomes exhibit high stability and extremely low proton permeability at low pH. CF staining of cultured T84 colon carcinoma cells appeares more intensive from TEL liposomes than from dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes.
Conclusion: The results of this in vitro study demonstrate CF staining of colon carcinoma cells and high stability of TEL liposomes at low pH, matching the condition in the gastro-intestinal (GI) route and in the urogentital (UG) tract. For this reason, in vivo studies on liposomal fluorescent photosensitizers for topical application of photodynamic cancer therapy in the GI and UG tracts should be carried out.
Biophysical studies of the translation-regulating add adenine riboswitch from Vibrio vulnificus
(2017)
Bacterial gene expression can be regulated at mRNA level by cis-acting mRNA elements termed riboswitches. Riboswitches operate by conformational switching between a ligand-free and a ligand-bound state with different structures that either activate or inhibit gene expression. This PhD thesis contributes to the molecular level understanding of full-length purine riboswitches. It presents biophysical investigations on the ligand-dependent folding of the full-length translation-regulating add adenine riboswitch from the gram-negative human pathogenic marine bacterium Vibrio vulnificus (Asw). Asw has the typical bipartite riboswitch architecture with a 5’ ligand-sensing aptamer domain and a 3’ regulatory domain termed expression platform. According to the working hypothesis, Asw employs a unique thermodynamically-controlled 3-state conformational switching mechanism between an apoB, an apoA and a holo conformation to regulate translation initiation in a temperature-compensated manner. The two apo conformations are the putative translation-OFF states and the holo conformation is the putative translation-ON state of Asw. In the main project of this PhD thesis, an integrated nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and smFRET spectroscopic study of the full-length 112-nucleotide Asw (112Asw) was performed. The adenine-dependent folding of 112Asw was monitored at the level of base pairing interactions by NMR of the RNA imino protons, and at the level of three long-range intramolecular distances by smFRET of immobilized molecules. The integrated NMR and smFRET spectroscopic study of 112Asw yielded two major findings. First, NMR and smFRET both revealed that adenine binding to 112Asw impedes apoB formation by stabilizing the apoA secondary structure in the holo conformation without modulating tertiary structural interactions between the two riboswitch domains. This highlights the central role of competitive P1 and P4 helix formation at the interface of the aptamer and the expression platform for switching the accessibility of the ribosome binding site of 112Asw. Moreover, it strongly corroborates the hypothesis that purine riboswitches in general operate according to the key principle of a spatially decoupled secondary structural allosteric switch that proceeds without ligand-induced tertiary structural interactions between the aptamer domain and the expression platform. Second, it was uncovered by smFRET that the apoA and the holo conformation of 112Asw do not adopt a single folding state at near-physiological Mg2+ concentration. Instead, apoA and holo exhibit a persistent dynamic equilibrium between substates with an undocked (U), a short-lived docked (D1; ~s) and a Mg2+-bound long-lived docked (D2; ~10 s) aptamer kissing loop motif. In the holo conformation, the fractional population of the long-lived docked substate is ~2-fold increased compared to the apoA conformation, but undocked and docked substates are still comparably stable. The here described multiple folding states of the apoA and the holo conformation might have regulatory properties that are in between the apoB translation-OFF state and the holo-D2 translation-ON state. Additonally, an integrated NMR and smFRET analysis of 127-nucleotide Asw (127Asw) is presented. Compared to 112Asw, 127Asw is 3’-elongated by 15 nucleotides of the adenosine deaminase encoding sequence of the add gene from Vibrio vulnificus. 127Asw was chosen as mRNA template for future investigations of the interaction between Asw and the 30S ribosomal subunit. The NMR spectra of 127Asw demonstrated that 127Asw has the same overall secondary structure as 112Asw. Like for 112Asw, the combined NMR and smFRET analysis of 127Asw showed that adenine binding impedes apoB formation and stabilizes a long-lived docked aptamer kissing loop fold. However, compared to 112Asw, 127Asw has a destabilized aptamer kissing loop motif and a stabilized P4 helix in the expression platform. Finally, ligand-observed studies of the transient encounter complex between Asw and the near-cognate ligand hypoxanthine are described. By competition binding WaterLOGSY NMR experiments with hypoxanthine and the adenine analogue 2,6-diaminopurine, it could be shown that hypoxanthine binds to the same binding site of 112Asw as the cognate ligand adenine. The hypoxanthine binding constant measured with the WaterLOGSY method is in the low mM range (1.8 mM) and substantially exceeds the physiological hypoxanthine concentration in E. coli (~0.3 mM), thus ruling out that hypoxanthine binding can significantly impact the translational regulation of Asw in vivo. Also, preliminary FTIR difference spectra of 13C,15N-labelled and unlabelled hypoxanthine in complex with the pbuE adenine riboswitch aptamer and the xpt guanine riboswitch aptamer are discussed. These spectra showed a pattern of multiple IR bands that appeared to be characteristic for the respective complex.