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The production yield of prompt D mesons and their elliptic flow coefficient v2 were measured with the Event-Shape Engineering (ESE) technique applied to mid-central (10–30% and 30–50% centrality classes) Pb-Pb collisions at the centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV, with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The ESE technique allows the classification of events, belonging to the same centrality, according to the azimuthal anisotropy of soft particle production in the collision. The reported measurements give the opportunity to investigate the dynamics of charm quarks in the Quark-Gluon Plasma and provide information on their participation in the collective expansion of the medium. D mesons were reconstructed via their hadronic decays at mid-rapidity, |η| < 0.8, in the transverse momentum interval 1 < pT < 24 GeV/c. The v2 coefficient is found to be sensitive to the event-shape selection confirming a correlation between the D-meson azimuthal anisotropy and the collective expansion of the bulk matter, while the per-event D-meson yields do not show any significant modification within the current uncertainties.
Two-particle correlations in high-energy collision experiments enable the extraction of particle source radii by using the Bose-Einstein enhancement of pion production at low relative momentum q ∝ 1/R. It was previously observed that in pp collisions at s√ = 7TeV the average pair transverse momentum kT range of such analyses is limited due to large background correlations which were attributed to mini-jet phenomena. To investigate this further, an event-shape dependent analysis of Bose-Einstein correlations for pion pairs is performed in this work. By categorizing the events by their transverse sphericity ST into spherical (ST > 0:7) and jet-like (ST < 0:3) events a method was developed that allows for the determination of source radii for much larger values of kT for the first time. Spherical events demonstrate little or no background correlations while jet-like events are dominated by them. This observation agrees with the hypothesis of a mini-jet origin of the non-femtoscopic background correlations and gives new insight into the physics interpretation of the kT dependence of the radii. The emission source size in spherical events shows a substantially diminished kT dependence, while jet-like events show indications of a negative trend with respect to kT in the highest multiplicity events. Regarding the emission source shape, the correlation functions for both event sphericity classes show good agreement with an exponential shape, rather than a Gaussian one.
Two-particle correlations in high-energy collision experiments enable the extraction of particle source radii by using the Bose-Einstein enhancement of pion production at low relative momentum q∝1/R. It was previously observed that in pp collisions at s√=7 TeV the average pair transverse momentum kT range of such analyses is limited due to large background correlations which were attributed to mini-jet phenomena. To investigate this further, an event-shape dependent analysis of Bose-Einstein correlations for pion pairs is performed in this work. By categorizing the events by their transverse sphericity ST into spherical (ST>0.7) and jet-like (ST<0.3) events a method was developed that allows for the determination of source radii for much larger values of kT for the first time. Spherical events demonstrate little or no background correlations while jet-like events are dominated by them. This observation agrees with the hypothesis of a mini-jet origin of the non-femtoscopic background correlations and gives new insight into the physics interpretation of the kT dependence of the radii. The emission source size in spherical events shows a substantially diminished kT dependence, while jet-like events show indications of a negative trend with respect to kT in the highest multiplicity events. Regarding the emission source shape, the correlation functions for both event sphericity classes show good agreement with an exponential shape, rather than a Gaussian one.
Two-particle correlations in high-energy collision experiments enable the extraction of particle source radii by using the Bose-Einstein enhancement of pion production at low relative momentum q∝1/R. It was previously observed that in pp collisions at s√=7 TeV the average pair transverse momentum kT range of such analyses is limited due to large background correlations which were attributed to mini-jet phenomena. To investigate this further, an event-shape dependent analysis of Bose-Einstein correlations for pion pairs is performed in this work. By categorizing the events by their transverse sphericity ST into spherical (ST>0.7) and jet-like (ST<0.3) events a method was developed that allows for the determination of source radii for much larger values of kT for the first time. Spherical events demonstrate little or no background correlations while jet-like events are dominated by them. This observation agrees with the hypothesis of a mini-jet origin of the non-femtoscopic background correlations and gives new insight into the physics interpretation of the kT dependence of the radii. The emission source size in spherical events shows a substantially diminished kT dependence, while jet-like events show indications of a negative trend with respect to kT in the highest multiplicity events. Regarding the emission source shape, the correlation functions for both event sphericity classes show good agreement with an exponential shape, rather than a Gaussian one.
Event-shape engineering for the D-meson elliptic flow in mid-central Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02
(2019)
The production yield of prompt D mesons and their elliptic flow coefficient v2 were measured with the Event-Shape Engineering (ESE) technique applied to mid-central (10-30% and 30-50% centrality classes) Pb-Pb collisions at the centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV, with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The ESE technique allows the classification of events, belonging to the same centrality, according to the azimuthal anisotropy of soft particle production in the collision. The reported measurements give the opportunity to investigate the dynamics of charm quarks in the Quark-Gluon Plasma and provide information on their participation in the collective expansion of the medium. D mesons were reconstructed via their hadronic decays at mid-rapidity, |η|<0.8, in the transverse momentum interval 1<pT<24 GeV/c. The v2 coefficient is found to be sensitive to the event-shape selection confirming a correlation between the D-meson azimuthal anisotropy and the collective expansion of the bulk matter, while the per-event D-meson yields do not show any significant modification within the current uncertainties.
A measurement of the production of prompt Λ+c baryons in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC is reported. The Λ+c and Λ¯¯¯¯−c were reconstructed at midrapidity (|y|<0.5) via the hadronic decay channel Λ+c→pK0S (and charge conjugate) in the transverse momentum and centrality intervals 6<pT<12 GeV/c and 0-80%. The Λ+c/D0 ratio, which is sensitive to the charm quark hadronisation mechanisms in the medium, is measured and found to be larger than the ratio measured in minimum-bias pp collisions at s√=7 TeV and in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV. In particular, the values in p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions differ by about two standard deviations of the combined statistical and systematic uncertainties in the common pT interval covered by the measurements in the two collision system. The Λ+c/D0 ratio is also compared with model calculations including different implementations of charm quark hadronisation. The measured ratio is reproduced by models implementing a pure coalescence scenario, while adding a fragmentation contribution leads to an underestimation. The Λ+c nuclear modification factor, RAA, is also presented. The measured values of the RAA of Λ+c, Ds and non-strange D mesons are compatible within the combined statistical and systematic uncertainties. They show, however, a hint of a hierarchy (RD0AA<RDsAA<RΛ+cAA), conceivable with a contribution of recombination mechanisms to charm hadron formation in the medium.
Event-shape engineering for the D-meson elliptic flow in mid-central Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02
(2018)
The production yield of prompt D mesons and their elliptic flow coefficient v2 were measured with the Event-Shape Engineering (ESE) technique applied to mid-central (10-30% and 30-50% centrality classes) Pb-Pb collisions at the centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV, with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The ESE technique allows the classification of events, belonging to the same centrality, according to the azimuthal anisotropy of soft particle production in the collision. The reported measurements give the opportunity to investigate the dynamics of charm quarks in the Quark-Gluon Plasma and provide information on their participation in the collective expansion of the medium. D mesons were reconstructed via their hadronic decays at mid-rapidity, |η|<0.8, in the transverse momentum interval 1<pT<24 GeV/c. The v2 coefficient is found to be sensitive to the event-shape selection confirming a correlation between the D-meson azimuthal anisotropy and the collective expansion of the bulk matter, while the per-event D-meson yields do not show any significant modification within the current uncertainties.
A measurement of the production of prompt Λ+c baryons in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC is reported. The Λ+c and Λ¯¯¯¯−c were reconstructed at midrapidity (|y|<0.5) via the hadronic decay channel Λ+c→pK0S (and charge conjugate) in the transverse momentum and centrality intervals 6<pT<12 GeV/c and 0-80%. The Λ+c/D0 ratio, which is sensitive to the charm quark hadronisation mechanisms in the medium, is measured and found to be larger than the ratio measured in minimum-bias pp collisions at s√=7 TeV and in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV. In particular, the values in p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions differ by about two standard deviations of the combined statistical and systematic uncertainties. The Λ+c/D0 ratio is also compared with model calculations including different implementations of charm quark hadronisation. The measured ratio is reproduced by models implementing a pure coalescence scenario, while adding a fragmentation contribution leads to an underestimation. The Λ+c nuclear modification factor, RAA, is also presented. The measured values of the RAA of Λ+c, Ds and non-strange D mesons are compatible within the combined statistical and systematic uncertainties. They show, however, a hint of a hierarchy (RD0AA<RDsAA<RΛ+cAA), conceivable with a contribution of recombination mechanisms to charm hadron formation in the medium.
Objective: The term ‘precision medicine’ describes a rational treatment strategy tailored to one person that reverses or modifies the disease pathophysiology. In epilepsy, single case and small cohort reports document nascent precision medicine strategies in specific genetic epilepsies. The aim of this multicentre observational study was to investigate the deeper complexity of precision medicine in epilepsy. Methods: A systematic survey of patients with epilepsy with a molecular genetic diagnosis was conducted in six tertiary epilepsy centres including children and adults. A standardised questionnaire was used for data collection, including genetic findings and impact on clinical and therapeutic management. Results: We included 293 patients with genetic epilepsies, 137 children and 156 adults, 162 females and 131 males. Treatment changes were undertaken because of the genetic findings in 94 patients (32%), including rational precision medicine treatment and/or a treatment change prompted by the genetic diagnosis, but not directly related to known pathophysiological mechanisms. There was a rational precision medicine treatment for 56 patients (19%), and this was tried in 33/56 (59%) and was successful (ie, >50% seizure reduction) in 10/33 (30%) patients. In 73/293 (25%) patients there was a treatment change prompted by the genetic diagnosis, but not directly related to known pathophysiological mechanisms, and this was successful in 24/73 (33%). Significance: Our survey of clinical practice in specialised epilepsy centres shows high variability of clinical outcomes following the identification of a genetic cause for an epilepsy. Meaningful change in the treatment paradigm after genetic testing is not yet possible for many people with epilepsy. This systematic survey provides an overview of the current application of precision medicine in the epilepsies, and suggests the adoption of a more considered approach.
The polarization of inclusive J/ψ and ϒ(1S) produced in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV at the LHC is measured with the ALICE detector. The study is carried out by reconstructing the quarkonium through its decay to muon pairs in the rapidity region 2.5 < y < 4 and measuring the polar and azimuthal angular distributions of the muons. The polarization parameters λθ , λφ and λθφ are measured in the helicity and Collins-Soper reference frames, in the transverse momentum interval 2 < pT < 10 GeV/c and pT < 15 GeV/c for the J/ψ and ϒ(1S), respectively. The polarization parameters for the J/ψ are found to be compatible with zero, within a maximum of about two standard deviations at low pT, for both reference frames and over the whole pT range. The values are compared with the corresponding results obtained for pp collisions at √s = 7 and 8 TeV in a similar kinematic region by the ALICE and LHCb experiments. Although with much larger uncertainties, the polarization parameters for ϒ(1S) production in Pb–Pb collisions are also consistent with zero.