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Gloël merkt in der Einleitung zu „Goethes Wetzlarer Zeit“ (1911) an, dass „man zwar über Goethes Umwelt in Frankfurt, Leipzig, Straßburg und Weimar gründlich unterrichtet ist, aber nicht in gleichem Maße über die in Wetzlar [...].“ Daran hat sich nicht viel geändert. Gloël ist trotz wenig aufschlussreicher Quellenangaben immer noch Standardautor. Ebenso verhält es sich mit Goethes Beziehung zu Geheimbünden und Freimaurertum. Zwar wecken sie seit je das Interesse seiner Biographen, jedoch steht auch hier die Weimarer Zeit im Vordergrund.
Objective: To summarise the benefits and harms of treatments for women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Data sources: Embase, Medline, AMED, BIOSIS, CCMed, CDMS, CDSR, CENTRAL, CINAHL, DARE, HTA, NHS EED, Heclinet, SciSearch, several publishers’ databases, and reference lists of relevant secondary literature up to October 2009. Review methods: Included studies were randomised controlled trials of specific treatment for gestational diabetes compared with usual care or "intensified" compared with "less intensified" specific treatment. Results: Five randomised controlled trials matched the inclusion criteria for specific versus usual treatment. All studies used a two step approach with a 50 g glucose challenge test or screening for risk factors, or both, and a subsequent 75 g or 100 g oral glucose tolerance test. Meta-analyses did not show significant differences for most single end points judged to be of direct clinical importance. In women specifically treated for gestational diabetes, shoulder dystocia was significantly less common (odds ratio 0.40, 95% confidence interval 0.21 to 0.75), and one randomised controlled trial reported a significant reduction of pre-eclampsia (2.5 v 5.5%, P=0.02). For the surrogate end point of large for gestational age infants, the odds ratio was 0.48 (0.38 to 0.62). In the 13 randomised controlled trials of different intensities of specific treatments, meta-analysis showed a significant reduction of shoulder dystocia in women with more intensive treatment (0.31, 0.14 to 0.70). Conclusions: Treatment for gestational diabetes, consisting of treatment to lower blood glucose concentration alone or with special obstetric care, seems to lower the risk for some perinatal complications. Decisions regarding treatment should take into account that the evidence of benefit is derived from trials for which women were selected with a two step strategy (glucose challenge test/screening for risk factors and oral glucose tolerance test).
Zu meinen Schwerpunkten als Professor für Neuere deutsche Literatur gehört neben der Medien- und Kulturwissenschaft insbesondere mit ihren Theoriebildungen auch die Gegenwartsliteratur. Das hört sich gut an, und es mag wohl sein, dass dieser Schwerpunkt dazu geführt hat, dass ich heute hier in dieser Runde sein darf. Tatsächlich aber verbirgt sich hinter einem solchen Schwerpunkt Gegenwartsliteratur eine immense wissenschaftliche Provokation, die viel mit dem Profil meines Faches, der Literaturwissenschaft und ihrer literaturtheoretischen Grundlegung, zu tun hat, vor allem aber mit der Literaturgeschichte. Gleichzeitig ist diese Provokation auch eng mit meiner eigenen intellektuellen und akademischen Biographie verknüpft. Beide Stränge, der wissenschaftliche und theoretische sowie der biographische, treffen sich in meiner persönlichen Auseinandersetzung mit Gegenwartsliteratur, und davon will ich Ihnen heute kurz erzählen.
Das unter Naturschutz stehende Gebiet des Bövinghauser Bachtals (NSG Oberes Ölbachtal in Bochum, NSG Ölbachtal in Dortmund) wurde floristisch, vegetationskundlich und avifaunistisch untersucht. Insbesondere die Ergebnisse der botanischen Untersuchungen werden hier vorgestellt und zur Analyse herangezogen, um Veränderungen festzustellen, die sich seit ersten Untersuchungen Anfang der 1980er Jahre ergeben haben. Insgesamt wurden 437 Sippen an Höheren Pflanzen festgestellt, 366 davon wurden als dauerhaft ansässige Arten gewertet. 19 Arten stehen in einer der Roten Listen, 5 Arten werden auf der Vorwarnliste Nordrhein-Westfalen geführt. Festgestellt wurde insbesondere ein Rückgang oder sogar der Verlust von Arten, die nährstoffarme und/oder eine niedrige Vegetation benötigen. Pflanzensoziologisch wurden die gebietstypischen und dominierenden Pflanzengesellschaften erfasst. Fünf der gefundenen Pflanzengesellschaften stehen in einer Kategorie der Roten Liste. Zu den regional wichtigsten und auch für die Tierwelt bedeutendsten Biotopen gehören die großflächig ausgebildeten Röhrichtgesellschaften im Haupttal des Bövinghauser Baches, die in Form des Scirpo-Phragmitetums sowie der Großseggenrieder des Caricetum gracilis und des Caricetum acutiformis landesweit gefährdet sind. Auffällig ist die "Verbrennnesselung" der Gesellschaften, die sich insbesondere an Wegrändern und in den Feuchtgebieten bemerkbar macht. Hierauf weist auch das reichliche Auftreten von Gesellschaften hin, die aufgrund der Bevorzugung eutropher Standorte landesweit in Ausbreitung begriffen sind. Diese Befunde weisen auch auf die starke Nährstoffbelastung, insbesondere Stickstoffbelastung, des Gebiets hin. Gründe hierfür sind insbesondere der Eintrag durch die angrenzende Landwirtschaft sowie durch Hunde- und Pferdekot. Die Kartierung des Vogelbestands ergab insgesamt 70 Arten. Unter ihnen wurden 44 Brutvogelarten mit 230 Paaren festgestellt. Von den Vogelarten des Gebietes stehen insgesamt 22 auf der Roten Liste, davon 9 Brutvögel. Das Gebiet bietet durch seine Vielgestaltigkeit und hier insbesondere durch die großflächig ausgebildeten Feuchtgebiete einen in der näheren Umgebung einzigartigen Lebensraum für viele seltene Brutvogelarten. So wurden im Untersuchungsjahr Bruten von Feldschwirl, Schwarzkehlchen, Rohrammer und Teichrohrsänger festgestellt. Insgesamt ist festzustellen, dass die Anzahl der Brutpaare besonders in den Röhricht- und Hochstaudenbereichen vor allem auf Grund der häufigen Störungen durch Spaziergänger und freilaufende Hunde relativ niedrig bleibt. Auch für die Gewässerbrüter bestehen derzeit keine ausreichenden Ruhezonen.
Taxonomische Neukombinationen zur Flora Mittel- und Osteuropas, insbesondere Nordrhein-Westfalens
(2010)
Im Rahmen der Erarbeitung mehrerer umfassender floristischer Inventare von Regionen Mittel- und Osteuropas wurden umfangreiche phytotaxonomische Studien durchgeführt. Als ein Ergebnis dieser Untersuchungen werden Neu- und Umkombinationen bei Sippen verschiedener Familien in den Art- und Unterartstatus vorgenommen und kommentiert sowie einige Gattungen und infragenerische Taxa neu aufgestellt.
Background: Previously, we showed that glioma pathogenesis related protein (GliPR) is induced in CEM T cells upon HIV-1 infection in vitro. To examine whether GliPR plays a role as HIV dependency factor (HDF), we tested the effect of GliPR suppression by siRNA on HIV-1 replication. Results: Induction of GliPR expression by HIV-1 was confirmed in P4-CCR5 cells. When GliPR was suppressed by siRNA, HIV-1 replication was significantly reduced as measured by HIV-1 transcript levels, HIV-1 p24 protein levels, and HIV-1 LTR-driven reporter gene expression, suggesting that GliPR is a cellular co-factor of HIV-1. Microarray analysis of uninfected HeLa cells following knockdown of GliPR revealed, among a multitude of gene expression alterations, a down-regulation of syndecan-1, syndecan-2, protein kinase C alpha (PRKCA), the catalytic subunit beta of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PRKACB), nuclear receptor co-activator 3 (NCOA3), and cell surface protein CD59 (protectin), all genes having relevance for HIV-1 pathology. Conclusions: The up-regulation of GliPR by HIV-1 and the early significant inhibition of HIV-1 replication mediated by knockdown of GliPR reveal GliPR as an important HIV-1 dependency factor (HDF), which may be exploited for HIV-1 inhibition.
Background: Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorders which are characteristically comprised of impairments in social interaction, communication and restricted interests/behaviours. Several cell adhesion transmembrane leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins are highly expressed in the nervous system and are thought to be key regulators of its development. Here we present an association study analysing the roles of four promising candidate genes - LRRTM1 (2p), LRRTM3 (10q), LRRN1 (3p) and LRRN3 (7q) - in order to identify common genetic risk factors underlying ASDs.
Methods: In order to gain a better understanding of how the genetic variation within these four gene regions may influence susceptibility to ASDs, a family-based association study was undertaken in 661 families of European ancestry selected from four different ASD cohorts. In addition, a case-control study was undertaken across the four LRR genes, using logistic regression in probands with ASD of each population against 295 ECACC controls.
Results: Significant results were found for LRRN3 and LRRTM3 (P < 0.005), using both single locus and haplotype approaches. These results were further supported by a case-control analysis, which also highlighted additional SNPs in LRRTM3.
Conclusions: Overall, our findings implicate the neuronal leucine-rich genes LRRN3 and LRRTM3 in ASD susceptibility.
Background: Initiated by a clinical case of critical endotracheal tube (ETT) obstruction, we aimed to determine factors that potentially contribute to the development of endotracheal tube obstruction by its inflated cuff. Prehospital climate and storage conditions were simulated. Methods: Five different disposable ETTs (6.0, 7.0, and 8.0 mm inner diameter) were exposed to ambient outside temperature for 13 months. In addition, every second of these tubes was mechanically stressed by clamping its cuffed end between the covers of a metal emergency case for 10 min. Then, all tubes were heated up to normal body temperature, placed within the cock of a syringe, followed by stepwise inflation of their cuffs to pressures of 3 kPa and >=12 kPa, respectively. The inner lumen of the ETT was checked with the naked eye for any obstruction caused by the external cuff pressure. Results: Neither in tubes that were exposed to ambient temperature (range: -12°C to +44°C) nor in those that were also clamped, visible obstruction by inflated cuffs was detected at any of the two cuff pressure levels. Conclusions: We could not demonstrate a critical obstruction of an ETT by its inflated cuff, neither when the cuff was over-inflated to a pressure of 12 kPa or higher, nor in ETTs that had been exposed to unfavorable storage conditions and significant mechanical stress.
Das Wissen um eine antike Kultur ist nicht selten vom Stand der modernen Forschung geprägt. Auf dem Gebiet der Erforschung des antiken Westbalkan hat dieser keineswegs ein Optimum erreicht. Vielmehr haben der politische Umbruch in Osteuropa sowie die Kriege seit den 1990er Jahren in den Nachfolgestaaten des ehemaligen Jugoslawien ein negatives Licht auf jene Länder und seine Menschen geworfen. Diese Bewertung wird darüber hinaus bis in die heutigen Tage paradoxerweise auch auf die Kulturen der Antike übertragen. Dabei bildet die Region an der Adria mit ihren archäologischen Denkmälern aus verschiedenen Jahrtausenden der Menschheitsgeschichte eine der ältesten Kulturlandschaften Europas. In kaum einem anderen Teil des Kontinents finden sich Natur und Kultur derart eng beieinander. Die in albanischer, serbischer, kroatischer oder slowenischer Sprache verfassten wissenschaftlichen Abhandlungen sowie die von den Touristenrouten häufig abseits gelegenen Kulturgüter sind darüber hinaus in Westeuropa zumeist unbekannt. Aus diesem Grund soll dieser Aufsatz einen Beitrag zum kulturellen „Wiederaufbau“ des am Adriatischen Meer und im Dinarischen Gebirge gelegenen antiken Illyricum leisten. Zunächst wird zur allgemeinen Orientierung der geographische Rahmen abgesteckt. Des weiteren soll die geographische sowie topographische Situation der verschiedenen Kulturlandschaften entlang der Adria sowie des Dinarischen Hinterlandes exemplarisch aufgezeigt werden. Schließlich wird versucht, die sowohl historische als auch archäologische „Lücke“ zwischen Griechenland und Italien für die vorrömische Zeit zu schließen.
Das Liebespaar Marcus und Alex und ihr gemeinsamer bester Freund Pierre besuchen eine ausgelassene Party, wo es, unter Einfluss von Drogen und Alkohol, zum Streit zwischen den beiden Liebenden kommt. Alex verlässt entnervt die Fete. Doch sie kommt nie zuhause an: In einer Unterführung wird sie Zeugin, wie der schwule Zuhälter El Tenia erbost eine seiner Huren attackiert, bevor sie selbst von ihm vergewaltigt und ins Koma geprügelt wird. Die grässliche Schändungs-Szene aus Gaspar Noés Film Irréversible nimmt geschlagene neun Minuten Zeit in Anspruch. Quälende, körperlich empfundene Zeit - und in ihr eine erschütternde und unerträgliche Erfahrung von Nähe, die jede 'splendid isolation' des Zuschauers zerstört. Gaspar Noé schert sich einen Dreck um die Distanzübereinkunft des Mediums Film. Das Bild schändet Auge und Psyche.
Background: Environmental noise is ubiquitous in population growth processes, with a well acknowledged potential to affect populations regardless of their sizes. It therefore deserves consideration in population dynamics modelling. The usual approach to incorporating noise into population dynamical models is to make some model parameter(s) (typically the growth rate, the carrying capacity, or both) stochastic and responsive to environment fluctuations. It is however still unclear whether including noise in one or/and another parameter makes a difference to the model performance. Here we investigated this issue with a focus on model fit and predictive accuracy. To do this, we developed three population dynamical models of the Ricker type with the noise included in the growth rate (Model 1), in the carrying capacity (Model 2), and in both (Model 3). We generated several population time series under each model, and used a Bayesian approach to fit the three models to the simulated data. We then compared the model performances in fitting to the data and in forecasting future observations. Results: When the mean intrinsic growth rate, r, in the data was low, the three models had roughly comparable performances, irrespective of the true model and the level of noise. As r increased, Models 1 performed best on data generated from it, and Model 3 tended to perform best on data generated from either Models 2 or Model 3. Model 2 was uniformly outcompeted by the other two models, regardless of the true model and the level of noise. The correlation between the deviance information criterion (DIC) and the mean square error (MSE) used respectively as measure of fit and predictive accuracy was broadly positive. Conclusion: Our results suggested that the way environmental noise is incorporated into a population dynamical model may profoundly affect its performance. Overall, we found that including noise in one or/and another parameter does not matter as long as the mean intrinsic growth rate, r, is low. As r increased, however, the three models performed differently. Models 1 and 3 broadly outperformed Model 2, the first having the advantage of being simple and more computationally tractable. A comforting result emerging from our analysis is the broad positive correlation between MSEs and DICs, suggesting that the latter may also be informative about the predictive performance of a model.
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) coreceptor use and viral evolution were analyzed in blood samples from an HIV-1 infected patient undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Coreceptor use was predicted in silico from sequence data obtained from the third variable loop region of the viral envelope gene with two software tools. Viral diversity and evolution was evaluated on the same samples by Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods. In addition, phenotypic analysis was done by comparison of viral growth in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in a CCR5 (R5)-deficient T-cell line which was controlled by a reporter assay confirming viral tropism. In silico coreceptor predictions did not match experimental determinations that showed a consistent R5 tropism. Anti-HIV directed antibodies could be detected before and after the SCT. These preexisting antibodies did not prevent viral rebound after the interruption of antiretroviral therapy during the SCT. Eventually, transplantation and readministration of anti-retroviral drugs lead to sustained increase in CD4 counts and decreased viral load to undetectable levels. Unexpectedly, viral diversity decreased after successful SCT. Our data evidence that only R5-tropic virus was found in the patient before and after transplantation. Therefore, blocking CCR5 receptor during stem cell transplantation might have had beneficial effects and this might apply to more patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Furthermore, we revealed a scenario of HIV-1 dynamic different from the commonly described ones. Analysis of viral evolution shows the decrease of viral diversity even during episodes with bursts in viral load.
Background: The importance of the Notch signaling in the development of glomerular diseases has been recently described. Therefore we analyzed in podocytes the expression and activity of ADAM10, one important component of the Notch signaling complex. Methods: By Western blot, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry analysis we characterized the expression of ADAM10 in human podocytes, human urine and human renal tissue. Results: We present evidence, that differentiated human podocytes possessed increased amounts of mature ADAM10 and released elevated levels of L1 adhesion molecule, one well known substrate of ADAM10. By using specific siRNA and metalloproteinase inhibitors we demonstrate that ADAM10 is involved in the cleavage of L1 in human podocytes. Injury of podocytes enhanced the ADAM10 mediated cleavage of L1. In addition, we detected ADAM10 in urinary podocytes from patients with kidney diseases and in tissue sections of normal human kidney. Finally, we found elevated levels of ADAM10 in urinary vesicles of patients with glomerular kidney diseases. Conclusions: The activity of ADAM10 in human podocytes may play an important role in the development of glomerular kidney diseases.
Background: B. burgdorferi sensu lato (sl) is the etiological agent of Lyme borreliosis in humans. Spirochetes have adapted themselves to the human immune system in many distinct ways. One important immune escape mechanism for evading complement activation is the binding of complement regulators Factor H (CFH) or Factor H-like protein1 (FHL-1) to Complement Regulator-Acquiring Surface Proteins (CRASPs). Results: We demonstrate that B. garinii OspA serotype (ST4) PBi resist complement-mediated killing by binding of FHL-1. To identify the primary ligands of FHL-1 four CspA orthologs from B. garinii ST4 PBi were cloned and tested for binding to human CFH and FHL-1. Orthologs BGA66 and BGA71 were found to be able to bind both complement regulators but with different intensities. In addition, all CspA orthologs were tested for binding to mammalian and avian CFH. Distinct orthologs were able to bind to CFH of different animal origins. Conclusions: B. garinii ST4 PBi is able to evade complement killing and can bind FHL-1 to membrane expressed proteins. Recombinant proteins BGA66 can bind FHL-1 and human CFH, while BGA71 can bind only FHL-1. All recombinant CspA orthologs from B. garinii ST4 PBi can bind CFH from different animal origins. This partly explains the wide variety of animals that can be infected by B. garinii.
Introduction: Hypothermia improves survival and neurological recovery after cardiac arrest. Pro-inflammatory cytokines have been implicated in focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in-jury. It is unknown whether cardiac arrest also triggers the release of cerebral inflammatory molecules, and whether therapeutic hypothermia alters this inflammatory response. This study sought to examine whether hypothermia or the combination of hypothermia with anes-thetic postconditioning with sevoflurane affect cerebral inflammatory response after cardio-pulmonary resuscitation. Methods: Thirty pigs (28 - 34kg) were subjected to cardiac arrest following temporary coro-nary artery occlusion. After 7 minutes of ventricular fibrillation and 2 minutes of basic life support, advanced cardiac life support was started according to the current AHA guidelines. Return of spontaneous circulation was achieved in 21 animals who were randomized to ei-ther normothermia at 38degreesC, hypothermia at 33degreesC or hypothermia at 33degreesC combined with se-voflurane (each group: n = 7) for 24 hours. The effects of hypothermia and the combination of hypothermia with sevoflurane on cerebral inflammatory response after cardiopulmonary resuscitation were studied using tissue samples from the cerebral cortex of pigs euthanized after 24 hours and employing quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA techniques. Results: Global cerebral ischemia following resuscitation resulted in significant upregulation of cerebral tissue inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression (mean +/- SD; interleukin (IL)-1beta 8.7 +/- 4.0, IL-6 4.3 +/- 2.6, IL-10 2.5 +/- 1.6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha 2.8 +/- 1.8, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) 4.0 +/- 1.9-fold compared with sham control) and IL-1beta protein concentration (1.9 +/- 0.6-fold compared with sham control). Hypothermia was associated with a significant (P <0.05 versus normothermia) reduction in cerebral inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression (IL-1beta 1.7 +/- 1.0, IL-6 2.2 +/- 1.1, IL-10 0.8 +/- 0.4, TNFalpha 1.1 +/- 0.6, ICAM-1 1.9 +/- 0.7-fold compared with sham control). These results were also confirmed for IL-1beta on protein level. Experimental settings employing hypothermia in combination with sevoflurane showed that the volatile anesthetic did not confer additional anti-inflammatory effects com-pared with hypothermia alone. Conclusions: Mild therapeutic hypothermia resulted in decreased expression of typical ce-rebral inflammatory mediators after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. This may confer, at least in part, neuroprotection following global cerebral ischemia and resuscitation.
Dynamical systems driven by Gaussian noises have been considered extensively in modeling, simulation, and theory. However, complex systems in engineering and science are often subject to non-Gaussian fluctuations or uncertainties. A coupled dynamical system under a class of Lévy noises is considered. After discussing cocycle property, stationary orbits, and random attractors, a synchronization phenomenon is shown to occur, when the drift terms of the coupled system satisfy certain dissipativity and integrability conditions. The synchronization result implies that coupled dynamical systems share a dynamical feature in some asymptotic sense.
Intracarotid administration of human bone marrow mononuclear cells in rat photothrombotic ischemia
(2010)
Background: Increasing evidence suggests that cell therapy improves functional recovery in experimental models of stroke and myocardial infarction. So far only small pilot trials tested the effects of cell therapy in stroke patients, whereas large clinical trials were conducted in patients with ischemic heart disease. To investigate the therapeutic benefit of cell therapy to improve the recovery after stroke, we determined the efficacy of bone marrow derived mononuclear cells, which were shown to improve the recovery in experimental and clinical acute myocardial infarction studies, in a rat stroke model. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to receive either five million human bone marrow mononuclear cells (hBMC) or placebo intraarterially 3 days after photothrombotic ischemia. For immunosuppression the animals received daily injections of cyclosporine throughout the experiment, commencing 24 hours before the cell transplantation. A battery of behavioural tests was performed before and up to 4 weeks after ischemia. Results: Body temperature and body weight revealed no difference between groups. Neurological deficits measured by the Rotarod test, the adhesive-removal test and the cylinder test were not improved by hBMC transplantation compared to placebo. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that hBMC do not improve functional recovery when transplanted intraaterially 3 days after the onset of focal cerebral ischemia. A possible reason for the failed neurological improvement after cell therapy might be the delayed treatment initiation compared to other experimental stroke studies that showed efficacy of bone marrow mononuclear cells.
Vascularization of the vertebrate brain takes place during embryonic development from a preformed perineural vascular plexus. As a consequence of the intimate contact with neuroectodermal cells the vessels, which are entering the brain exclusively via sprouting angiogenesis, acquire and maintain unique barrier properties known as the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The endothelial BBB depends upon the close association of endothelial cells with pericytes, astrocytes, neurons and microglia, which are summarized in the term neuro-vascular unit. Although it is known since decades that the CNS tissue provides the cues for BBB induction and differentiation in endothelial cells, the molecular mechanism remained obscure. Only recently, the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and the Wnt7a/7b growth factors have been implicated in brain angiogenesis on the one hand and in BBB induction on the other. This breakthrough in understanding the differentiation of the brain vasculature prompted us to review these findings embedded in the emerging concepts of Wnt signaling in the vasculature. In particular, interactions with other pathways that are crucial for vascular development such as VEGF, Notch, angiopoietins and Sonic hedgehog are discussed. Finally, we considered the potential role of the Wnt pathway in vascular brain pathologies in which BBB function is hampered, as for example in glioma, stroke and Alzheimer's disease.
Background: Studies on the development of the nervous system and the musculature of invertebrates have become more sophisticated and numerous within the last decade and have proven to provide new insights into the evolutionary history of organisms. In order to provide new morphogenetic data on opisthobranch gastropods we investigated the neuromuscular development in the nudibranch Aeolidiella stephanieae Valdez, 2005 using immunocytochemistry as well as F-actin labelling in conjunction with confocal laser scanning microscopy (cLSM). Results: The ontogenetic development of Aeolidiella stephanieae can be subdivided into 8 stages, each recognisable by characteristic morphological and behavioural features as well as specific characters of the nervous system and the muscular system, respectively. The larval nervous system of A. stephanieae includes an apical organ, developing central ganglia, and peripheral neurons associated with the velum, foot and posterior, visceral part of the larva. The first serotonergic and FMRFamidergic neural structures appear in the apical organ that exhibits an array of three sensory, flask-shaped and two non-sensory, round neurons, which altogether disappear prior to metamorphosis. The postmetamorphic central nervous system (CNS) becomes concentrated, and the rhinophoral ganglia develop together with the anlage of the future rhinophores whereas oral tentacle ganglia are not found. The myogenesis in A. stephanieae begins with the larval retractor muscle followed by the accessory larval retractor muscle, the velar or prototroch muscles and the pedal retractors that all together degenerate during metamorphosis, and the adult muscle complex forms de novo. Conclusions: Aeolidiella stephanieae comprises features of the larval and postmetamorphic nervous as well as muscular system that represent the ground plan of the Mollusca or even the Trochozoa (e. g. presence of the prototrochal or velar muscle ring). On the one hand, A. stephanieae shows some features shared by all nudibranchs like the postmetamorphic condensation of the CNS, the possession of rhinophoral ganglia and the lack of oral tentacle ganglia as well as the de novo formation of the adult muscle complex. On the other hand, the structure and arrangement of the serotonergic apical organ is similar to other caenogastropod and opisthobranch gastropods supporting their sister group relationship.
Ausgehend von Rüdiger Campes literaturtheoretischen Überlegungen zur literarischen Schreibszene wird die enge gegenseitige Bedingung des Ensembles von Schreibgeste, Instrumentalität und Schrift für die Selbst-Bewusstwerdung Bill Lees - das filmische Pendant William S. Burroughs‘ – als homosexueller Schriftsteller aufgedeckt werden. In den diversen Schreib(-)szenen wird unter Einbezug der Vorstellung der Homographesis, also einer „eingeschriebenen“ Homosexualität, die Cronenberg’sche Geschlechterkonzeption ebenso offengelegt wie die Ursprünge und Motivationen, die einer Schriftstellerexistenz zugrunde liegen. Dass dabei sowohl die richtige Schreibgeste, als auch die richtige Instrumentalität des Schreibens vonnöten sind und ferner attraktiv visualisiert werden können, zeigen die außergewöhnlich gelungenen Schrei-Szenen.
The transcription factor p63 is expressed as at least six different isoforms, of which two have been assigned critical biological roles within ectodermal development and skin stem cell biology on the one hand and supervision of the genetic stability of oocytes on the other hand. These two isoforms contain a C-terminal inhibitory domain that negatively regulates their transcriptional activity. This inhibitory domain contains two individual components: one that uses an internal binding mechanism to interact with and mask the transactivation domain and one that is based on sumoylation. We have carried out an extensive alanine scanning study to identify critical regions within the inhibitory domain. These experiments show that a stretch of ~13 amino acids is crucial for the binding function. Further, investigation of transcriptional activity and the intracellular level of mutants that cannot be sumoylated suggests that sumoylation reduces the concentration of p63. We therefore propose that the inhibitory function of the C-terminal domain is in part due to direct inhibition of the transcriptional activity of the protein and in part due to indirect inhibition by controlling the concentration of p63. Keywords: p63, transcriptional regulation, auto-inhibition, sumoylation