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We study the phase diagram of dense, locally neutral three-flavor quark matter as a function of the strange quark mass, the quark chemical potential, and the temperature, employing a general nine-parameter ansatz for the gap matrix. At zero temperature and small values of the strange quark mass, the ground state of matter corresponds to the color-flavor-locked (CFL) phase. At some critical value of the strange quark mass, this is replaced by the recently proposed gapless CFL (gCFL) phase. We also find several other phases, for instance, a metallic CFL (mCFL) phase, a so-called uSC phase where all colors of up quarks are paired, as well as the standard two-flavor color-superconducting (2SC) phase and the gapless 2SC (g2SC) phase.
We discuss gapless colour superconductivity for neutral quark matter in β equilibrium at zero as well as at nonzero temperature. Basic properties of gapless superconductors are reviewed. The current progress and the remaining problems in the understanding of the phase diagram of strange quark matter are discussed.
We compare quark stars made of color-superconducting quark matter to normal-conducting quark stars. We focus on the most simple color-superconducting system, a two-flavor color superconductor, and employ the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model to compute the gap parameter and the equation of state. By varying the strength of the four-fermion coupling of the NJL model, we study the mass and the radius of the quark star as a function of the value of the gap parameter. If the coupling constant exceeds a critical value, the gap parameter does not vanish even at zero density. For coupling constants below this critical value, mass and radius of a color-superconducting quark star change at most by ca. 20% compared to a star consisting of normal-conducting quark matter. For coupling constants above the critical value mass and radius may change by factors of two or more.
Obstacle detection is an important part of Video Processing because it is indispensable for a collision prevention of autonomously navigating moving objects. For example, vehicles driving without human guidance need a robust prediction of potential obstacles, like other vehicles or pedestrians. Most of the common approaches of obstacle detection so far use analytical and statistical methods like motion estimation or generation of maps. In the first part of this contribution a statistical algorithm for obstacle detection in monocular video sequences is presented. The proposed procedure is based on a motion estimation and a planar world model which is appropriate to traffic scenes. The different processing steps of the statistical procedure are a feature extraction, a subsequent displacement vector estimation and a robust estimation of the motion parameters. Since the proposed procedure is composed of several processing steps, the error propagation of the successive steps often leads to inaccurate results. In the second part of this contribution it is demonstrated, that the above mentioned problems can be efficiently overcome by using Cellular Neural Networks (CNN). It will be shown, that a direct obstacle detection algorithm can be easily performed, based only on CNN processing of the input images. Beside the enormous computing power of programmable CNN based devices, the proposed method is also very robust in comparison to the statistical method, because is shows much less sensibility to noisy inputs. Using the proposed approach of obstacle detection in planar worlds, a real time processing of large input images has been made possible.
Die Motivation dieser Diplomarbeit bestand darin, die Unterschiede zwischen der 2SC-< ud >-farbsupraleitenden und der normalleitenden Phase der Quarkmaterie aufzuzeigen und die Auswirkungen der 2SC-< ud >-farbsupraleitenden Phase auf Quarksterne zu untersuchen. Dabei sollte festgestellt werden, wie groß der farbsupraleitende Gap sein muß, damit sich die Eigenschaften der Quarksterne merklich ändern. Dazu wurde die Kopplungskonstante variiert. Die Ergebnisse aus Kapitel 5 lassen sich somit zu folgenden Resultaten zusammenfassen: Die 2SC-< ud >-farbsupraleitende wird immer der normalleitenden Phase der Quarkmaterie vorgezogen, weil sie energetisch günstiger ist. Zudem muß die Quarkmaterie neutral sein, denn sonst würde sie wegen der abstoßenden Coulombkraft nicht stabil sein und die Quarksterne würden explodieren. 2SC-< ud >-farbsupraleitende Quarkmateriemit freien, massiven strange Quarks besitzt den höchsten Druck bei gegebenem quarkchemischen Potential und ist damit am meisten bevorzugt vor allen anderen in dieser Diplomarbeit betrachteten Quarkmateriephasen. Durch das Einführen des farbchemischen und elektrischen Potentials wird die 2SC-< ud >- farbsupraleitende Quarkmaterie neutralisiert. In der 2SC-< ud >-farbsupraleitenden Phase ohne strange Quarks werden jedoch so viele Elektronen zur Neutralisation benötigt, daß der farbsupraleitende Gap erheblich verringert wird. Die 2SC-< ud >-farbsupraleitende Phase mit freien, massiven strange Quarks wird gegenüber der 2SC-< ud >-farbsupraleitenden Phase ohne strange Quarks energetisch bevorzugt, weil erstere nicht so viele Elektronen zur Neutralisation benötigt, da diese Aufgabe hauptsächlich von den strange Quarks übernommen und dadurch der Gap nicht so erheblich reduziert wird. Zudem kommt noch der freie strange Quarkdruck hinzu, der diesen Zustand energetisch begünstigt. 2SC-< ud >-farbsupraleitende Quarksterne ohne strange Quarks besitzen einen maximal 122 Meter kleineren Radius und eine maximal 0.016 M⊙ kleinere Masse als normalleitende Quarksterne ohne strange Quarks. 2SC-< ud >-farbsupraleitende Quarksterne mit strange Quarks besitzen einen maximal 72 Meter kleineren Radius und eine maximal 0.023 M⊙ kleinere Masse als normalleitende Quarksterne mit strange Quarks. Erhöht man den farbsupraleitenden Gap, dann werden die Quarksterne größer und schwerer. Vergrößert man die Kopplungskonstante um das 1.5-fache des angegebenen Referenzwertes (5.2), dann ungefähr verdoppelt sich der farbsupraleitende Gap. Ein Quarkstern mit strange Quarks weist dann eine Radiusdifferenz von einem Kilometer und eine Massendifferenz von 0.31 M⊙ zu einem Quarkstern mit normalleitender Phase auf. Durch Verringern des Referenzwertes der Kopplungskonstante wird auch der farbsupraleitende Gap reduziert und es treten so gut wie keine Unterschiede mehr zur normalleitenden Phase des Quarksterns auf.
In this thesis, I study the phase diagram of dense, locally neutral three-flavor quark matter as a function of the strange quark mass, the quark chemical potential, and the temperature, employing a general nine-parameter ansatz for the gap matrix. At zero temperature and small values of the strange quark mass, the ground state of quark matter corresponds to the color–flavor-locked (CFL) phase. At some critical value of the strange quark mass, this is replaced by the recently proposed gapless CFL (gCFL) phase. I also find several other phases, for instance, a metallic CFL (mCFL) phase, a so-called uSC phase where all colors of up quarks are paired, as well as the standard two-flavor color-superconducting (2SC) phase and the gapless 2SC (g2SC) phase. I also study the phase diagram of dense, locally neutral three-flavor quark matter within the framework of a Nambu–Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model. In the analysis, dynamically generated quark masses are taken into account self-consistently. The phase diagram in the plane of temperature and quark chemical potential is presented. The results for two qualitatively different regimes, intermediate and strong diquark coupling strength, are presented. It is shown that the role of gapless phases diminishes with increasing diquark coupling strength. In addition, I study the effect of neutrino trapping on the phase diagram of dense, locally neutral three-flavor quark matter within the same NJL model. The phase diagrams in the plane of temperature and quark chemical potential, as well as in the plane of temperature and leptonnumber chemical potential are presented. I show that neutrino trapping favors two-flavor color superconductivity and disfavors the color–flavor-locked phase at intermediate densities of matter. At the same time, the location of the critical line separating the two-flavor color-superconducting phase and the normal phase of quark matter is little affected by the presence of neutrinos. The implications of these results for the evolution of protoneutron stars are briefly discussed.
Event-by-event fluctuations of the net baryon number and electric charge in nucleus-nucleus collisions are studied in Pb+Pb at SPS energies within the HSD transport model. We reveal an important role of the fluctuations in the number of target nucleon participants. They strongly influence all measured fluctuations even in the samples of events with rather rigid centrality trigger. This fact can be used to check different scenarios of nucleus-nucleus collisions by measuring the multiplicity fluctuations as a function of collision centrality in fixed kinematical regions of the projectile and target hemispheres. The HSD results for the event-by-event fluctuations of electric charge in central Pb+Pb collisions at 20, 30, 40, 80 and 158 A GeV are in a good agreement with the NA49 experimental data and considerably larger than expected in a quark-gluon plasma. This demonstrate that the distortions of the initial fluctuations by the hadronization phase and, in particular, by the final resonance decays dominate the observable fluctuations.
Based on the UrQMD transport model, the transverse momentum and the rapidity dependence of the Hanbury-Brown-Twiss (HBT) radii R_L, R_O, R_S as well as the cross term R_OL at SPS energies are investigated and compared with the experimental NA49 and CERES data. The rapidity dependence of the R_L, R_O, R_S is weak while the R_OL is significantly increased at large rapidities and small transverse momenta. The HBT "life-time" issue (the phenomenon that the calculated sqrt R_O^2-R_S^2 value is larger than the correspondingly extracted experimental data) is also present at SPS energies.
We obtain the D-meson spectral density at finite temperature for the conditions of density and temperature expected at FAIR. We perform a self-consistent coupled-channel calculation taking, as a bare interaction, a separable potential model. The Lambda_c (2593) resonance is generated dynamically. We observe that the D-meson spectral density develops a sizeable width while the quasiparticle peak stays close to the free position. The consequences for the D-meson production at FAIR are discussed.