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Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patient groups at risk. We have previously shown that the anti-CMV IgG seroprevalence in an urban region of Germany has changed over the last decades. Overall, a decline from 63.7 to 57.25% had been observed between 1988–1997 and 1998–2008 (p < 0,001). Here, we continuously follow the trends to the most recent decade 2009 to 2018. In a retrospective analysis, we determined the seroprevalence of CMV IgG antibodies in our patient cohort, stratified by gender and selected groups at risk (e.g., patients with HIV infection; women of childbearing age). The overall prevalence of anti-CMV IgG non-significantly declined further from 57.25% in 1998–2008 to 56.48% in 2009–2018 (p = 0.881). Looking at gender differences, overall CMV seroprevalence in males declined to 52.82% (from 55.54% in 1998–2008; p = 0.0254), while it non-significantly increased in females to 59.80%. The high seroprevalence in patients with a known HIV infection further increased from 87.46% in 1998–2008 to 92.93% in the current period (p = 0.9999). In women of childbearing age, no significant changes over the last three decades could be observed. The CMV seroprevalence in oncological patients was determined to be 60.64%. Overall, the former significant decline of CMV seroprevalence between the decades 1988–1997 and 1998–2008 in this urban region of Germany slowed down to a non-significant decrease of 0.77% (1998–2008 vs. 2009–2018). This might be an indicator that CMV seroprevalence has reached a plateau.
BACKGROUND: There is agreement that the infectivity assay with the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) is a suitable surrogate test to validate disinfectants for hepatitis B virucidal activity. However, since this test is not widely used, information is necessary whether disinfectants with limited virucidal activity also inactivate DHBV. In general, disinfectants with limited virucidal activity are used for skin and sensitive surfaces while agents with full activity are more aggressive. The present study compares the activity of five different biocides against DHBV and the classical test virus for limited virucidal activity, the vaccinia virus strain Lister Elstree (VACV) or the modified vaccinia Ankara strain (MVA).
METHODS: Virucidal assay was performed as suspension test according to the German DVV/RKI guideline. Duck hepatitis B virus obtained from congenitally infected Peking ducks was propagated in primary duck embryonic hepatocytes and was detected by indirect immunofluorescent antigen staining.
RESULTS: The DHBV was inactivated by the use of 40% ethanol within 1-min and 30% isopropanol within 2-min exposure. In comparison, 40% ethanol within 2-min and 40% isopropanol within 1-min exposure were effective against VACV/MVA. These alcohols only have limited virucidal activity, while the following agents have full activity. 0.01% peracetic acid inactivated DHBV within 2 min and a concentration of 0.005% had virucidal efficacy against VACV/MVA within 1 min. After 2-min exposure, 0.05% glutardialdehyde showed a comparable activity against DHBV and VACV/MVA. This is also the case for 0.7% formaldehyde after a contact time of 30 min.
CONCLUSIONS: Duck hepatitis B virus is at least as sensitive to limited virucidal activity as VACV/MVA. Peracetic acid is less effective against DHBV, while the alcohols are less effective against VACV/MVA. It can be expected that in absence of more direct tests the results may be extrapolated to HBV.
Surface disinfectants are part of broader preventive strategies preventing the transmission of bacteria, fungi and viruses in medical institutions. To evaluate their virucidal efficacy, these products must be tested with appropriate model viruses with different physico-chemical properties under conditions representing practical application in hospitals.
The aim of this study was to evaluate a quantitative carrier assay. Furthermore, different putative model viruses like adenovirus type 5 (AdV-5) and different animal parvoviruses were evaluated with respect to their tenacity and practicability in laboratory handling. To evaluate the robustness of the method, some of the viruses were tested in parallel in different laboratories in a multi-center study. Different biocides, which are common active ingredients of surface disinfectants, were used in the test. After drying on stainless steel discs as the carrier, model viruses were exposed to different concentrations of three alcohols, peracetic acid (PAA) or glutaraldehyde (GDA), with a fixed exposure time of 5 minutes. Residual virus was determined after treatment by endpoint titration.
All parvoviruses exhibited a similar stability with respect to GDA, while AdV-5 was more susceptible. For PAA, the porcine parvovirus was more sensitive than the other parvoviruses, and again, AdV-5 presented a higher susceptibility than the parvoviruses. All parvoviruses were resistant to alcohols, while AdV-5 was only stable when treated with 2-propanol. The analysis of the results of the multi-center study showed a high reproducibility of this test system.
In conclusion, two viruses with different physico-chemical properties can be recommended as appropriate model viruses for the evaluation of the virucidal efficacy of surface disinfectants: AdV-5, which has a high clinical impact, and murine parvovirus (MVM) with the highest practicability among the parvoviruses tested.
The plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) is a preferred method for the detection of functional, SARS-CoV-2 specific neutralizing antibodies from serum samples. Alternatively, surrogate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using ACE2 as the target structure for the detection of neutralization-competent antibodies have been developed. They are capable of high throughput, have a short turnaround time, and can be performed under standard laboratory safety conditions. However, there are very limited data on their clinical performance and how they compare to the PRNT. We evaluated three surrogate immunoassays (GenScript SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate Virus Neutralization Test Kit (GenScript Biotech, Piscataway Township, NJ, USA), the TECO® SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Antibody Assay (TECOmedical AG, Sissach, Switzerland), and the Leinco COVID-19 ImmunoRank™ Neutralization MICRO-ELISA (Leinco Technologies, Fenton, MO, USA)) and one automated quantitative SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein-based IgG antibody assay (Abbott GmbH, Wiesbaden, Germany) by testing 78 clinical samples, including several follow-up samples of six BNT162b2 (BioNTech/Pfizer, Mainz, Germany/New York, NY, USA) vaccinated individuals. Using the PRNT as a reference method, the overall sensitivity of the examined assays ranged from 93.8 to 100% and specificity ranged from 73.9 to 91.3%. Weighted kappa demonstrated a substantial to almost perfect agreement. The findings of our study allow these assays to be considered when a PRNT is not available. However, the latter still should be the preferred choice. For optimal clinical performance, the cut-off value of the TECO assay should be individually adapted.
Background: Vaccinia virus strain Lister Elstree (VACV) is a test virus in the DVV/RKI guidelines as representative of the stable enveloped viruses. Since the potential risk of laboratory-acquired infections with VACV persists and since the adverse effects of vaccination with VACV are described, the replacement of VACV by the modified vaccinia Ankara strain (MVA) was studied by testing the activity of different chemical biocides in three German laboratories. Methods: The inactivating properties of different chemical biocides (peracetic acid, aldehydes and alcohols) were tested in a quantitative suspension test according to the DVV/RKI guideline. All tests were performed with a protein load of 10% fetal calf serum with both viruses in parallel using different concentrations and contact times. Residual virus was determined by endpoint dilution method. Results: The chemical biocides exhibited similar virucidal activity against VACV and MVA. In three cases intra-laboratory differences were determined between VACV and MVA - 40% (v/v) ethanol and 30% (v/v) isopropanol are more active against MVA, whereas MVA seems more stable than VACV when testing with 0.05% glutardialdehyde. Test accuracy across the three participating laboratories was high. Remarkably inter-laboratory differences in the reduction factor were only observed in two cases. Conclusions: Our data provide valuable information for the replacement of VACV by MVA for testing chemical biocides and disinfectants. Because MVA does not replicate in humans this would eliminate the potential risk of inadvertent inoculation with vaccinia virus and disease in non-vaccinated laboratory workers.
Background: To minimize the risk of disease transmission in cornea transplantation, donor screening for blood-derived viral infections is mandatory. Ideally, pre-mortem blood samples are used, but based on availability, cadaveric blood samples of cornea donors may also be used. However, serological and nucleic acid amplification tests (NATs) need to be validated for the use of cadaveric specimens.
Methods: Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) 1/2, and Treponema pallidum (syphilis)-specific serological and/or NAT assays were validated on different platforms (Abbott Alinity i, Alinity m, Roche Cobas 6800, and Roche Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan (CAP/CTM)) using (un)spiked paired pre- and post-mortem cornea donor blood samples from the same individual (up to 23.83 h after death) of 28 individuals in accordance with the specifications of the German Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines (Paul-Ehrlich-Institut [PEI]). In addition, routinely HBV-, HCV- and HIV-PCR-negative tested post-mortem blood samples of 24 individuals were used to assess NAT specificity.
Results: For the majority of serological parameters on the Abbott Alinity i (HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs, anti-HCV, anti-HIV, anti-HTLV 1/2, and anti-Treponema pallidum), ratios of generated test results of (un)spiked paired pre- and post-mortem blood samples differed ≤25%, with an agreement of qualitative pre- and post-mortem test results ranging from 91.2 to 100%. For NAT parameters (HBV, HCV, and HIV) on the Cobas 6800, Alinity m, and CAP/CTM, no significant deviation in virus concentrations (factor >5) of spiked pre- and post-mortem blood samples could be observed. Ct-values of corresponding internal controls did also not differ significantly (>1.5 Ct-values). In addition, no false-positive test results were generated when specificity was assessed.
Conclusion: Overall, fluctuations of test results for serological and NAT parameters in pre- and post-mortem blood samples examined in this study, were only limited and within the range of what is also observed when routinely testing fresh patient specimens. We conclude that all examined assays are eligible for the screening of blood samples taken up to about 24 h after the occurrence of death.
The thrombopoietin receptor agonist eltrombopag was successfully used against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-associated thrombocytopenia refractory to immunomodulatory and antiviral drugs. These effects were ascribed to the effects of eltrombopag on megakaryocytes. Here, we tested whether eltrombopag may also exert direct antiviral effects. Therapeutic eltrombopag concentrations inhibited HCMV replication in human fibroblasts and adult mesenchymal stem cells infected with six different virus strains and drug-resistant clinical isolates. Eltrombopag also synergistically increased the anti-HCMV activity of the mainstay drug ganciclovir. Time-of-addition experiments suggested that eltrombopag interfered with HCMV replication after virus entry. Eltrombopag was effective in thrombopoietin receptor-negative cells, and the addition of Fe3+ prevented the anti-HCMV effects, indicating that it inhibits HCMV replication via iron chelation. This may be of particular interest for the treatment of cytopenias after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, as HCMV reactivation is a major reason for transplantation failure. Since therapeutic eltrombopag concentrations are effective against drug-resistant viruses, and synergistically increase the effects of ganciclovir, eltrombopag is also a drug-repurposing candidate for the treatment of therapy-refractory HCMV diseas.
Characterization of neonates born to mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection: review and meta-analysis
(2020)
Characterization of neonates born to mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection has been partially carried out. There has been no systematic review providing a holistic neonatal presentation including possible vertical transmission. A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science up to June, 6 2020. Studies on neonates born to mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection were included. A binary random effect model was used for prevalence and 95% confidence interval. 32 studies involving 261 neonates were included in meta-analysis. Most neonates born to infected mothers did not show any clinical abnormalities (80.4%). Clinical features were dyspnea in 11 (42.3%) and fever in 9 newborns (19.1%). Of 261 neonates, 120 neonates were tested for infection, of whom 12 (10.0%) tested positive. Swabs from placenta, cord blood and vaginal secretion were negative. Neonates are mostly non affected by the mother's SARS-CoV-2 infection. The risk of vertical transmission is low.
Omeprazole was shown to improve the anti-cancer effects of the nucleoside analogue 5-fluorouracil. Here, we combined omeprazole with the antiviral nucleoside analogues ribavirin and acyclovir. Omeprazole did not affect the antiviral effects of ribavirin in non-toxic concentrations up to 80 μg/mL but increased the acyclovir-mediated effects on herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and -2) replication in a dose-dependent manner. Omeprazole alone reduced HSV-1 and -2 titers [but not HSV-induced formation of cytopathogenic effects (CPE)] at concentrations ≥40 μg/mL. However, it exerted substantially stronger effects on acyclovir activity and also increased acyclovir activity at lower concentrations that did not directly interfere with HSV replication. Omeprazole 80 μg/mL caused a 10.8-fold (Vero cells) and 47.7-fold (HaCaT cells) decrease of the acyclovir concentrations that reduced HSV-1-induced CPE formation by 50% (IC50). In HSV-2-infected cells, omeprazole 80 μg/mL reduced the acyclovir IC50 by 7.3- (Vero cells) and 12.9-fold (HaCaT cells). In HaCaT cells, omeprazole 80 μg/mL reduced the HSV-1 titer in the presence of acyclovir 1 μg/mL by 1.6 × 105-fold and the HSV-2 titer in the presence of acyclovir 2 μg/mL by 9.2 × 103-fold. The proton pump inhibitors pantoprazole, rabeprazole, lansoprazole, and dexlansoprazole increased the antiviral effects of acyclovir in a similar fashion as omeprazole, indicating this to be a drug class effect. In conclusion, proton pump inhibitors increase the anti-HSV activity of acyclovir and are candidates for antiviral therapies in combination with acyclovir, in particular for topical preparations for the treatment of immunocompromised individuals who are more likely to suffer from severe complications.
Evaluation of stability and inactivation methods of SARS-CoV-2 in context of laboratory settings
(2021)
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of the acute respiratory disease COVID-19, which has become a global concern due to its rapid spread. Laboratory work with SARS-CoV-2 in a laboratory setting was rated to biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) biocontainment level. However, certain research applications in particular in molecular biology require incomplete denaturation of the proteins, which might cause safety issues handling contaminated samples. In this study, we evaluated lysis buffers that are commonly used in molecular biological laboratories for their ability to inactivate SARS-CoV-2. In addition, viral stability in cell culture media at 4 °C and on display glass and plastic surfaces used in laboratory environment was analyzed. Furthermore, we evaluated chemical and non-chemical inactivation methods including heat inactivation, UV-C light, addition of ethanol, acetone-methanol, and PFA, which might be used as a subsequent inactivation step in the case of insufficient inactivation. We infected susceptible Caco-2 and Vero cells with pre-treated SARS-CoV-2 and determined the tissue culture infection dose 50 (TCID50) using crystal violet staining and microscopy. In addition, lysates of infected cells and virus containing supernatant were subjected to RT-qPCR analysis. We have found that guanidine thiocyanate and most of the tested detergent containing lysis buffers were effective in inactivation of SARS-CoV-2, however, the M-PER lysis buffer containing a proprietary detergent failed to inactivate the virus. In conclusion, careful evaluation of the used inactivation methods is required especially for non-denaturing buffers. Additional inactivation steps might be necessary before removal of lysed viral samples from BSL-3.
Due to globally rising numbers of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections, resources for real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR)-based testing have been exhausted. In order to meet the demands of testing and reduce transmission, SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDTs) are being considered. These tests are fast, inexpensive, and simple to use, but whether they detect potentially infectious cases has not been well studied. We evaluated three lateral flow assays (RIDA®QUICK SARS-CoV-2 Antigen (R-Biopharm), SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Test (Roche)), and NADAL® COVID-19 Ag Test (Nal von Minden GmbH, Regensburg, Germany) and one microfluidic immunofluorescence assay (SARS-CoV-2 Ag Test (LumiraDx GmbH, Cologne, Germany)) using 100 clinical samples. Diagnostic rRT-PCR and cell culture testing as a marker for infectivity were performed in parallel. The overall Ag-RDT sensitivity for rRT-PCR-positive samples ranged from 24.3% to 50%. However, for samples with a viral load of more than 6 log10 RNA copies/mL (22/100), typically seen in infectious individuals, Ag-RDT positivity was between 81.8% and 100%. Only 51.6% (33/64) of the rRT-PCR-positive samples were infectious in cell culture. In contrast, three Ag-RDTs demonstrated a more significant correlation with cell culture infectivity (61.8–82.4%). Our findings suggest that large-scale SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDT-based testing can be considered for detecting potentially infective individuals and reducing the virus spread.
Background: Europe was certified to be polio-free in 2002 by the WHO. However, wild polioviruses remain endemic in India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nigeria, occasionally causing polio outbreaks, as in Tajikistan in 2010. Therefore, effective surveillance measures and vaccination campaigns remain important. To determine the poliovirus immune status of a German study population, we retrospectively evaluated the seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies (NA) to the poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 (PV1, 2, 3) in serum samples collected from 1,632 patients admitted the University Hospital of Frankfurt am Main, Germany, in 2001, 2005 and 2010.
Methods: Testing was done by using a standardized microneutralization assay.
Results: Level of immunity to PV1 ranged between 84.2% (95%CI: 80.3-87.5), 90.4% (88.3-92.3) and 87.5% (85.4-88.8) in 2001, 2005 and 2010. For PV2, we found 90.8% (87.5-90.6), 91.3% (89.3-93.1) and 89.8% (88.7-90.9), in the same period. Seroprevalence to PV3 was 76.6% (72.2-80.6), 69.8% (66.6-72.8) and 72.9% (67.8-77.5) in 2001 and 2005 and 2010, respectively. In 2005 and 2010 significant lower levels of immunity to PV3 in comparison to PV1 and 2 were observed. Since 2001, immunity to PV3 is gradually, but not significantly decreasing.
Conclusion: Immunity to PV3 is insufficient in our cohort. Due to increasing globalization and worldwide tourism, the danger of polio-outbreaks is not averted - even not in developed countries, such as Germany. Therefore, vaccination remains necessary.
Nosocomial infectious diseases (e.g. influenza, pertussis) are a threat particularly for immunocompromised and vulnerable patients. Although vaccination of healthcare workers (HCWs) constitutes the most convenient and effective means to prevent nosocomial transmissions, vaccine uptake among HCWs remains unacceptably low. Worldwide, numerous studies have demonstrated that nurses have lower vaccination rates than physicians and that there is a relationship between receipt of vaccination by HCWs and knowledge. Measures to improve vaccination rates need to be profession-sensitive as well as specific in their approach in order to achieve sustained success.
With respect to nosocomial influenza infections, the welfare of patients is best served by high rates of staff immunity against influenza. However, data from the Centers of Disease Control (CDC) in the USA and the Robert Koch-Institute (RKI) in Germany indicate that most of health care workers (HCWs) choose not to be vaccinated. Under voluntary influenza immunization standards, institutional influenza outbreaks occur every flu season. The question about the legality of implementation mandatory flu vaccination for HCWs is an ongoing debate, which covers several different positions.
To characterize the attitudes of German HCWs toward mandatory influenza immunization, an anonymous questionnaire was offered to HCWs of the University Hospital in Frankfurt/Main / Germany. Our study showed that almost 70% of the respondents would accept mandatory influenza vaccination.
In our opinion an annual influenza vaccination should be required for HCWs who care for immunocompromised patients and residents in long-term care if there will be a failure of voluntary vaccination programs. An informed declination should be obtained from employees who decline vaccination and these HCWs ought to work in uncritical areas of patient care.
Objectives: Regarding reactogenicity and immunogenicity, heterologous COVID-19 vaccination regimens are considered as an alternative to conventional immunization schemes.
Methods: Individuals receiving either heterologous (ChAdOx1-S [AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK]/BNT162b2 [Pfizer-BioNTech, Mainz, Germany]; n = 306) or homologous (messenger RNA [mRNA]-1273 [Moderna, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA]; n = 139) vaccination were asked to participate when receiving their second dose. Reactogenicity was assessed after 1 month, immunogenicity after 1, 3, and/or 6 months, including a third dose, through SARS-CoV-2 antispike immunoglobulin G, surrogate virus neutralization test, and a plaque reduction neutralization test against the Delta (B.1.167.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529; BA.1) variants of concern.
Results: The overall reactogenicity was lower after heterologous vaccination. In both cohorts, SARS-CoV-2 antispike immunoglobulin G concentrations waned over time with the heterologous vaccination demonstrating higher neutralizing activity than homologous mRNA vaccination after 3 months to low neutralizing levels in the Delta plaque reduction neutralization test after 6 months. At this point, 3.2% of the heterologous and 11.4% of the homologous cohort yielded low neutralizing activity against Omicron. After a third dose of an mRNA vaccine, ≥99% of vaccinees demonstrated positive neutralizing activity against Delta. Depending on the vaccination scheme and against Omicron, 60% to 87.5% of vaccinees demonstrated positive neutralizing activity.
Conclusion: ChAdOx1-S/BNT162b2 vaccination demonstrated an acceptable reactogenicity and immunogenicity profile. A third dose of an mRNA vaccine is necessary to maintain neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2. However, variants of concern-adapted versions of the vaccines would be desirable.
Es wurde die Seroprävalenz von Erregern mit und ohne Tropismus zu Gefäßendothelzellen, wie Chlamydia (C.) pneumoniae, C. trachomatis, C. psittaci, verschiedene Herpesviren (Cytomegalie-Virus (CMV), Epstein-Barr-Virus (EBV), Herpes simplex Typ l und 2-Virus, Varizella Zoster-Virus (VZV)) sowie Masern- und Mumpsviren, bei Patienten mit koronarer Herzerkrankung (KHK) (n=167) und zwei Kontrollkollektiven ohne Herzerkrankung (n=400, n=108) ermittelt. Die IgG-Antikörperprävalenzen betrugen im KHK-Kollektiv für C. pneumoniae 79,6% bzw. in den Kontrollkollektiven 72,5% und 66,7%, für C. trachomatis 4,8% bzw. 6,8% und 2,8%, für C. psittaci 3% bzw. 3,5% und 6,5%, für CMV 72,9% bzw. 74,3% und 79,2%, für EBV 95,1% bzw. 93.1% und 94%, für Herpes simplex 1/2 91,8% bzw. 87,4% und 91,3%, für Masern 99,2% bzw. 100% und für Mumps 93,4% bzw. 86,5% und 84,8%. Die Prävalenzen der VZV-IgA waren 60,3% bzw. 57,3% und 54%. Bei dieser Untersuchung zeigten sich somit keine signifikanten Unterschiede in den Antikörperprävalenzen zwischen den einzelnen Kollektiven. Wurden kranke, stationäre Patienten aus dem Kontrollkollektiv ausgeschlossen, so fand sich in diesem zweiten Kontrollkollektiv mittels Chi2-Test eine signifikant niedrigere Prävalenz (66,7%) der C. pneumoniae-IgG-Antikörper im Vergleich zu Patienten mit KHK (79,6%), (p=0,02). Die Untersuchung der geschlechtsspezifischen Prävalenzen zeigte für Männer (82,6% bzw. 78,5% und 73,2%) eine höhere Durchseuchung als für Frauen (55,6% bzw. 63% und 59,6%). Beim Vergleich gleichgeschlechtlicher Gruppen fanden sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede. Eine Assoziation von C. pneumoniae oder CMV mit der atherosklerotischen, koronaren Herzerkrankung konnte somit durch unsere* Untersuchung nicht bestätigt werden. Die Wahl der Kontroll-Gruppen kann möglicherweise die Ergebnisse der Metaanalyse früherer Assoziationsstudien beeinflußt haben.
Die Einteilung der Pneumonien richtet sich neben klinischen und pathologischen vor allem nach ätiologischen Gesichtspunkten. Es werden diesbezüglich die respirato- bzw. pneumotropen Viren vorgestellt, daneben differentialdiagnostisch wichtige andere Infektionserreger der "Viruspneumonie" (M. pneumoniae, Chlamydia psittaci, Coxiella burnetii) beschrieben und ihre klinischen Aspekte, labordiagnostischen Möglichkeiten sowie die Aussagekraft der verschiedenen Nachweisverfahren diskutiert. Die Letalität der primär virusbedingten Pneumonien ist zwar niedrig, der respiratotrope Virusbefall kann aber Schrittmacher für schwerebakterielle Superinfektionen sein.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) serological assays are urgently needed for rapid diagnosis, contact tracing, and for epidemiological studies. So far, there is limited data on how commercially available tests perform with real patient samples, and if positive tested samples show neutralizing abilities. Focusing on IgG antibodies, we demonstrate the performance of two enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assays (Euroimmun SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG and Vircell COVID‐19 ELISA IgG) in comparison to one lateral flow assay (FaStep COVID‐19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test Device) and two in‐house developed assays (immunofluorescence assay [IFA] and plaque reduction neutralization test [PRNT]). We tested follow up serum/plasma samples of individuals polymerase chain reaction‐diagnosed with COVID‐19. Most of the SARS‐CoV‐2 samples were from individuals with moderate to the severe clinical course, who required an in‐patient hospital stay. For all examined assays, the sensitivity ranged from 58.8 to 76.5% for the early phase of infection (days 5‐9) and from 93.8% to 100% for the later period (days 10‐18).
Aim: Our aim was to analyse the diagnostic workup of hospitalised infants with symptoms of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections.
Methods: This retrospective study was carried out at the University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany, from 2008 to 2017 on infants aged 4 weeks to 12 months presenting with neurological symptoms consistent with congenital CMV infections.
Results: We studied 117 infants, and workup data for CMV infections were available for 84%. Of these, 54% were immunoglobulin G‐ and immunoglobulin M‐seronegative for CMV or immunoglobulin G‐seropositive with no viral shedding. Congenital CMV infection was excluded in these cases. In 16%, the CMV workup was incomplete, precluding a definitive diagnosis. Dried blood spots (DBS) were requested from 30%. CMV polymerase chain reaction was negative in 19 of these 29 infants, and CMV deoxyribonucleic acid detection confirmed congenital CMV infections in six patients. DBS had been destroyed in line with German law in four cases. Congenital CMV infections were diagnosed (5%) or excluded (62%) in 67% of patients and unanswered in the remaining 33%.
Conclusion: Diagnoses of congenital CMV infections were widely considered and found in 5%. CMV was not stringently investigated in all patients or remained elusive due to German law on destroying DBS.
The antiviral drugs tecovirimat, brincidofovir, and cidofovir are considered for mpox (monkeypox) treatment despite a lack of clinical evidence. Moreover, their use is affected by toxic side-effects (brincidofovir, cidofovir), limited availability (tecovirimat), and potentially by resistance formation. Hence, additional, readily available drugs are needed. Here, therapeutic concentrations of nitroxoline, a hydroxyquinoline antibiotic with a favourable safety profile in humans, inhibited the replication of 12 mpox virus isolates from the current outbreak in primary cultures of human keratinocytes and fibroblasts and a skin explant model by interference with host cell signalling. Tecovirimat, but not nitroxoline, treatment resulted in rapid resistance development. Nitroxoline remained effective against the tecovirimat-resistant strain and increased the anti-mpox virus activity of tecovirimat and brincidofovir. Moreover, nitroxoline inhibited bacterial and viral pathogens that are often co-transmitted with mpox. In conclusion, nitroxoline is a repurposing candidate for the treatment of mpox due to both antiviral and antimicrobial activity.
The demand to develop convergent technology platforms, such as bio-functionalized medical devices, is rapidly increasing. However, the loss of biological function of the effector molecules during sterilization represents a significant and general problem. Therefore, we have developed and characterized a nano-coating (NC) formulation capable of maintaining the functionality of proteins on biological-device combination products. As a proof of concept, the NC preserved the structural and functional integrity of an otherwise highly fragile antibody immobilized on polyurethane during deleterious sterilizing irradiation (≥ 25 kGy). The NC procedure enables straight-forward terminal sterilization of bio-functionalized materials while preserving optimal conditioning of the bioactive surface.
Background A procedure for including activity against enveloped viruses in the post-contamination treatment of hands has been recommended, but so far no European standard is available to implement it. In 2004, the German Robert Koch-Institute (RKI) and the German Association for the Control of Virus Disease (DVV) suggested that vaccinia virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) should be used as test viruses in a quantitative suspension test to determine the activity of a disinfectant against all enveloped viruses. Methods We have studied the activities of three commonly-used alcohol-based hand rubs (hand rub A, based on 45% propan-2-ol, 30% propan-1-ol and 0.2% mecetronium etilsulfate; hand rub B, based on 80% ethanol; hand rub C, based on 95% ethanol) against vaccinia virus and BVDV, and in addition against four other clinically relevant enveloped viruses: herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, and human and avian influenza A virus. The hand rubs were challenged with different organic loads at exposure time of 15, 30 and 60 s. According to the guidelines of both BGA/RKI and DVV, and EN 14476:2005, the reduction of infectivity of each test virus was measured on appropriate cell lines using a quantitative suspension test. Results All three alcohol-based hand rubs reduced the infectivity of vaccinia virus and BVDV by >= 4 log10-steps within 15 s, irrespective of the type of organic load. Similar reductions of infectivity were seen against the other four enveloped viruses within 15 s in the presence of different types of organic load. Conclusions Commonly used alcohol-based hand rubs with a total alcohol concentration >= 75% can be assumed to be active against clinically relevant enveloped viruses if they effectively reduce the infectivities of vaccinia virus and BVDV in a quantitative suspension test.
Background In October 2007, the working group CEN/TC 216 of the European Committee for standardisation suggested that the Sabin oral poliovirus vaccine type 1 strain (LSc-2ab) presently used for virucidal tests should be replaced by another attenuated vaccine poliovirus type 1 strain, CHAT. Both strains were historically used as oral vaccines, but the Sabin type 1 strain was acknowledged to be more attenuated. In Germany, vaccination against poliomyelitis was introduced in 1962 using the oral polio vaccine (OPV) containing Sabin strain LSc-2ab. The vaccination schedule was changed from OPV to an inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) containing wild polio virus type 1 strain Mahoney in 1998. In the present study, we assessed potential differences in neutralising antibody titres to Sabin and CHAT in persons with a history of either OPV, IPV, or OPV with IPV booster. Methods Neutralisation poliovirus antibodies against CHAT and Sabin 1 were measured in sera of 41 adults vaccinated with OPV. Additionally, sera from 28 children less than 10 years of age and immunised with IPV only were analysed. The neutralisation assay against poliovirus was performed according to WHO guidelines. Results The neutralisation activity against CHAT in adults with a complete OPV vaccination series was significantly lower than against Sabin poliovirus type 1 strains (Wilcoxon signed-rank test P < 0.025). In eight sera, the antibody titres measured against CHAT were less than 8, although the titre against Sabin 1 varied between 8 and 64. Following IPV booster, anti-CHAT antibodies increased rapidly in sera of CHAT-negative adults with OPV history. Sera from children with IPV history neutralised CHAT and Sabin 1 strains equally. Conclusion The lack of neutralising antibodies against the CHAT strain in persons vaccinated with OPV might be associated with an increased risk of reinfection with the CHAT polio virus type 1, and this implies a putative risk of transmission of the virus to polio-free communities. We strongly suggest that laboratory workers who were immunised with OPV receive a booster vaccination with IPV before handling CHAT in the laboratory.
Osteocalcin (auch Bone 6 la Protein [B G P] genannt), ein 49 Aminosäuren enthaltendes Knochenmatrixprotein, wird in den Osteoblasten synthetisiert und bei gesteigertem Knochenumsatz im Serum erhöht gefunden. Osteocalcin im Serum kann mittels eines Hadioimmunoassays gemessen werden. Die Werte steigen mit dem Lebensalter an und zeigen einen zirkadianen Rhythmus. Beim primären Hyperparathyreoidismus sind die Osteocalcinwerte erhöht. Bei Patienten mit Mammacarcinom zeigt ein Osteocalcinanstieg stets eine Metastasierung im Knochen an. Die Hyperthyreose geht mit erhöhten Osteocalcinwerten einher. Über den diagnostischen Wert einer Osteocalcinbestimmung beim Plasmozytom läßt sich zur Zeit noch keine sichere Aussage machen. Patienten mit einer histomorphometrisch gesicherten „low-turnover'"Osteoporose weisen niedrige Osteocalclnspiegel auf. Die stark erhöhten Osteocalcinwerte bei der renalen Osteopathie (sekundärer Hyperparathyreoidismus, Osteomalazie) sind z.T. auch au feine verminderte renale Elimination von Osteocalcin bei eingeschränkter glomerulärer Filtrationsrate zurückzuführen. Zusammenfassend stellt die Osteocalcinbestimmung eine Bereicherung der diagnostischen Möglichkeiten zur Beurteilung des Knochenumsatzes darf sollte vorerst jedoch noch vorwiegend wissenschaftlichen Fragestellungen vorbehalten sein.
Background: Hundreds of West African healthcare workers (HCW) have become ill with Ebola virus disease (EVD) and died during the recent outbreak. The occurrence of occupational infections in laboratories could be due to the lack of use of personal protective equipment, the failure to implement specific regulations about the use of equipment and how to work with hazardous materials. Our study attempted to assess the information as well as training level of HCW of a German high level isolation unit and their concern over an occupationally acquired EVD.
Methods: During the recent Ebola virus outbreak a survey was conducted among HCWs, using an anonymous questionnaire.
Results: Although 70% of our total study population stated that they have all the information needed to care for Ebola patients, only 18.2% of laboratory workers and 29.4% of the HCW of the virology department felt sufficiently trained. The HCW rated the Internet (64.3%) and the daily press (54.3%) as the most important sources of information. Medical literature (45.7%) and official institutions (40.4%) were rated less often.
Conclusions: Formulated pointedly, the HCW turned to popular science to get the information they need to feel safe. Further in house training regarding practical skills and reference to scientific literature would be a better solution to ensure workplace safety.
Im vorliegenden Fall wird von einer Fehldiagnose auf der Grundlage eines falsch-reaktiven Anti-HCV-Tests und eines falsch-reaktiven HCV-Nukleinsäureamplifikationstests (NAT) berichtet, die bei einem 58-jährigen chirurgischen Oberarzt im Rahmen einer arbeitsmedizinischen Vorsorgeuntersuchung im krankenhauseigenen Labor gestellt wurde und zu einem knapp zweimonatigen Berufsverbot führte. Basis dieser Fehldiagnose war ein wiederholt schwach reaktiver HCV-Antikörper-ELISA, der mit einem Nukleinsäureamplifikationstest, der ebenfalls schwach positiv ausfiel, überprüft wurde. Ein Antikörperbestätigungs- bzw. Ergänzungstest (Immunoblot) wurde nicht durchgeführt. Die Fehldiagnose ist jedoch nicht durch einen Testfehler, sondern durch ein Missverständnis entstanden, indem beim Kliniker zwei Laborindizien zu einem Beweis aufsummiert wurden.
Medizinstudenten sind im Rahmen ihrer klinischen Ausbildung einer erhöhten Infektionsgefährdung ausgesetzt. Dessen ungeachtet sind die Impfraten der Medizinstudenten ungenügend. Ein adäquater Impfstatus der Medizinstudenten vor Beginn ihres klinischen Ausbildungsabschnitts ist jedoch wichtig, um nosokomiale Infektionen zu vermeiden.
Im April und Mai 2007 wurden insgesamt 366 Serumproben von Medizinstudenten des ersten klinischen Semesters ausgewertet. Die serologischen Untersuchungen erfolgten mittels etablierter ELISA-Systeme. Untersucht wurde auf spezifische Antikörper gegen Masern, Mumps, Röteln, Varizellen, Hepatitis B (HBV), Hepatitis C (HCV) und HIV.
Insgesamt 63,9% (n=234) der Studenten waren gegen Hepatitis B geimpft (Grundimmunisierung, drei Impfdosen). Dagegen hatten 31,7% (n=116) der Studenten bisher noch keine Hepatitis B-Impfung und 4,4% (n=16) kein komplettes Impfschema erhalten (<drei Impfungen). Zwei Studenten zeigten serologische Marker einer abgelaufenen HBV-Infektion. Es wurde die Erstdiagnose einer HCV-Infektion sowie die Erstdiagnose einer HIV-Infektion gestellt. Bei 7,9% (Masern), 17,5% (Mumps), 6,5% (Röteln) und 2,2% (Varizellen) der Studenten konnten keine virusspezifischen Antikörper nachgewiesen werden.
Es sollten weitere Anstrengungen unternommen werden, um die Impfraten der Medizinstudenten zu verbessern. Es ist wichtig, Immunitätslücken zu identifizieren und vor dem ersten Patientenkontakt zu schließen. Im Hinblick auf die Erstdiagnose und die Folgen schwerwiegender blutübertragbarer Erkrankungen (z.B. HBV, HCV und HIV) sollten Medizinstudenten auf diese Infektionen untersucht werden.
Medical students are exposed to infectious diseases during the course of their clinical training. Unfortunately, vaccination rates among medical students remain insufficient. However, immunizations against vaccine-preventable diseases should be carried out before the students enter clinical courses. This is vital in order to prevent nosocomial infections. We screened 366 medical students in their first clinical year for hospital-related viral diseases. Serum samples were collected between April and May 2007. Antibody testing was carried out using commercial ELISA systems against measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Overall, 63.9% (n=234) of the students were sufficiently vaccinated against HBV. In contrast, 31.7% (n=116) had not received any HBV vaccine dosage, and 4.4% (n=16) had not completed the full vaccine cycle (<3 dosage). Remarkably, two students showed serological markers of resolved HBV infection. In addition, one student was HCV-positive and one was HIV-positive, respectively. The following seronegative rates were found: measles (7.9%), mumps (17.5%), rubella (6.5%), and varicella (2.2%). Further work is needed to identify optimal strategies for improving vaccination rates among medical students. It is imperative to identify and limit possible disparities in immunity of vaccine-preventable diseases before initial patient contact. With regard to the primary diagnosis of serious virus diseases including HBV, HCV and HIV, medical students should be screened for these blood borne pathogens.
Einleitung: Medizinisches Personal ist dem Risiko ausgesetzt, sich an kontaminierten Instrumenten zu verletzen. Nadelstichverletzungen (NSV) können zu ernsthaften und möglicherweise schwerwiegenden Infektionen wie Hepatitis B (HBV), Hepatitis C (HCV) und HIV-Infektionen führen. Dieses Risiko betrifft auch Medizinstudenten im Verlaufe ihrer klinischen Ausbildung. Jede NSV sollte als Arbeitsunfall gemeldet werden, damit postexpositionelle Maßnahmen eingeleitet sowie etwaige Infektionen frühzeitzeitig erkannt und behandelt werden können. Im Falle einer Infektion können versicherungsrechtliche Ansprüche gegenüber den Berufsgenossenschaften geltend gemacht werden. Ziel unserer Studie war die Erhebung der Häufigkeit und Melderate von NSV bei Medizinstudenten.
Methoden: Anonyme Fragebogenerhebung bei Medizinstudenten vor Beginn des Praktischen Jahres.
Ergebnisse: Von den befragten Studenten gaben 58,8% (n=183/311) mindestens eine NSV im Rahmen des Studiums an. Insgesamt 284 NSV wurden von den befragten Studenten gemeldet. Lediglich 38,3% der Studenten hatten alle NSV gemeldet. Die häufigste Ursache für das Nichtmelden der NSV war Schamgefühl aufgrund der Verletzung (54,0%).
Schlussfolgerungen: Expositionen gegenüber Blut sind eine häufige und ernstzunehmende Gefährdung von Medizinstudenten. Es sollten Maßnahmen ergriffen werden, um die Häufigkeit von NSV zu reduzieren und das Meldeverhalten der Studenten zu optimieren. Entsprechende Schulungen sollten sowohl die technischen Fertigkeiten der Studenten als auch das Bewusstsein über die Gefährdung durch NSV vermitteln.
Introduction: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are exposed to bloodborne pathogens (e.g., contaminated devices). In the healthcare environment, needlestick injuries (NSI) represent a major risk factor in the transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Medical students are at risk of occupational exposure to bloodborne viruses following needlestick injuries during medical education. Reporting of needlestick injuries is an important step for initiating early prophylaxis or treatment. In the case of a bloodborne infection, pursuant to insure law could result in a claim. The objective of the present study was to describe occupational blood exposure of medical students through needlestick injuries.
Methods: Sixth-year medical students were invited to complete an anonymous questionnaire.
Results: In our study, 58.8% (n=183/311) of medical students recalled at least one needlestick injury during their studies. Overall, 284 needlestick injuries were reported. Only 38.3% of medical students reported all NSI to the appropriate hospital personnel. The main reason (54.0%) for not reporting NSI was being ashamed of having an NSI.
Conclusions: Occupational exposure to blood is a common problem among medical students. Efforts are required to ensure greater awareness among medical students about the risk of bloodborne pathogens. Proper training in procedures and how to act in case of injury should be offered to reduce the number of needlestick injuries.
In der internationalen Norm DIN EN ISO 15189 (kurz ISO 15189) sind für medizinische Laboratorien besondere Anforderungen an die Qualität und Kompetenz festgelegt. Die ISO 15189 gilt für alle medizinischen Laboratorien. Sie wurde für den Bereich der Virologie durch eine gemeinsame Arbeitsgruppe der Gesellschaft für Virologie (GfV) und der Deutschen Vereinigung zur Bekämpfung der Viruskrankheiten (DVV) in Form von fachspezifischen Checklisten konkretisiert.
Viele medizinische Laboratorien lassen sich im Rahmen einer Akkreditierung bestätigen, dass sie die Anforderungen der ISO 15189 erfüllen. Wesentlicher Bestandteil der Akkreditierung ist eine Begutachtung in den Laboratorien. Die Begutachtungen in der Virologie werden von Experten durchgeführt, die von der GfV benannt werden.
Gründe der Laboratorien für eine Akkreditierung können sehr unterschiedlich sein. Sie reichen von der Verbesserung der internen Abläufe und Ermittlung sicherer/richtiger Untersuchungsergebnisse bis zu einer besseren Positionierung am Markt.
Der Artikel stellt die Anforderungen und Probleme virusdiagnostisch tätiger Laboratorien, basierend auf der ISO 15189, als Erfahrungsbericht vor. Dabei wird auf die Infektionsserologie, die molekularbiologische Diagnostik und die Virusisolierung auf Zellkulturen eingegangen.
Zur speziellen Laboratoriumsdiagnostik viraler Erkrankungen stehen zwei Möglichkeiten zur Verfügung: zum einem der direkte Nachweis des viralen, Erregers bzw. seiner Bestandteile, zum anderen der indirekte Nachweis über die bei einer Infektion spezifisch gebildeten Antikörper. Immunsupprimierte Patienten stellen eine besondere Risikogruppe für Infektionserkrankungen gerade auch mit viralen Erregern dar.
Da bei diesem Patientenkollektiv die Immunreaktionen unterdrückt sind und die Erkrankungen sehr uncharakteristisch verlaufen können, ist die klinische Diagnostik oft erschwert. Zudem können bei Immunsuppression einige Virusinfektionen reaktiviert werden und sich mit schweren Krankheitsbildern manifestieren.
Der Nachweis von Chlamydia trachomatis Genomsequenzen ist seit einigen Jahren mit Hilfe kommerzieller Testkits, welche auf dem Prinzip der Polymerase-Ketten-Reaktion (PCR) oder Ligase-Kettenreaktion (LCR) beruhen, möglich. Vor kurzem wurde ein neues Verfahren, die Transcription Mediated Amplification (TMA), etabliert. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden drei Nukleinsäure Amplifikations-Techniken, die PCR, die LCR und die TMA für den Nachweis von Chlamydia trachomatis aus Urinproben miteinander bezüglich Sensitivität und Spezifität verglichen und einem Enzym-Immuno-Assay (EIA) zum C. trachomatis-Antigen-Nachweis aus endozervikalen Abstrichen gegenübergestellt. PCR, LCR und TMA zeigten eine vergleichbare Sensitivität und Spezifität. Diskrepante Ergebnisse ergaben sich im Vergleich mit dem C. trachomatis-Antigen-Nachweis. In 22 Abstrichen war Chlamydien-Antigen nachzuweisen. Nur bei 12 bzw. 11 der untersuchten Prostituierten konnten bei positivem zervikalen Abstrich Chlamydia trachomatis Genomsequenzen im Urin nachgewiesen werden. Bei 5 bzw. 4 Frauen wurde bei negativem Abstrichbefund C. trachomatis DNA bzw. RNA im Urin gefunden. Um bei Frauen eine hohe diagnostische Sensitivität zu erreichen, .sollten Urin und endozervikale Abstriche untersucht werden, da C. trachomatis nicht immer in beiden Probematerialien nachweisbar ist.
Zunehmend macht sich im öffentlichen Bewußtsein die Angst vor einer Übertragung der Bovinen Spongiformen Enzephalopathie (BSE) auf den Menschen bemerkbar. Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über den aktuellen Wissensstand betreffend die spongiformen Enzephalopathien, die noch nicht abschließend geklärte Natur des Erregers dieser chronischen und stets zum Tode führenden Erkrankungen sowie die Übertragbarkeit auf verschiedenen Wegen innerhalb einer Tierart und Tierart-übergreifend. Ausgehend von den bislang hierzu vorliegenden Daten kommt sie zum Schluß, daß eine BSE-Gefährdung des Menschen eher unwahrscheinlich, jedoch nicht mit letzter Sicherheit auszuschließen ist. Bislang ist eine Übertragbarkeit des Erregers über Rinderprodukte auf den Menschen weder im Einzelfall gesichert worden noch statistisch hervorgetreten; dennoch ist aufgrund verschiedener Faktoren (hohes Virulenzpotential der Rinderprionen; wichtige Rolle des Rindes für die menschliche Ernährung, aber auch in der Arzneimittel- und Kosmetikindustrie; lange Inkubationszeit) eine verbesserte Überwachung (z. B. durch die kürzlich eingeführte Meldepflicht für übertragbare spongiforme Enzephalopathien) erforderlich.
Pharmazeutika, die aus humanem Ausgangsmaterialstammen (speziell Blut- und Plasmaprodukte), sind prinzipiell auf ein infektiöses Gefahrenpptential zu prüfen. Dies wurde in den letzten Jahren durch verschiedene Vorfälle auch in das Bewußtsein der Öffentlichkeit gebracht. Durch Blut und Blutprodukte können eine Reihe von Infektionserregern übertragen Werden. Aus virologischer Sicht sind relevant: Humanes Immundefizienz Virus (H^titis B \(irus.(]^ *™-virus B19, Humanes T-Zell-L^I/II, Huhiänes Cj^omegälieyirüs (HCMV).und das;Epstein Barr Virus (EBV). :E)iese Viren weisen sehr un-terschiedliche physikalisch-chemische; Eigenschaften auf, was auf ihre Inaktivierbarkeit einen erbebücheiiEinflußhat. - " , " "Der Gefahreriausschluß hängt iii;-hohem^^ Mäße da-von ab, inwieweit ctie Prödukiiöhsveifahreh in der Lagesind, potentiell vorhandene Viren zu eliminieren oderzu inaktivieren. Daneben soflen die sorgfältige Spendier-auswahl und das Screening gespendeter^ JBlut-Einheitenauf bekannte infektiöse Agenitien:;die Sicherheit einesphannazeutischen Produktes gewährleisten. :Entsprechende Forderungen und Regelungen sinddurch die Europäische Union bereits vor Jähren heraus-gegeben und imletzten Jähr durch bundesdeutsche Be-hörden auf nationaler Ebene in einigen Punkten ergänztbzw. weitergehend präzisiert worden. Dann wird u/a.gefordert, in sogenanntenValidierungsstudien einequain-,titative Abschätzung derGesamtvirusabreichenitigbzyy:-inaktivierung im Verlaufe von mehrstufigen Reini-gungs- und maktivierurigsyerfahren bei der Herstellungsolcher Produkte durchzuführen: Unter Einbeziehungbiometrischer Analysen und durch die Forderung nachKombination mehrerer zur Inaktivierung / Eliminierungvon Viren geeigneter Verfahrensschritte ist sicherzustel-len, daß insgesamt eine Reduktion der Infektiosität um ^[[200~mindestens Falctor l O10 für umhüllte Viren bzw. l O6 fürnicht^umhüllte Viren im Modellsystem gewährleistet unddamit in praxi die Virussicherheit von Blutproduktensichergestellt ist.
603 Seren aus dem Raum Frankfurt am Main wurden in 12 verschiedenen Einzelkollektiven mit einem "in house" IFT mit latenten Antigenen und einem rekombinanten Prototyp ELISA mit dem LANA und K8.1-Protein auf Antikörper gegen das Humane Herpesvirus Typ 8 (HHV-8) ± auch bekannt als Kaposi-Sarkom-assoziiertes Herpesvirus (KSHV) ±getestet. Untersucht wurden (Risiko)gruppen wie HIV-seropositive Männer und Frauen, HIV-seronegative homosexuelle bzw. bisexuelle Männer, Patienten mit Kaposi-Sarkom, Transplantationspatienten und Kinder mit Hämophilie. Zur Abschätzung von Kreuzreaktionenund anderen Störungen der Testsysteme wurden Patienten mit akuten bzw. abgelaufenen EBV-Infektionen,HHV-6-seropositive Patienten, Rheumafaktor-positive Probanden und Frauen mit primärer biliärer Zirrhose(PBC) untersucht. Dreiundfünfzig diskrepante Probenwurden mit kommerziellen IFTs mit latenten bzw. lyti-schen Antigenen nachgetestet.Hohe HHV-8-SeropraÈvalenzen wurden bei HIV-Infizierten ohne (15,7 % bei Frauen, 23,3 % bei Männern)und insbesondere mit Kaposi-Sarkomen (100 %) gefunden. Eine geschlechtsabhängige Verteilung der Seroprävalenz bei den HIV-seropositiven Patienten wurde nicht festgestellt. Bei Blutspendern wurde eine HHV-8-Durchseuchung von 3 % (im ¹in-house-IFTª), bei Hämophilen von 0 % und bei Transplantationspatienten von 9,1 % ermittelt. Kreuzreaktionen mit Antikörpern gegen andere Herpesviren wie EBV und HHV-6 schienen die Tests nicht zu beeinflussen, während sich tendenziell eine erhöhte Anzahl reaktiver Proben bei Patienten mit Autoimmunantikörpern (Rheumafaktor-positive Patienten und Patientinnen mit PBC) zeigte. Insgesamt stimmten die Ergebnisse des rekombinanten ELISA mit denen des "in house"-IFT im Gesamtkollektiv gut überein. Unterschiedliche Ergebnisse fanden sich in den Einzelkollektiven, insbesondere bei Rheumafaktor-positiven Patienten und solchen mit PBC.
Für eine rasche Labordiagnose der Herpes simplex Virus (HSV) Infektion ist ein schneller Erregernachweis von entscheidender Bedeutung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine schnelle, modifizierte Virusisolierung über den Nachweis von Virusstrukturproteinen mit Hilfe typenspezifischer monoklonaler Antikörper innerhalb von 36 Stunden (IPF-HSV) beschrieben. Es wurden insgesamt 560 Proben aus der Routinediagnostik vergleichend mit der konventionellen Virusisolierung über einen cytopathischen Effekt (CPE) und anschließender Typisierung (ZK-IFT) in infizierten Vero-Zellen und humanen Vorhautfibroblasten (HFF) untersucht. Die Sensitivität des IPF-HSV für HSV-1, bezogen auf den ZK-IFT (Vero-Zellen), betrug 96,8%. Für HSV-2 wurde eine Sensitivität von 93,9% ermittelt. Die Spezifität des IPF-HSV
lag für beide Virustypen über 99% (HSV-1: 99,4%, HSV-2: 99,1%). Bezogen auf die konventionelle Virusisolierung im erweiterten Referenzstandard (Vero-Zellen und HFF) zeigte der IPF-HSV etwas geringere Werte für die Sensitivität (91,4% für HSV-1; 91,6% für HSV-2). Unter den im Referenzstandard negativen Proben fanden sich mittels IPF-HSV eine HSV-1- und drei HSV-2-positive Proben. Die Spezifität lag für beide HSV-Typen über 99% (99,8% für HSV-1, 99,4% für HSV-2). Bezogen auf den Referenzstandard ergab sich für den IPF-HSV ein positiv prädiktiver Wert von 97,0% (HSV-1) bzw. 91,7% (HSV-2); der negative prädiktive Wert des Tests lag jeweils bei 99,4%. Die Ergebnisse unserer Studie zeigen, daß der IPF-HSV eine sinnvolle Alternative zur konventionellen Virusisolierung darstellt, da der Erregernachweis bereits nach 36 Stunden möglich ist. Der Testaufbau ist unter Verwendung geeigneter mojioklonaler Antikörper und Zelltypen auch zur Schnelldiagnose respiratorischer Viruserkrankungen, der Zytomegalie, dem kongenitalen Rötelnsyndrom und ggf. Rotavirusinfektionen geeignet.
Herpes genitalis is caused mainly by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and to a lesser extent but with increasing frequency, by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Today, the diagnosis of genital herpes is based "on laboratory methods. Serology is useful to distinguish primary infection from latent infection and for seroepidemiological investigations. Newer type-specific antibody tests based on single recombinant or purified viral antigens have a higher sensitivity and specificity for detecting anti HSV-2 antibodies. The tests also allow the discrimination between HSV-1 or -2 specific antibodies. Since serology is not able to recognize reactivation, isolation in cell culture remains the standard. If cell culture is not available or optimal transport is not possible and rapid results are needed, direct antigen detection, or in selected cases, the highly sensitive and specific PCR should be used.
Trotz der Spenderauswahl, des serologischen Screenings der Blutspenden auf antiHIV-1, anti-HIV-2, anti-HCV und HBsAg, Inaktivierungs- und Eliminierungsverfahren bleibt ein Restrisiko für hämatogen übertragbare Viren bei Plasmapools und den daraus hergestellten Präparaten. Als zusätzliche Screeningmethode zur Erhöhung der Virussicherheit wird inzwischen die Testung der Einzelspende bzw. von Minipools auf HCV-RNA verlangt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden 142 HBsAg, anti-HCV- und anti-HIV-11-2 negative Plasmapools, sowie Plasmapräparate (Immunglobulinpräparat und F IX Präparat), welche zum Teil aus für HGV-RNA PCR-positiven Ausgangspools hergestellt worden waren, mittels PCR auf das Vorhandensein von HGV-Nukleinsäure untersucht. Alle untersuchten Pools bzw. Plasmapräparate stammten von Spenden zwischen 1994 und 1996, also vor der Einführung der genannten Pflichttestung auf HCV-RNA. HGV-RNA wurde in 117 der 142 Plasmapools (82,4%) amplifiziert. Allerdings war HGV-RNA nur in einer (6,3%) von 16 IgG-Chargen aus für HGV-Nukleinsäure positiven Kryoüberständen nachweisbar. In 2 (6,5%) von 31 unselektierten Immunglobulinpräparaten war eine HGV- Kontamination vorhanden. Eine routinemäßige Anwendung der PCR ist zur Zeit aus technischen sowie Kosten-Nutzen-Überlegungen für HGV nicht zu empfehlen, solange die klinische Relevanz nicht gesichert ist. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Wichtigkeit der im Herstellungsprozeß integrierten Viruseliminierungsverfahren, denn bei der vorliegenden Studie konnte nur in einem geringen Anteil der Endproduktchargen HGV-Nukleinsäure nachgewiesen werden.
Mit Hilfe eines Pipettierroboters (Tecan RSP 4072) wurde ein automatisierter Mikroneutralisationstest zum quantitativen Nachweis neutralisierender Antikörper gegen Polioviren etabliert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Methode sehr gut reproduzierbar ist und die Untersuchungen von großen Kollektiven in relativ kurzer Zeit mit einem Minimum an Arbeitsaufwand im Vergleich zur manuellen Testdurchführung erlaubt. Die Seroprävalenzen gegen Poliovirus Typ 7, 2 und 3 wurden anhand von Serumproben von 1243 Patienten während eines Beobachtungszeitraums von 30 Monaten (Januar 1990 bis Juni 1992) untersucht. Die Poliovirus-Seropositivitätsrate gegen alle drei Typen betrug ca. 80%. Die höchsten Seroprävalenzen wurden dabei in der Gruppe der älteren Patienten (>50 Jahre) beobachtet. Insgesamt wies ein relativ hoher Anteil (7,4%) der Probanden gegen keinen der drei Poliovirus-Typen neutralisierende Antikörper auf. Daher sollten Impfungen weiterhin empfohlen werden, insbesondere für Reisende in
Endemiegebiete.
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is the main cause of herpes genitalis, a recurrent sexually transmitted disease. By the use of routine Serologie methods (complement fixation test, enzyme immunoassay), virus carriers are difficult to identify because of strong antibody cross reactions with antigens of HSV-1 which is ubiquitously spread throughout the population. We introduce a microtechnique Western blot system loaded with HSV-1 and HSV-2 type-specific and common antigens on separated nitrocellulose strips. By the simultaneous evaluation of Immunologie reactions with both strips, the occurrence of HSV-2 specific antibodies can be sensitively detected in serum specimens containing antibodies to HSV-1. A total of 158 serum specimens were analyzed and the results obtained by Western blot were compared to those of a screening ELISA and virus isolation performed with smears of herpes lesions.
An agreement of 97.9 % was assessed between Western blot and virus isolation to detect an HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection. Less specific serologic results were produced by the screening ELISA on HSV-2 antibodies which correlated in 85.4 % (41/48) with virus isolation and typing. Concerning HSV-2 antibody testing, Western blot and ELISA showed an overall agreement in 89.8 % of the sera investigated.
As shown by our data, the HSV type specific Western blot proved to be a specific, reproducible and standardized technique. It can be utilized for both sero-epidemiological surveys and determination of the HSV immune status.
Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 : impact on Frankfurt in due consideration of health care and public health
(2010)
Background: In April 2009 a novel influenza A H1N1/2009 virus was identified in Mexico and in the United States which quickly spread around the world. Most of the countries established infection surveillance systems in order to track the number of (laboratory-confirmed) H1N1 cases, hospitalizations and deaths. Methods: The impact of the emergence of the novel pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus on Frankfurt was statistically evaluated by the Health Protection Authority, City of Frankfurt am Main. Vaccination rates of the health care workers (HCWs) of the University Hospital Frankfurt were measured by the Occupational Health Service. Results: Although the virulence of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 seems to be comparable with seasonal influenza, a major patient load and wave of hospital admissions occurred in the summer of 2009. Even though the 2009 vaccination rate of the University Hospital Frankfurt (seasonal influenza [40.5%], swine flu [36.3%]) is better than the average annual uptake of influenza vaccine in the German health care system (approximately 22% for seasonal and 15% for swine flu), vaccination levels remain insufficient. However, physicians were significantly (p < 0.001) more likely to have been vaccinated against swine flu and seasonal influenza than nurses. Conclusions: The outbreak of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in April 2009 provided a major challenge to health services around the world. Nosocomial transmission of H1N1/2009 has been documented. Present experience should be used to improve pandemic preparedness plans and vaccination programs ought to target as many HCWs as possible.
Mitte März 2003 löste die WHO einen weltweiten Alarm aus, nachdem sich eine neuartige, schwere und unter bestimmten Umständen hochansteckende Atemwegserkrankung scheinbar unaufhaltsam über weite Teile der Welt auszubreiten schien. Am 15. März desselben Jahres landeten die ersten Patienten mit Verdacht auf Schweres Akutes Respiratorisches Syndrom (SARS) in Frankfurt und wurden auf die Isolierstation des Universitätsklinikums aufgenommen. Auslöser war ein zuvor nicht bekanntes Coronavirus, das heute als SARS-CoV bezeichnet wird. Derzeit laufen Untersuchungen zur Biologie und Epidemiologie des neuen Erregers, zu antiviralen Hemmstoffen sowie zu Desinfektions- und Inaktivierungsmöglichkeiten und neuen Therapieoptionen. Daneben wird analysiert, wie sich das öffentliche Gesundheitswesen auf eine mögliche Wiederkehr vorbereiten muss. SARS ist ein Beispiel dafür, wie schnell sich eine Infektionskrankheit in der modernen Welt international ausbreiten kann und wie wichtig in einem solchen Falle eine gut koordinierte internationale Kooperation ist. Frankfurter Forscher berichten.
In einer vernetzten Welt machen Epidemien nicht an Ländergrenzen Halt. Mit der zunehmenden Verfügbarkeit von wirksamen Therapien in Entwicklungsländern wird nun auch das Wissen, das in den Industrieländern durch klinische Forschung gewonnen wurde, für Afrika und Südost-Asien interessant. Das Wissen um eine verbesserte Behandlung HIV-Infizierter mit benachteiligten Regionen in Afrika zu teilen, ist auch das Anliegen einer Klinikpartnerschaft zwischen dem Frankfurter HIVCENTER und der Karabong Klinik des Mafeteng Government Hospitals in Lesotho. Durch die Einbeziehung der Universitätsklinik in Stellenbosch, Südafrika, die eine Hochschulpartnerschaft mit der Universitätsklinik Frankfurt unterhält, soll zudem der Süd-Süd-Austausch zwischen den afrikanischen Partnern gestärkt werden.
Background Medical students come into contact with infectious diseases early on their career. Immunity against vaccine-preventable diseases is therefore vital for both medical students and the patients with whom they come into contact. Methods The purpose of this study was to compare the medical history and serological status of selected vaccine-preventable diseases of medical students in Germany. Results The overall correlation between medical history statements and serological findings among the 150 students studied was 86.7 %, 66.7 %, 78 % and 93.3 % for measles, mumps, rubella and varicella, conditional on sufficient immunity being achieved after one vaccination. Conclusions Although 81.2 % of the students medical history data correlated with serological findings, significant gaps in immunity were found. Our findings indicate that medical history alone is not a reliable screening tool for immunity against the vaccine-preventable diseases studied.
In resource-limited or point-of-care settings, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), that aim to simultaneously detect HIV antibodies and p24 capsid (p24CA) antigen with high sensitivity, can pose important alternatives to screen for early infections. We evaluated the performance of the antibody and antigen components of the old and novel version of the Determine™ HIV-1/2 Ag/Ab Combo RDTs in parallel to quantifications in a fourth-generation antigen/antibody immunoassay (4G-EIA), p24CA antigen immunoassay (p24CA-EIA), immunoblots, and nucleic acid quantification. We included plasma samples of acute, treatment-naïve HIV-1 infections (Fiebig stages I–VI, subtypes A1, B, C, F, CRF02_AG, CRF02_AE, URF) or chronic HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections. The tests’ antigen component was evaluated also for a panel of subtype B HIV-1 transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses, HIV-2 strains and HIV-2 primary isolates. Furthermore, we assessed the analytical sensitivity of the RDTs to detect p24CA using a highly purified HIV-1NL4-3 p24CA standard. We found that 77% of plasma samples from acutely infected, immunoblot-negative HIV-1 patients in Fiebig stages II–III were identified by the new RDT, while only 25% scored positive in the old RDT. Both RDTs reacted to all samples from chronically HIV-1-infected and acutely HIV-1-infected patients with positive immunoblots. All specimens from chronically infected HIV-2 patients scored positive in the new RDT. Of note, the sensitivity of the RDTs to detect recombinant p24CA from a subtype B virus ranged between 50 and 200 pg/mL, mirrored also by the detection of HIV-1 T/F viruses only at antigen concentrations tenfold higher than suggested by the manufacturer. The RTD failed to recognize any of the HIV-2 viruses tested. Our results indicate that the new version of the Determine™ HIV-1/2 Ag/Ab Combo displays an increased sensitivity to detect HIV-1 p24CA-positive, immunoblot-negative plasma samples compared to the precursor version. The sensitivity of 4G-EIA and p24CA-EIA to detect the major structural HIV antigen, and thus to diagnose acute infections prior to seroconversion, is still superior.