Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (1871)
- Preprint (1250)
- Doctoral Thesis (593)
- Conference Proceeding (248)
- diplomthesis (101)
- Bachelor Thesis (75)
- Master's Thesis (61)
- Contribution to a Periodical (46)
- Book (33)
- Diploma Thesis (33)
Keywords
- Kollisionen schwerer Ionen (47)
- heavy ion collisions (44)
- LHC (25)
- Quark-Gluon-Plasma (25)
- Heavy Ion Experiments (20)
- equation of state (19)
- quark-gluon plasma (19)
- Relativistic heavy-ion collisions (16)
- QCD (15)
- QGP (15)
Institute
- Physik (4406) (remove)
Kinetic energy flow in Nb(400 A MeV) + Nb: evidence for hydrodynamic compression of nuclear matter
(1984)
A kinetic-energy—flow analysis of multiplicity-selected collisions of 93Nb(Elab=400A MeV)+93Nb is performed on the basis of the nuclear fluid dynamical model. The effects of finite particle numbers on the flow tensor are explicitly taken into account. Strong sidewards peaks are predicted in dN/dcosθF, the distribution of event by event flow angles. This is in qualitative agreement with recent data from the "Plastic Ball" electronic detection system. Cascade simulations fail to reproduce the data.
Nuclear collisions from 0.3 to 2 GeV/nucleon are studied in a microscopic theory based on Vlasov's self-consistent mean field and Uehling-Uhlenbeck's two-body collision term which respects the Pauli principle. The theory explains simultaneously the observed collective flow and the pion multiplicity and gives their dependence on the nuclear equation of state.
The novel momentum analysis technique introduced by Danielewicz and Odyniec can be used to detect and exhibit collective flow in the light system Ar(1800 MeV/nucleon) + KCl where the usual kinetic energy flow analysis fails. The microscopic Vlasov-Uehling-Uhlenbeck theory which includes the nuclear mean field, two-body collisions, and Pauli blocking is used to study this phenomenon. The resulting transverse momentum transfers turn out to be quite sensitive to the nuclear equation of state. From a comparison with experimental data, evidence is presented for a rather stiff nuclear equation of state. The cascade model is unable to describe the data.
The role of nonequilibrium and quantal effects in fast nucleus-nucleus collisions is studied via the Vlasov-Uehling-Uhlenbeck theory which includes the nuclear mean field dynamics, two-body collisions, and Pauli blocking. The intranuclear cascade model, where the dynamics is governed by independent NN collisions, and the Vlasov equation, where the nuclear mean field determines the collision dynamics, are also studied as reference cases. The Vlasov equation (no collision term) yields single particle distribution functions which–after the reaction–are only slightly modified in momentum space; even in central collisions, transparency is predicted. This is in agreement with the predictions of the quantal time-dependent Hartree-Fock method. In contrast, large momentum transfer is obtained when the Uehling-Uhlenbeck collision term is incorporated; then the final momentum distribution is nearly spherically symmetric in the center of mass and a well-equilibrated nuclear system is formed: the nuclei stop each other; the translational kinetic energy is transformed into randomized microscopic motion. The Vlasov-Uehling-Uhlenbeck theory is supplemented with a phase space coalescence model of fragment formation. Calculated proton spectra compare well with recent data for Ar(42, 92, and 137 MeV/nucleon) + Ca. Also the total yields of medium mass fragments are well reproduced in the present approach. The mean field dynamics without two-body collisions, on the other hand, exhibits forward peaked proton distributions, in contrast to the data. The cascade approach underpredicts the yields of low energy protons by more than an order of magnitude.
The influence of fluctuations of the shape degree of freedom in collisions of deformed nuclei with energies between 0.8 and 2.1 GeV/nucleon is analyzed on the basis of an intranuclear cascade simulation for the strongly deformed systems 46Ti+ 46Ti and 166Er+ 166Er. While there is a considerable sensitivity of the global event variables to the orientation for polarized beams and targets, this dependence disappears in the average over all orientations for impact parameter selected and integrated events. The dependence of the nuclear stopping and thermalization on the size of the system under consideration and on the bombarding energy is also investigated.
We study the recent claim that the intranuclear cascade model exhibits collective sidewards flow. 4000 intranuclear cascade simulations of the reaction Nb(400 MeV/nucleon)+Nb are performed employing bound and unbound versions of the Cugnon cascade. We show that instability of the target and projectile nuclei in the unbound cascade produces substantial spurious sidewards flow angles, for spectators as well as for participants. Once the nuclear binding is included, the peak of the flow angle distributions for the participants alone is reduced from 35° to 17°. The theoretical ‘‘data’’ are subjected to the experimental multiplicity and efficiency cuts of the plastic ball 4π electronic spectrometer system. The flow angular distributions obtained from the bound cascade—with spectators and participants subjected to the plastic ball filter—are forward peaked, in contrast to the plastic ball data. We discuss the uncertainties encountered with the application of the experimental efficiency and multiplicity filter. The influence of the Pauli principle on the flow is also discussed. The lack of flow effects in the cascade model clearly reflects the absence of the nuclear compression energy that can cause substantially larger collective sidewards motion—there is too little intrinsic pressure built up in the cascade model.
Time dependent dirac equation with relativistic mean field dynamics applied to heavy ion scattering
(1986)
We treat the relativistic propagation of nucleons coupled to scalar- and vector-meson fields in a mean-field approximation. The time-dependent Dirac and mean-meson-field equations are solved numerically in three dimensions. Collisions of 16O(300, 600, and 1200 MeV/nucleon) + 16O are studied for various impact parameters. The results are compared to other recent theoretical approaches. The calculations predict spallation, large transverse-momentum transfer, and positive-angle sidewards flow, in qualitative agreement with the data in this energy regime.
Studying Walecka's mean-field theory we find that one can reproduce the observed binding energy and density of nuclear matter within experimental precision in an area characterized by a line in the coupling-constant plane. A part of this line defines systems which exhibit a phase transition around Tc~200 MeV for zero baryon density. The rest corresponds to such systems where the phase transition is absent; in that case a peak appears in the specific heat around T~200 MeV. We interpret these results as indicating that the hadron phase of nuclear matter alone indicates the occurrence of an abrupt change in the bulk properties around ρV~0 and T~200 MeV.
We present a theoretical description of nuclear collisions which consists of a three-dimensional fluid-dynamical model, a chemical equilibrium breakup calculation for local light fragment (i.e., p, n, d, t, 3He, and 4He) production, and a final thermal evaporation of these particles. The light fragment cross sections and some properties of the heavy target residues are calculated for the asymmetric system Ne+U at 400 MeV/N. The results of the model calculations are compared with recent experimental data. Several observable signatures of the collective hydrodynamical processes are consistent with the present data. An event-by-event analysis of the flow patterns of the various clusters is proposed which can yield deeper insight into the collision dynamics.
Intranuclear cascade calculations and fluid dynamical predictions of the kinetic energy flow are compared for collisions of 40Ca + 40Ca and 238U + 238U. The aspect ratio, R13, as obtained from the global analysis, is independent of the bombarding energy for the intranuclear cascade model. Fluid dynamics, on the other hand, predicts a dramatic increase of R13 at medium energies Elab≲200 MeV/nucleon. In fact, R13(Elab) directly reflects the incompressibility of the nuclear matter and can be used to extract the nuclear equation of stat at high densities. Distortions of the flow tensor due to few nucleon scattering are analyzed. Possible procedures to remove this background from experimental data are discussed.
We analyze the phase structure of the nonlinear mean-field meson theory of baryonic matter (nucleons plus delta resonances). Depending on the choice of the coupling constants, we find three physically distinct phase transitions in this theory: a nucleonic liquid-gas transition in the low temperature, Tc<20 MeV, low density, ρ≃0.5ρ0, regime, a high-temperature (T≃150 MeV) finite density transition from a gas of massive hadrons to a nearly massless baryon, antibaryon plasma, and, third, a strong phase transition from the nucleonic fluid to a resonance-dominated ‘‘delta-matter’’ isomer at ρ>2ρ0 and Tc<50 MeV. All three phase transitions are of first order. It is shown that the occurrence of these different phase transitions depends critically on the coupling constants. Since the production of pions also depends strongly on the coupling constants, it is seen that the equation of state cannot be derived unambiguously from pion data.
We study the dynamics of high energy heavy ion collisions through the Vlasov-Uehling-Uhlenbeck approach. Equilibration is observed, for central collisions. It is shown that the produced entropy, the pion multiplicity, flow angle, and transverse momentum distributions saturate at the moment of maximum compression and temperature. The effects of the nuclear equation of state and the Pauli principle are investigated. For the flow angle distribution there is a 20 deg reduction of the peak flow angle due to the Pauli principle. A stiff equation of state results in a 10–20 deg increase over the soft equation of state at all energies. The transverse momentum at projectile rapidity exhibits a peak structure as a function of impact parameter b. A 40% difference between soft and hard equation of state is observed for the peak impact parameter, i.e., for intermediate multiplicities.
The final states of central Ca + Ca and Nb + Nb collisions at 400 and 1050 MeV/nucleon and at 400 and 650 MeV/nucleon, respectively, are studied with two independently developed statistical models, namely the classical microcanonical model and the quantum-statistical grand canonical model. It is shown that these models are in agreement with each other for these systems. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that there is essentially a one-to-one relationship between the observed relative abundances of the light fragments p, d, t, 3He, and α and the entropy per nucleon, for breakup temperatures greater than 30 MeV. Entropy values of 3.5–4 are deduced from high-multiplicity selected fragment yield data.
We demonstrate that momentum-dependent nuclear interactions (MDI) have a large effect on the dynamics and on the observables of high-energy heavy-ion collisions: A soft potential with MDI suppresses pion and kaon yields much more strongly than a local hard potential and results in transverse momenta intermediate between soft and hard local potentials. The collective-flow angles and the deuteron-to-proton ratios are rather insensitive to the MDI. Only simultaneous measurements of these observables can give clues on the nuclear equation of state at densities of interest for supernova collapse and neutron-star stability.
The recent attempts to extract the temperature in the late stage of medium energy (20–60 MeV/nucleon) heavy ion collisions from the yields of γ- and particle-instable fragments are discussed. The quantum statistical model is employed to demonstrate that feeding from instable states distorts the yields used for the temperature determination severely. Some particle instable fragments are only moderately affected by feeding. These selected species can still be useful for determining the temperature. The breakup temperatures of the fragment conglomerate extracted with this method are T≃4–8 MeV, much smaller than the corresponding slope factors, which indicate T∼15 MeV.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde die katalytische Wirkung von massenselektierten Edelmetallclustern in photographischen Entwicklern an möglichst praxisnahen photographischen Modellsystemen untersucht, um die bei der Belichtung und der anschließenden Entwicklung von photographischen Filmmaterialien ablaufenden Prozesse besser verstehen zu können. Hierzu wurden präformierte und anschließend massenspektrometrisch größenselektierte Edelmetallclusterionen sanft auf photographische Emulsionskörner aufgebracht und anschließend untersucht, wie die deponierten Clusterionen die chemische Reduktion dieser gelatinefreien Silberhalogenid-Mikrokristalle im Entwickler beeinflussen. Apparatives Kernstück ist eine in den letzten drei Jahren in der Arbeitsgruppe von Prof. L. Wöste an der Freien Universität in Berlin entwickelte Anlage mit der es möglich ist, Edelmetallcluster definierter Größe in so ausreichender Menge durch Sputtern zu erzeugen, daß auch nach kurzen Depositionszeiten genügend viele Cluster auf Oberflächen deponiert werden können. Hohe Teilchenströme von Silbercluster-Kationen wurden über einen weiten Größenbereich (Ag1 + -Ag34+) erzeugt. Der Silbercluster mit der geringsten Intensität im Spektrum, das besonders interessante Ag4 +, wurde mit einem Clusterstrom von 800 pA bei guter Massenauflösung erzeugt. Für Silbercluster-Anionen erzielt man annähernd die gleichen Teichenströme wie für die entsprechenden -Kationen. Durch Sputtern von Gold-Silber-Mischtargets ließen sich AunAgm+-Clusterionen bis zu einer Masse von 2200 amu erzeugen. Um die Forderung nach einem langsamen Aufbringen der Cluster auf die Oberfläche („soft landing“) zu erfüllen, wurden die Cluster mit Hilfe von zwei mit Stoßgas gefüllten Quadrupolen abgebremst. Durch die so verwirklichte sanfte Deposition der Cluster ist es erstmals gelungen, die photographische Wirkung der auf primitive Emulsionskörner deponierten Cluster in definierter, reproduzierbarer und daher aussagekräftiger Weise zu untersuchen. Das war möglich, weil die Depositionsenergien der Cluster (< 1 eV) unterhalb der Bindungsenergien der hier deponierten Edelmetallcluster liegen und somit eine Verfälschung der Resultate durch Fragmentation der Clusterionen ausgeschlossen werden konnte. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß erst ab Depositionsenergien von ³ 5 eV eine vermehrte Fragmentation der Cluster zu erwarten ist. Ob ein Silbercluster an einem Emulsionskorn dessen bevorzugte Entwickelbarkeit einleitet, hängt nicht nur von der Größe des Aggregates und seiner Ladung ab, sondern auch vom Redoxpotential des photographischen Entwicklers. Positiv geladene Silbercluster aus mindestens vier Atomen (Agn+, n³4) katalysieren den Entwicklungsprozeß der Emulsionskörner bei Redoxpotentialen, die negativer als -310 mV (Ag/AgCl-Referenzelektrode) sind. Aber auch Ag3+-Cluster führen noch zu einer Entwickelbarkeit, wenn das Redoxpotential unterhalb -350 mV liegt. Im Gegensatz zu Ag3+-Clustern können Ag3--Cluster, ebenso wie Ag4+-Cluster, die Entwicklung bereits bei einem Redoxpotential von -310 mV katalysieren. Kleinere Silberaggregate, ob positiv oder negativ geladen, führen nicht zu einer bevorzugten Entwickelbarkeit der mit ihnen belegten Silberhalogenidkörner. Ein Einfluß der Kornmorphologie (Kuben, Oktaeder, T-grains) auf die kritische Clustergröße konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. Erstmals war es auch möglich, Gold-Silber-Mischclusterionen auf ihre photographische Wirkung hin zu untersuchen. Dabei zeigte sich, daß die katalytische Wirkung von Gold-Silber-Mischclusterionen auf die Entwickelbarkeit der sie enthaltenden Emulsionskörner allein durch den Silberanteil der Cluster bestimmt wird. Mischcluster Ag1Aum+ (m³2) und Ag2Aum+ (m³1) katalysieren die Entwicklung nicht, unabhängig vom Redoxpotential. Dagegen leiten Ag3Aum + (m³2), entsprechend den Agn+-Clustern (n³4) bei Redoxpotentialen negativer als -310 mV die Entwicklung ein. Mischcluster mit höherem Silberanteil (AgnAum+; n³4, m³1) ändern ihre katalytische Wirkung gegenüber reinen Silberclustern entsprechender Größe nicht. Erstmals konnte auch der Begriff „Goldlatensifikation“ präzisiert werden. Die hier gefundnen Ergebnisse zeigen eindeutig, daß von einer solchen nur dann gesprochen werden kann, wenn sich die Goldatome an das Trimer anlagern. Dagegen kann die alleinige Substitution von Silber durch Gold sowohl als empfindlichkeitssteigernder Mechanismus bei der Goldlatensifikation als auch bei der Goldreifung ausgeschlossen werden. Reine Goldcluster-Kationen bis zum Au7 + zeigen keine katalytische Wirkung.
We study effects of the mean field in hot compressed nuclear matter in the context of the Vlasov Uehling-Uhlenbeck theory. The expansion of a spherical distribution at different temperatures is studied along with collisions of Nb+Nb and Au+Au at lab energies from 50 to 1050 MeV/nucleon. In both the expansion and the actual heavy ion collision simulation, a transition behavior is seen only at the lowest temperature (T<10 MeV) or bombarding energy (E=50 MeV/nucleon), where the attractive part of the mean field is able to bind the expanding matter. At the lowest energy one thus sees the formation of a central residue, whereas at higher bombarding energies there is complete disintegration of the centrally colliding nuclei. The spectrum of emitted nucleons is found to be much hotter than the kinetic energy spectrum of the central emitting region. The extracted temperature slope parameters are in agreement with recent data.
In the present paper we develop the essential theoretical tools for the treatment of the dynamics of High Energy Heavy Ion Collisions. We study the influence of the nuclear equation of state and discuss the new phenomena connected with phase transitions in nuclear matter (pion condensation). Furthermore we investigate the possibility of a transition from nuclear to quark matter in High Energy Heavy Ion Collisions. In this context we discuss exotic phenomena like strongly bound pionic states, limiting temperatures, and exotic nuclei.
Streamer chamber data for collisions of Ar + KCl and Ar + BaI2 at 1.2 GeV/nucleon are compared with microscopic model predictions based on the Vlasov-Uehling-Uhlenbeck equation, for various density-dependent nuclear equations of state. Multiplicity distributions and inclusive rapidity and transverse momentum spectra are in good agreement. Rapidity spectra show evidence of being useful in determining whether the model uses the correct cross sections for binary collisions in the nuclear medium, and whether momentum-dependent interactions are correctly incorporated. Sideward flow results do not favor the same nuclear stiffness parameter at all multiplicities.