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A Large Ion Collider Experiment (ALICE) has been conceived and constructed as a heavy-ion experiment at the LHC. During LHC Runs 1 and 2, it has produced a wide range of physics results using all collision systems available at the LHC. In order to best exploit new physics opportunities opening up with the upgraded LHC and new detector technologies, the experiment has undergone a major upgrade during the LHC Long Shutdown 2 (2019-2022). This comprises the move to continuous readout, the complete overhaul of core detectors, as well as a new online event processing farm with a redesigned online-offline software framework. These improvements will allow to record Pb-Pb collisions at rates up to 50 kHz, while ensuring sensitivity for signals without a triggerable signature.
A Large Ion Collider Experiment (ALICE) has been conceived and constructed as a heavy-ion experiment at the LHC. During LHC Runs 1 and 2, it has produced a wide range of physics results using all collision systems available at the LHC. In order to best exploit new physics opportunities opening up with the upgraded LHC and new detector technologies, the experiment has undergone a major upgrade during the LHC Long Shutdown 2 (2019-2022). This comprises the move to continuous readout, the complete overhaul of core detectors, as well as a new online event processing farm with a redesigned online-offline software framework. These improvements will allow to record Pb-Pb collisions at rates up to 50 kHz, while ensuring sensitivity for signals without a triggerable signature.
A Large Ion Collider Experiment (ALICE) has been conceived and constructed as a heavy-ion experiment at the LHC. During LHC Runs 1 and 2, it has produced a wide range of physics results using all collision systems available at the LHC. In order to best exploit new physics opportunities opening up with the upgraded LHC and new detector technologies, the experiment has undergone a major upgrade during the LHC Long Shutdown 2 (2019–2022). This comprises the move to continuous readout, the complete overhaul of core detectors, as well as a new online event processing farm with a redesigned online-offline software framework. These improvements will allow to record Pb-Pb collisions at rates up to 50 kHz, while ensuring sensitivity for signals without a triggerable signature.
Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, in its original North American habitat also known as western corn rootworm beetle, actively continues its expansion to new territories and uses Homo sapiens as its prime vector. It took only 15 years to spread to and occupy the southeastern and central parts of Europe, so far with the exception of Denmark where it has not been documented as of 2007. Economic thresholds have been reached and surpassed only in Southeast European countries like Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Eastern Croatia, Romania and Northern Italy. But both, the area affected and the severity of symptoms are increasing. Model calculations by a number of authors (Baufeld & Enzian, 2005 a and b; Hongmei Li & al. 2006, CLIMEX model) indicate a definitive propensity of D. v. virgifera to expand its currently occupied territory to regions with moderate temperatures and Zea mays cultivation. East Africa and Eastern Asia are included in the list of potential candidates for future inadvertent introduction. In most discussions it is tacitly and erroneously assumed that Z. mays is the only or the only important host of D. v. virgifera. Our recent observations in Eastern Slovenia on the oil pumpkin Cucurbita pepo indicate, however, that this simplifying assumption is notlonger strictly valid. It has to be modified in light of new evidence. Here, we report a few field experiments conducted in August of 2006 clarifying the host status of C. pepo in a European country.
Ausgangspunkt für den Enthusiasmus von Seiten der Pflanzenschützer und Mediziner für Niem war eine Zufallsbeobachtung von H. Schmutterer, der während seines Aufenthalts im Sudan zwischen 1959 und 1961 einen Heuschreckeneinfall von Schistocerca gregaria erlebte. In dessen Folge war, wie seit biblischen Zeiten (2. Mose, Kapitel 10, Verse 1-20) wohl bekannt, meilenweit kein Grün mehr verblieben, mit Ausnahme einiger Niembäume, an denen die gefräßigen Heuschrecken vorübergezogen waren. Schmutterer ging dieser Beobachtung nach und fand, dass der Baum ein fraßabschreckendes Prinzip enthalten muss, das die Heuschrecken auf Distanz hält. Tatsächlich konnten Butterworth & Morgan 1972 einen niemeigenen Stoff dieser Wirkung dingfest machen. Wir wissen heute als Resultat eines Zusammenwirkens einer Reihe von Forschergruppen in Europa, USA, Indien, China und Japan von der Existenz des Azadirachtins, des kompliziert gebauten Hauptwirkstoffs, dessen chemische Struktur vor 22 Jahren von mehreren Gruppen unabhängig und zweifelsfrei identifiziert wurde. Azadirachtin hat sich in der Folgezeit hartnäckig der Totalsynthese widersetzt (Ley & al. 1993). Lediglich sterile Suspensionskulturen von Azadirachta indica lieferten Azadirachtin und seine Kongeneren sowie die verwandten Limonoide Salannin und Nimbin biosynthetisch, freilich in sehr schlechten Ausbeuten und unter hohen Kosten (Morgan & Allen 2002). Erst kürzlich wurde die erste gelungene Totalsynthese von Veitch & al. (2007) bekannt, die wegen der Komplexität der Struktur eine echte Herausforderung an die Kunst der beteiligten Chemiker darstellte. Angesichts des hohen Preises der synthetischen Wirkstoffe wird der Anwender von Niemprodukten auch künftig nach günstigen natürlichen Quellen des Rohmaterials Ausschau halten, wofür hauptsächlich Samen, aber auch Blätter in Frage kommen. Der Niembaum gedeiht in allen subtropischen und tropischen Ländern der Erde. Eine frosttolerante Variante mit Anwendungspotenzial in gemäßigten Breiten ist aus den Gebirgstälern des Himalaya bekannt. Im Folgenden seien einige jüngere Entwicklungen der Niemforschung und -anwendung skizziert. Der Problematik des organischen Landbaus wird dabei ein eigener kurzer Abschnitt eingeräumt.
The leaf beetle Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), (D.v.v.), also called the western corn rootworm, is endemic to the New World and ranks among the top ten insect pests in worldwide grain production. D.v.v. causes annual damages of 1 billion US Dollars and is a notoriously difficult insect pest to control and manage, as entomological history of the past 50 years amply demonstrates (METCALF 1986). Considering recent emphasis on environmentally compatible and sustainable management strategies, entomologists and practitioners are encouraged to pay increased attention to novel approaches such as biotechnial methods which today are characterized by preferential use of signal compounds. Fortunately, both insect and plants provide a wide variety of such natural resources. In the case of D.v.v., sex pheromonesand plant kairomones as specific attractants and management tools are relatively well investigated through numerous contributions by GUSS et al. (1982), METCALF & METCALF (1992), METCALF (1994) and many recent publications on the advance and spread of D.v.v. within Europe (BERGER 1995-2004, HUMMEL 2003). Principle of MSD method: In this paper, the plant kairomone 4-methoxycinnamaldehyde (MCA), a specific attractant for D.v.v., is being used as a tool within the newly proposed "MSD" strategy. It combines a two pronge approach consisting as the well known mass trapping with the novel shielding and deflecting, called in short "diversion" and introduced here for the first time. An invisible “curtain” or “fence” of MCA vapor released from a MCA trap line establishes a behavioral barrier which the flying beetles cannot easily pass without being 1. either caught in one of the high capacity traps or 2. being diverted elsewhere. The net effect is a significant reduction in adult population density and oviposition within the MCA treated field as compared to an untreated control field. These effects can be experimentally measured by 1. adult beetle counts on maize plants, 2. by counts in independent monitoring traps baited with the D.v.v. sex pheromone, and 3. by egg counts taken in soil samples.