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The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is elevated in prostate cancer, making this protein attractive for tumor treatment. Unfortunately, resistance towards mTOR inhibitors develops and the tumor becomes reactivated. We determined whether epigenetic modulation by the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, valproic acid (VPA), may counteract non-responsiveness to the mTOR inhibitor, temsirolimus, in prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Prostate cancer cells, sensitive (parental) and resistant to temsirolimus, were exposed to VPA, and tumor cell growth behavior compared. Temsirolimus resistance enhanced the number of tumor cells in the G2/M-phase, correlating with elevated cell proliferation and clonal growth. The cell cycling proteins cdk1 and cyclin B, along with Akt-mTOR signaling increased, whereas p19, p21 and p27 decreased, compared to the parental cells. VPA significantly reduced cell growth and up-regulated the acetylated histones H3 and H4. Cdk1 and cyclin B decreased, as did phosphorylated mTOR and the mTOR sub-complex Raptor. The mTOR sub-member Rictor and phosphorylated Akt increased under VPA. Knockdown of cdk1, cyclin B, or Raptor led to significant cell growth reduction. HDAC inhibition through VPA counteracts temsirolimus resistance, probably by down-regulating cdk1, cyclin B and Raptor. Enhanced Rictor and Akt, however, may represent an undesired feedback loop, which should be considered when designing future therapeutic regimens.
CXCR4 chemokine receptor mediates prostate tumor cell adhesion through alpha5 and beta3 integrins
(2006)
The mechanisms leading to prostate cancer metastasis are not understood completely. Although there is evidence that the CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR) 4 and its ligand CXCL12 may regulate tumor dissemination, their role in prostate cancer is controversial. We examined CXCR4 expression and functionality, and explored CXCL12-triggered adhesion of prostate tumor cells to human endothelium or to extracellular matrix proteins laminin, collagen, and fibronectin. Although little CXCR4 was expressed on LNCaP and DU-145 prostate tumor cells, CXCR4 was still active, enabling the cells to migrate toward a CXCL12 gradient. CXCL12 induced elevated adhesion to the endothelial cell monolayer and to immobilized fibronectin, laminin, and collagen. Anti-CXCR4 antibodies or CXCR4 knock out significantly impaired CXCL12-triggered tumor cell binding. The effects observed did not depend on CXCR4 surface expression level. Rather, CXCR4-mediated adhesion was established by alpha5 and beta3 integrin subunits and took place in the presence of reduced p38 and p38 phosphorylation. These data show that chemoattractive mechanisms are involved in adhesion processes of prostate cancer cells, and that binding of CXCL12 to its receptor leads to enhanced expression of alpha5 and beta3 integrins. The findings provide a link between chemokine receptor expression and integrin-triggered tumor dissemination.
The genome, antigens of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) are frequently found in prostatic carcinoma. However, whether this infection is causative or is an epiphenomenon is not clear. We therefore investigated the ability of HCMV to promote metastatic processes, defined by tumor cell adhesion to the endothelium, extracellular matrix proteins. Experiments were based on the human prostate tumor cell line PC3, either infected with the HCMV strain Hi (HCMVHi) or transfected with cDNA encoding the HCMV-specific immediate early protein IEA1 (UL123) or IEA2 (UL122). HCMVHi upregulated PC3 adhesion to the endothelium, to the extracellular matrix proteins collagen, laminin, fibronectin. The process was accompanied by enhancement of β1-integrin surface expression, elevated levels of integrin-linked kinase, phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase. IEA1 or IEA2 did not modulate PC3 adhesion or β1-integrin expression. Based on this in vitro model, we postulate a direct association between HCMV infection, prostate tumor transmigration, which is not dependent on IEA proteins. Integrin overexpression, combined with the modulation of integrin-dependent signalling, seems to be, at least in part, responsible for a more invasive PC3Hi tumor cell phenotype. Elevated levels of c-myc found in IEA1-transfected or IEA2-transfected PC3 cell populations might promote further carcinogenic processes through accelerated cell proliferation.
Respiratory chain complexes in dynamic mitochondria display a patchy distribution in life cells
(2010)
Background: Mitochondria, the main suppliers of cellular energy, are dynamic organelles that fuse and divide frequently. Constraining these processes impairs mitochondrial is closely linked to certain neurodegenerative diseases. It is proposed that functional mitochondrial dynamics allows the exchange of compounds thereby providing a rescue mechanism. Methodology/Principal Findings: The question discussed in this paper is whether fusion and fission of mitochondria in different cell lines result in re-localization of respiratory chain (RC) complexes and of the ATP synthase. This was addressed by fusing cells containing mitochondria with respiratory complexes labelled with different fluorescent proteins and resolving their time dependent re-localization in living cells. We found a complete reshuffling of RC complexes throughout the entire chondriome in single HeLa cells within 2–3 h by organelle fusion and fission. Polykaryons of fused cells completely re-mixed their RC complexes in 10–24 h in a progressive way. In contrast to the recently described homogeneous mixing of matrix-targeted proteins or outer membrane proteins, the distribution of RC complexes and ATP synthase in fused hybrid mitochondria, however, was not homogeneous but patterned. Thus, complete equilibration of respiratory chain complexes as integral inner mitochondrial membrane complexes is a slow process compared with matrix proteins probably limited by complete fusion. In co-expressing cells, complex II is more homogenously distributed than complex I and V, resp. Indeed, this result argues for higher mobility and less integration in supercomplexes. Conclusion/Significance: Our results clearly demonstrate that mitochondrial fusion and fission dynamics favours the re-mixing of all RC complexes within the chondriome. This permanent mixing avoids a static situation with a fixed composition of RC complexes per mitochondrion.
Auf 10 Jahre kann das Tochterunternehmen der Goethe-Universität nunmehr zurückblicken: INNOVECTIS ist zuständig für den erfolgreichen Transfer von akademischem Know-how in die wirtschaftliche Praxis. Wir haben anlässlich der Festveranstaltung auf dem Campus Westend dem Aufsichtsratsvorsitzenden Prof. Manfred Schubert-Zsilavecz, dem Vorsitzenden des Bewertergremiums, Prof. Jürgen Bereiter-Hahn, und dem Geschäftsführer Dr. Otmar Schöller einige Fragen gestellt.
Background: The treatment of different skin conditions with spa waters is a long tradition dating back to at least late Hellenism. Interestingly, independent scientific examinations studying the effect of spa waters are scarce.
Objective: In the present in vitro study, we compared the effect of culture media supplemented with (a) thermal spa waters (La Roche-Posay, Avène) and (b) two natural mineral drinking waters (Heppinger, Adelholzener) on physiological parameters in HaCaT keratinocytes.
Methods: The different medium preparations were investigated with regard to cell proliferation and cell damage. Moreover, the impact on inflammation parameters with and without ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation was examined.
Results: Two popular thermal spring waters were found to suppress cell proliferation and cell damage. Moreover, these waters reversed the induction of interleukin-6, as measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and promoter transactivation, and the formation of reactive oxygen species after UVB stimulation. Of note, the two natural mineral waters, which are distributed as drinking waters, had some effect on the above-mentioned parameters but to a lesser extent.
Conclusion: In summary, our results show that spa waters, and particularly those derived from thermal springs, reduce parameters associated with inflammation. It seems likely that trace elements such as selenium and zinc are critical for the observed effects.
1. Das Dissoziations- und Reaggregationsverhalten von Epidermiszellen der Larven von Xenopus laevis wird unter verschiedenen Bedingungen in vitro mit Hilfe des Zeilrafferfilmes untersucht. Die Kultur der Schwänze erfolgt in Salzlösung nach STEINBERG und Serum hämolysierten Kälberblutes. Für die Reaggregation werden serumfreie Salzlösungen verwendet. 2. Am Auswandern der Zellrasen beteiligen sich alle dem Deckglas anliegenden Zellen. Sie bilden einen Plasmasaum in die Richtung aus, in der sie sich fortbewegen. Der Zusammenhalt zwischen den Zellen wird hierbei nicht gelöst. 3. Die Zellrasen lassen sich mit 0;05%igem EDTA in Einzelzellen auflösen; dabei tritt eine Trennung des Zellplasmas in ein zentral gelegenes granuliertes Plasma und einen hyalinen Plasmasaum auf. Bei längerer Einwirkung des EDTA werden die hyalinen Säume eingezogen. Die Zellen sind dann abgekugelt; es brechen blasenförmige "Lobopodien" aus den Zellen hervor und verschwinden wieder: "Blubbern". 4. In Gegenwart von Ca++ breiten sich die Zellen wieder auf dem Deckglas aus. Die Bildung "stabilisierter Aggregate" erfolgt in Ringerlösung (mit 0,02% CaCl2), in isotonischer Calciumchlorid-Lösung, in isotonischer Kochsalz- und Kaliumchlorid-Lösung, wenn Calciumchlorid mindestens 0,02%ig enthalten ist. Es wird angenommen, daß die einwertigen Kationen für die Zellbewegung und Reaggregation nur als Ladungsträger wirksam sind. In KCN-haltiger (2,5 X 10-3 M) und in PCMB-haltiger (2,5 X 10-3 M) Ringerlösung ist ebenfalls Reaggregation möglich. Unter dem Einfluß von PCMB ist die Stabilisierung der Zollgrenzen jedoch nicht von Dauer. Die Aggregate werden wieder aufgelöst; die Zellen zeigen keine Kontakthemmung mehr, sie wandern übereinander. 5. Wird das Calciumchlorid der Ringerlösung durch die äquimolare Menge Magnesiumchlorid ersetzt, so werden die Kontakte nicht stabilisiert, sondern "sliding sheets" gebildet. Keine Reaggregation ist in Calcium-haltiger Natrium- oder Kaliumchlorid-Lösung einer Konzentration unter 0,33 M und in Ringerlösung unter pH 4,0 möglich. Die Zellen sind dann auch zu keiner Ortsbewegung mehr fällig. Selbst kurze (3 min) Trypsinbehandlung (2%) verhindert die Reaggregation der Zellen im serumfreien Medium. 6. Besonders die Versuche zur Störung des Energiehaushaltes der Zellen legen nahe, daß die dabei zu beobachtenden Viskositätsänderungen im Hyaloplasmasaum auf einer Änderung des Kontraktionszustandes in ihm enthaltener kontraktiler Proteine beruhen. Die Auswirkungen von PCMB, niederem pH und geringer Ionenstärke deuten auf die Beteiligung eines Membranpotentials an der Steuerung der Viskositätsänderung hin. Diese Hypothese wird zu Ergebnissen der Muskelphysiologie in Beziehung gesetzt.
Characteristically, most solid tumors exhibit an increased tumor interstitial fluid pressure (TIFP) that directly contributes to the lowered uptake of macromolecular therapeutics into the tumor interstitium. Abnormalities in the tumor-associated lymph vessels are a central brick in the development and prolonged sustaining of an increased TIFP. In the current study, vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) was used to enhance tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis as a new mechanism to actively reduce the TIFP by increased lymphatic drainage of the tumor tissue. Human A431 epidermoid vulva carcinoma cells were inoculated in NMRI nu/nu mice to generate a xenograft mouse model. Seven days after tumor cell injection, VEGF-C was peritumorally injected to induce lymphangiogenesis. Tumor growth and TIFP was lowered significantly over time in VEGF-C-treated tumors in comparison to control or VEGF-A-treated animals. These data demonstrate for the first time that actively induced lymphangiogenesis can lower the TIFP in a xenograft tumor model and apparently reduce tumor growth. This model represents a novel approach to modulate biomechanical properties of the tumor interstitium enabling a lowering of TIFP in vivo.