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In der hier vorliegenden Diplomarbeit wurde der globale Einfluß des ENSO-Phänomens (El Niño/Southern Oscillation) und des Vulkanismus auf den Luftdruck in Meeresspiegelhöhe sowie auf die Lufttemperatur in Bodennähe untersucht. Weiterhin sollte der Frage nachgegangen werden, ob starke Vulkanausbrüche das ENSO-Phänomen beeinflussen. Hierfür wurden 100-jährige Zeitreihen von Jahres- und saisonalen Mitteln des Southern-Oscillation-Index (SOI), Anomalien der Meeresoberflächentemperatur im tropischen Ostpazifik (SST) sowie der Vulkanismusparameter nach Grieser [17] verwendet. Weiterhin wurde ein globaler, aus 80 flächengleichen Boxen bestehender Datensatz des Luftdrucks in Meeresspiegelhöhe für den Zeitraum 1883 bis 1992 erstellt und ein gleichartiger Boxdatensatz der Luftemperatur in Bodennähe verwendet. Die angewandte Methodik ist eine von Denhard 1996 [11] entwickelte Filtertechnik (Prozeßfilter), mit deren Hilfe sich externe Störungen auf ein dynamisches System analysieren lassen. Es wurde ein methodischer Vergleich zwischen dem Prozeßfilter und der Kreuzspektralanalyse durchgeführt, der aufzeigte, daß bei der hier vorliegenden Fragestellung der Prozeßfilter bessere Ergebnisse liefert. Die Analysen der ENSO-Parameter (SOI, SST) mit den Boxdatensätzen der internen Klimavariablen (Luftdruck und Temperatur) bestätigen die bekannten Wirkungen des ENSO-Phänomens auf das Temperatur- sowie das Luftdruckfeld in Bodennähe bzw. Meeresspiegelhöhe. Für einen entdeckten, im jahreszeitlichen Verlauf unterschiedlichen Einfluß von ENSO auf die Lufttemperatur im tropischen Westpazifik ist dem Autor keine vergleichbare Diskussion aus der Literatur bekannt. In dieser Region wurde im Winter und Frühjahr (jeweils bezogen auf die Nordhemisphäre) eine Erhöhung der Lufttemperatur während El Niño, im Sommer und Herbst dagegen eine Erniedrigung festgestellt. Die Wirkung des Vulkanismus auf den Luftdruck in Meeresspiegelhöhe ist stark von ENSO überlagert. Dieser Effekt wurde in abgeschwächter Form auch bei den, ansonsten klimatologisch interpretierbaren, Korrelationsmustern zwischen den Gebietsmittelreihen der bodennahen Lufttemperatur und dem Vulkanismusparameter festgestellt. Ein ursächliches Einwirken des Vulkanismus auf ENSO konnte im Rahmen dieser Arbeit nicht gefunden werden.
We report measurements of Xi and Xi-bar hyperon absolute yields as a function of rapidity in 158 GeV/c Pb+Pb collisions. At midrapidity, dN/dy = 2.29 +/- 0.12 for Xi, and 0.52 +/- 0.05 for Xi-bar, leading to the ratio of Xi-bar/Xi = 0.23 +/- 0.03. Inverse slope parameters fitted to the measured transverse mass spectra are of the order of 300 MeV near mid-rapidity. The estimated total yield of Xi particles in Pb+Pb central interactions amounts to 7.4 +/- 1.0 per collision. Comparison to Xi production in properly scaled p+p reactions at the same energy reveals a dramatic enhancement (about one order of magnitude) of Xi production in Pb+Pb central collisions over elementary hadron interactions.
New data with a minimum bias trigger for 158 GeV/nucleon Pb + Pb have been analyzed. Directed and elliptic flow as a function of rapidity of the particles and centrality of the collision are presented. The centrality dependence of the ratio of elliptic flow to the initial space elliptic anisotropy is compared to models.
Net proton and negative hadron spectra for central \PbPb collisions at 158 GeV per nucleon at the CERN SPS were measured and compared to spectra from lighter systems. Net baryon distributions were derived from those of net protons, utilizing model calculations of isospin contributions as well as data and model calculations of strange baryon distributions. Stopping (rapidity shift with respect to the beam) and mean transverse momentum \meanpt of net baryons increase with system size. The rapidity density of negative hadrons scales with the number of participant nucleons for nuclear collisions, whereas their \meanpt is independent of system size. The \meanpt dependence upon particle mass and system size is consistent with larger transverse flow velocity at midrapidity for \PbPb compared to \SS central collisions.
We present first data on event-by-event fluctuations in the average transverse momentum of charged particles produced in Pb+Pb collisions at the CERN SPS. This measurement provides previously unavailable information allowing sensitive tests of microscopic and thermodynamic collision models and to search for fluctuations expected to occur in the vicinity of the predicted QCD phase transition. We find that the observed variance of the event-by-event average transverse momentum is consistent with independent particle production modified by the known two-particle correlations due to quantum statistics and final state interactions and folded with the resolution of the NA49 apparatus. For two specific models of non-statistical fluctuations in transverse momentum limits are derived in terms of fluctuation amplitude. We show that a significant part of the parameter space for a model of isospin fluctuations predicted as a consequence of chiral symmetry restoration in a non-equilibrium scenario is excluded by our measurement.
The two-proton correlation function at midrapidity from Pb+Pb central collisions at 158 AGeV has been measured by the NA49 experiment. The results are compared to model predictions from static thermal Gaussian proton source distributions and transport models RQMD and VENUS. An effective proton source size is determined by minimizing CHI-square/ndf between the correlation functions of the data and those calculated for the Gaussian sources, yielding 3.85 +-0.15(stat.) +0.60-0.25(syst.) fm. Both the RQMD and the VENUS model are consistent with the data within the error in the correlation peak region.
The statistical production of antibaryons is considered within the canonical ensemble formulation. We demonstrate that the antibaryon suppression in small systems due to the exact baryon number conservation is rather different in the baryon-free (B=0) and baryon-rich (B>1) systems. At constant values of temperature and baryon density in the baryon-rich systems the density of the produced antibaryons is only weakly dependent on the size of the system. For realistic hadronization conditions this dependence appears to be close to B/(B+1) which is in agreement with the preliminary data of the NA49 Collaboration for the antiproton/pion ratio in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the CERN SPS energies. However, a consistent picture of antibaryon production within the statistical hadronization model has not yet been achieved. This is because the condition of constant hadronization temperature in the baryon-free systems leads to a contradiction with the data on the antiproton/pion ratio in e+e- interactions.
The experimental results on the pion, strangeness and J/psi production in high energy nuclear collisions are discussed. The anomalous energy dependence of pion and strangeness production is consistent with the hypothesis that a transition to a deconfined phase takes place between the top AGS (15 AGeV) and the SPS (200 AGeV) energies. The J/psi production systematics at the SPS can be understood assuming that the J/psi mesons are created at hadronization according to the available hadronic phase space. This new interpretation of the J/psi data allows one to establish a coherent picture of high energy nuclear collisions based on the statistical approaches of the collision early stage and hadronization. Surprisingly, the statistical model of strong interactions is successful even in the region reserved up to now for pQCD based models.
The hypothesis of statistical production of J/psi mesons at hadronization is formulated and checked against experimental data. It explains in the natural way the observed scaling behavior of the J/psi to pion ratio at the CERN SPS energies. Using the multiplicities of J/psi and eta mesons the hadronization temperature T_H = 175 MeV is found, which agrees with the previous estimates of the temperature parameter based on the analysis of the hadron yield systematics.