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Als 1964 unter dem Titel ,"Le cinéma: langue ou langage?" der erste Aufsatz von Christian Metz erscheint, steckt diese Frage eine Problematik ab, die bis zum Erscheinen von Langage et cinéma (Metz 1971) die semiologische Auseinandersetzung mit dem Film beherrscht: Es geht darum, die Tragfähigkeit der metaphorischen Redeweise von der "Filmsprache" zu untersuchen und zu verstehen, aufgrund welcher struktureller Eigenschaften das Kino dazu in der Lage ist, Bedeutung herzustellen und zu vermitteln. Insoweit dabei einzelne Filme eine Rolle spielen, werden sie als Beispiel herangezogen, um einzelne Kodes zu bestimmen und zu beschreiben. Gegen Ende der sechziger Jahre entstehen erste Arbeiten, die sich mit dem von der Semiologie bereitgestellten Instrumentarium daran machen, die Perspektive umzudrehen und die Frage zu stellen, wie die Kodes in singulären textuellen Systemen zusammenwirken und je spezifische Bedeutungseffekte entstehen lassen. Christian Metz, der in seinem Buch von 1971 auch den theoretischen Rahmen der filmischen Textanalyse absteckt, beschreibt das Verhältnis dieser beiden Herangehensweisen so: "In Langage et cinéma sagte ich, daß man entweder einen Film in allen seinen 'Kodes' erforschen (Filmanalyse) oder einen 'Kode' durch mehrere Filme hindurch verfolgen kann (Filmtheorie)" (Blüher/Tröhler 1990, 52).
The identification of inhibitors of eukaryotic protein biosynthesis, which are targeting single translation factors, is highly demanded. Here we report on a small molecule inhibitor, gephyronic acid, isolated from the myxobacterium Archangium gephyra that inhibits growth of transformed mammalian cell lines in the nM range. In direct comparison, primary human fibroblasts were shown to be less sensitive to toxic effects of gephyronic acid than cancer-derived cells. Gephyronic acid is targeting the protein translation system. Experiments with IRES dual luciferase reporter assays identified it as an inhibitor of the translation initiation. DARTs approaches, co-localization studies and pull-down assays indicate that the binding partner could be the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2α). Gephyronic acid seems to have a different mode of action than the structurally related polyketides tedanolide, myriaporone, and pederin and is a valuable tool for investigating the eukaryotic translation system. Because cancer derived cells were found to be especially sensitive, gephyronic acid could potentially find use as a drug candidate.
We report on the successful implementation and characterization of a cryogenic solid hydrogen target in experiments on high-power laser-driven proton acceleration. When irradiating a solid hydrogen filament of 10 μm diameter with 10-Terawatt laser pulses of 2.5 J energy, protons with kinetic energies in excess of 20 MeV exhibiting non-thermal features in their spectrum were observed. The protons were emitted into a large solid angle reaching a total conversion efficiency of several percent. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations confirm our results indicating that the spectral modulations are caused by collisionless shocks launched from the surface of the the high-density filament into a low-density corona surrounding the target. The use of solid hydrogen targets may significantly improve the prospects of laser-accelerated proton pulses for future applications.
Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. Existing global databases of species’ threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to project – and avert – future declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than 1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups – including flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems – www.predicts.org.uk). We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database will be publicly available in 2015.