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Der interdisziplinäre Sammelband eröffnet neue Perspektiven auf den Stil als bislang unterkonturierte literaturwissenschaftliche Leitkategorie unter transnationalen, wissens-, gattungs- und sprachgeschichtlichen Gesichtspunkten. Im 18. Jahrhundert zeichnet sich im Nachdenken über Schreibarten eine Neujustierung der Stilkategorie ab, die den Stil zur Reflexionsgröße für ästhetische Diskurse macht. Der Band sondiert die Pluralisierung, Historisierung und Individualisierung der Stilkategorie, die ihr neue literatur- und kulturtheoretische Anwendungsbereiche eröffnet. Die Bewegungen zwischen den Sprachen, Literaturen, Medien und semantischen Feldern erschließt die Publikation, indem sie europäische Vergleichshorizonte eröffnet und literatur- ebenso wie sprachwissenschaftliche Ansätze präsentiert. Damit leistet sie einen Beitrag zum Feld der komparatistisch ausgerichteten Germanistik, insbesondere der Literatur- und Kulturgeschichte des 18. Jahrhunderts und des europäischen Kulturtransfers.
Um 1750 gelangt die ethopoetische Funktion des Stils in den Fokus verschiedener Autoren, welche die Kategorie in Rhetorik, Poetik und Ästhetik neu vermessen. Johann Christoph Gottscheds Rhetorik weiß den Stil als Übung zu nutzen, um Empfinden und Denken der Schüler zu trainieren. Der Charakter der Schüler resultiert somit aus einem Ausbildungsprogramm, das vom Spracherwerb bis zum Verfassen von Reden reicht. Johann Jacob Breitinger erläutert in seiner Poetik, wie die Sprache auf einer semiotischen Ebene auf verschiedene Arten Kraft ausübt, um das Gemüt zu bewegen und damit sinnliche Erkenntnisse zu generieren. Stil als Übung und Stil als Darstellungsverfahren vereint Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten in seiner Wissenschaft der sinnlichen Erkenntnis, die sowohl eine Vervollkommnung des sinnlichen Erkennens anstrebt als auch die Verfahren beleuchtet, die für die Darstellung der sinnlichen Erkenntnis verantwortlich sind.
Hugh Blairs umfangreiche "Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres" sind eines der erfolgreichsten Werke der englischsprachigen Rhetoriktradition. Der Stilbegriff bildet das Zentrum von Blairs Ästhetikkonzept. Blair greift einerseits auf die rhetorische Tradition zurück, bezieht sich andererseits aber auch auf wahrnehmungstheoretische Überlegungen aus der zeitgenössischen empiristischen Psychologie. Neben den ästhetischen Qualitäten des Stils rücken dabei Fragen der Verständnissicherung durch stilistische Klarheit in den Fokus. Blairs "Lectures" greifen damit über das Feld der Ästhetik entscheidend hinaus.
Um 1750 zeichnet sich eine grundlegende Verschiebung in der Funktion des Stilbegriffes ab, die sowohl die Theorie als auch die Praxis literarischen Schreibens veränderte. Während sich das an der frühaufklärerischen Erkenntnistheorie orientierte Ideal der ersten Jahrhunderthälfte als analytischer Stil beschreiben lässt, zielt die Dichtungstheorie und -praxis in der zweiten Jahrhunderthälfte auf einen synthetischen Stil, der sich im poetischen Text als "übersummatives Ganzes" (Ulf Abraham) manifestiert; die poetische Absicht wird durch diesen Stil in einem korrelativen Verhältnis von Text und Einbildungskraft verwirklicht. In einer vergleichenden, den historischen Kontext einbeziehenden Analyse zweier Gedichte von Barthold Heinrich Brockes und Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock wird nachgewiesen, dass sich das Verständnis von Stil von einer Art Verdoppelung des Erkenntnisprozesses (Brockes) zu einer kognitiven Funktion (Klopstock) hin verschiebt.
Im vorliegenden Beitrag geht es um die Frage, wie sich Natürlichkeit als ein zentrales Stilkonzept im 18. Jahrhundert auf die syntaktische Gestaltung von Texten ausgewirkt hat. Grundlage der empirischen Untersuchung sind neunzig Musterbriefe, die aus drei Ausgaben des Schröter'schen Briefstellers (1,1743, 7,1767, 8,1785) stammen und die im Sinne der 'neuen' Stilauffassungen überarbeitet wurden. Die Briefe zeigen unter anderem einen Rückgang in der Satzkomplexität, eine Aufwertung der Selbstreferenz und eine verstärkte Einbindung mündlichkeitsnaher Strukturen.
The intense photon fluxes from relativistic nuclei provide an opportunity to study photonuclear interactions in ultraperipheral collisions. The measurement of coherently photoproduced π+π−π+π− final states in ultraperipheral Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV is presented for the first time. The cross section, dσ/dy, times the branching ratio (ρ→π+π+π−π−) is found to be 47.8±2.3 (stat.)±7.7 (syst.) mb in the rapidity interval |y|<0.5. The invariant mass distribution is not well described with a single Breit-Wigner resonance. The production of two interfering resonances, ρ(1450) and ρ(1700), provides a good description of the data. The values of the masses (m) and widths (Γ) of the resonances extracted from the fit are m1=1385±14 (stat.)±3 (syst.) MeV/c2, Γ1=431±36 (stat.)±82 (syst.) MeV/c2, m2=1663±13 (stat.)±22 (syst.) MeV/c2 and Γ2=357±31 (stat.)±49 (syst.) MeV/c2, respectively. The measured cross sections times the branching ratios are compared to recent theoretical predictions.
Measurements of the pT-dependent flow vector fluctuations in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV using azimuthal correlations with the ALICE experiment at the LHC are presented. A four-particle correlation approach [1] is used to quantify the effects of flow angle and magnitude fluctuations separately. This paper extends previous studies to additional centrality intervals and provides measurements of the pT-dependent flow vector fluctuations at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV with two-particle correlations. Significant pT-dependent fluctuations of the V⃗ 2 flow vector in Pb-Pb collisions are found across different centrality ranges, with the largest fluctuations of up to ∼15% being present in the 5% most central collisions. In parallel, no evidence of significant pT-dependent fluctuations of V⃗ 3 or V⃗ 4 is found. Additionally, evidence of flow angle and magnitude fluctuations is observed with more than 5σ significance in central collisions. These observations in Pb-Pb collisions indicate where the classical picture of hydrodynamic modeling with a common symmetry plane breaks down. This has implications for hard probes at high pT, which might be biased by pT-dependent flow angle fluctuations of at least 23% in central collisions. Given the presented results, existing theoretical models should be re-examined to improve our understanding of initial conditions, quark--gluon plasma (QGP) properties, and the dynamic evolution of the created system.
Measurement of beauty-quark production in pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV via non-prompt D mesons
(2024)
The pT-differential production cross sections of non-prompt D0, D+, and D+s mesons originating from beauty-hadron decays are measured in proton−proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy s√ of 13 TeV. The measurements are performed at midrapidity, |y|<0.5, with the data sample collected by ALICE from 2016 to 2018. The results are in agreement with predictions from several perturbative QCD calculations. The fragmentation fraction of beauty quarks to strange mesons divided by the one to non-strange mesons, fs/(fu+fd), is found to be 0.114±0.016 (stat.)±0.006 (syst.)±0.003 (BR)±0.003 (extrap.). This value is compatible with previous measurements at lower centre-of-mass energies and in different collision systems in agreement with the assumption of universality of fragmentation functions. In addition, the dependence of the non-prompt D meson production on the centre-of-mass energy is investigated by comparing the results obtained at s√=5.02 and 13 TeV, showing a hardening of the non-prompt D-meson pT-differential production cross section at higher s√. Finally, the bb¯¯¯ production cross section per unit of rapidity at midrapidity is calculated from the non-prompt D0, D+, D+s, and Λ+c hadron measurements, obtaining dσ/dy=75.2±3.2 (stat.)±5.2 (syst.)+12.3−3.2 (extrap.) μb.
The two-particle momentum correlation functions between charm mesons (D∗± and D±) and charged light-flavor mesons (π± and K±) in all charge-combinations are measured for the first time by the ALICE Collaboration in high-multiplicity proton–proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of √s = 13 TeV. For DK and D∗K pairs, the experimental results are in agreement with theoretical predictions of the residual strong interaction based on quantum chromodynamics calculations on the lattice and chiral effective field theory. In the case of Dπ and D∗π pairs, tension between the calculations including strong interactions and the measurement is observed. For all particle pairs, the data can be adequately described by Coulomb interaction only, indicating a shallow interaction between charm and light-flavor mesons. Finally, the scattering lengths governing the residual strong interaction of the Dπ and D∗π systems are determined by fitting the experimental correlation functions with a model that employs a Gaussian potential. The extracted values are small and compatible with zero.
The Russian invasion of Ukraine illustrates the increasingly judicialized nature of international relations and geopolitics. By viewing aspects of the invasion as illegal – in particular through the identification of war crimes and crimes against humanity – the international response draws attention to the political geographies of international criminal investigation. Human rights groups, academics, journalists, and open-source forensic investigations have joined forces to collect, evaluate and analyze the violent nature of war crimes. While similar shifts in evidence gathering have been observed in the case of the Bosnia-Herzegovina war and the Assad regime's violence against Syrian citizens, the use of evidence-gathering technologies and evidence-securing institutions in the case of Ukraine is distinctive. In this scholarly intervention we seek to illustrate the intimate geopolitics of evidence gathering by zooming in on two different elements that shape evidential procedures in Ukraine: i) the blurring of civilian/military boundaries; and ii) the challenges of access. By evaluating what is new and what is similar to previous war sites, we suggest that these two areas reflect a geopolitics of evidence gathering, highlighting its global-local intimacies. Both these areas are well positioned to foster new research on the (geo)legal nature of war crimes in political geography and beyond.
Focusing on the specific case of knowledge production in and about Iran, in this chapter, we discuss the risk of reproducing a Northern perspective in the attempts to produce knowledge on and through the Global South(s). We argue that such reproduction leads to cognitive suppression, further peripheralization, or even recolonization of the South(s). We also stress the lasting effects of methodological nationalism among attempts at decolonization and its political consequences, such as in the adoption of nativist discourses historically connected to the 'Islamic' Revolution by scholars focusing on the Global South(s) and in area studies concerning Iran. To avoid these effects, we suggest considering the politics of scale in our recognition and problematization of the hierarchization of Northern and Southern sites of knowledge production and their particularities.
During fieldwork, anthropologists are given many names that point to their intersectional placement regarding race, class, gender, nationality, and religion. Yet, careful consideration of vernacular forms of designation reveals that such generalizing categories do not always reflect the ways in which people are named and positioned in a given context. While acknowledging the relevance of intersectionality, this paper discusses the relationship between naming and social positionality through a comparative consideration of names employed to designate Dulley in Angola and Santos in Senegal. It explores how these designators, ascribed to the researchers by their interlocutors, contextually identify their positionality. Through concrete examples, it shows how this process of emplacement can both enable and restrict one's possibilities of action and experience.
With reference to the Marx Seminars at the University of São Paulo, this chapter discusses the creation of a specific tradition in the social sciences that marks a crucial moment in the history of postcolonial and decolonial studies. By means of the concept of periphery, I reconstruct how this tradition refuted temporal and stadial dualisms. Moreover, I argue that the development of this new perspective in the social sciences must be understood in terms of its efforts to rethink Marx but also, and more importantly, by the need to rethink Brazil's place in the world. Following this thread, I analyse Roberto Schwarz's work as paradigmatic for a proper understanding of the centrality of the concept of periphery in these discussions.
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) has recently emerged as an exciting new drug modality. However, the strategy of developing small molecule-based protein degraders has evolved over the past two decades and has now established molecular tags that are already in clinical use, as well as chimeric molecules, PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs), based mainly on ligand systems developed for the two E3 ligases CRBN and VHL. The large size of the human E3 ligase family suggests that PROTACs can be developed by targeting a large diversity of E3 ligases, some of which have restricted expression patterns with the potential to design disease- or tissue-specific degraders. Indeed, many new E3 ligands have been published recently, confirming the druggability of E3 ligases. This review summarises recent data on E3 ligases and highlights the challenges in developing these molecules into efficient PROTACs rivalling the established degrader systems.
Der Beitrag sucht Georg Christoph Lichtenbergs Position im Sprachdenken der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts zu bestimmen. Diese ist durch eine Kombination von anthropologischen und technisch-pragmatischen, sprachhandwerklichen Überlegungen zur "Wörterfertigung" geprägt, bei der Fragen von Lexik und Nomenklatur im Vordergrund stehen. Zu den Leitkriterien des guten Stils gehören Lichtenberg zufolge Wahrheit und Genauigkeit sowie Natürlichkeit und Individualisierung.
Microbial rhodopsins are omnipresent on Earth, however the vast majority of them remain uncharacterized. Here we describe a new rhodopsin group from cold-adapted organisms and cold environments, such as glaciers, denoted as CryoRhodopsins (CryoRs). Our data suggest that CryoRs have dual functionality switching between inward transmembrane proton translocation and photosensory activity, both of which can be modulated with UV light. CryoR1 exhibits two subpopulations in the ground state, which upon light activation lead to transient photocurrents of opposing polarities. A distinguishing feature of the group is the presence of a buried arginine residue close to the cytoplasmic face of its members. Combining single-particle cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography with the rhodopsin activation by lit, we demonstrate that the arginine stabilizes a UV-absorbing intermediate of an extremely slow CryoRhodopsin photocycle. Together with extensive spectroscopic characterization, our investigations on CryoR1 and CryoR2 proteins reveal mechanisms of photoswitching in the newly identified group and demonstrate principles of the adaptation of these rhodopsins to low temperatures.Microbial rhodopsins are omnipresent on Earth, however the vast majority of them remain uncharacterized. Here we describe a new rhodopsin group from cold-adapted organisms and cold environments, such as glaciers, denoted as CryoRhodopsins (CryoRs). Our data suggest that CryoRs have dual functionality switching between inward transmembrane proton translocation and photosensory activity, both of which can be modulated with UV light. CryoR1 exhibits two subpopulations in the ground state, which upon light activation lead to transient photocurrents of opposing polarities. A distinguishing feature of the group is the presence of a buried arginine residue close to the cytoplasmic face of its members. Combining single-particle cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography with the rhodopsin activation by light, we demonstrate that the arginine stabilizes a UV-absorbing intermediate of an extremely slow CryoRhodopsin photocycle. Together with extensive spectroscopic characterization, our investigations on CryoR1 and CryoR2 proteins reveal mechanisms of photoswitching in the newly identified group and demonstrate principles of the adaptation of these rhodopsins to low temperatures.
EF-P and its paralog EfpL (YeiP) differentially control translation of proline containing sequences
(2024)
Polyproline sequences (XPPX) stall ribosomes, thus being deleterious for all living organisms. In bacteria, translation elongation factor P (EF-P) plays a crucial role in overcoming such arrests. 12% of eubacteria possess an EF-P paralog – YeiP (EfpL) of unknown function. Here, we functionally and structurally characterize EfpL from Escherichia coli and demonstrate its yet unrecognized role in the translational stress response. Through ribosome profiling, we analyzed the EfpL arrest motif spectrum and discovered additional stalls beyond the canonical XPPX motifs at single-proline sequences (XPX), that both EF-P and EfpL can resolve. Notably, the two factors can also induce pauses. We further report that, contrary to the housekeeping EF-P, EfpL can sense the metabolic state of the cell, via lysine acylation. Together, our work uncovers a new player in ribosome rescue at proline-containing sequences, and provides evidence that co-occurrence of EF-P and EfpL is an evolutionary driver for higher bacterial growth rates.
Coarse-grained modeling has become an important tool to supplement experimental measurements, allowing access to spatio-temporal scales beyond all-atom based approaches. The GōMartini model combines structure- and physics-based coarse-grained approaches, balancing computational efficiency and accurate representation of protein dynamics with the capabilities of studying proteins in different biological environments. This paper introduces an enhanced GōMartini model, which combines a virtual-site implementation of Gō models with Martini 3. The implementation has been extensively tested by the community since the release of the new version of Martini. This work demonstrates the capabilities of the model in diverse case studies, ranging from protein-membrane binding to protein-ligand interactions and AFM force profile calculations. The model is also versatile, as it can address recent inaccuracies reported in the Martini protein model. Lastly, the paper discusses the advantages, limitations, and future perspectives of the Martini 3 protein model and its combination with Gō models.
Background: Despite known clinical benefits, guideline-recommended heart rate (HR) control is not achieved for a significant proportion of patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction. The wearable cardioverter-defibrillator (WCD) provides continuous HR monitoring and alerts that could aid medication titration.
Objective: This study sought to evaluate sex differences in achieving guideline-recommended HR control during a period of WCD use.
Methods: Data from patients fitted with a WCD from 2015 to 2018 were obtained from the manufacturer’s database (ZOLL). The proportion of patients with adequate nighttime resting HR control at the beginning of use (BOU) and at the end of use (EOU) were compared by sex. Adequate HR control was defined as having a nighttime median HR <70 beats/min.
Results: A total of 21,440 women and a comparative sample of 17,328 men (median 90 [IQR 59–116] days of WCD wear) were included in the final dataset. Among patients who did not receive a shock, over half had insufficient HR control at BOU (59% of women, 53% of men). Although the proportion of patients with resting HR ≥70 beats/min improved by EOU, 43% of women and 36% of men did not achieve guideline-recommended HR control.
Conclusion: A significant proportion of women and men did not achieve adequate HR control during a period of medical therapy optimization. Compared with men, a greater proportion of women receiving WCD shocks had insufficiently controlled HR in the week preceding ventricular tachyarrhythmia/ventricular fibrillation and 43% of nonshocked women, compared with 36% of men, did not reach adequate HR control during the study period. The WCD can be utilized as a remote monitoring tool to record HR and inform adequate uptitration of beta-blockers, with particular focus on reducing the treatment gap in women.