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The intrinsic complexity of the brain can lead one to set aside issues related to its relationships with the body, but the field of embodied cognition emphasizes that understanding brain function at the system level requires one to address the role of the brain-body interface. It has only recently been appreciated that this interface performs huge amounts of computation that does not have to be repeated by the brain, and thus affords the brain great simplifications in its representations. In effect the brain’s abstract states can refer to coded representations of the world created by the body. But even if the brain can communicate with the world through abstractions, the severe speed limitations in its neural circuitry mean that vast amounts of indexing must be performed during development so that appropriate behavioral responses can be rapidly accessed. One way this could happen would be if the brain used a decomposition whereby behavioral primitives could be quickly accessed and combined. This realization motivates our study of independent sensorimotor task solvers, which we call modules, in directing behavior. The issue we focus on herein is how an embodied agent can learn to calibrate such individual visuomotor modules while pursuing multiple goals. The biologically plausible standard for module programming is that of reinforcement given during exploration of the environment. However this formulation contains a substantial issue when sensorimotor modules are used in combination: The credit for their overall performance must be divided amongst them. We show that this problem can be solved and that diverse task combinations are beneficial in learning and not a complication, as usually assumed. Our simulations show that fast algorithms are available that allot credit correctly and are insensitive to measurement noise.
Records of Nesticodes rufipes (Lucas, 1846) from Saxony, Germany are presented. The three females of Nesticodes rufipes were found associated with the zoo trade in the cities of Chemnitz and Plauen in cricket boxes. Female genitalia are illustrated.
The canopy spiders of the floodplain forest in Leipzig have become a focus of ecological studies in recent years. In 2006 we sampled 30 tree canopies in the ‘Burgaue’ nature reserve with pyrethrum knock-down fogging, recording 502 adult spiders belonging to 48 species and 11 families. Based on these data and the results of a previous fogging study, the studied spider community was dominated by forest and forest-edge species with a preference for the shrub and canopy strata as well as by spiders of the web spider feeding guild. The community structure was typical for arboreal spider communities from northern temperate forests but very different from communities in the tropics. Species richness and evenness were similar to the old growth near-primary Białowieża Forest in Poland. The checklist of 96 canopy spider species of the floodplain forest of Leipzig includes 54 additions to the spider fauna of Leipzig and vicinity by recent canopy studies and eight first canopy records for Leipzig from our field work. The theridiid Dipoena torva (Thorell, 1875) was recorded for the first time in Saxony. The floodplain forest of Leipzig sustains a large and species-rich arboreal spider community and is thus a valuable habitat for a large proportion of endangered species (12%).
Cryptachaea blattea : eine weitere nach Deutschland eingeschleppte Spinnenart (Araneae: Theridiidae)
(2010)
Cryptachaea blattea (Urquhart, 1886) has been recorded for the first time from Germany (Nordstemmen, rural district of Hildesheim, Lower Saxony). One male was found by means of pitfall traps in a tree and shrub nursery. The species was most likely introduced with plants or cargo. Information about its appearance, habitat, and distribution is given.
Pitfall traps were positioned for the investigation of the spider fauna at the northern and southern slopes of three mountain ridges (Chilchberg, Riedberg, and Buechenberg, municipalities Nunningen and Zullwil, canton Solothurn, Switzerland) within the Swiss Jura Mountains. The temperature in the upper litter was measured at three hour intervals. Independent of the weather more or less clear differences between northern and southern slopes could be observed. Maximum day temperature fluctuations of 15.8 °C were measured. There were no significant differences in spider communities based on quantitative comparison methods. However, a qualitative analysis showed major differences in species composition. More than 50% of all species per investigation area showed clear preferences for the northern or the southern slope, with more then two thirds of the individuals only found on either the north or south slopes.
This study presents the development and mapping of simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in chickpea. The mapping population is based on an inter-specific cross between domesticated and non-domesticated genotypes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum ICC 4958 × C. reticulatum PI 489777). This same population has been the focus of previous studies, permitting integration of new and legacy genetic markers into a single genetic map. We report a set of 311 novel SSR markers (designated ICCM—ICRISAT chickpea microsatellite), obtained from an SSR-enriched genomic library of ICC 4958. Screening of these SSR markers on a diverse panel of 48 chickpea accessions provided 147 polymorphic markers with 2–21 alleles and polymorphic information content value 0.04–0.92. Fifty-two of these markers were polymorphic between parental genotypes of the inter-specific population. We also analyzed 233 previously published (H-series) SSR markers that provided another set of 52 polymorphic markers. An additional 71 gene-based SNP markers were developed from transcript sequences that are highly conserved between chickpea and its near relative Medicago truncatula. By using these three approaches, 175 new marker loci along with 407 previously reported marker loci were integrated to yield an improved genetic map of chickpea. The integrated map contains 521 loci organized into eight linkage groups that span 2,602 cM, with an average inter-marker distance of 4.99 cM. Gene-based markers provide anchor points for comparing the genomes of Medicago and chickpea, and reveal extended synteny between these two species. The combined set of genetic markers and their integration into an improved genetic map should facilitate chickpea genetics and breeding, as well as translational studies between chickpea and Medicago.
The impact of shift work induced chronic circadian disruption on IL-6 and TNF-α immune responses
(2010)
Aim: Sleep disturbances induce proinflammatory immune responses, which might increase cardiovascular disease risk. So far the effects of acute sleep deprivation and chronic sleep illnesses on the immune system have been investigated. The particular impact of shift work induced chronic circadian disruption on specific immune responses has not been addressed so far.
Methods: Pittsburgh-Sleep-Quality-Index (PSQI) questionnaire and blood sampling was performed by 225 shift workers and 137 daytime workers. As possible markers the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha and lymphocyte cell count were investigated. A medical examination was performed and biometrical data including age, gender, height, weight, waist and hip circumference and smoking habits were collected by a structured interview.
Results: Shift workers had a significantly higher mean PSQI score than day workers (6.73 vs. 4.66; p < 0.001). Day workers and shift workers had similar serum levels of IL-6 (2.30 vs. 2.67 resp.; p = 0.276), TNF-alpha (5.58 vs. 5.68, resp.; p = 0.841) or lymphocytes count (33.68 vs. 32.99, resp.; p = 0.404). Furthermore there were no differences in cytokine levels (IL-6 p = 0.761; TNF-alpha p = 0.759) or lymphocyte count (p = 0.593) comparing the sleep quality within the cohorts. When this calculation of sleep quality was stratified by shift and day workers irrespective of their sleep quality day workers and shift workers had similar serum levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha or lymphocytes count. Multiple linear regression analysis showed a significant correlation of lymphocytes count and smoking habits.
Conclusion: Shift work induces chronic sleep debt. Our data reveals that chronic sleep debt might not always lead to an activation of the immune system, as we did not observe differences in lymphocyte count or level of IL-6 or TNF-alpha serum concentration between shift workers and day workers. Therefore chronic sleep restriction might be eased by a long-term compensating immune regulation which (in healthy) protects against an overstimulation of proinflammatory immune mechanisms and moderates metabolic changes, as they are known from short-term sleep deprivation or sleep related breathing disorders.
Background: Diseases associated with smoking are a foremost cause of premature death in the world, both in developed and developing countries. Eliminating smoking can do more to improve health and prolong life than any other measure in the field of preventive medicine. Today's medical students will play a prominent role in future efforts to prevent and control tobacco use.
Methods: A cross-sectional, self-administered, anonymous survey of fifth-year medical students in Berlin, Germany was conducted in November 2007. The study explored the prevalence of smoking among medical students. We assessed their current knowledge regarding tobacco dependence and the effectiveness of smoking cessation methods. Students' perceived competence to counsel smokers and promote smoking cessation treatments was also explored. Analyses were based on responses from 258 students (86.6% response rate).
Results: One quarter of the medical students surveyed were current smokers. The smoking rate was 22.1% among women, 32.4% among men. Students underestimated smoking-related mortality and the negative effect of smoking on longevity. A considerable number of subjects erroneously assumed that nicotine causes coronary artery disease. Students' overall knowledge of the effectiveness of smoking cessation methods was inadequate. Only one third of the students indicated that they felt qualified to counsel patients about tobacco dependence.
Conclusions: This study reveals serious deficiencies in knowledge and counseling skills among medical students in our sample. The curriculum of every medical school should include a tobacco module. Thus, by providing comprehensive training in nicotine dependence interventions to medical students, smokers will have access to the professional expertise they need to quit smoking.
Family members provide most of the patient care and administer most of the treatments to patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Family caregivers have an important impact on clinical outcomes, such as quality of life (QoL). As a consequence of this service, family caregivers suffer high rates of psychological and physical illness as well as social and financial burdens. Hence, it is important to involve family caregivers in multimodal treatment settings and provide interventions that are both suitable and specifically tailored to their needs. In recent years, several clinical guidelines have been presented worldwide for evidence-based treatment of AD and other forms of dementia. Most of these guidelines have considered family advice as integral to the optimal clinical management of AD. This article reviews current and internationally relevant guidelines with emphasis on recommendations concerning family advice.
Es werden 66 Neu- oder Wiederfunde sowie nicht publizierte Funde von Flechten und flechtenbewohnenden Pilzen in Hessen gemeldet und kurz kommentiert. Sechs Arten sind zugleich Neufunde für Deutschland: Absconditella pauxilla, Acremonium antarcticum, Calicium adaequatum, Psammina inflata, Ramonia chrysophaea und Tubeufia heterodermiae. Die hessische Artenliste umfasst mittlerweile annähernd 1200 Flechten und flechtenbewohnende oder flechtenähnliche Pilze.
Im Jahre 2009 wurde erstmals eine umfassende Bestandsaufnahme der ehemaligen und aktuellen hessischen Vorkommen des inzwischen vom Aussterben bedrohten Lungen-Enzians (Gentiana pneumonanthe) durchgeführt. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass etwa 85 % der früheren Wuchsorte verloren gingen und alle heutigen Vor-kommen – trotz ihrer Lage in südhessischen Schutzgebieten – auch in jüngster Zeit noch Verluste aufweisen. Für das Überleben dieser sich offenbar nur generativ vermehrenden Art in Hessen ist es deshalb notwendig, dass geeignete Schutz- und Hilfsmaßnahmen zur Sicherung und Entwicklung der letzten Bestände ergriffen werden, wobei unbedingt auch phänologische Aspekte zu berücksichtigen sind.
Die Brackwasser-Armleuchteralge (Chara canescens) und die Faden-Armleuchteralge (Chara filiformis) wurden im Juni 2009 erstmals in Hessen im Borkener See, einem Restgewässer des Braunkohleabbaus in Nordhessen, nachgewiesen. Chara filiformis wurde erstmals in Deutschland in einem künstlichen Gewässer nachgewiesen. Chara canescens kommt hier in einem elektrolytarmen Gewässer vor.
Das Gnadenkraut (Gratiola officinalis) gehört zu den seltensten hessischen Pflanzenarten und gilt seit der ersten hessischen Roten Liste der gefährdeten Pflanzenarten als vom Aussterben bedroht. Im Rahmen der von der Botanischen Ver-einigung für Naturschutz in Hessen durchgeführten Artenhilfsprogramme sollte eine umfassende Bestandsaufnahme durchgeführt und für die letzten Bestände Maßnahmen zur Sicherung und Erhaltung vorgeschlagen werden. Zwar konnten aktuell keine Vor-kommen mehr nachgewiesen werden – die Art muß deshalb für Hessen als verschollen gelten – doch erscheint es möglich, aus der noch vorhandenen Samenbank des letzten bekannten Wuchsortes neue Bestände zu begründen.
Zur Schließung von Kenntnislücken zur Flora der Gewässer Hessens wurden 2009 von der BVNH neun Altarme von Rhein und Main untersucht. Die Ergeb-nisse zeigen, dass viele als sehr selten oder verschollen geltende Gewässermakrophyten noch oder wieder in den Altarmen des hessischen Oberrheinabschnitts zu finden sind. Insgesamt wurden 51 Arten nachgewiesen, darunter fünf Armleuchteralgen.
Redewendung
(2010)
Ana
(2010)