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Am 20. Oktober 1781 wird das neue Theater in der Leopoldstadt (das "Kasperltheater") eröffnet, und es dauert nicht lange, bis Kasperl zur tragenden Figur der Bühne wird, die auch schnell den Spielplan prägt. La Roche betritt in jedem Monat etwa fünfzehnmal als Kasperl die Bühne und beherrscht diese fortan für viele Jahre. Ungeachtet der anderen Komiker, die ihr Glück als Kasperl versuchen, die aber tatsächlich nicht in der Lage waren, La Roches Ausdrucksweise zu erreichen, gelang es La Roche, sich förmlich in die erste Reihe der Wiener Vorstadtkomiker "zu spielen". Ein Weiterleben der Figur wurde nach La Roches Tod ebenso wie eine Renaissance unmöglich; auch auf anderen Theatern mussten die Akteure, die sich der "längst stereotyp gewordenen Mätzchen" befleißigten, und die Theaterdichter einsehen, dass eine das Repertoire derart bestimmende Typenkomik mit La Roche zu Grabe getragen worden war. Die Wirkung, welche die Person und vor allem das Spiel Johann Josef La Roches auf sein Publikum ausübte, wird in vielerlei Quellen beschworen: Zeitgenössische Kritiken stehen neben Erinnerungen von Schriftstellern, Chronisten sowie Biografen und geben ein vielfach beschworenes Bild, wie es La Roche gelang, seine Zuschauer zu fesseln. So illustrativ diese Erinnerungen auch sein mögen, so vermitteln sie doch ein rein subjektives Bild der Darstellungskunst La Roches. Pamphlete und Erwiderungen gibt es zuhauf, der Kasperl spaltete die Gemüter, Lob auf der einen, Verständnislosigkeit und vehemente Kritik auf der anderen Seite prägen mitunter die Rezensionen in den Zeitungen und auch einige der Broschüren Wiens. Ein wesentlicher Teil der Komik La Roches rührt von den Extempores her, steht Kasperl ja in der hanswurstischen Tradition. Auch wenn die "Anreden eines Schauspielers an das Parterre […] auch auf kleinen Volkstheatern […] nicht immer wohl schicklich" sind, so sollen La Roches Anspielungen auf Stadtereignissen gerade in seinen frühen Jahren "einen besonderen Reiz seines Spieles ausgemacht haben, obwohl es natürlich Gegner gab, die sich über 'Grobheiten und antastende Worte' entrüsteten". Die Wienerische Kronik spricht von "launichte[n] Einfälle[n]", die einer "gewissen schalkhaften Feinheit" nicht entbehren. Karl Marinelli engagierte Dichter, die eigens für den Wiener Kasperl Johann Josef La Roche Komödien verfassten. Schon sein Aussehen bewog das Publikum zu lachen, seine Sprache tat ein Übriges und vor allem die Verbindung von Sprache mit Spiel, Gestik und Mimik, Unausgesprochenem und Dargestelltem schien den besonderen Reiz auszumachen, mit dem La Roche das Publikum jahrzehntelang begeisterte. Leider sind die Berichte über La Roches darstellerischen Esprit auf Anekdoten und kaum verifizierbare Aussagen in Broschüren oder Chroniken beschränkt – für eine weitere Analyse muss auf die erhaltenen Textgrundlagen zurückgegriffen werden: auf Szenare und Kanevasse, auf die textlich fixierten Spielgrundlagen, deren Ausgestaltung durch die Sänger und Schauspieler nur erahnt werden kann. Aus den 30 im Projekt "Mäzene des Kasperls Johann Josef La Roche. Kasperliaden im Repertoire des Leopoldstädter Theaters. Kritische Edition und literatursoziologische Verortung" (2008/09) edierten Kasperliaden wurden vier hinsichtlich ihrer Kasperl-Komik analysiert. Die Auswahl erfolgte einerseits durch die Präsenz der Kasperlrolle im jeweiligen Text sowie andererseits durch die ihr je intendierte Relevanz für die komische Handlung (Qualität und Quantität der Kasperlrolle). Kasperl, der als Kaspar, Kasperl oder auch Käsperle auf die Bühne tritt, ist stets und in allen Stücken der Leopoldstädter Bühne als "besondere Person" gekennzeichnet – nicht durch seine ständische Zugehörigkeit oder durch seinen Beruf, sondern durch sein Verhalten, das ihn zum ersten von den anderen Rollen klar unterscheidet und das er gleichzeitig und zum zweiten dem Publikum gegenüber zeigt. Immer wieder fällt Kasperl aus der Rolle und durchbricht die Bühnenillusion für lustige Zwischenbemerkungen, um die Handlung zu kommentieren oder gar zu hinterfragen und um die Protagonisten zu bewerten. Die bemerkenswerteste "Entwicklung" durchläuft Kasperl im Oeuvre Karl Friedrich Henslers. Dabei avanciert die Figur vom rührigen und meist redlichen Familienvater in den bürgerlichen Stücken zum verschlagenen und bramarbasierenden Knappen in den romantisch-komischen Volksmärchen, als deren "Vater" Hensler in die Literatur- und Theatergeschichtsschreibung eingegangen ist. Dabei verläuft die Metamorphose vom bürgerlichen Biedermann zum komischen Faktotum in märchenhafter Kulisse in die eigentliche Handlung stets begleitenden Rollen, obschon Kasperl in vielen Fällen die Titel gebende Person ist. Der Kasperltypus wandelt sich merklich, doch immer bleibt er dumm, feige aber auch grundehrlich - damit sind seine Haupteigenschaften umrissen, die ihn in allen Komödien "begleiten". Der Furchtsamkeit, wie auch der Infantilität, die sich die Kasperlrolle im Laufe der Entwicklung beibehalten hatte, gesellt sich in den Volksmärchen ein Lazzo hinzu, nämlich der des Nachäffens, der typisch für den Kasperl La Roches wird.
Zwischen 1790, als Josef II. verstarb und Hoffnungen auf eine Lockerung der Zensur bestanden, und La Roches Todesjahr 1806 präsentierte das Leopoldstädter Theater in schneller Abfolge eine Unzahl von Possen, Singspielen, Maschinenkomödien, Zauberopern, Volksmärchen, Pantomimen, Ritterstücken, Soldatenstücken, Tanzspielen, Feenmärchen und komischen Zeitstücken. Sie stammten zu einem Gutteil von den Hausautoren des Theaters. [...] Aus den insgesamt 30 im Rahmen des FWF-Projekts "Mäzene des Kasperls Johann Josef La Roche" edierten Komödien von fünf Autoren und einem Anonymus wählt Beatrix Müller-Kampel zwei von jedem Autor aus, um sie auf Themen und Motive der Affekte, der Emotionen und ihrer Kontrolle hin zu durchforsten. Ausnahmslos alle Stücke sind Komödien, ausnahmslos allen geht es um Liebesgeschichten und Heiratssachen und den meisten auch um Geld. Das Prinzip der repräsentativen Stichprobe rechtfertigt sich durch die Gattung Komödie, wie sie am Leopoldstädter Theater gepflegt wurde: nämlich als "Schema-Dramatik", die im Gegensatz zur sogenannten "künstlerischen" Dramatik, d. h. in den theatralen Feldern dieser Zeit: im Gegensatz zum Bildungstheater einerseits, zum Hoftheater andrerseits, weder auf ästhetische Innovation noch auf Originalität abgestellt war, sondern im Gegenteil Variationen altbekannter Themen und Geschichten bieten wollte - und das immer auch komisch drapiert. [...] Mit dem Aspekt der Affekte und der Affektkontrolle der Lustigen Figur ist das Erkenntnisperspektiv einerseits auf Liebesgeschichten und Heiratssachen, Sich Verlieben wie Verlassen Werden, auf gelebte und gespielte Leidenschaften eingestellt, andrerseits auf die Lustige Figur und ihre Komik, welche letztere, so steht zu vermuten, in den Spielen wohl die großen wie die kleinen Gefühle modelliert. [...] Prinzipiell sind zwei Möglichkeiten der philologischen Emotionsforschung zu unterscheiden: die Analyse von "literarischen Thematisierungen und Darstellungen von Emotionen, wobei es in der Regel um Emotionen geht, die in einem Text irgendwelchen Figuren oder personifizierten Gegenständen zugeschrieben werden", und zweitens, die "historische Rekonstruktion kultureller Bewertungen und Repräsentationsformen diverser Emotionen." Was die dramatisch-sprachliche Darstellung von Emotionen anlangt, stehen in der Emotionsforschung mediale und mentalitätsgeschichtliche Aspekte im Mittelpunkt. Worin bestehen sie nun, die Emotionen, die sich zwischen Kasperl und den Frauen um 1800 auf dem Leopoldstädter Theater entspinnen, sich steigern, ausbreiten und verflüchtigen, und mit welchen dramaturgischen Techniken führen die Theaterautoren diese Emotionen dem Publikum vor? Kasperl, so das überraschende Fazit vorweg, ist um 1800 Hagestolz oder treuer Ehemann geworden. [...] Jedenfalls erstaunt Kasperls narrative, dramaturgische und komödiantische Bedeutungslosigkeit im Leopoldstädter Repertoire um 1800 - das doch für ihn und um ihn herum geschrieben worden war, wie es heißt. Wie, wenn mit seinen Affekten und seinem Affekthaushalt, das heißt beim Kasperl: mit seiner Obszönität, sich die Komik verflüchtigt und die Autoren tatsächlich nicht mehr gewusst hätten, was anzufangen sei mit ihm? In dem Maße, wie der Kasperl kein Frauensammler und Sexualphantast mehr sein darf, kein Zotenreißer und Hosenscheißer wie Hanswurst, kommt ihm textlich auch das Komische abhanden, das wohl tatsächlich ganz prinzipiell von einem lebt: dem Bruch von und dem Spiel mit Tabus.
Background: Decoding of frequency-modulated (FM) sounds is essential for phoneme identification. This study investigates selectivity to FM direction in the human auditory system. Methodology/Principal Findings: Magnetoencephalography was recorded in 10 adults during a two-tone adaptation paradigm with a 200-ms interstimulus-interval. Stimuli were pairs of either same or different frequency modulation direction. To control that FM repetition effects cannot be accounted for by their on- and offset properties, we additionally assessed responses to pairs of unmodulated tones with either same or different frequency composition. For the FM sweeps, N1m event-related magnetic field components were found at 103 and 130 ms after onset of the first (S1) and second stimulus (S2), respectively. This was followed by a sustained component starting at about 200 ms after S2. The sustained response was significantly stronger for stimulation with the same compared to different FM direction. This effect was not observed for the non-modulated control stimuli. Conclusions/Significance: Low-level processing of FM sounds was characterized by repetition enhancement to stimulus pairs with same versus different FM directions. This effect was FM-specific; it did not occur for unmodulated tones. The present findings may reflect specific interactions between frequency separation and temporal distance in the processing of consecutive FM sweeps.
Background: Diseases associated with smoking are a foremost cause of premature death in the world, both in developed and developing countries. Eliminating smoking can do more to improve health and prolong life than any other measure in the field of preventive medicine. Today's medical students will play a prominent role in future efforts to prevent and control tobacco use.
Methods: A cross-sectional, self-administered, anonymous survey of fifth-year medical students in Berlin, Germany was conducted in November 2007. The study explored the prevalence of smoking among medical students. We assessed their current knowledge regarding tobacco dependence and the effectiveness of smoking cessation methods. Students' perceived competence to counsel smokers and promote smoking cessation treatments was also explored. Analyses were based on responses from 258 students (86.6% response rate).
Results: One quarter of the medical students surveyed were current smokers. The smoking rate was 22.1% among women, 32.4% among men. Students underestimated smoking-related mortality and the negative effect of smoking on longevity. A considerable number of subjects erroneously assumed that nicotine causes coronary artery disease. Students' overall knowledge of the effectiveness of smoking cessation methods was inadequate. Only one third of the students indicated that they felt qualified to counsel patients about tobacco dependence.
Conclusions: This study reveals serious deficiencies in knowledge and counseling skills among medical students in our sample. The curriculum of every medical school should include a tobacco module. Thus, by providing comprehensive training in nicotine dependence interventions to medical students, smokers will have access to the professional expertise they need to quit smoking.
A new, two-channel instrument for simultaneous NO3 and N2O5 monitoring was used to make the first comprehensive set of nocturnal NOx measurements (NO, NO2, NO3 and N2O5) at the Taunus Observatory, a rural mountain site (Kleiner Feldberg) in South-western Germany. In May 2008, NO3 and N2O5 mixing ratios were well above the instrumental detection limit (a few ppt) on all nights of the campaign and were characterised by large variability. The concentrations of NO3, N2O5 and NO2 were consistent with the equilibrium constant, K2, defining the rates of formation and thermal dissociation of N2O5. A steady-state lifetime analysis is consistent with the loss of nocturnal NOx being dominated by the reaction of NO3 with volatile organic compounds in this forested region, with N2O5 uptake to aerosols of secondary importance. Analysis of a limited dataset obtained at high relative humidity indicated that the loss of N2O5 by reaction with water vapour is less efficient (>factor 3) than derived using laboratory kinetic data. The fraction of NOx present as NO3 and N2O5 reached ~20% on some nights, with night-time losses of NOx competing with daytime losses.
Background: Occupational demands of educators are not very well researched. Nevertheless their work is subject to several requirements. Whether these demands have an effect on the work ability and the health status of employees has also not been examined. Furthermore it is unclear if the ownership type of day care centres have an influence on job satisfaction and work ability of the pedagogical staff and what kind of resources do exist. Previous studies were mainly based on questionnaire data. Objective data does not exist. Therefore the aim of this investigation is to collect precise data relating to work of educators.
Methods: Effects of different types of ownership of day care centres on job satisfaction and work ability of educators will be assessed with the help of objective real time studies in combination with multi-level psycho diagnostic measurements.
Discussion: The present study is the first of its kind. Up to now there are no computer-based real time studies on workflow of pedagogical staff with regard to assess their work-related stress. Following an exhaustive documentation of educators work processes the day-to-day task can be estimated and approaches for prevention can be developed. This can substantially contribute to an overall improvement of child care in Germany.
Activation of Notch1 signaling in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) induces self-renewal and inhibits neurogenesis. Upon neuronal differentiation, NPCs overcome this inhibition, express proneural genes to induce Notch ligands, and activate Notch1 in neighboring NPCs. The molecular mechanism that coordinates Notch1 inactivation with initiation of neurogenesis remains elusive. Here, we provide evidence that Prox1, a transcription repressor and downstream target of proneural genes, counteracts Notch1 signaling via direct suppression of Notch1 gene expression. By expression studies in the developing spinal cord of chick and mouse embryo, we showed that Prox1 is limited to neuronal precursors residing between the Notch1+ NPCs and post-mitotic neurons. Physiological levels of Prox1 in this tissue are sufficient to allow binding at Notch1 promoter and they are critical for proper Notch1 transcriptional regulation in vivo. Gain-of-function studies in the chick neural tube and mouse NPCs suggest that Prox1-mediated suppression of Notch1 relieves its inhibition on neurogenesis and allows NPCs to exit the cell cycle and differentiate. Moreover, loss-of-function in the chick neural tube shows that Prox1 is necessary for suppression of Notch1 outside the ventricular zone, inhibition of active Notch signaling, down-regulation of NPC markers, and completion of neuronal differentiation program. Together these data suggest that Prox1 inhibits Notch1 gene expression to control the balance between NPC self-renewal and neuronal differentiation.
Objective: To summarise the benefits and harms of treatments for women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Data sources: Embase, Medline, AMED, BIOSIS, CCMed, CDMS, CDSR, CENTRAL, CINAHL, DARE, HTA, NHS EED, Heclinet, SciSearch, several publishers’ databases, and reference lists of relevant secondary literature up to October 2009. Review methods: Included studies were randomised controlled trials of specific treatment for gestational diabetes compared with usual care or "intensified" compared with "less intensified" specific treatment. Results: Five randomised controlled trials matched the inclusion criteria for specific versus usual treatment. All studies used a two step approach with a 50 g glucose challenge test or screening for risk factors, or both, and a subsequent 75 g or 100 g oral glucose tolerance test. Meta-analyses did not show significant differences for most single end points judged to be of direct clinical importance. In women specifically treated for gestational diabetes, shoulder dystocia was significantly less common (odds ratio 0.40, 95% confidence interval 0.21 to 0.75), and one randomised controlled trial reported a significant reduction of pre-eclampsia (2.5 v 5.5%, P=0.02). For the surrogate end point of large for gestational age infants, the odds ratio was 0.48 (0.38 to 0.62). In the 13 randomised controlled trials of different intensities of specific treatments, meta-analysis showed a significant reduction of shoulder dystocia in women with more intensive treatment (0.31, 0.14 to 0.70). Conclusions: Treatment for gestational diabetes, consisting of treatment to lower blood glucose concentration alone or with special obstetric care, seems to lower the risk for some perinatal complications. Decisions regarding treatment should take into account that the evidence of benefit is derived from trials for which women were selected with a two step strategy (glucose challenge test/screening for risk factors and oral glucose tolerance test).
Background: European robins, Erithacus rubecula, show two types of directional responses to the magnetic field: (1) compass orientation that is based on radical pair processes and lateralized in favor of the right eye and (2) so-called 'fixed direction' responses that originate in the magnetite-based receptors in the upper beak. Both responses are light-dependent. Lateralization of the 'fixed direction' responses would suggest an interaction between the two magnetoreception systems. Results: Robins were tested with either the right or the left eye covered or with both eyes uncovered for their orientation under different light conditions. With 502 nm turquoise light, the birds showed normal compass orientation, whereas they displayed an easterly 'fixed direction' response under a combination of 502 nm turquoise with 590 nm yellow light. Monocularly right-eyed birds with their left eye covered were oriented just as they were binocularly as controls: under turquoise in their northerly migratory direction, under turquoise-and-yellow towards east. The response of monocularly left-eyed birds differed: under turquoise light, they were disoriented, reflecting a lateralization of the magnetic compass system in favor of the right eye, whereas they continued to head eastward under turquoise-and-yellow light. Conclusion: 'Fixed direction' responses are not lateralized. Hence the interactions between the magnetite-receptors in the beak and the visual system do not seem to involve the magnetoreception system based on radical pair processes, but rather other, non-lateralized components of the visual system.
Vascularization of the vertebrate brain takes place during embryonic development from a preformed perineural vascular plexus. As a consequence of the intimate contact with neuroectodermal cells the vessels, which are entering the brain exclusively via sprouting angiogenesis, acquire and maintain unique barrier properties known as the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The endothelial BBB depends upon the close association of endothelial cells with pericytes, astrocytes, neurons and microglia, which are summarized in the term neuro-vascular unit. Although it is known since decades that the CNS tissue provides the cues for BBB induction and differentiation in endothelial cells, the molecular mechanism remained obscure. Only recently, the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and the Wnt7a/7b growth factors have been implicated in brain angiogenesis on the one hand and in BBB induction on the other. This breakthrough in understanding the differentiation of the brain vasculature prompted us to review these findings embedded in the emerging concepts of Wnt signaling in the vasculature. In particular, interactions with other pathways that are crucial for vascular development such as VEGF, Notch, angiopoietins and Sonic hedgehog are discussed. Finally, we considered the potential role of the Wnt pathway in vascular brain pathologies in which BBB function is hampered, as for example in glioma, stroke and Alzheimer's disease.
A comprehensive evaluation of seasonal backward trajectories initialized in the Northern Hemisphere lowermost stratosphere (LMS) has been performed to investigate the origin of air parcels and the main mechanisms determining characteristic structures in H2O and CO within the LMS. In particular we explain the fundamental role of the transit time since last tropopause crossing (tTST) for the chemical structure of the LMS as well as the feature of the extra-tropical tropopause transition layer (ExTL) as identified from CO profiles. The distribution of H2O in the background LMS above Θ=320 K and 340 K in northern winter and summer, respectively, is found to be governed mainly by the saturation mixing ratio, which in turn is determined by the Lagrangian Cold Point (LCP) encountered by each trajectory. Most of the backward trajectories from this region in the LMS experienced their LCP in the tropics and sub-tropics. The transit time since crossing the tropopause from the troposphere to the stratosphere (tTST) is independent of the H2O value of the air parcel. TST often occurs 20 days after trajectories have encountered their LCP. CO, on the other hand, depends strongly on tTST due to its finite lifetime. The ExTL as identified from CO measurements is then explained as a layer of air just above the tropopause, which on average encountered TST fairly recently.
Blood vessels form de novo through the tightly regulated programs of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Both processes are distinct but one of the steps they share is the formation of a central lumen, when groups of cells organized as vascular cords undergo complex changes to achieve a tube-like morphology. Recently, a protein termed epidermal growth factor-like domain 7 (EGFL7) was described as a novel endothelial cell-derived factor involved in the regulation of the spatial arrangement of cells during vascular tube assembly. With its impact on tubulogenesis and vessel shape EGFL7 joined the large family of molecules governing blood vessel formation. Only recently, the molecular mechanisms underlying EGFL7's effects have been started to be elucidated and shaping of the extracellular matrix (ECM) as well as Notch signaling might very well play a role in mediating its biological effects. Further, findings in knock-out animal models suggest miR-126, a miRNA located within the egfl7 gene, has a major role in vessel development by promoting VEGF signaling, angiogenesis and vascular integrity. This review summarizes our current knowledge on EGFL7 and miR-126 and we will discuss the implications of both bioactive molecules for the formation of blood vessels.
A comprehensive evaluation of seasonal backward trajectories initialized in the northern hemisphere lowermost stratosphere (LMS) has been performed to investigate the factors that determine the temporal and spatial structure of troposphere-to-stratosphere-transport (TST) and it’s impact on the LMS. In particular we explain the fundamental role of the transit time since last TST (tTST) for the chemical composition of the LMS. According to our results the structure of the LMS can be characterized by a layer with tTST<40 days forming a narrow band around the local tropopause. This layer extends about 30K above the local dynamical tropopause, corresponding to the extratropical tropopause transition layer (ExTL) as identified by CO. The LMS beyond this layer shows a relatively well defined separation as marked by an aprupt transition to longer tTST indicating less frequent mixing and a smaller fraction of tropospheric air. Thus the LMS constitutes a region of two well defined regimes of tropospheric influence. These can be characterized mainly by different transport times from the troposphere and different fractions of tropospheric air. Carbon monoxide (CO) mirrors this structure of tTST due to it’s finite lifetime on the order of three months. Water vapour isopleths, on the other hand, do not uniquely indicate TST and are independent of tTST, but are determined by the Lagrangian Cold Point (LCP) of air parcels. Most of the backward trajectories from the LMS experienced their LCP in the tropics and sub-tropics, and TST often occurs 20 days after trajectories have encountered their LCP. Therefore, ExTL properties deduced from CO and H2O provide totally different informations on transport and particular TST for the LMS.
Dass unser Lebensstil und Konsum auf Dauer das Klima bedrohen, die Vielfalt der Arten reduzieren, das Trinkwasser immer knapper werden lassen, ist der Bevölkerung durchaus bewusst. Doch nur eine Minderheit ist bereit, im Alltag auf das Auto zu verzichten, für Urlaubsreisen nicht das Flugzeug zu benutzen, ökologische Lebensmittel zu kaufen oder beim Kauf von Möbeln auf das Zertifikat »nachhaltige Holzwirtschaft« zu setzen. Wie lässt sich der Widerspruch zwischenWissen um den eigenen Ressourcenverbrauch und Sorge um die Umwelt einerseits und wenig nachhaltigem Konsumverhalten andererseits erklären?
Wer nutzt den Online-Gebrauchtwarenmarkt? : Umweltorientierte, Prosumenten und andere User auf eBay
(2010)
This paper discusses the sustainability impact (contribution to sustainability, reduction of adverse environmental impacts) of online second-hand trading. A survey of eBay users shows that a relationship between the trading of used goods and the protection of natural resources is hardly realized. Secondly, the environmental motivation and the willingness to act in a sustainable manner differ widely between groups of consumers. Given these results from a user perspective, the paper tries to find some objective hints of online second-hand trading’s environmental impact. The greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the energy used for the trading transactions seem to be considerably lower than the emissions due to the (avoided) production of new goods. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations for second-hand trade and consumer policy. Information about the sustainability benefits of purchasing second-hand goods should be included in general consumer information, and arguments for changes in behavior should be targeted to different groups of consumers. Keywords: online marketplaces; online auctions; consumer; electronic commerce; used products; second-hand market; sustainable consumption