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Adam, Jaroslav ; Adamová, Dagmar ; Aggarwal, Madan Mohan ; Aglieri Rinella, Gianluca ; Agnello, Michelangelo ; Agrawal, Neelima ; Ahammed, Zubayer ; Ahn, Sang Un ; Aimo, Ilaria ; Aiola, Salvatore ; Ajaz, Muhammad ; Akindinov, Alexander ; Alam, Sk Noor ; Aleksandrov, Dmitry ; Alessandro, Bruno ; Alexandre, Didier ; Alfaro Molina, Jose Ruben ; Alici, Andrea ; Alkin, Anton ; Millan Almaraz, Jesus Roberto ; Alme, Johan ; Alt, Torsten ; Altinpinar, Sedat ; Altsybeev, Igor ; Alves Garcia Prado, Caio ; Andrei, Cristian ; Andronic, Anton ; Anguelov, Venelin ; Anielski, Jonas ; Anticic, Tome ; Antinori, Federico ; Antonioli, Pietro ; Aphecetche, Laurent Bernard ; Appelshäuser, Harald ; Arcelli, Silvia ; Armesto Perez, Nestor ; Arnaldi, Roberta ; Arsene, Ionut Cristian ; Arslandok, Mesut ; Audurier, Benjamin ; Augustinus, Andre ; Averbeck, Ralf Peter ; Azmi, Mohd Danish ; Bach, Matthias Jakob ; Badala, Angela ; Baek, Yong Wook ; Bagnasco, Stefano ; Bailhache, Raphaelle Marie ; Bala, Renu ; Baldisseri, Alberto ; Baltasar Dos Santos Pedrosa, Fernando ; Baral, Rama Chandra ; Barbano, Anastasia Maria ; Barbera, Roberto ; Barile, Francesco ; Barnafoldi, Gergely Gabor ; Barnby, Lee Stuart ; Ramillien Barret, Valerie ; Bartalini, Paolo ; Barth, Klaus ; Bartke, Jerzy Gustaw ; Bartsch, Esther ; Basile, Maurizio ; Bastid, Nicole ; Basu, Sumit ; Bathen, Bastian ; Batigne, Guillaume ; Batista Camejo, Arianna ; Batyunya, Boris ; Batzing, Paul Christoph ; Bearden, Ian Gardner ; Beck, Hans ; Bedda, Cristina ; Behera, Nirbhay Kumar ; Belikov, Iouri ; Bellini, Francesca ; Bello Martinez, Hector ; Bellwied, Rene ; Belmont Iii, Ronald John ; Belmont Moreno, Ernesto ; Belyaev, Vladimir ; Bencedi, Gyula ; Beole, Stefania ; Berceanu, Ionela ; Bercuci, Alexandru ; Berdnikov, Yaroslav ; Berenyi, Daniel ; Bertens, Redmer Alexander ; Berzano, Dario ; Betev, Latchezar ; Bhasin, Anju ; Bhat, Inayat Rasool ; Bhati, Ashok Kumar ; Bhattacharjee, Buddhadeb ; Bhom, Jihyun ; Bianchi, Livio ; Bianchi, Nicola ; Bianchin, Chiara ; Bielcik, Jaroslav ; Bielcikova, Jana ; Bilandzic, Ante ; Biswas, Rathijit ; Biswas, Saikat ; Bjelogrlic, Sandro ; Blair, Justin Thomas ; Blanco, Fernando ; Blau, Dmitry ; Blume, Christoph ; Bock, Friederike ; Bogdanov, Alexey ; Boggild, Hans ; Boldizsar, Laszlo ; Bombara, Marek ; Book, Julian Heinz ; Borel, Herve ; Borissov, Alexander ; Borri, Marcello ; Bossú, Francesco ; Botta, Elena ; Boettger, Stefan ; Braun-Munzinger, Peter ; Bregant, Marco ; Breitner, Timo Gunther ; Broker, Theo Alexander ; Browning, Tyler Allen ; Broz, Michal ; Brucken, Erik Jens ; Bruna, Elena ; Bruno, Giuseppe Eugenio ; Budnikov, Dmitry ; Buesching, Henner ; Bufalino, Stefania ; Buncic, Predrag ; Busch, Oliver ; Buthelezi, Edith Zinhle ; Bashir Butt, Jamila ; Buxton, Jesse Thomas ; Caffarri, Davide ; Cai, Xu ; Caines, Helen Louise ; Calero Diaz, Liliet ; Caliva, Alberto ; Calvo Villar, Ernesto ; Camerini, Paolo ; Carena, Francesco ; Carena, Wisla ; Carnesecchi, Francesca ; Castillo Castellanos, Javier Ernesto ; Castro, Andrew John ; Casula, Ester Anna Rita ; Cavicchioli, Costanza ; Ceballos Sanchez, Cesar ; Cepila, Jan ; Cerello, Piergiorgio ; Cerkala, Jakub ; Chang, Beomsu ; Chapeland, Sylvain ; Chartier, Marielle ; Charvet, Jean-Luc Fernand ; Chattopadhyay, Subhasis ; Chattopadhyay, Sukalyan ; Chelnokov, Volodymyr ; Cherney, Michael Gerard ; Cheshkov, Cvetan Valeriev ; Cheynis, Brigitte ; Chibante Barroso, Vasco Miguel ; Dobrigkeit Chinellato, David ; Chochula, Peter ; Choi, Kyungeon ; Chojnacki, Marek ; Choudhury, Subikash ; Christakoglou, Panagiotis ; Christensen, Christian Holm ; Christiansen, Peter ; Chujo, Tatsuya ; Chung, Suh-Urk ; Zhang, Chunhui ; Cicalo, Corrado ; Cifarelli, Luisa ; Cindolo, Federico ; Cleymans, Jean Willy Andre ; Colamaria, Fabio Filippo ; Colella, Domenico ; Collu, Alberto ; Colocci, Manuel ; Conesa Balbastre, Gustavo ; Conesa Del Valle, Zaida ; Connors, Megan Elizabeth ; Contreras Nuno, Jesus Guillermo ; Cormier, Thomas Michael ; Corrales Morales, Yasser ; Cortes Maldonado, Ismael ; Cortese, Pietro ; Cosentino, Mauro Rogerio ; Costa, Filippo ; Crochet, Philippe ; Cruz Albino, Rigoberto ; Cuautle Flores, Eleazar ; Cunqueiro Mendez, Leticia ; Dahms, Torsten ; Dainese, Andrea ; Danu, Andrea ; Das, Debasish ; Das, Indranil ; Das, Supriya ; Dash, Ajay Kumar ; Dash, Sadhana ; De, Sudipan ; De Caro, Annalisa ; De Cataldo, Giacinto ; De Cuveland, Jan ; De Falco, Alessandro ; De Gruttola, Daniele ; De Marco, Nora ; De Pasquale, Salvatore ; Deisting, Alexander ; Deloff, Andrzej ; Denes, Ervin Sandor ; D’Erasmo, Ginevra ; Di Bari, Domenico ; Di Mauro, Antonio ; Di Nezza, Pasquale ; Diaz Corchero, Miguel Angel ; Dietel, Thomas ; Dillenseger, Pascal ; Divià, Roberto ; Djuvsland, Øystein ; Dobrin, Alexandru Florin ; Dobrowolski, Tadeusz Antoni ; Domenicis Gimenez, Diogenes ; Donigus, Benjamin ; Dordic, Olja ; Drozhzhova, Tatiana ; Dubey, Anand Kumar ; Dubla, Andrea ; Ducroux, Laurent ; Dupieux, Pascal ; Ehlers Iii, Raymond James ; Elia, Domenico ; Engel, Heiko ; Erazmus, Barbara Ewa ; Erdemir, Irem ; Erhardt, Filip ; Eschweiler, Dominic ; Espagnon, Bruno ; Estienne, Magali Danielle ; Esumi, Shinichi ; Eum, Jongsik ; Evans, David ; Evdokimov, Sergey ; Eyyubova, Gyulnara ; Fabbietti, Laura ; Fabris, Daniela ; Faivre, Julien ; Fantoni, Alessandra ; Fasel, Markus ; Feldkamp, Linus ; Felea, Daniel ; Feliciello, Alessandro ; Feofilov, Grigorii ; Ferencei, Jozef ; Fernandez Tellez, Arturo ; Gonzalez Ferreiro, Elena ; Ferretti, Alessandro ; Festanti, Andrea ; Feuillard, Victor Jose Gaston ; Figiel, Jan ; Araujo Silva Figueredo, Marcel ; Filchagin, Sergey ; Finogeev, Dmitry ; Fiore, Enrichetta Maria ; Fleck, Martin Gabriel ; Floris, Michele ; Foertsch, Siegfried Valentin ; Foka, Panagiota ; Fokin, Sergey ; Fragiacomo, Enrico ; Francescon, Andrea ; Frankenfeld, Ulrich Michael ; Fuchs, Ulrich ; Furget, Christophe ; Furs, Artur ; Fusco Girard, Mario ; Gaardhoeje, Jens Joergen ; Gagliardi, Martino ; Gago Medina, Alberto Martín ; Gallio, Mauro ; Gangadharan, Dhevan Raja ; Ganoti, Paraskevi ; Gao, Chaosong ; Garabatos Cuadrado, Jose ; Garcia-Solis, Edmundo Javier ; Gargiulo, Corrado ; Gasik, Piotr Jan ; Germain, Marie ; Gheata, Andrei George ; Gheata, Mihaela ; Ghosh, Premomoy ; Ghosh, Sanjay Kumar ; Gianotti, Paola ; Giubellino, Paolo ; Giubilato, Piero ; Gładysz-Dziaduś, Ewa ; Glassel, Peter ; Gomez Coral, Diego Mauricio ; Gomez Ramirez, Andres ; González Zamora, Pedro ; Gorbunov, Sergey ; Gorlich, Lidia Maria ; Gotovac, Sven ; Grabski, Varlen ; Graczykowski, Lukasz Kamil ; Graham, Katie Leanne ; Grelli, Alessandro ; Grigoras, Alina Gabriela ; Grigoras, Costin ; Grigoryev, Vladislav ; Grigoryan, Ara ; Grigoryan, Smbat ; Grynyov, Borys ; Grion, Nevio ; Große-Oetringhaus, Jan Fiete ; Grossiord, Jean-Yves ; Grosso, Raffaele ; Guber, Fedor ; Guernane, Rachid ; Guerzoni, Barbara ; Gulbrandsen, Kristjan Herlache ; Gulkanyan, Hrant ; Gunji, Taku ; Gupta, Anik ; Gupta, Ramni ; Haake, Rudiger ; Haaland, Oystein Senneset ; Hadjidakis, Cynthia Marie ; Haiduc, Maria ; Hamagaki, Hideki ; Hamar, Gergoe ; Hansen, Alexander ; Harris, John William ; Hartmann, Helvi ; Harton, Austin Vincent ; Hatzifotiadou, Despina ; Hayashi, Shinichi ; Heckel, Stefan Thomas ; Heide, Markus Ansgar ; Helstrup, Haavard ; Herghelegiu, Andrei Ionut ; Herrera Corral, Gerardo Antonio ; Hess, Benjamin Andreas ; Hetland, Kristin Fanebust ; Hilden, Timo Eero ; Hillemanns, Hartmut ; Hippolyte, Boris ; Hosokawa, Ritsuya ; Hristov, Peter Zahariev ; Huang, Meidana ; Humanic, Thomas J. ; Hussain, Nur ; Hussain, Tahir ; Hutter, Dirk ; Hwang, Dae Sung ; Ilkaev, Radiy ; Ilkiv, Iryna ; Inaba, Motoi ; Ippolitov, Mikhail ; Irfan, Muhammad ; Ivanov, Marian ; Ivanov, Vladimir ; Izucheev, Vladimir ; Jacobs, Peter Martin ; Jadlovska, Slavka ; Jahnke, Cristiane ; Jang, Haeng Jin ; Janik, Malgorzata Anna ; Pahula Hewage, Sandun ; Jena, Chitrasen ; Jena, Satyajit ; Jimenez Bustamante, Raul Tonatiuh ; Jones, Peter Graham ; Jung, Hyungtaik ; Jusko, Anton ; Kalinak, Peter ; Kalweit, Alexander Philipp ; Kamin, Jason Adrian ; Kang, Ju Hwan ; Kaplin, Vladimir ; Kar, Somnath ; Karasu Uysal, Ayben ; Karavichev, Oleg ; Karavicheva, Tatiana ; Karayan, Lilit ; Karpechev, Evgeny ; Kebschull, Udo ; Keidel, Ralf ; Keijdener, Darius Laurens ; Keil, Markus ; Khan, Kamal ; Khan, Mohammed Mohisin ; Khan, Palash ; Khan, Shuaib Ahmad ; Khanzadeev, Alexei ; Kharlov, Yury ; Kileng, Bjarte ; Kim, Beomkyu ; Kim, Do Won ; Kim, Dong Jo ; Kim, Hyeonjoong ; Kim, Jinsook ; Kim, Mimae ; Kim, Minwoo ; Kim, Se Yong ; Kim, Taesoo ; Kirsch, Stefan ; Kisel, Ivan ; Kiselev, Sergey ; Kisiel, Adam Ryszard ; Kiss, Gabor ; Klay, Jennifer Lynn ; Klein, Carsten ; Klein, Jochen ; Klein-Bösing, Christian ; Kluge, Alexander ; Knichel, Michael Linus ; Knospe, Anders Garritt ; Kobayashi, Taiyo ; Kobdaj, Chinorat ; Kofarago, Monika ; Kollegger, Thorsten ; Kolozhvari, Anatoly ; Kondratev, Valerii ; Kondratyeva, Natalia ; Kondratyuk, Evgeny ; Konevskikh, Artem ; Kopcik, Michal ; Kour, Mandeep ; Kouzinopoulos, Charalampos ; Kovalenko, Oleksandr ; Kovalenko, Vladimir ; Kowalski, Marek ; Koyithatta Meethaleveedu, Greeshma ; Kral, Jiri ; Králik, Ivan ; Kravcakova, Adela ; Krelina, Michal ; Kretz, Matthias ; Krivda, Marian ; Krizek, Filip ; Kryshen, Evgeny ; Krzewicki, Mikolaj ; Kubera, Andrew Michael ; Kucera, Vit ; Kugathasan, Thanushan ; Kuhn, Christian Claude ; Kuijer, Paulus Gerardus ; Kulakov, Igor ; Kumar, Ajay ; Kumar, Jitendra ; Lokesh, Kumar ; Kurashvili, Podist ; Kurepin, Alexander ; Kurepin, Alexey ; Kuryakin, Alexey ; Kushpil, Svetlana ; Kweon, Min Jung ; Kwon, Youngil ; La Pointe, Sarah Louise ; La Rocca, Paola ; Lagana Fernandes, Caio ; Lakomov, Igor ; Langoy, Rune ; Lara Martinez, Camilo Ernesto ; Lardeux, Antoine Xavier ; Lattuca, Alessandra ; Laudi, Elisa ; Lea, Ramona ; Leardini, Lucia ; Lee, Graham Richard ; Lee, Seongjoo ; Legrand, Iosif ; Lehas, Fatiha ; Lemmon, Roy Crawford ; Lenti, Vito ; Leogrande, Emilia ; Leon Monzon, Ildefonso ; Leoncino, Marco ; Lévai, Peter ; Li, Shuang ; Li, Xiaomei ; Lien, Jorgen Andre ; Lietava, Roman ; Lindal, Svein ; Lindenstruth, Volker ; Lippmann, Christian ; Lisa, Michael Annan ; Ljunggren, Hans Martin ; Lodato, Davide Francesco ; Lonne, Per-Ivar ; Loginov, Vitaly ; Loizides, Constantinos ; Lopez, Xavier Bernard ; Lopez Torres, Ernesto ; Lowe, Andrew John ; Luettig, Philipp Johannes ; Lunardon, Marcello ; Luparello, Grazia ; Ferreira Natal Da Luz, Pedro Hugo ; Maevskaya, Alla ; Mager, Magnus ; Mahajan, Sanjay ; Mahmood, Sohail Musa ; Maire, Antonin ; Majka, Richard Daniel ; Malaev, Mikhail ; Maldonado Cervantes, Ivonne Alicia ; Malinina, Liudmila ; Mal’Kevich, Dmitry ; Malzacher, Peter ; Mamonov, Alexander ; Manko, Vladislav ; Manso, Franck ; Manzari, Vito ; Marchisone, Massimiliano ; Mares, Jiri ; Margagliotti, Giacomo Vito ; Margotti, Anselmo ; Margutti, Jacopo ; Marin, Ana Maria ; Markert, Christina ; Marquard, Marco ; Martin, Nicole Alice ; Martin Blanco, Javier ; Martinengo, Paolo ; Martínez Hernández, Mario Iván ; Martínez Garcia, Ginés ; Martinez Pedreira, Miguel ; Martynov, Yevgen ; Mas, Alexis Jean-Michel ; Masciocchi, Silvia ; Masera, Massimo ; Masoni, Alberto ; Massacrier, Laure Marie ; Mastroserio, Annalisa ; Masui, Hiroshi ; Matyja, Adam Tomasz ; Mayer, Christoph ; Mazer, Joel Anthony ; Mazzoni, Alessandra Maria ; Mcdonald, Daniel ; Meddi, Franco ; Melikyan, Yuri ; Menchaca-Rocha, Arturo Alejandro ; Meninno, Elisa ; Mercado-Perez, Jorge ; Meres, Michal ; Miake, Yasuo ; Mieskolainen, Matti Mikael ; Mikhaylov, Konstantin ; Milano, Leonardo ; Milosevic, Jovan ; Minervini, Lazzaro Manlio ; Mischke, Andre ; Mishra, Aditya Nath ; Miskowiec, Dariusz Czeslaw ; Mitra, Jubin ; Mitu, Ciprian Mihai ; Mohammadi, Naghmeh ; Mohanty, Bedangadas ; Molnar, Levente ; Montano Zetina, Luis Manuel ; Montes Prado, Esther ; Morando, Maurizio ; Moreira De Godoy, Denise Aparecida ; Moretto, Sandra ; Morreale, Astrid ; Morsch, Andreas ; Muccifora, Valeria ; Mudnic, Eugen ; Mühlheim, Daniel ; Muhuri, Sanjib ; Mukherjee, Maitreyee ; Mulligan, James Declan ; Gameiro Munhoz, Marcelo ; Murray, Sean ; Musa, Luciano ; Musinsky, Jan ; Nandi, Basanta Kumar ; Nania, Rosario ; Nappi, Eugenio ; Naru, Muhammad Umair ; Nattrass, Christine ; Nayak, Kishora ; Nayak, Tapan Kumar ; Nazarenko, Sergey ; Nedosekin, Alexander ; Nellen, Lukas ; Ng, Fabian ; Nicassio, Maria ; Niculescu, Mihai ; Niedziela, Jeremi ; Nielsen, Borge Svane ; Nikolaev, Sergey ; Nikulin, Sergey ; Nikulin, Vladimir ; Noferini, Francesco ; Nomokonov, Petr ; Nooren, Gerardus ; Cabanillas Noris, Juan Carlos ; Norman, Jaime ; Nyanin, Alexander ; Nystrand, Joakim Ingemar ; Oeschler, Helmut Oskar ; Oh, Saehanseul ; Oh, Sun Kun ; Ohlson, Alice ; Okatan, Ali ; Okubo, Tsubasa ; Olah, Laszlo ; Oleniacz, Janusz ; Oliveira Da Silva, Antonio Carlos ; Oliver, Michael Henry ; Onderwaater, Jacobus ; Oppedisano, Chiara ; Orava, Risto ; Ortiz Velasquez, Antonio ; Oskarsson, Anders Nils Erik ; Otwinowski, Jacek Tomasz ; Oyama, Ken ; Ozdemir, Mahmut ; Pachmayer, Yvonne C. ; Pagano, Paola ; Paic, Guy ; Pajares Vales, Carlos ; Pal, Susanta Kumar ; Pan, Jinjin ; Pandey, Ashutosh Kumar ; Pant, Divyash ; Papcun, Peter ; Papikyan, Vardanush ; Pappalardo, Giuseppe ; Pareek, Pooja ; Park, Woojin ; Parmar, Sonia ; Passfeld, Annika ; Paticchio, Vincenzo ; Patra, Rajendra Nath ; Paul, Biswarup ; Peitzmann, Thomas ; Pereira Da Costa, Hugo Denis Antonio ; Pereira De Oliveira Filho, Elienos ; Peresunko, Dmitry Yurevich ; Perez Lara, Carlos Eugenio ; Perez Lezama, Edgar ; Peskov, Vladimir ; Pestov, Yury ; Petracek, Vojtech ; Petrov, Viacheslav ; Petrovici, Mihai ; Petta, Catia ; Piano, Stefano ; Pikna, Miroslav ; Pillot, Philippe ; Pinazza, Ombretta ; Pinsky, Lawrence ; Piyarathna, Danthasinghe ; Ploskon, Mateusz Andrzej ; Planinic, Mirko ; Pluta, Jan Marian ; Pochybova, Sona ; Podesta Lerma, Pedro Luis Manuel ; Poghosyan, Martin ; Polishchuk, Boris ; Poljak, Nikola ; Poonsawat, Wanchaloem ; Pop, Amalia ; Porteboeuf, Sarah Julie ; Porter, R Jefferson ; Pospisil, Jan ; Prasad, Sidharth Kumar ; Preghenella, Roberto ; Prino, Francesco ; Pruneau, Claude Andre ; Pshenichnov, Igor ; Puccio, Maximiliano ; Puddu, Giovanna ; Pujahari, Prabhat Ranjan ; Punin, Valery ; Putschke, Jorn Henning ; Qvigstad, Henrik ; Rachevski, Alexandre ; Raha, Sibaji ; Rajput, Sonia ; Rak, Jan ; Rakotozafindrabe, Andry Malala ; Ramello, Luciano ; Raniwala, Rashmi ; Raniwala, Sudhir ; Rasanen, Sami Sakari ; Rascanu, Bogdan Theodor ; Rathee, Deepika ; Read, Kenneth Francis ; Real, Jean-Sebastien ; Redlich, Krzysztof ; Reed, Rosi Jan ; Rehman, Attiq Ur ; Reichelt, Patrick Simon ; Reidt, Felix ; Ren, Xiaowen ; Renfordt, Rainer Arno Ernst ; Reolon, Anna Rita ; Reshetin, Andrey ; Rettig, Felix Vincenz ; Revol, Jean-Pierre ; Reygers, Klaus Johannes ; Riabov, Viktor ; Ricci, Renato Angelo ; Richert, Tuva Ora Herenui ; Richter, Matthias ; Riedler, Petra ; Riegler, Werner ; Riggi, Francesco ; Ristea, Catalin-Lucian ; Rivetti, Angelo ; Rocco, Elena ; Rodriguez Cahuantzi, Mario ; Rodriguez Manso, Alis ; Roeed, Ketil ; Rogochaya, Elena ; Rohr, David ; Roehrich, Dieter ; Romita, Rosa ; Ronchetti, Federico ; Ronflette, Lucile ; Rosnet, Philippe ; Rossi, Andrea ; Roukoutakis, Filimon ; Roy, Ankhi ; Roy, Christelle Sophie ; Roy, Pradip Kumar ; Rubio Montero, Antonio Juan ; Rui, Rinaldo ; Russo, Riccardo ; Ryabinkin, Evgeny ; Ryabov, Yury ; Rybicki, Andrzej ; Sadovskiy, Sergey ; Safarik, Karel ; Sahlmuller, Baldo ; Sahoo, Pragati ; Sahoo, Raghunath ; Sahoo, Sarita ; Sahu, Pradip Kumar ; Saini, Jogender ; Sakai, Shingo ; Saleh, Mohammad Ahmad ; Salgado Lopez, Carlos Alberto ; Salzwedel, Jai Samuel Nielsen ; Sambyal, Sanjeev Singh ; Samsonov, Vladimir ; Sanchez Castro, Xitzel ; Sandor, Ladislav ; Sandoval, Andres ; Sano, Masato ; Sarkar, Debojit ; Scapparone, Eugenio ; Scarlassara, Fernando ; Scharenberg, Rolf Paul ; Schiaua, Claudiu Cornel ; Schicker, Rainer ; Schmidt, Christian Joachim ; Schmidt, Hans Rudolf ; Schuchmann, Simone ; Schukraft, Jürgen ; Schulc, Martin ; Schuster, Tim Robin ; Schutz, Yves Roland ; Schwarz, Kilian Eberhard ; Schweda, Kai ; Scioli, Gilda ; Scomparin, Enrico ; Scott, Rebecca Michelle ; Seger, Janet Elizabeth ; Sekiguchi, Yuko ; Sekihata, Daiki ; Selyuzhenkov, Ilya ; Senosi, Kgotlaesele ; Seo, Jeewon ; Serradilla Rodriguez, Eulogio ; Sevcenco, Adrian ; Shabanov, Arseniy ; Shabetai, Alexandre ; Shadura, Oksana ; Shahoyan, Ruben ; Shangaraev, Artem ; Sharma, Ankita ; Sharma, Mona ; Sharma, Monika ; Sharma, Natasha ; Shigaki, Kenta ; Shtejer Diaz, Katherin ; Sibiryak, Yury ; Siddhanta, Sabyasachi ; Sielewicz, Krzysztof Marek ; Siemiarczuk, Teodor ; Silvermyr, David Olle Rickard ; Silvestre, Catherine Micaela ; Simatovic, Goran ; Simonetti, Giuseppe ; Singaraju, Rama Narayana ; Singh, Ranbir ; Singha, Subhash ; Singhal, Vikas ; Sinha, Bikash ; Sarkar-Sinha, Tinku ; Sitar, Branislav ; Sitta, Mario ; Skaali, Toralf Bernhard ; Slupecki, Maciej ; Smirnov, Nikolai ; Snellings, Raimond ; Snellman, Tomas Wilhelm ; Soegaard, Carsten ; Soltz, Ron Ariel ; Song, Jihye ; Song, Myunggeun ; Song, Zixuan ; Soramel, Francesca ; Sorensen, Soren Pontoppidan ; Spacek, Michal ; Spiriti, Eleuterio ; Sputowska, Iwona Anna ; Spyropoulou-Stassinaki, Martha ; Srivastava, Brijesh Kumar ; Stachel, Johanna ; Stan, Ionel ; Stefanek, Grzegorz ; Steinpreis, Matthew Donald ; Stenlund, Evert Anders ; Steyn, Gideon Francois ; Stiller, Johannes Hendrik ; Stocco, Diego ; Strmen, Peter ; Suaide, Alexandre Alarcon do Passo ; Sugitate, Toru ; Suire, Christophe Pierre ; Suleymanov, Mais Kazim Oglu ; Sultanov, Rishat ; Sumbera, Michal ; Symons, Timothy ; Szabo, Alexander ; Szanto De Toledo, Alejandro ; Szarka, Imrich ; Szczepankiewicz, Adam ; Szymanski, Maciej ; Takahashi, Jun ; Tambave, Ganesh ; Tanaka, Naoto ; Tangaro, Marco-Antonio ; Tapia Takaki, Jesus Daniel ; Tarantola Peloni, Attilio ; Tarhini, Mohamad ; Tariq, Mohammad ; Tarzila, Madalina-Gabriela ; Tauro, Arturo ; Tejeda Munoz, Guillermo ; Telesca, Adriana ; Terasaki, Kohei ; Terrevoli, Cristina ; Teyssier, Boris ; Thaeder, Jochen Mathias ; Thomas, Deepa ; Tieulent, Raphael Noel ; Timmins, Anthony Robert ; Toia, Alberica ; Trogolo, Stefano ; Trubnikov, Victor ; Trzaska, Wladyslaw Henryk ; Tsuji, Tomoya ; Tumkin, Alexandr ; Turrisi, Rosario ; Tveter, Trine Spedstad ; Ullaland, Kjetil ; Uras, Antonio ; Usai, Gianluca ; Utrobicic, Antonija ; Vajzer, Michal ; Vala, Martin ; Valencia Palomo, Lizardo ; Vallero, Sara ; Van Der Maarel, Jasper ; Van Hoorne, Jacobus Willem ; Van Leeuwen, Marco ; Vanat, Tomas ; Vande Vyvre, Pierre ; Varga, Dezso ; Diozcora Vargas Trevino, Aurora ; Vargyas, Marton ; Varma, Raghava ; Vasileiou, Maria ; Vasiliev, Andrey ; Vauthier, Astrid ; Vechernin, Vladimir ; Veen, Annelies Marianne ; Veldhoen, Misha ; Velure, Arild ; Venaruzzo, Massimo ; Vercellin, Ermanno ; Vergara Limon, Sergio ; Vernet, Renaud ; Verweij, Marta ; Vickovic, Linda ; Viesti, Giuseppe ; Viinikainen, Jussi Samuli ; Vilakazi, Zabulon ; Villalobos Baillie, Orlando ; Vinogradov, Alexander ; Vinogradov, Leonid ; Vinogradov, Yury ; Virgili, Tiziano ; Vislavicius, Vytautas ; Viyogi, Yogendra ; Vodopyanov, Alexander ; Völkl, Martin Andreas ; Voloshin, Kirill ; Voloshin, Sergey ; Volpe, Giacomo ; Von Haller, Barthelemy ; Vorobyev, Ivan ; Vranic, Danilo ; Vrlakova, Janka ; Vulpescu, Bogdan ; Vyushin, Alexey ; Wagner, Boris ; Wagner, Jan ; Wang, Hongkai ; Wang, Mengliang ; Wang, Yifei ; Watanabe, Daisuke ; Watanabe, Yosuke ; Weber, Michael ; Weber, Steffen Georg ; Wessels, Johannes Peter ; Westerhoff, Uwe ; Wiechula, Jens ; Wikne, Jon ; Wilde, Martin Rudolf ; Wilk, Grzegorz Andrzej ; Wilkinson, Jeremy John ; Williams, Crispin ; Windelband, Bernd ; Winn, Michael ; Yaldo, Chris G ; Yang, Hongyan ; Yang, Ping ; Yano, Satoshi ; Yin, Zhongbao ; Yokoyama, Hiroki ; Yoo, In-Kwon ; Yurchenko, Volodymyr ; Yushmanov, Igor ; Zaborowska, Anna ; Zaccolo, Valentina ; Zaman, Ali ; Zampolli, Chiara ; Correia Zanoli, Henrique Jose ; Zaporozhets, Sergey ; Zardoshti, Nima ; Zarochentsev, Andrey ; Zavada, Petr ; Zavyalov, Nikolay ; Zbroszczyk, Hanna Paulina ; Zgura, Sorin Ion ; Zhalov, Mikhail ; Zhang, Haitao ; Zhang, Xiaoming ; Zhang, Yonghong ; Zhao, Chengxin ; Zhigareva, Natalia ; Zhou, Daicui ; Zhou, You ; Zhou, Zhuo ; Zhu, Hongsheng ; Zhu, Jianhui ; Zhu, Xiangrong ; Zichichi, Antonino ; Zimmermann, Alice ; Zimmermann, Markus Bernhard ; Zinovjev, Gennady ; Zyzak, Maksym
Transverse momentum (pT) spectra of pions, kaons, and protons up to pT=20 GeV/c have been measured in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV using the ALICE detector for six different centrality classes covering 0-80%. The proton-to-pion and the kaon-to-pion ratios both show a distinct peak at pT≈3 GeV/c in central Pb-Pb collisions that decreases towards more peripheral collisions. For pT>10 GeV/c, the nuclear modification factor is found to be the same for all three particle species in each centrality interval within systematic uncertainties of 10-20%. This suggests there is no direct interplay between the energy loss in the medium and the particle species composition in the hard core of the quenched jet. For pT<10 GeV/c, the data provide important constraints for models aimed at describing the transition from soft to hard physics.
Ehrhart, Sebastian ; Ickes, Luisa ; Almeida, Joao ; Amorim, Antonio ; Barmet, Peter ; Bianchi, Federico ; Dommen, Josef ; Dunne, Eimear M. ; Duplissy, Jonathan ; Franchin, Alessandro ; Kangasluoma, Juha ; Kirkby, Jasper ; Kürten, Christoph Andreas ; Kupc, Agnieszka ; Lehtipalo, Katrianne ; Nieminen, Tuomo ; Riccobono, Francesco ; Rondo, Linda ; Schobesberger, Siegfried ; Steiner, Gerhard ; Tomé, Antonio ; Wimmer, Daniela ; Baltensperger, Urs ; Wagner, Paul E. ; Curtius, Joachim
Binary nucleation of sulphuric acid-water particles is expected to be an important process in the free troposphere at low temperatures. SAWNUC (Sulphuric Acid Water Nucleation) is a model of binary nucleation that is based on laboratory measurements of the binding energies of sulphuric acid and water in charged and neutral clusters. Predictions of SAWNUC are compared for the first time comprehensively with experimental binary nucleation data from the CLOUD chamber at European Organization for Nuclear Research. The experimental measurements span a temperature range of 208–292 K, sulphuric acid concentrations from 1·106 to 1·109 cm−3, and distinguish between ion-induced and neutral nucleation. Good agreement, within a factor of 5, is found between the experimental and modeled formation rates for ion-induced nucleation at 278 K and below and for neutral nucleation at 208 and 223 K. Differences at warm temperatures are attributed to ammonia contamination which was indicated by the presence of ammonia-sulphuric acid clusters, detected by an Atmospheric Pressure Interface Time of Flight (APi-TOF) mass spectrometer. APi-TOF measurements of the sulphuric acid ion cluster distributions (math formula with i = 0, 1, ..., 10) show qualitative agreement with the SAWNUC ion cluster distributions. Remaining differences between the measured and modeled distributions are most likely due to fragmentation in the APi-TOF. The CLOUD results are in good agreement with previously measured cluster binding energies and show the SAWNUC model to be a good representation of ion-induced and neutral binary nucleation of sulphuric acid-water clusters in the middle and upper troposphere.
Simon, Mario ; Heinritzi, Martin ; Herzog, Stephan ; Leiminger, Markus ; Bianchi, Federico ; Praplan, Arnaud Patrick ; Dommen, Josef ; Curtius, Joachim ; Kürten, Christoph Andreas
Amines are potentially important for atmospheric new particle formation, but their concentrations are usually low with typical mixing ratios in the pptv range or even smaller. Therefore, the demand for highly sensitive gas-phase amine measurements has emerged in the last several years. Nitrate chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) is routinely used for the measurement of gasphase sulfuric acid in the sub-pptv range. Furthermore, extremely low volatile organic compounds (ELVOCs) can be detected with a nitrate CIMS. In this study we demonstrate that a nitrate CIMS can also be used for the sensitive measurement of dimethylamine (DMA, (CH3/2NH) using the NO3−•(HNO3)1 − 2• (DMA) cluster ion signal. Calibration measurements were made at the CLOUD chamber during two different measurement campaigns. Good linearity between 0 and ~120 pptv of DMA as well as a sub-pptv detection limit of 0.7 pptv for a 10 min integration time are demonstrated at 278K and 38% RH.
Hoyle, Christopher Robert ; Fuchs, Claudia ; Järvinen, Emma ; Saathoff, Harald ; Dias, Antonio ; El Haddad, Imad ; Gysel, Martin ; Coburn, Sean C. ; Tröstl, Jasmin ; Bernhammer, Anne-Kathrin ; Bianchi, Federico ; Breitenlechner, Martin ; Corbin, Joel C. ; Craven, Jill ; Donahue, Neil McPherson ; Duplissy, Jonathan ; Ehrhart, Sebastian ; Frege, Carla ; Gordon, Hamish ; Höppel, Niko Florian ; Heinritzi, Martin ; Kristensen, Thomas Bjerring ; Molteni, Ugo ; Nichman, Leonid ; Pinterich, Tamara ; Prévôt, André Stephan Henry ; Simon, Mario ; Slowik, Jay G. ; Steiner, Gerhard ; Tomé, Antonio ; Vogel, Alexander L. ; Volkamer, Rainer ; Wagner, Andrea Christine ; Wagner, Robert ; Wexler, Anthony S. ; Williamson, Christina ; Winkler, Paul M. ; Yan, Chao ; Amorim, Antonio ; Dommen, Josef ; Curtius, Joachim ; Gallagher, Martin William ; Flagan, Richard C. ; Hansel, Armin ; Kirkby, Jasper ; Kulmala, Markku ; Möhler, Ottmar ; Stratmann, Frank ; Worsnop, Douglas R. ; Baltensperger, Urs
The growth of aerosol due to the aqueous phase oxidation of sulfur dioxide by ozone was measured in laboratory-generated clouds created in the Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD) chamber at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). Experiments were performed at 10 and −10 °C, on acidic (sulfuric acid) and on partially to fully neutralised (ammonium sulfate) seed aerosol. Clouds were generated by performing an adiabatic expansion – pressurising the chamber to 220 hPa above atmospheric pressure, and then rapidly releasing the excess pressure, resulting in a cooling, condensation of water on the aerosol and a cloud lifetime of approximately 6 min. A model was developed to compare the observed aerosol growth with that predicted using oxidation rate constants previously measured in bulk solutions. The model captured the measured aerosol growth very well for experiments performed at 10 and −10 °C, indicating that, in contrast to some previous studies, the oxidation rates of SO2 in a dispersed aqueous system can be well represented by using accepted rate constants, based on bulk measurements. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first laboratory-based measurements of aqueous phase oxidation in a dispersed, super-cooled population of droplets. The measurements are therefore important in confirming that the extrapolation of currently accepted reaction rate constants to temperatures below 0 °C is correct.
Hygroscopicity of nanoparticles produced from homogeneous
nucleation in the CLOUD experiments
(2016)
Kim, Jaeseok ; Ahlm, Lars ; Yli-Juuti, Taina ; Lawler, Michael Joseph ; Keskinen, Helmi ; Tröstl, Jasmin ; Schobesberger, Siegfried ; Duplissy, Jonathan ; Amorim, Antonio ; Bianchi, Federico ; Donahue, Neil McPherson ; Flagan, Richard C. ; Hakala, Jani ; Heinritzi, Martin ; Jokinen, Tuija ; Kürten, Christoph Andreas ; Laaksonen, Ari ; Lehtipalo, Katrianne ; Miettinen, Pasi ; Petäjä, Tuukka ; Rissanen, Matti P. ; Rondo, Linda ; Sengupta, Kamalika ; Simon, Mario ; Tomé, Antonio ; Williamson, Christina ; Wimmer, Daniela ; Winkler, Paul M. ; Ehrhart, Sebastian ; Ye, Penglin ; Kirkby, Jasper ; Curtius, Joachim ; Baltensperger, Urs ; Kulmala, Markku ; Lehtinen, Kari E. J. ; Smith, James N. ; Riipinen, Ilona ; Virtanen, Annele
Sulfuric acid, amines and oxidized organics have been found to be important compounds in the nucleation and initial growth of atmospheric particles. Because of the challenges involved in determining the chemical composition of objects with very small mass, however, the properties of the freshly nucleated particles and the detailed pathways of their formation processes are still not clear. In this study, we focus on a challenging size range, i.e., particles that have grown to diameters of 10 and 15 nm following nucleation, and measure their water uptake. Water uptake is useful information for indirectly obtaining chemical composition of aerosol particles. We use a nanometer-hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (nano-HTDMA) at subsaturated conditions (ca. 90 % relative humidity at 293 K) to measure the hygroscopicity of particles during the seventh Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD7) campaign performed at CERN in 2012. In CLOUD7, the hygroscopicity of nucleated nanoparticles was measured in the presence of sulfuric acid, sulfuric acid–dimethylamine, and sulfuric acid–organics derived from α-pinene oxidation. The hygroscopicity parameter κ decreased with increasing particle size, indicating decreasing acidity of particles. No clear effect of the sulfuric acid concentration on the hygroscopicity of 10 nm particles produced from sulfuric acid and dimethylamine was observed, whereas the hygroscopicity of 15 nm particles sharply decreased with decreasing sulfuric acid concentrations. In particular, when the concentration of sulfuric acid was 5.1 × 106 molecules cm−3 in the gas phase, and the dimethylamine mixing ratio was 11.8 ppt, the measured κ of 15 nm particles was 0.31 ± 0.01: close to the value reported for dimethylaminium sulfate (DMAS) (κDMAS ∼ 0.28). Furthermore, the difference in κ between sulfuric acid and sulfuric acid–imethylamine experiments increased with increasing particle size. The κ values of particles in the presence of sulfuric acid and organics were much smaller than those of particles in the presence of sulfuric acid and dimethylamine. This suggests that the organics produced from α-pinene ozonolysis play a significant role in particle growth even at 10 nm sizes.
Kirkby, Jasper ; Duplissy, Jonathan ; Sengupta, Kamalika ; Frege, Carla ; Gordon, Hamish ; Williamson, Christina ; Heinritzi, Martin ; Simon, Mario ; Yan, Chao ; Almeida, Joao ; Tröstl, Jasmin ; Nieminen, Tuomo ; Ortega, Ismael K. ; Wagner, Robert ; Adamov, Alexey ; Amorim, Antonio ; Bernhammer, Anne-Kathrin ; Bianchi, Federico ; Breitenlechner, Martin ; Brilke, Sophia ; Chen, Xuemeng ; Craven, Jill ; Dias, Antonio ; Ehrhart, Sebastian ; Flagan, Richard C. ; Franchin, Alessandro ; Fuchs, Claudia ; Guida, Roberto ; Hakala, Jani ; Hoyle, Christopher Robert ; Jokinen, Tuija ; Junninen, Heikki ; Kangasluoma, Juha ; Kim, Jaeseok ; Krapf, Manuel ; Kürten, Christoph Andreas ; Laaksonen, Ari ; Lehtipalo, Katrianne ; Makhmutov, Vladimir ; Mathot, Serge ; Molteni, Ugo ; Onnela, Antti ; Peräkylä, Otso ; Piel, Felix ; Petäjä, Tuukka ; Praplan, Arnaud Patrick ; Pringle, Kirsty ; Rap, Alexandru ; Richards, Nigel A. D. ; Riipinen, Ilona ; Rissanen, Matti P. ; Rondo, Linda ; Sarnela, Nina ; Schobesberger, Siegfried ; Scott, Catherine E. ; Seinfeld, John H. ; Sipilä, Mikko ; Steiner, Gerhard ; Stozhkov, Yuri ; Stratmann, Frank ; Tomé, Antonio ; Virtanen, Annele ; Vogel, Alexander L. ; Wagner, Andrea Christine ; Wagner, Paul E. ; Weingartner, Ernest ; Wimmer, Daniela ; Winkler, Paul M. ; Ye, Penglin ; Zhang, Xuan ; Hansel, Armin ; Dommen, Josef ; Donahue, Neil McPherson ; Worsnop, Douglas R. ; Baltensperger, Urs ; Kulmala, Markku ; Carslaw, Kenneth S. ; Curtius, Joachim
Atmospheric aerosols and their effect on clouds are thought to be important for anthropogenic radiative forcing of the climate, yet remain poorly understood1. Globally, around half of cloud condensation nuclei originate from nucleation of atmospheric vapours2. It is thought that sulfuric acid is essential to initiate most particle formation in the atmosphere3,4, and that ions have a relatively minor role5. Some laboratory studies, however, have reported organic particle formation without the intentional addition of sulfuric acid, although contamination could not be excluded6,7. Here we present evidence for the formation of aerosol particles from highly oxidized biogenic vapours in the absence of sulfuric acid in a large chamber under atmospheric conditions. The highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) are produced by ozonolysis of α-pinene. We find that ions from Galactic cosmic rays increase the nucleation rate by one to two orders of magnitude compared with neutral nucleation. Our experimental findings are supported by quantum chemical calculations of the cluster binding energies of representative HOMs. Ion-induced nucleation of pure organic particles constitutes a potentially widespread source of aerosol particles in terrestrial environments with low sulfuric acid pollution.
Tröstl, Jasmin ; Chuang, Wayne K. ; Gordon, Hamish ; Heinritzi, Martin ; Yan, Chao ; Molteni, Ugo ; Ahlm, Lars ; Frege, Carla ; Bianchi, Federico ; Wagner, Robert ; Simon, Mario ; Lehtipalo, Katrianne ; Williamson, Christina ; Craven, Jill ; Duplissy, Jonathan ; Adamov, Alexey ; Almeida, Joao ; Bernhammer, Anne-Kathrin ; Breitenlechner, Martin ; Brilke, Sophia ; Dias, Antonio ; Ehrhart, Sebastian ; Flagan, Richard C. ; Franchin, Alessandro ; Fuchs, Claudia ; Guida, Roberto ; Gysel, Martin ; Hansel, Armin ; Hoyle, Christopher Robert ; Jokinen, Tuija ; Junninen, Heikki ; Kangasluoma, Juha ; Keskinen, Helmi ; Kim, Jaeseok ; Krapf, Manuel ; Kürten, Christoph Andreas ; Laaksonen, Ari ; Lawler, Michael Joseph ; Leiminger, Markus ; Mathot, Serge ; Möhler, Ottmar ; Nieminen, Tuomo ; Onnela, Antti ; Petäjä, Tuukka ; Piel, Felix ; Miettinen, Pasi ; Rissanen, Matti P. ; Rondo, Linda ; Sarnela, Nina ; Schobesberger, Siegfried ; Sengupta, Kamalika ; Sipilä, Mikko ; Smith, James N. ; Steiner, Gerhard ; Tomé, Antonio ; Virtanen, Annele ; Wagner, Andrea Christine ; Weingartner, Ernest ; Wimmer, Daniela ; Winkler, Paul M. ; Ye, Penglin ; Carslaw, Kenneth S. ; Curtius, Joachim ; Dommen, Josef ; Kirkby, Jasper ; Kulmala, Markku ; Riipinen, Ilona ; Worsnop, Douglas R. ; Donahue, Neil McPherson ; Baltensperger, Urs
About half of present-day cloud condensation nuclei originate from atmospheric nucleation, frequently appearing as a burst of new particles near midday1. Atmospheric observations show that the growth rate of new particles often accelerates when the diameter of the particles is between one and ten nanometres2,3. In this critical size range, new particles are most likely to be lost by coagulation with pre-existing particles4, thereby failing to form new cloud condensation nuclei that are typically 50 to 100 nanometres across. Sulfuric acid vapour is often involved in nucleation but is too scarce to explain most subsequent growth5,6, leaving organic vapours as the most plausible alternative, at least in the planetary boundary layer7,8,9,10. Although recent studies11,12,13 predict that low-volatility organic vapours contribute during initial growth, direct evidence has been lacking. The accelerating growth may result from increased photolytic production of condensable organic species in the afternoon2, and the presence of a possible Kelvin (curvature) effect, which inhibits organic vapour condensation on the smallest particles (the nano-Köhler theory)2,14, has so far remained ambiguous. Here we present experiments performed in a large chamber under atmospheric conditions that investigate the role of organic vapours in the initial growth of nucleated organic particles in the absence of inorganic acids and bases such as sulfuric acid or ammonia and amines, respectively. Using data from the same set of experiments, it has been shown15 that organic vapours alone can drive nucleation. We focus on the growth of nucleated particles and find that the organic vapours that drive initial growth have extremely low volatilities (saturation concentration less than 10−4.5 micrograms per cubic metre). As the particles increase in size and the Kelvin barrier falls, subsequent growth is primarily due to more abundant organic vapours of slightly higher volatility (saturation concentrations of 10−4.5 to 10−0.5 micrograms per cubic metre). We present a particle growth model that quantitatively reproduces our measurements. Furthermore, we implement a parameterization of the first steps of growth in a global aerosol model and find that concentrations of atmospheric cloud concentration nuclei can change substantially in response, that is, by up to 50 per cent in comparison with previously assumed growth rate parameterizations.
Lawler, Michael Joseph ; Winkler, Paul M. ; Kim, Jaeseok ; Ahlm, Lars ; Tröstl, Jasmin ; Praplan, Arnaud Patrick ; Schobesberger, Siegfried ; Kürten, Christoph Andreas ; Kirkby, Jasper ; Bianchi, Federico ; Duplissy, Jonathan ; Hansel, Armin ; Jokinen, Tuija ; Keskinen, Helmi ; Lehtipalo, Katrianne ; Lehtipalo, Katrianne ; Leiminger, Markus ; Petäjä, Tuukka ; Rissanen, Matti P. ; Rondo, Linda ; Simon, Mario ; Sipilä, Mikko ; Williamson, Christina ; Wimmer, Daniela ; Riipinen, Ilona ; Virtanen, Annele ; Smith, James N.
New particle formation driven by acid-base chemistry was initiated in the CLOUD chamber at CERN by introducing atmospherically relevant levels of gas phase sulfuric acid and dimethylamine (DMA). Ammonia was also present in the chamber as a gas-phase contaminant from earlier experiments. The composition of particles with volume median diameters (VMDs) as small as 10 nm was measured by the Thermal Desorption Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (TDCIMS). Particulate ammonium-to-dimethylaminium ratios were higher than the gas phase ammonia-to-DMA ratios, suggesting preferential uptake of ammonia over DMA for the collected 10-30 nm VMD particles. This behavior is not consistent with present nanoparticle physico-chemical models, which predict a higher dimethylaminium fraction when NH3 and DMA are present at similar gas phase concentrations. Despite the presence in the gas phase of at least 100 times higher base concentrations than sulfuric acid, the recently formed particles always had measured base:acid ratios lower than 1:1. The lowest base fractions were found in particles below 15 nm VMD, with a strong size-dependent composition gradient that suggests a change to a mixed-phase state as the particles grew beyond this size. The reasons for the very acidic composition remain uncertain, but a possible explanation is that the particles did not reach thermodynamic equilibrium with respect to the bases due to rapid heterogeneous conversion of SO2 to sulfate. These results indicate that sulfuric acid does not require stabilization by ammonium or dimethylaminium as acid-base pairs in particles as small as 10 nm.
Lehtipalo, Katrianne ; Rondo, Linda ; Kontkanen, Jenni ; Schobesberger, Siegfried ; Jokinen, Tuija ; Sarnela, Nina ; Kürten, Christoph Andreas ; Ehrhart, Sebastian ; Franchin, Alessandro ; Nieminen, Tuomo ; Riccobono, Francesco ; Sipilä, Mikko ; Yli-Juuti, Taina ; Duplissy, Jonathan ; Adamov, Alexey ; Ahlm, Lars ; Almeida, Joao ; Amorim, Antonio ; Bianchi, Federico ; Breitenlechner, Martin ; Dommen, Josef ; Downard, Andrew ; Dunne, Eimear M. ; Flagan, Richard C. ; Guida, Roberto ; Hakala, Jani ; Hansel, Armin ; Jud, Werner ; Kangasluoma, Juha ; Kerminen, Veli-Matti ; Keskinen, Helmi ; Kim, Jaeseok ; Kirkby, Jasper ; Kupc, Agnieszka ; Kupiainen-Määttä, Oona ; Laaksonen, Ari ; Lawler, Michael Joseph ; Leiminger, Markus ; Mathot, Serge ; Olenius, Tinja ; Ortega, Ismael K. ; Onnela, Antti ; Petäjä, Tuukka ; Praplan, Arnaud Patrick ; Rissanen, Matti P. ; Ruuskanen, Taina ; Santos, Filipe Duarte ; Schallhart, Simon ; Schnitzhofer, Ralf ; Simon, Mario ; Smith, James N. ; Tröstl, Jasmin ; Tsagkogeorgas, Georgios ; Tomé, Antonio ; Vaattovaara, Petri ; Vehkamäki, Hanna ; Vrtala, Aron ; Wagner, Paul E. ; Williamson, Christina ; Wimmer, Daniela ; Winkler, Paul M. ; Virtanen, Annele ; Donahue, Neil McPherson ; Carslaw, Kenneth S. ; Baltensperger, Urs ; Riipinen, Ilona ; Curtius, Joachim ; Worsnop, Douglas R. ; Kulmala, Markku
The growth of freshly formed aerosol particles can be the bottleneck in their survival to cloud condensation nuclei. It is therefore crucial to understand how particles grow in the atmosphere. Insufficient experimental data has impeded a profound understanding of nano-particle growth under atmospheric conditions. Here we study nano-particle growth in the CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoors Droplets) chamber, starting from the formation of molecular clusters. We present measured growth rates at sub-3 nm sizes with different atmospherically relevant concentrations of sulphuric acid, water, ammonia and dimethylamine. We find that atmospheric ions and small acid-base clusters, which are not generally accounted for in the measurement of sulphuric acid vapour, can participate in the growth process, leading to enhanced growth rates. The availability of compounds capable of stabilizing sulphuric acid clusters governs the magnitude of these effects and thus the exact growth mechanism. We bring these observations into a coherent framework and discuss their significance in the atmosphere.
Lawler, Michael Joseph ; Winkler, Paul M. ; Kim, Jaeseok ; Ahlm, Lars ; Tröstl, Jasmin ; Praplan, Arnaud Patrick ; Schobesberger, Siegfried ; Kürten, Christoph Andreas ; Kirkby, Jasper ; Bianchi, Federico ; Duplissy, Jonathan ; Hansel, Armin ; Jokinen, Tuija ; Keskinen, Helmi ; Lehtipalo, Katrianne ; Leiminger, Markus ; Petäjä, Tuukka ; Rissanen, Matti P. ; Rondo, Linda ; Simon, Mario ; Sipilä, Mikko ; Williamson, Christina ; Wimmer, Daniela ; Riipinen, Ilona ; Virtanen, Annele ; Smith, James N.
New particle formation driven by acid–base chemistry was initiated in the CLOUD chamber at CERN by introducing atmospherically relevant levels of gas-phase sulfuric acid and dimethylamine (DMA). Ammonia was also present in the chamber as a gas-phase contaminant from earlier experiments. The composition of particles with volume median diameters (VMDs) as small as 10 nm was measured by the Thermal Desorption Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (TDCIMS). Particulate ammonium-to-dimethylaminium ratios were higher than the gas-phase ammonia-to-DMA ratios, suggesting preferential uptake of ammonia over DMA for the collected 10–30 nm VMD particles. This behavior is not consistent with present nanoparticle physicochemical models, which predict a higher dimethylaminium fraction when NH3 and DMA are present at similar gas-phase concentrations. Despite the presence in the gas phase of at least 100 times higher base concentrations than sulfuric acid, the recently formed particles always had measured base : acid ratios lower than 1 : 1. The lowest base fractions were found in particles below 15 nm VMD, with a strong size-dependent composition gradient. The reasons for the very acidic composition remain uncertain, but a plausible explanation is that the particles did not reach thermodynamic equilibrium with respect to the bases due to rapid heterogeneous conversion of SO2 to sulfate. These results indicate that sulfuric acid does not require stabilization by ammonium or dimethylaminium as acid–base pairs in particles as small as 10 nm.