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"Entre direitos iguais, a força decide", proferiu karl marx ao descrever a antinomia do direito em situações antagônicas das relações de produção capitalistas, em que "o direito [oferece resistência] ao direito" nesse ponto, marx aborda uma questão que se situa no centro de todas as teorias jurídicas críticas: que tipo de violência é velada por meio do mecanismo de ocultação denominado "direito"? Para responder a esta questão, tentar-se-á, a seguir, tornar a teoria da hegemonia de antonio gramsci e seu modelo de direito hegemônico produtivos para o campo da teoria do direito. Tal tarefa tem de lidar com a dupla dificuldade de que, por um lado, gramsci não foi um teórico do direito no sentido mais estrito, razão pela qual o potencial de sua teoria para uma análise do direito raramente foi utilizada. Por outro lado, sua abordagem só pode ser empregada por meio de uma crítica às restrições relacionadas a seu tempo. isso se aplica especialmente à sua concepção de economia como a base e a núcleo essencialista oculto (laclau; mouffe, 2001:69), assim como à sua ideia de 'classismo' sob a forma de um enfoque unilateral das classes, em que há preferencialmente mais de um "pluralismo de poder" e inúmeras lutas (litowitz, 2000: 536). Recuperar-se-á, consequentemente, argumentos-chave, ampliando-os pela utilização das recentes descobertas feitas pelas abordagens feminista e neomaterialista da teoria jurídica, bem como as análises de foucault acerca das tecnologias de poder. por fim, uma interpretação da teoria sistêmica das autonomizações comunicativas.
Reciprocal t(9;22) ABL/BCR fusion proteins: leukemogenic potential and effects on B cell commitment
(2009)
Background: t(9;22) is a balanced translocation, and the chromosome 22 breakpoints (Philadelphia chromosome – Ph+) determine formation of different fusion genes that are associated with either Ph+ acute lymphatic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) or chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The "minor" breakpoint in Ph+ ALL encodes p185BCR/ABL from der22 and p96ABL/BCR from der9. The "major" breakpoint in CML encodes p210BCR/ABL and p40ABL/BCR. Herein, we investigated the leukemogenic potential of the der9-associated p96ABL/BCR and p40ABL/BCR fusion proteins and their roles in the lineage commitment of hematopoietic stem cells in comparison to BCR/ABL. Methodology: All t(9;22) derived proteins were retrovirally expressed in murine hematopoietic stem cells (SL cells) and human umbilical cord blood cells (UCBC). Stem cell potential was determined by replating efficiency, colony forming - spleen and competitive repopulating assays. The leukemic potential of the ABL/BCR fusion proteins was assessed by in a transduction/transplantation model. Effects on the lineage commitment and differentiation were investigated by culturing the cells under conditions driving either myeloid or lymphoid commitment. Expression of key factors of the B-cell differentiation and components of the preB-cell receptor were determined by qRT-PCR. Principal Findings: Both p96ABL/BCR and p40ABL/BCR increased proliferation of early progenitors and the short term stem cell capacity of SL-cells and exhibited own leukemogenic potential. Interestingly, BCR/ABL gave origin exclusively to a myeloid phenotype independently from the culture conditions whereas p96ABL/BCR and to a minor extent p40ABL/BCR forced the B-cell commitment of SL-cells and UCBC. Conclusions/Significance: Our here presented data establish the reciprocal ABL/BCR fusion proteins as second oncogenes encoded by the t(9;22) in addition to BCR/ABL and suggest that ABL/BCR contribute to the determination of the leukemic phenotype through their influence on the lineage commitment.
Aß spielt im Krankheitsgeschehen der AD eine zentrale Rolle, es zeigt neurotoxisches Potential und wird deshalb auch direkt mit der Neurodegeneration in Zusammenhang gebracht. Vermittelt werden die Effekte mitochondrial über den intrinsischen Apoptoseweg. Jedoch kann basierend auf den vorliegenden Daten behauptet werden, dass altersbedingte Veränderungen der mitochondrialen Funktion überhaupt erst zur Bildung von Aß führen und Aß durch die intrazelluläre Kumulation über Jahre sein toxisches Potential entwickelt. Im Einzelnen zeigen Komplex I-Defiziente Mäuse erhöhte Aß-Spiegel im Gehirn. Desweiteren führt die Hemmung der Atmungskettenkomplexe I und III mit Rotenon oder Antimycin in den untersuchten HEK-Zellen zu erhöhter Superoxidanionradikal-Produktion und ist, wie auch die Erzeugung von oxidativem Stress mit H2O2 oder nitrosativem Stress mit SNP, von einem Anstieg der Aß-Produktion begleitet. Daraus geht hervor, dass die Aß-Produktion durch eine mitochondriale Fehlfunktion ROS-vermittelt induziert werden kann. Eine Senkung der ROS-Spiegel durch Ascorbinsäure reduziert die Aß-Produktion und belegt den Zusammenhang zwischen Aß- und ROS-Bildung. Die ROS-Abnahme ist zugleich mit einer verringerten BACE1-Aktivität assoziiert. Für dieses Enzym konnte vielfach eine ROS-vermittelte Aktivierung nachgewiesen werden. Aß selbst generiert ROS und induziert darüber seine eigene Bildung. Weiterhin beeinträchtigt Aß die mitochondriale Funktion. In HEK APPwt und APPsw sind morphologische und funktionelle Parameter dieser Organellen verändert. Die chronische Behandlung von HEK-293-Zellen bestätigt den Aß-Einfluss auf die mitochondriale Funktion und Morphologie. Mitochondrien scheinen ein direktes Target von Aß zu sein. So sind Kolokalisationen zwischen den Organellen und den Aß-Peptid-Aggregaten nachweisbar. Durch die Aß-bedingte mitochondriale Fehlfunktion können wiederum ROS entstehen und die Aß-Bildung und Kumulation fördern. Zwischen ROS und Aß entsteht ein Teufelskreislauf, der die zelluläre Funktion stört und in Apoptose und Nekrose mündet. Wie im HEK-Zellmodell lassen sich auch in der Peripherie von AD-Patienten Hinweise auf eine mitochondriale Fehlfunktion finden. So zeigen Lymphozyten von MCI- und AD-Patienten besondere Auffälligkeiten in basalen mitochondrialen Parametern, wie dem Membranpotential, der ROS-Produktion, der NAD(P)H-abhängigen Redoxenzymaktivität und der Apoptoserate. Im Einzelnen scheint der Komplex III betroffen zu sein, da sich nach Hemmung mit Antimycin besonders viele Unterschiede zwischen MCI- bzw. AD-Patienten und nichtdementen alten Kontrollen herauskristallisieren. Als Biomarker sind die Befunde derzeit nicht anzuwenden, da sie noch zu wenig spezifisch sind. Hier müssen weitere Untersuchungen folgen.
Reduction in natural speech
(2009)
Natural (conversational) speech, compared to cannonical speech, is earmarked by the tremendous amount of variation that often leads to a massive change in pronunciation. Despite many attempts to explain and theorize the variability in conversational speech, its unique characteristics have not played a significant role in linguistic modeling. One of the reasons for variation in natural speech lies in a tendency of speakers to reduce speech, which may drastically alter the phonetic shape of words. Despite the massive loss of information due to reduction, listeners are often able to understand conversational speech even in the presence of background noise. This dissertation investigates two reduction processes, namely regressive place assimilation across word boundaries, and massive reduction and provides novel data from the analyses of speech corpora combined with experimental results from perception studies to reach a better understanding of how humans handle natural speech. The successes and failures of two models dealing with data from natural speech are presented: The FUL-model (Featurally Underspecified Lexicon, Lahiri & Reetz, 2002), and X-MOD (an episodic model, Johnson, 1997). Based on different assumptions, both models make different predictions for the two types of reduction processes under investigation. This dissertation explores the nature and dynamics of these processes in speech production and discusses its consequences for speech perception. More specifically, data from analyses of running speech are presented investigating the amount of reduction that occurs in naturally spoken German. Concerning production, the corpus analysis of regressive place assimilation reveals that it is not an obligatory process. At the same time, there emerges a clear asymmetry: With only very few exceptions, only [coronal] segments undergo assimilation, [labial] and [dorsal] segments usually do not. Furthermore, there seem to be cases of complete neutralization where the underlying Place of Articulation feature has undergone complete assimilation to the Place of Articulation feature of the upcoming segment. Phonetic analyses further underpin these findings. Concerning deletions and massive reductions, the results clearly indicate that phonological rules in the classical generative tradition are not able to explain the reduction patterns attested in conversational speech. Overall, the analyses of deletion and massive reduction in natural speech did not exhibit clear-cut patterns. For a more in-depth examination of reduction factors, the case of final /t/ deletion is examined by means of a new corpus constructed for this purpose. The analysis of this corpus indicates that although phonological context plays an important role on the deletion of segments (i.e. /t/), this arises in the form of tendencies, not absolute conditions. This is true for other deletion processes, too. Concerning speech perception, a crucial part for both models under investigation (X-MOD and FUL) is how listeners handle reduced speech. Five experiments investigate the way reduced speech is perceived by human listeners. Results from two experiments show that regressive place assimilations can be treated as instances of complete neutralizations by German listeners. Concerning massively reduced words, the outcome of transcription and priming experiments suggest that such words are not acceptable candidates of the intended lexical items for listeners in the absence of their proper phrasal context. Overall, the abstractionist FUL-model is found to be superior in explaining the data. While at first sight, X-MOD deals with the production data more readily, FUL provides a better fit for the perception results. Another important finding concerns the role of phonology and phonetics in general. The results presented in this dissertation make a strong case for models, such as FUL, where phonology and phonetics operate at different levels of the mental lexicon, rather than being integrated into one. The findings suggest that phonetic variation is not part of the representation in the mental lexicon.
Der stille Zauber der Natur
(2009)