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apl. Prof. Dr. Jörg W. Busch (Goethe Uni Frankfurt) hat bisher 2 Vorträge in Trebur gehalten. Der erste am 14. Oktober 2004 mit dem Titel "Trebur ein Königshof am Mittelrhein" und am 6. Oktober 2005 mit dem Titel "Die Pfalz Trebur unter Heinrich IV. vom Schauplatz großer Politik zum gemiedenen Ort" ...
In den Vorlesungen zur Gouvernementalität skizziert Foucault die Art und Weise, in der im modernen Staat «aus der Distanz» regiert wird. Diese wird im Artikel dargestellt, materialistisch «geerdet», und es werden hierauf aufbauend die Begriffe Risiko und Versicherheitlichung diskutiert. Die Tauglichkeit dieser Herangehensweise wird anhand der aktuellen Grenz- und Migrationspolitik der EU illustriert, und es werden die in diesem Kontext produzierten Räume skizziert.
Erzählt wurde und wird überall. Erzählen ist eine Grundform unserer Wirklichkeitserfassung. Das Zentrum für Erzählforschung (ZEF) der Bergischen Universität ist deshalb interdisziplinär ausgerichtet. Drei Beispiele aus Kunstgeschichte, Journalismus und Rechtsprechung: Der Teppich von Bayeux (11. Jh.) benutzt bei seiner bildlichen Darstellung der Eroberung Englands durch den Normannen Wilhelm Abweichungen von der Chronologie, um die Sympathien der Betrachter zu lenken. Die pietätlose Hast des angelsächsischen Kontrahenten der Normannen, Harold, sich nach dem Tod seines Vorgängers krönen zu lassen, wird visuell durch die unmittelbare Konfrontation der Krönungsszene mit dem Bild des kranken Edward angezeigt. In solchen erzählerischen Kunstgriffen zeigt sich politische Wirkungsabsicht. Zweitens: Fußballspiele stellen den Live-Reporter vor große erzählerische Herausforderung. Er muss eine Geschichte erzählen, deren Ende er nicht kennt. Dafür verwendet er prospektiv Plotstrukturen, die dem disparaten Spielgeschehen Sinn verleihen, die aber auch gegebenenfalls ad hoc abweichendem Spielverlauf anzupassen sind. Drittens: Vor Gericht wird die Glaubhaftigkeit von Zeugenaussagen u. a. nach erzählerischen Kriterien wie Detaillierungsgrad und Inkontinenz beurteilt. Wer besser erzählt, gewinnt.
1987 überraschte der chinesische Künstler Xu Bing sein Pekinger Publikum mit einem Set von vier Büchern, die im Stil der kanonischen Bücher gestaltet waren und über tausendzweihundert chinesische Schriftzeichen enthielten. Obwohl auf den ersten Blick den alten chinesischen Zeichen täuschend ähnlich, unterschieden sie sich jedoch von ihnen in einigen wenigen Details, die entscheidend für das Verständnis waren. Xu Bings Idee bestand darin, einem alten Wörterbuch reale Zeichen zu entnehmen, sie in ihre Grundbestandteile zu zerlegen und sie wieder zusammensetzen, jedoch nicht so, wie sie vorher waren, sodass sie ihrer Bedeutung beraubt wurden. Angesichts dieser gekonnt inszenierten und verwirrenden Lektüreerfahrung stellt sich die Frage: Ist das überhaupt Literatur, wo es doch nichts zu lesen gibt? Diese Frage mag ungewöhnlich klingen und nicht wenige werden sie vielleicht sogar für falsch gestellt halten. Schließlich gilt Xu Bing als Künstler und nicht als Schriftsteller und seine ausgestellten Bücher sind in dem Ausstellungsraum eines Museums zu finden und nicht in einer Bibliothek. Und dennoch, so die Hypothese dieser Überlegungen, findet man in seinen Büchern etwas zur Darstellung gebracht, was nach Foucault so etwas ist wie der unsagbare Kern der Literatur. In Xu Bings Ausstellung geht es um die sichtbare Manifestation dessen, was Literatur im sprachontologischen Sinne begründet, um ihre Existenzbedingung: das Nichtsignifikative im Zeichen, das die Signifikation erst ermöglicht. In Analogie zu Blanchots Begriff "desoeuvrement" (vgl. Blanchot 1955, 48 f) könnte man von einer 'désignification' sprechen: Durch winzige Veränderungen am Gefüge der Striche wird dem Zeichen der Sinn entzogen. Doch wie lässt sich der Bezug dieses unlesbaren Buches, das aufgrund seiner Unlesbarkeit nur noch als Ausstellungsobjekt taugt, zum literarischen Buch herstellen?
Tracer measurements in the tropical tropopause layer during the AMMA/SCOUT-O3 aircraft campaign
(2010)
We present airborne in situ measurements made during the AMMA (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis)/SCOUT-O3 campaign between 31 July and 17 August 2006 on board the M55 Geophysica aircraft, based in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O were measured with the High Altitude Gas Analyzer (HAGAR), CO was measured with the Cryogenically Operated Laser Diode (COLD) instrument, and O<sub>3</sub> with the Fast Ozone ANalyzer (FOZAN). We analyze the data obtained during five local flights to study the dominant transport processes controlling the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) above West-Africa: deep convection up to the level of main convective outflow, overshooting of deep convection, horizontal inmixing across the subtropical tropopause, and horizontal transport across the subtropical barrier. Except for the flight of 13 August, distinct minima in CO<sub>2</sub> indicate convective outflow of boundary layer air in the TTL. The CO<sub>2</sub> profiles show that the level of main convective outflow was mostly located between 350 and 360 K, and for 11 August reached up to 370 K. While the CO<sub>2</sub> minima indicate quite significant convective influence, the O<sub>3</sub> profiles suggest that the observed convective signatures were mostly not fresh, but of older origin. When compared with the mean O<sub>3</sub> profile measured during a previous campaign over Darwin in November 2005, the O<sub>3</sub> minimum at the main convective outflow level was less pronounced over Ouagadougou. Furthermore O<sub>3</sub> mixing ratios were much higher throughout the whole TTL and, unlike over Darwin, rarely showed low values observed in the regional boundary layer. Signatures of irreversible mixing following overshooting of convective air were scarce in the tracer data. Some small signatures indicative of this process were found in CO<sub>2</sub> profiles between 390 and 410 K during the flights of 4 and 8 August, and in CO data at 410 K on 7 August. However, the absence of expected corresponding signatures in other tracer data makes this evidence inconclusive, and overall there is little indication from the observations that overshooting convection has a profound impact on TTL composition during AMMA. We find the amount of photochemically aged air isentropically mixed into the TTL across the subtropical tropopause to be not significant. Using the N<sub>2</sub>O observations we estimate the fraction of aged extratropical stratospheric air in the TTL to be 0.0±0.1 up to 370 K during the local flights, increasing above this level to 0.2±0.15 at 390 K. The subtropical barrier, as indicated by the slope of the correlation between N<sub>2</sub>O and O<sub>3</sub> between 415 and 490 K, does not appear as a sharp border between the tropics and extratropics, but rather as a gradual transition region between 10 and 25° N latitude where isentropic mixing between these two regions may occur.
Ausgehend von der These, dass insbesondere psychologisierende Filmmusik oft in einer changierenden Bedeutungsbeziehung zur Szene und den Figuren steht und dass das Akzeptieren von Musiken als Darstellung der inneren Realität von Figuren auf einem Prozess der Synthese diverser Kontextinformationen beruht, wird ein Modell der Perspektivität der Filmmusik und ihrer damit einhergehenden semantischen Aufladung vorgeschlagen und an einem Beispiel durchgespielt.
'One Plus One' entstand während einer über mehrere Monate verteilten Aufnahmestudio-Session der Rolling Stones im Juni und August 1968 in den Olympic Studios in London. Die Band kam ohne Vorbereitung ins Studio und entwickelte den Song 'Sympathy for the Devil' improvisatorisch im Laufe der Sessions. Die Arbeit am Stück begann mit einem Liedtext von Sänger Mick Jagger unter dem Arbeitstitel 'The Devil Is My Name'. Jagger hatte diesen Text unter dem Eindruck des Romans 'Der Meister und Margarita' des russischen Schriftstellers Michail Bulgakov verfasst - ein Buch, das er von seiner Partnerin Marianne Faithfull erhalten hatte. In Bulgakovs Roman stattet der Teufel dem Moskau der 1930er Jahre einen Besuch ab, in dessen Verlauf er viele Menschen tötet oder in den Wahnsinn treibt. Der Film zeigt die Arbeit an dem Song, der auf einem treibenden Samba-Rhythmus aufruht, in den verschiedenen Entwicklungsstufen, in immer neuen Ansätzen, sich dem späteren Format annähernd. Der Song wurde 1968 auf dem Studioalbum 'Beggars Banquet' als erstes von zehn Liedern veröffentlicht.
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are now established as the preferred tool to inhibit gene function in mammalian cells yet trigger unintended gene silencing due to their inherent miRNA-like behavior. Such off-target effects are primarily mediated by the sequence-specific interaction between the siRNA seed regions (position 2–8 of either siRNA strand counting from the 5'-end) and complementary sequences in the 3'UTR of (off-) targets. It was previously shown that chemical modification of siRNAs can reduce off-targeting but only very few modifications have been tested leaving more to be identified. Here we developed a luciferase reporter-based assay suitable to monitor siRNA off-targeting in a high throughput manner using stable cell lines. We investigated the impact of chemically modifying single nucleotide positions within the siRNA seed on siRNA function and off-targeting using 10 different types of chemical modifications, three different target sequences and three siRNA concentrations. We found several differently modified siRNAs to exercise reduced off-targeting yet incorporation of the strongly destabilizing unlocked nucleic acid (UNA) modification into position 7 of the siRNA most potently reduced off-targeting for all tested sequences. Notably, such position-specific destabilization of siRNA–target interactions did not significantly reduce siRNA potency and is therefore well suited for future siRNA designs especially for applications in vivo where siRNA concentrations, expectedly, will be low.
Hrad Wartburg v Durynsku je jedním z nejvýznamnějších památníků německé kultury. Jeho jméno je spojeno s dějinami minnesangu stejně jako s historií německé reformace. Ve Wagnerově opeře 'Tannhäuser' se však tento hrad stává především symbolem, metaforou, za níţ se skrývá tradiční německá "Kultura" (tak jak ji definoval např. Thomas Mann ve svých 'Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen'). Novější německé dějiny znají hned několik epoch, v nichţ hrály hodnoty reprezentované wagnerovským Wartburgem významnou roli – wilhelmovská "Druhá" stejně jako – ještě radikálněji – Hitlerova "Třetí říše". Cílem tohoto příspěvku je objasnit na příkladu německé literatury, jak "wartburské" tyto doby byly a jak reálné je zrcadlo, které Wagner se svým 'Tannhäuserem' nastavil (německému) světu.
In vielen Familien der Mittelschicht sind mittlerweile beide Ehepartner berufstätig. Das männliche Alleinverdiener-Modell verschwindet zwar nicht, aber nimmt ab. Die Arbeit zu Hause ist trotzdem noch ungleich verteilt und überwiegend Frauensache geblieben – wenn auch häufig unter neuen Vorzeichen: Oft übernehmen Migrantinnen, insbesondere aus Osteuropa, einen Teil der Care-Arbeit. Welche Konsequenzen hat dies für deren Familien?
We synthesised observations of total particle number (CN) concentration from 36 sites around the world. We found that annual mean CN concentrations are typically 300–2000 cm -3 in the marine boundary layer and free troposphere (FT) and 1000–10 000 cm -3 in the continental boundary layer (BL). Many sites exhibit pronounced seasonality with summer time concentrations a factor of 2–10 greater than wintertime concentrations. We used these CN observations to evaluate primary and secondary sources of particle number in a global aerosol microphysics model. We found that emissions of primary particles can reasonably reproduce the spatial pattern of observed CN concentration (R2=0.46) but fail to explain the observed seasonal cycle (R2=0.1). The modeled CN concentration in the FT was biased low (normalised mean bias, NMB=& -88%) unless a secondary source of particles was included, for example from binary homogeneous nucleation of sulfuric acid and water (NMB= -25%). Simulated CN concentrations in the continental BL were also biased low (NMB= -74%) unless the number emission of anthropogenic primary particles was increased or a mechanism that results in particle formation in the BL was included. We ran a number of simulations where we included an empirical BL nucleation mechanism either using the activation-type mechanism (nucleation rate, J, proportional to gas-phase sulfuric acid concentration to the power one) or kinetic-type mechanism (J proportional to sulfuric acid to the power two) with a range of nucleation coefficients. We found that the seasonal CN cycle observed at continental BL sites was better simulated by BL particle formation (R2=0.3) than by increasing the number emission from primary anthropogenic sources (R2=0.18). The nucleation constants that resulted in best overall match between model and observed CN concentrations were consistent with values derived in previous studies from detailed case studies at individual sites. In our model, kinetic and activation-type nucleation parameterizations gave similar agreement with observed monthly mean CN concentrations.
Introduction: Researchers experience increasing pressures to connect with bodies that finance their projects. In this climate, critical scholars face many obstacles as they seek to navigate the treacherous waters of securing external funds. To debate these challenges, the ACME Editorial Collective organized a panel for the 2009 Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers in Las Vegas. This intervention represents a follow-up discussion and collective writing process among some of the panelists and members of the audience who attended the panel.
Below, we examine the neoliberalization of the current funding systems, discuss the implications for research practice, and make suggestions for critical engagement and transformation. Our suggestions, however, will not be easy to implement, as we can infer from the experience of the radical scholars of the post-1968 generation whose ascension into the upper echelons of North American and European university systems was also associated with the neoliberalization of the funding systems. This intervention represents a modest contribution in the tradition of critical research practice of creating the possibilities for progressive change.
Intracarotid administration of human bone marrow mononuclear cells in rat photothrombotic ischemia
(2010)
Background: Increasing evidence suggests that cell therapy improves functional recovery in experimental models of stroke and myocardial infarction. So far only small pilot trials tested the effects of cell therapy in stroke patients, whereas large clinical trials were conducted in patients with ischemic heart disease. To investigate the therapeutic benefit of cell therapy to improve the recovery after stroke, we determined the efficacy of bone marrow derived mononuclear cells, which were shown to improve the recovery in experimental and clinical acute myocardial infarction studies, in a rat stroke model. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to receive either five million human bone marrow mononuclear cells (hBMC) or placebo intraarterially 3 days after photothrombotic ischemia. For immunosuppression the animals received daily injections of cyclosporine throughout the experiment, commencing 24 hours before the cell transplantation. A battery of behavioural tests was performed before and up to 4 weeks after ischemia. Results: Body temperature and body weight revealed no difference between groups. Neurological deficits measured by the Rotarod test, the adhesive-removal test and the cylinder test were not improved by hBMC transplantation compared to placebo. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that hBMC do not improve functional recovery when transplanted intraaterially 3 days after the onset of focal cerebral ischemia. A possible reason for the failed neurological improvement after cell therapy might be the delayed treatment initiation compared to other experimental stroke studies that showed efficacy of bone marrow mononuclear cells.
In Auszügen rezipiert – Bemerkungen zu der Übersetzung von Max Frischs Tagebüchern ins Rumänische
(2010)
Romanian readers interested in Max Frisch’s literary diaries can find the Romanian translation of some heterogeneous notes or groups of notes, dispersed in different periodicals from 1972 to 2001, and the volume Journal (1984) including a selection of fragments from the diaries Tagebuch 1946-1949 and Tagebuch 1966-1971 translated by Corina Jiva. The present article emphasizes favorite as well as excluded thematic fields while making the selection and pinpoints the translator’s role as an authority endowed with preventive censorship.
Background: ClC-7 is a ubiquitous transporter which is broadly expressed in mammalian tissues. It is implied in the pathogenesis of lysosomal storage disease and osteopetrosis. Because of its endosomal/lysosomal localization it is still poorly characterized. Methodology/Principal Findings: An electrophysiological characterization of rat ClC-7 using solid-supported membrane-based electrophysiology is presented. The measured currents show the characteristics of ClC-7 and confirm its function as a Cl−/H+-antiporter. We have used rat ClC-7 in CHO cells as a model system to investigate the functionality and cellular localization of the wt transporter and its variant G213R ClC-7 which is the analogue of human G215R ClC-7 responsible for autosomal dominant osteopetrosis type II. Our study shows that rat G213R ClC-7 is functional but has a localization defect in CHO cells which prevents it from being correctly targeted to the lysosomal membrane. The electrophysiological assay is tested as a tool for drug discovery. The assay is validated with a number of drug candidates. It is shown that ClC-7 is inhibited by DIDS, NPPB and NS5818 at micromolar concentrations. Conclusions/Significance: It is suggested that the scenario found in the CHO model system also applies to the human transporter and that mislocalization rather than impaired functionality of G215R ClC-7 is the primary cause of the related autosomal dominant osteopetrosis type II. Furthermore, the robust solid-supported membrane-based electrophysiological assay is proposed for rapid screening for potential ClC-7 inhibitors which are discussed for treatment of osteoporosis.
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) coreceptor use and viral evolution were analyzed in blood samples from an HIV-1 infected patient undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Coreceptor use was predicted in silico from sequence data obtained from the third variable loop region of the viral envelope gene with two software tools. Viral diversity and evolution was evaluated on the same samples by Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods. In addition, phenotypic analysis was done by comparison of viral growth in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in a CCR5 (R5)-deficient T-cell line which was controlled by a reporter assay confirming viral tropism. In silico coreceptor predictions did not match experimental determinations that showed a consistent R5 tropism. Anti-HIV directed antibodies could be detected before and after the SCT. These preexisting antibodies did not prevent viral rebound after the interruption of antiretroviral therapy during the SCT. Eventually, transplantation and readministration of anti-retroviral drugs lead to sustained increase in CD4 counts and decreased viral load to undetectable levels. Unexpectedly, viral diversity decreased after successful SCT. Our data evidence that only R5-tropic virus was found in the patient before and after transplantation. Therefore, blocking CCR5 receptor during stem cell transplantation might have had beneficial effects and this might apply to more patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Furthermore, we revealed a scenario of HIV-1 dynamic different from the commonly described ones. Analysis of viral evolution shows the decrease of viral diversity even during episodes with bursts in viral load.
Background: One virulence property of Borrelia burgdorferi is its resistance to innate immunity, in particular to complement-mediated killing. Serum-resistant B. burgdorferi express up to five distinct complement regulator-acquiring surface proteins (CRASP) which interact with complement regulator factor H (CFH) and factor H-like protein 1 (FHL1) or factor H-related protein 1 (CFHR1). In the present study we elucidate the role of the infection-associated CRASP-3 and CRASP-5 protein to serve as ligands for additional complement regulatory proteins as well as for complement resistance of B. burgdorferi. Methodology/Principal Findings: To elucidate whether CRASP-5 and CRASP-3 interact with various human proteins, both borrelial proteins were immobilized on magnetic beads. Following incubation with human serum, bound proteins were eluted and separated by Glycine-SDS-PAGE. In addition to CFH and CFHR1, complement regulators CFHR2 and CFHR5 were identified as novel ligands for both borrelial proteins by employing MALDI-TOF. To further assess the contributions of CRASP-3 and CRASP-5 to complement resistance, a serum-sensitive B. garinii strain G1 which lacks all CFH-binding proteins was used as a valuable model for functional analyses. Both CRASPs expressed on the B. garinii outer surface bound CFH as well as CFHR1 and CFHR2 in ELISA. In contrast, live B. garinii bound CFHR1, CFHR2, and CFHR5 and only miniscute amounts of CFH as demonstrated by serum adsorption assays and FACS analyses. Further functional analysis revealed that upon NHS incubation, CRASP-3 or CRASP-5 expressing borreliae were killed by complement. Conclusions/Significance: In the absence of CFH and the presence of CFHR1, CFHR2 and CFHR5, assembly and integration of the membrane attack complex was not efficiently inhibited indicating that CFH in co-operation with CFHR1, CFHR2 and CFHR5 supports complement evasion of B. burgdorferi.
Der Silberreiher trat bis zum Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts
in Deutschland nur als Ausnahmeerscheinung auf, zählt
seither jedoch zu den regelmäßigen Gastvögeln im Winterhalbjahr.
Vereinzelt kommt es auch zu Übersommerungen.
Die Herkunft dieser Vögel ist weitgehend unbekannt.
Erstmals in Mitteleuropa konnte von uns ein
Silberreiher mit einem Satellitensender versehen und
von Februar 2007 bis zum Ende der Datenaufnahme
für diesen Bericht im April 2010 verfolgt werden. Der
Vogel überwinterte dreimal in Ostdeutschland und hielt
sich 2008 und 2009 während der Brutzeit sehr ortstreu
über mehrere Monate in der Ukraine auf. Diesen ortstreuen
Phasen zur Brutzeit folgten jeweils nachbrutzeitliche
Wanderungen über mehrere 100 km, die als Mauserzug
interpretiert werden. Erst im Laufe des Oktobers
fand der eigentliche Zug ins Überwinterungsgebiet
statt. Ringfunde aus der Zeit nach dem deutlichen Bestandsanstieg
in Deutschland geben außerdem erste Hinweise darauf, dass die im Nordosten Deutschlands
als Gastvögel auftretenden Silberreiher auch aus Westfrankreich
und Polen stammen können und dass zumindest
in Süddeutschland Vögel aus den traditionellen
ungarischen Brutgebieten auftreten.