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Bryophyte composition in a native grassland community subjected to different long-term fire regimes
(2004)
The vascular species composition of volcanic plains grassland remnants of western Victoria is strongly tied to management history, with frequently burned remnants often supporting the most diverse native flora relative to grazed and long-unburned remnants. How the fire regime affects the composition of the bryophytic mat, however, has not been documented. I surveyed the moss and liverwort flora of six Themeda triandra grasslands subjected to different long-term fire regimes to understand how fire might affect mat composition. A total of 27 non-vascular species (19 mosses and 8 liverworts) were recorded, of which nine species were recorded only from a single location. Non-vascular species contributed 28% of the total diversity observed in this study. The liverwort Lethocolea pansa was the most obvious species at all sites, while the mosses Rosulabryum billardieri and Fossombronia intestinalis were also found at all sites and hence, would appear to be robust to fire at different frequencies. Frequently-burned (1–2 yr interval) grasslands generally had lower mat species richness than longer-unburned sites (4 to >20 yr intervals) and appear to support a subset of the flora (due to the loss of moss species) rather than a distinctly different flora. The preliminary results of this study contrast with the evidence usually found for vascular species, i.e. that frequent fire favours greater native species richness. Hence, the two components of the flora would appear to respond in different ways to fire and this should be considered in the conservation planning for this grassland community. Further field sampling is warranted to confirm the initial trends identified by this study.
We investigated patterns of bryophyte species richness and composition in two forest types of Colombian Amazonia, non-flooded tierra firme forest and floodplain forest of the Caquetá River. A total of 109 bryophyte species were recorded from 14 0.2 ha plots. Bryophyte life forms and habitats were analyzed, including the canopy and epiphylls. Bryophyte species did not show significant differences between landscapes but mosses and liverworts were different and with opposite responses balancing the overall richness. Independence test showed differences in both life form and habitat use distribution between the two forest types with more fan and mat bryophytes species in the floodplains, and more epiphytic liverworts in the tierra firme forest. Correspondence analysis showed differences in the bryophyte species assemblage between the two forest types where they may be responding to the higher humidity provided by the flooding. Despite of, the environmental differences detected, epiphyll species assemblages were not strongly affected. Apparently, epiphyll habitat is stressful enough to hide the environmental differences between the flooded and Tierra firme forests.
Buchbesprechungen
(2004)
Die Kreuzkröte ist der kleinste Vertreter unter den drei einheimischen Echten Kröten (Bufonidae), wobei bei den Weibchen (selten erreichte) Maximalwerte von über 8 cm, bei den Männchen von 7,9 cm ermittelt wurden (Günther & Meyer 1996). Gewöhnlich bleiben jedoch die Tiere deutlich kleiner, auch der Geschlechtsdimorphismus bezüglich der Körperlänge ist nur schwach zugunsten der Weibchen ausgeprägt. Auf einer gelbbraun bis oliv marmorierten Grundfärbung ist eine gelblich gefärbte Rückenlinie ausgebildet. Die Bauchseite weist auf schmutzig-grauweisem Grund ein dunkles Fleckenmuster auf. Die ratschenden oder knarrenden Paarungsrufe zahlen zu den lautesten der einheimischen Amphibien. Die Kreuzkröte kann auch durch ihre Fortbewegungsform eindeutig identifiziert werden. Die sehr kurzen Hinterbeine, die allenfalls für kurze Sprunge geeignet sind, bedingen das mauseartige, sehr schnelle Laufen.
Unter den drei Echten Kröten (Bufonidae) nimmt die Wechselkröte hinsichtlich der Körperlänge eine Mittelstellung ein. Die Maximalwerte der Kopf-Rumpf-Lange liegen bei den Weibchen bei 10, bei den Männchen bei 9 cm (Nöllert & Nöllert 1992). Artdiagnostisch bedeutsam ist die sehr kontrastreiche Zeichnung der Oberseite, die auf weislichem oder grauem Grund ein Muster scharf abgesetzter, häufig auch miteinander verschmolzener, grüner und dunkel umrandeter Flecken aufweist. Vor allem bei den Weibchen sind oftmals die größeren Warzen an den Körperflanken orange bis rötlich gefärbt. Weitere Artmerkmale sind die waagerecht elliptische Pupille, eine zitronengelbe bis grünliche Iris sowie flache, nahezu parallel zueinander verlaufende Parotiden. Der vorwiegend wahrend der Laichzeit abgegebene, sehr langgezogene und melodische Ruf ("ürrr ... ürrr ... ürrr") erinnert an das Trillern eines Kanarienvogels.
Mit enormem Aufwand und hervorragendem Ingenieurverstand wurden im 19. Jahrhundert so gut wie alle großen Flüsse ausgebaut, begradigt und durch Dämme gezähmt oder – wie man damals sagte – rektifiziert oder korrigiert. Dieses Werk wurde im 20. Jahrhundert weiter perfektioniert. Besondere Schwerpunkte bildeten Kanalisierungen und Dammbauten zur weiteren Optimierung von Flussschifffahrt und Energiegewinnung, zur Verbesserung des Hochwasserschutzes von Siedlungen und zur Schaffung von weitgehend hochwassergeschützten Agrarflächen in den Auen. Auch die Bereitstellung von Kühlwasser für immer zahlreichere und größere Kraftwerke nahm an Bedeutung zu. Die ernüchternde Bilanz dieser Entwicklung, die an allen größeren, aber auch an vielen kleineren Flüssen und an den Bächen stattfand, ist ein weitgehendes Verschwinden naturnaher Fließgewässer- und auentypischer Lebensräume und damit verbunden eine ganz erhebliche Gefährdung der spezifischen Tier und Pflanzenwelt unserer Bäche und Flüsse. Schutz und Entwicklung der verbliebenen naturnahen Fließgewässer und ihrer Ufervegetation sind daher aus Sicht des Naturschutzes elementare Aufgaben, um die Vielfalt an Arten und Biotopen der baden-württembergischen Bäche und Flüsse zu bewahren und zu fördern. Auch den Erholung suchenden Menschen kommt der Schutz naturnaher Fließgewässer zugute. Fließgewässer prägen viele Landschaften, die wir besonders anziehend finden, wie etwa die Täler von Jagst und Kocher oder das obere Donautal. Aus diesen Gründen sind seit dem 1. Januar 1992 naturnahe Abschnitte von Bächen und Flüssen sowie naturnahe Altarme jeweils einschließlich ihrer Ufervegetation besonders geschützte Biotope nach dem badenwürttembergischen Naturschutzgesetz (§ 24a NatSchG). Sie wurden als naturnahe Fließgewässerabschnitte kartiert, wenn sie unverbaut oder nur unwesentlich künstlich verändert waren und eine Länge von mindestens 20 m aufwiesen. Ein Auszug des Gesetzestextes sowie die dazugehörigen Definitionen der genannten Biotoptypen sind im Anhang abgedruckt.
Bücher und Publikationen in deutscher Sprache : aus der rumänischen Verlagsproduktion 1989-1999
(2004)
Bücherschau
(2004)
This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the properties of popular tests for the existence and the sign of the market price of volatility risk. These tests are frequently based on the fact that for some option pricing models under continuous hedging the sign of the market price of volatility risk coincides with the sign of the mean hedging error. Empirically, however, these tests suffer from both discretization error and model mis-specification. We show that these two problems may cause the test to be either no longer able to detect additional priced risk factors or to be unable to identify the sign of their market prices of risk correctly. Our analysis is performed for the model of Black and Scholes (1973) (BS) and the stochastic volatility (SV) model of Heston (1993). In the model of BS, the expected hedging error for a discrete hedge is positive, leading to the wrong conclusion that the stock is not the only priced risk factor. In the model of Heston, the expected hedging error for a hedge in discrete time is positive when the true market price of volatility risk is zero, leading to the wrong conclusion that the market price of volatility risk is positive. If we further introduce model mis-specification by using the BS delta in a Heston world we find that the mean hedging error also depends on the slope of the implied volatility curve and on the equity risk premium. Under parameter scenarios which are similar to those reported in many empirical studies the test statistics tend to be biased upwards. The test often does not detect negative volatility risk premia, or it signals a positive risk premium when it is truly zero. The properties of this test furthermore strongly depend on the location of current volatility relative to its long-term mean, and on the degree of moneyness of the option. As a consequence tests reported in the literature may suffer from the problem that in a time-series framework the researcher cannot draw the hedging errors from the same distribution repeatedly. This implies that there is no guarantee that the empirically computed t-statistic has the assumed distribution. JEL: G12, G13 Keywords: Stochastic Volatility, Volatility Risk Premium, Discretization Error, Model Error
Tests for the existence and the sign of the volatility risk premium are often based on expected option hedging errors. When the hedge is performed under the ideal conditions of continuous trading and correct model specification, the sign of the premium is the same as the sign of the mean hedging error for a large class of stochastic volatility option pricing models. We show, however, that the problems of discrete trading and model mis-specification, which are necessarily present in any empirical study, may cause the standard test to yield unreliable results.
Cannabis ist die am meisten verbreitete illegale Droge in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ebenso in den meisten Ländern Westeuropas und vielen weiteren Ländern weltweit. In den bundesdeutschen Medien kursieren zum Thema Cannabiskonsum "widersprüchliche und kaum nachvollziehbare Angaben" (Pressemitteilung der Deutschen Hauptstelle für Suchtfragen (DHS) vom 28.07.04). Die Fachstelle Prävention setzt sich mit dieser Informationskampagne zum Thema Cannabis für eine faktenorientierte und sachliche Diskussion ein. ...
Carex-Hybriden in Hessen
(2004)
Bisher konnten 15 Carex-Hybriden in Herbarien und im Gelände von hessischen Fundorten nachgewiesen werden: Carex dioica × C. echinata (= Carex ×gaudiniana), Carex otrubae × C. remota (= Carex ×pseudaxillaris), Carex diandra × C. paniculata (= Carex ×beckmannii), Carex appropinquata × C. paniculata (= Carex ×rotae), Carex acuta × C. nigra (= Carex ×elytroides), Carex acuta × C. cespitosa (= ?Carex ×allolepis), Carex cespitosa × C. nigra (= Carex ×peraffinis), Carex elata × C. nigra (= Carex ×turfosa), Carex lasiocarpa × C. riparia (= Carex ×evoluta), Carex rostrata × C. vesicaria (= Carex ×involuta), Carex flava × C. hostiana (= Carex ×xanthocarpa), Carex hostiana × C. lepidocarpa (= Carex ×leutzii), Carex demissa × C. hostiana (= ?Carex ×fulva), Carex demissa × C. flava (= Carex ×alsatica), Carex flava × C. viridula (= Carex ×ruedtii).
In morphological systems of the agglutinative type we sometimes encounter a nearly perfect one-to-one relation between form and function. Turkish inflectional morphology is, of course, the standard textbook example. Things seem to be quite different in systems of the flexive type. Declension in Contemporary Standard Russian (henceforth Russian, for short) may be cited as a typical example: We find, among other things, cumulative markers, “synonymous” endings (e.g., dative singular noun forms in -i, -e, or -u), and “homonymous” endings (e.g., -i, genitive, dative, and prepositional singular). True, some endings are more of an agglutinative nature, being bound to a specific case-number combination and applying across declensions, e.g., -am (dative plural, all nouns); and some cross the boundaries of word classes, e.g., -o, which serves as the nominative/accusative singular ending of neuter forms of pronouns (and adjectives) and as the nominative/accusative singular ending of (most) neuter nouns as well. Still, many observers have been struck by the impression that what we face here are rather uneconomic or even, so to speak, unnatural structures. But perhaps flexive systems are not as complicated as they seem. What seems to be uneconomic complexity may be, at least partially, an artifact of uneconomic descriptions.
Maintenance of genomic integrity is essential to avoid cellular transformation, neoplasia, or cell death. DNA synthesis, mitosis, and cytokinesis are important cellular processes required for cell division and the maintenance of cellular homeostasis; they are governed by many extra- and intra-cellular stimuli. Progression of normal cell division depends on cyclin interaction with cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk) and the degradation of cyclins before chromosomal segregation through ubiquitination. Multiple checkpoints exist and are conserved in the cell cycle in higher eukaryotes to ensure that if one fails, others will take care of genomic integrity and cell survival. Many genes act as either positive or negative regulators of checkpoint function through different kinase cascades, delaying cell cycle progression to repair the DNA lesions and breaks, and assuring equal segregation of chromosomes to daughter cells. Understanding the checkpoint pathways and genes involved in the cellular response to DNA damage and cell division events in normal and cancer cells, provides information about cancer predisposition, and suggests design of small molecules and other strategies for cancer therapy. Key Words: ATM-ATR; ATM/ATR; Aurora kinases; BRCAl; Cdc6; Cdc25; Cdc27-Cdc20/CdhI; Cell cycle; CENP-E; centrosome; checkpoint; Chkl/Chk2; cyc1in-Cdk; cyclindependent kinase inhibitors (CKI); hATRIP; Mad/Bub; MCM; MgcRacGAP; microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs); mitotic exit network (MEN); Mpsl; NIMA kinases; ORC; p53; PCNA; PBK-Akt; Plk; Rad50-Nbsl-Mrell; Ran-GTP; Ras; RB-E2F; SMC; Teml.
We present STAR measurements of charged hadron production as a function of centrality in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN ]=130 GeV . The measurements cover a phase space region of 0.2< pT <6.0 GeV/c in transverse momentum and -1< eta <1 in pseudorapidity. Inclusive transverse momentum distributions of charged hadrons in the pseudorapidity region 0.5< | eta | <1 are reported and compared to our previously published results for | eta | <0.5 . No significant difference is seen for inclusive pT distributions of charged hadrons in these two pseudorapidity bins. We measured dN/d eta distributions and truncated mean pT in a region of pT > pcutT , and studied the results in the framework of participant and binary scaling. No clear evidence is observed for participant scaling of charged hadron yield in the measured pT region. The relative importance of hard scattering processes is investigated through binary scaling fraction of particle production.
In contrast to the United States and the United Kingdom, little empirical work exists about the distributional characteristics of appraisalbased real estate returns outside these countries. The purpose of this study is to fill this gap by focusing on Germany. In line with other studies, this paper offers an extensive investigation into the distribution of German real estate returns and compares them with and U.S. and U.K. data in the same period. Furthermore, the comovements with bonds and stocks are also examined. In the core, the distributional characteristics for German real estate are comparable to that for the U.S. and U.K.