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Course management software : supporting the university’s teaching with technology initiatives
(2004)
An increasingly important element of the teaching with technology activities at Northwestern University is the course management system, a web-based class communication and administration environment. The usage growth of the system is substantial and amplifies the need for integration with other web services and resources. Integration is particularly material in area of library services. This presentation contains a case study of Northwestern University's implementation of its course management system software and highlights examples of how the system is being used to enhance the teaching and learning. A description of the integration efforts with library resources is provided. The goal of the presentation is to equip librarians with the basic knowledge required to engage with their colleagues in conversations surrounding the nature of integration of these systems within the teaching and learning landscapes of their home institutions.
Epigraphic documents attest that the two neighbouring, inland sites, Idalion and Tamassos, were kingdoms during the Cypro-Archaic period, and that-within an interval of nearly a century - they were both incorporated by the kingdom of Kition during the Cypro-Classical period, thereby losing their independent status. The geographical position of Idalion and Tamassos must have been both a blessing and a curse: while the two polities could thrive on the exploitation of the nearby copper mines, they also had to withstand the economic interest of other Cypriote polities in these natural resources. In addition, we may assume that, because of their inland position, Idalion and Tamassos were forced to seek economic collaboration with polities that had direct access to the sea for the export and exchange of commodities beyond the island. We may further expect that the control of ore-mining and forestry activities must have been a potential source of territorial strife between the two inland kingdoms. Therefore, the geo-economic reality likely induced Idalion and Tamassos to a dualistic relationship of being both allies and competitors. ...
Der etwa rattengroße gedrungen wirkende Feldhamster ist oberseits gelb- bis rotbraun und unterseits schwarz gefärbt. An der Übergangszone sind weise Flecken unterschiedlicher Größe ausgeprägt. In regional unterschiedlicher Häufigkeit können auch abweichend gefärbte Tiere beobachtet werden (schwarz, gescheckt, gelb, weiß). An Tieren aus Sachsen-Anhalt konnten Stubbe et al. (1998) folgende Maße ermitteln: Kopf-Rumpf-Lange 18,7 - 28,5 cm und Schwanzlange 3,5 - 6,8 cm. Die ermittelten Körpermassen wahrend der Sommermonate betrugen 182 - 505 g. Für den Beginn des Winterschlafs ist jedoch von einer Erhöhung dieser Werte auszugehen.
Criminology in Africa
(2004)
Criminology in Africa has been produced with contributions from leading African authors who have focussed on the various problems facing Africa today regarding crime and criminal justice, and they have, at the same time, put forward their ideas and suggestions for coming to terms with these massive problems.
Measurements of the production of forward high-energy pi 0 mesons from transversely polarized proton collisions at sqrt[s]=200 GeV are reported. The cross section is generally consistent with next-to-leading order perturbative QCD calculations. The analyzing power is small at xF below about 0.3, and becomes positive and large at higher xF, similar to the trend in data at sqrt[s] <= 20 GeV. The analyzing power is in qualitative agreement with perturbative QCD model expectations. This is the first significant spin result seen for particles produced with pT>1 GeV/c at a polarized proton collider.
In the present study the cryo-immunogold technique was used and optimized for investigating the ultrastructure and immunolabeling of synaptic proteins. It is evidently a suitable method for the localization of membrane proteins since the antigens are not treated with any chemical denaturation before immunolabeling except for the fixation and since the antigens are directly exposed to the surface of the cryo-ultrasections. The v-SNARE VAMP II and the vesicle-associated proteins SV2 and Rab3A were detected extensively at small vesicles in the mossy fiber terminals. The t-SNARE SNAP-25, and N-type and P/Q type Ca2+ channels were allocated to the plasma membrane both at the active zone and outside the active zone. SNAP-25 and N-type Ca2+ channels appeared also at synaptic vesicles. A significantly increased immunolabeling of VAMP II, SV2, Rab3A, SNAP-25 and N-type Ca2+ channels was found at the active zones of fast synapses, indicating a concentration of these proteins at sites of exocytosis. The widespread distribution of the t-SNARE SNAP-25 at the axonal plasma membrane reveals that membrane-targeting specificity cannot be determined solely by v/t-SNARE interactions. Additional control components are required to assure the docking and exocytosis of the synaptic vesicles at active zones. The novel protein Bassoon was only found at active zones of central synapses and showed the highest specific labeling among all proteins investigated. Its labeling pattern implies an association of Bassoon with the presynaptic dense projections, the structural guide for vesicle exocytosis. The involvement of Bassoon in the organization of the neurotransmitter release site suggests that Bassoon may play an important role in determining the specificity of vesicle docking and fusion. In the neurosecretory endings of neurohypophysis the synaptic proteins VAMP II, SNAP- 25, SV2, Rab3A, and the N-type Ca2+ channels showed a preferential labeling over microvesicles. Moreover, the immunolabeling intensity of these proteins over microvesicles corresponded closely to that over synaptic vesicles. This suggests that these synaptic proteins share an identical association with synaptic vesicle and microvesicles. A significant labeling of SNAP-25, the N-type Ca2+ channels and VAMP II was also detected at the plasma membrane near the clustered microvesicles, indicating the competence of microvesicles for docking and exocytosis along the plasma membrane in the absence of active zones. No significant labeling of VAMP II, SNAP-25, SV2 and N-type Ca2+ channel was observed at the membrane of neurosecretory granules. This is in agreement with the notion that synaptic vesicles and microvesicles possess regulatory mechanisms for exocytosis different from those of granules. In contrast, a/ß-SNAP and NSF were found on the granules, and Rab3A and the P/Q-type Ca2+ channels on granules in a subset of terminals. Rab3A is associated specifically with the oxytocin-containing granule population. Interestingly, some plasma membrane proteins, such as SNAP-25 and even N-type Ca2+ channels and P/Q-type Ca2+ channels, were observed not only at the plasma membrane but also at the vesicular organelles. This suggests that these vesicular organelles may be involved in transporting newly synthesized proteins from the soma to the plasma membrane of the terminal. Furthermore, the vesicular pool of the Ca2+ channels may serve in the stimulationinduced translocation into the plasma membrane when required. Using the conventional preembedding method with Epon and the post-embedding method with LR Gold, VAMP II was localized at vesicular organelles of varying size and on horseradish peroxidase filled endocytic organelles in cultured astrocytes, with and without stimulation in the presence of the horseradish peroxidase. This indicates that VAMP II is involved in the cycle of vesicular exocytosis and endocytosis in astrocytes. U373 cells are capable of expressing all three members of the synaptic SNARE complex (v-SNARE VAMP II, t-SNARE syntaxin I and SNAP25). This indicates the competence of U373 to carry out regulated exocytosis by means of the classical SNARE mechanism. In addition, the ubiquitous v-SNARE cellubrevin and the endosome-associated small GTPbinding protein Rab5 could be expressed in U373 cells. All recombinant synaptic proteins investigated in U373 cells revealed a punctuate cellular distribution under the fluorescence microscope, suggesting that they are mainly associated with intracellular compartments. The cryo-electron microscopy provided direct evidence for the association of all expressed proteins with electron-lucent vesicular organelles. It further supports the potential of U373 MG cells to release low molecular weight messengers by a regulated exocytosis mechanism. In addition, myc-VAMP II was found on dispersed granules. Probably, VAMP II also participates in the exocytosis event of granules in U373 cells. Gold labeling for the two presumptive t-SNAREs syntaxin I and SNAP-25 in U373 cells was confined to the vesicular organelles. At the ultrastructural level no significant labeling was identified at the plasma membrane. The high level of colocalization of the two SNARE proteins VAMP II and syntaxin I in the cell body and in cell processes suggests that the two proteins are mostly sorted into identical vesicular organelles. A partial colocalization of VAMP II and cellubrevin as well as of VAMP II and Rab5 was observed under the fluorescence microscope. At the ultrastructural level, a colocalization of VAMP II and cellubrevin as well as of VAMP II and Rab5 was found on some clustered vesicles. The partial colocalization of VAMP II and cellubrevin implies that they similarly function as v-SNAREs. The partial colocalization of Rab5 with VAMP II in U373 cells suggests that the endosomal protein Rab5 is associated with VAMP II-containing organelles during some stages of their life cycle.
This paper investigates the nature of the attraction of XPs to clauseinitial position in German (and other languages). It argues that there are two different types of preposing. First, an XP can move when it is attracted by an EPP-like feature of Comp. Comp can, however, also attract elements that bear the formal marker of some semantic or pragmatic (information theoretic) function. This second type of movement is driven by the attraction of a formal property of the moved element. It has often been misanalysed as “operator” movement in the past.
Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Untersuchung der elektrochemischen und spektroskopischen Eigenschaften der bc1-Komplexe aus dem Bodenbakterium Paracoccus denitrificans und der Hefe Saccharomyces cerevisiae im sichtbaren und infraroten Spektralbereich. Das redoxaktive Protein ist Bestandteil der Atmungskette und trägt entscheidend zum Aufbau eines Protonengradienten bei, der zur Bildung des universellen Energieträgers ATP genutzt wird. Der bakterielle P. denitrificans-Komplex besteht aus den drei katalytischen Untereinheiten Cytochrom b, Cytochrom c1 und Rieske-Protein. Der mitochondriale Hefe-bc1-Komplex besitzt neben diesen drei noch acht weitere Untereinheiten, die anscheinend für die Stabilität des Enzyms bedeutsam sind. Um Konformationsänderungen des Proteins infolge von Elektronen- und daran gekoppelten Protonentransferreaktionen zu dokumentieren, wurde der Komplex elektrochemisch in definierte Redoxzustände versetzt. Aus den in diesen Zuständen aufgenommenen Absorptionsspektren berechnen sich Differenzspektren, deren Banden auf die Redoxreaktion zurückzuführende Veränderungen im Protein widerspiegeln. Durch Vergleiche mit Modellspektren isolierter Proteinbestandteile, Spektren ähnlicher Proteine und Informationen aus Kristallstrukturen konnten Beiträge der verschiedenen Kofaktoren, des Proteinrückgrates und einzelner Aminosäuren zu diesen Banden zugeordnet werden. Die elektrochemisch induzierten FTIR-Differenzspektren des P. denitrificans-bc1-Komplexes zeigten vor allem Beiträge der im Komplex gebundenen Chinone, die durch den Vergleich mit Differenzspektren isolierter Chinone identifiziert werden konnten. Ein wichtiges Ergebnis war die Abschätzung der Chinonkonzentration im Protein anhand einer charakteristische Bande bei 1262 cm-1 resultierend aus Schwingungen der Chinon-Methoxygruppen. Das Ergebnis von durchschnittlich 3 Molekülen Chinon pro Protein-Monomer unterstützt das zur Zeit für die Qo-Bindestelle diskutierte double-occupancy-Modell. Interessanterweise konnte die Protonierung einer Glu/Asp-Aminosäureseitenkette in Abhängigkeit vom Chinongehalt beobachtet und daraus abgeleitet Signale eines an der Qo-Bindestelle gebundenen Chinons differenziert werden. Die Beiträge der Cytochrom b und c-Untereinheiten relativ zum Gesamtspektrum des P. denitrificans-bc1-Komplexes wurden mittels Differenzspektren der einzelnen Kofaktoren unterschieden. Anhand ihrer Mittelpunktpotentiale, die zuvor durch Potentialtitrationen im sichtbaren Spektralbereich bestimmt wurden (Häm bL: Em7=-292 mV vs. Ag/AgCl, Häm bH: -144 mV, Häm c1: 89 mV), konnten die Differenzsignale des jeweiligen Kofaktors und seiner durch die Redoxreaktion beeinflußten Umgebung durch Wahl geeigneter Potentialschritte separiert werden. Die Zuordnungen der Signale des Cytochrom c1 und des Rieske-Proteins, die spektroskopisch nicht getrennt werden können, wurden durch Messungen an wasserlöslichen Fragmenten dieser Untereinheiten abgesichert. In allen Spektren konnten typische Beiträge des Proteingrundgerüstes, Schwingungen der Häme und ihrer Substituenten sowie einzelner Aminosäuren vorläufig zugeordnet werden. Die Bindung von Inhibitoren führte zu deutlichen Veränderungen im FTIR-Differenzspektrum. Der Qi-Inhibitor Antimycin A zeigt eigene Differenzsignale im Bereich oberhalb 1734 cm-1, an denen die Bindung des Inhibitors im Protein nachvollzogen werden konnte. Sie führte zur Abnahme der Signalintensität einer Bande, die die Beeinflussung eines protonierten Hämpropionates oder Arginin-bzw. Asparaginseitenketten vermuten lassen. Die Bindung des Qo-Inhibitors Stigmatellin, der selbst redoxaktiv ist, äußerte sich in Veränderungen im Amid I-Bereich des Differenzspektrums. Die Deprotonierung einer Glu/Asp-Seitenkette infolge der Stigmatellinbindung wurde diskutiert. Die FTIR-Differenzspektren des S. cervisiae-bc1-Komplexes gleichen denen des bakteriellen Komplexes in Bezug auf die Bandenpositionen weitestgehend. Die Signalintensitäten sowie die Größenverhältnisse der Banden zueinander unterscheiden sich jedoch. Dies wird durch den geringeren Chinongehalt des Hefeproteins nach der Präparation bedingt. Der Einfluß fünf verschiedener Inhibitoren der Qi- und Qo-Bindestelle auf die Differenzspektren wurde untersucht. Dabei standen von zwei Substanzen isotopenmarkierte Varianten zur Verfügung, die tieferen Einblick in die genaue Wechselwirkung bei der Inhibitorbindung bringen sollte. Die Bindung der Inhibitoren führte zu Veränderungen in den Spektren. Sie wurden vor dem Hintergrund der Kristallstruktur betrachtet, die aufgrund ihrer Auflösung keine exakten Aussagen über den Protonierungszustand einzelner Proteinbestandteile liefern kann. Der Schwerpunkt der Studien lag auf den Vergleich der Qo- Inhibitoren Stigmatellin und HHDBT. Die Bindung von Stigmatellin führte wie im P. denitrificans-Komplex zur Deprotonierung einer Glu/Asp-Seitenkette. Die Inhibierung mit HHDBT resultierte in der Protonierung vermutlich der gleichen Glu/Asp-Seitenkette. Die Auswirkungen des unterschiedlichen Protonierungszustandes der Aminosäure in Anwesenheit dieser beiden Inhibitoren wurde im Kontext eines vermuteten Chinoloxidations-Mechanismus beleuchtet.