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Correlations in azimuthal angle extending over a long range in pseudorapidity between particles, usually called the "ridge" phenomenon, were discovered in heavy-ion collisions, and later found in pp and p−Pb collisions. In large systems, they are thought to arise from the expansion (collective flow) of the produced particles. Extending these measurements over a wider range in pseudorapidity and final-state particle multiplicity is important to understand better the origin of these long-range correlations in small-collision systems. In this Letter, measurements of the long-range correlations in p−Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV are extended to a pseudorapidity gap of Δη∼8 between particles using the ALICE, forward multiplicity detectors. After suppressing non-flow correlations, e.g., from jet and resonance decays, the ridge structure is observed to persist up to a very large gap of Δη∼8 for the first time in p−Pb collisions. This shows that the collective flow-like correlations extend over an extensive pseudorapidity range also in small-collision systems such as p−Pb collisions. The pseudorapidity dependence of the second-order anisotropic flow coefficient, v2(η), is extracted from the long-range correlations. The v2(η) results are presented for a wide pseudorapidity range of −3.1<η<4.8 in various centrality classes in p−Pb collisions. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the source of anisotropic flow in small-collision systems, the v2(η) measurements are compared to hydrodynamic and transport model calculations. The comparison suggests that the final-state interactions play a dominant role in developing the anisotropic flow in small-collision systems.
The measurement of Υ(1S), Υ(2S), and Υ(3S) yields as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity density, dNch/dη, using the ALICE experiment at the LHC, is reported in pp collisions at s√= 13 TeV. The Υ meson yields are measured at forward rapidity (2.5<y<4) in the dimuon decay channel, whereas the charged-particle multiplicity is defined at central rapidity (|η|<1). Both quantities are divided by their average value in minimum bias events to compute the self-normalized quantities. The increase of the self-normalized Υ(1S), Υ(2S), and Υ(3S) yields is found to be compatible with a linear scaling with the self-normalized dNch/dη, within the uncertainties. The self-normalized yield ratios of excited-to-ground Υ states are compatible with unity within uncertainties. Similarly, the measured double ratio of the self-normalized Υ(1S) to the self-normalized J/ψ yields, both measured at forward rapidity, is compatible with unity for self-normalized charged-particle multiplicities beyond one. The measurements are compared with theoretical predictions incorporating initial or final state effects.