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Purpose: The PELICAN trial evaluates for the first time efficacy and safety of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) versus capecitabine as first-line treatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC).
Methods: This randomized, phase III, open-label, multicenter trial enrolled first-line MBC patients who were ineligible for endocrine or trastuzumab therapy. Cumulative adjuvant anthracyclines of 360 mg/m2 doxorubicin or equivalent were allowed. Left ventricular ejection fraction of >50 % was required. Patients received PLD 50 mg/m2 every 28 days or capecitabine 1250 mg/m2 twice daily for 14 days every 21 days. The primary endpoint was time-to-disease progression (TTP).
Results: 210 patients were randomized (n = 105, PLD and n = 105, capecitabine). Adjuvant anthracyclines were given to 37 % (PLD) and 36 % (capecitabine) of patients. No significant difference was observed in TTP [HR = 1.21 (95 % confidence interval, 0.838–1.750)]. Median TTP was 6.0 months for both PLD and capecitabine. Comparing patients with or without prior anthracyclines, no significant difference in TTP was observed in the PLD arm (log-rank P = 0.64). For PLD versus capecitabine, respectively, overall survival (median, 23.3 months vs. 26.8 months) and time-to-treatment failure (median, 4.6 months vs. 3.7 months) were not statistically significantly different. Compared to PLD, patients on capecitabine experienced more serious adverse events (P = 0.015) and more cardiac events among patients who had prior anthracycline exposure (18 vs. 8 %; P = 0.31).
Conclusion: Both PLD and capecitabine are effective first-line agents for MBC.
When a very strong light field is applied to a molecule an electron can be ejected by tunneling. In order to quantify the time-resolved dynamics of this ionization process, the concept of the Wigner time delay can be used. The properties of this process can depend on the tunneling direction relative to the molecular axis. Here, we show experimental and theoretical data on the Wigner time delay for tunnel ionization of H2 molecules and demonstrate its dependence on the emission direction of the electron with respect to the molecular axis. We find, that the observed changes in the Wigner time delay can be quantitatively explained by elongated/shortened travel paths of the emitted electrons, which occur due to spatial shifts of the electrons’ birth positions after tunneling. Our work provides therefore an intuitive perspective towards the Wigner time delay in strong-field ionization.
A central motivation for the development of x-ray free-electron lasers has been the prospect of time-resolved single-molecule imaging with atomic resolution. Here, we show that x-ray photoelectron diffraction—where a photoelectron emitted after x-ray absorption illuminates the molecular structure from within—can be used to image the increase of the internuclear distance during the x-ray-induced fragmentation of an O2 molecule. By measuring the molecular-frame photoelectron emission patterns for a two-photon sequential K-shell ionization in coincidence with the fragment ions, and by sorting the data as a function of the measured kinetic energy release, we can resolve the elongation of the molecular bond by approximately 1.2 a.u. within the duration of the x-ray pulse. The experiment paves the road toward time-resolved pump-probe photoelectron diffraction imaging at high-repetition-rate x-ray free-electron lasers.
In dieser Arbeit wird die Elektronenemission aus langsamen He 2 HeStößen, d.h. bei Stoßenergien unterhalb von 25 keV/u, experimentell untersucht. Dabei wird auf den Vergleich der Einfachionisation (He 2 He ! He 2 He e \Gamma ) mit der Transferionisation (He 2 He ! He He 2 e \Gamma ) besonderes Gewicht gelegt. Die hier verwendete Meßtechnik ist von verschiedenen Arbeitsgruppen in den letzten Jahren entwickelt worden und unter dem Schlagwort COLTRIMS (Cold Target Recoil Ion Momentum Spectroscopy) [1, 2, 3] in der Literatur zu finden. Bei COLTRIMS werden die bei einer Reaktion in einem kalten Gastarget gebildeten Ionen in einem schwachen elektrischen Feld abgesaugt. Durch den ortsaufgelösten Nachweis und die Messung der Flugzeit von der Targetzone bis zum Detektor kann die Anfangsbedingung der Bewegung im Feld, d.h. der Vektor des auf das Targetatom übertragenen Impulses, berechnet werden. Diese Methode kommt ohne Blenden aus, so daß im relevanten Teil des Phasenraumes 4ß Raumwinkel erreicht werden. Der Nachweis des Elektrons erfolgt nach demselben Prinzip, jedoch stößt man dabei an die Grenzen der Flugzeitauflösung. Deshalb wurden in allen früheren Experimenten zu ähnlichen Reaktionen [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] nur zwei der drei Impulskomponenten des Elektrons bestimmt. Die Konzipierung eines Spektrometers, welches in der Lage ist, den relevanten Phasenraum lückenlos zu erfassen und dabei alle drei Impulskomponenten der Elektronen zu bestimmen, war der wesentliche Teil der apparativen Entwicklung. Das durchgeführte Experiment ist nicht nur kinematisch vollständig, sondern erlaubt durch Anwendung des Energieerhaltungssatzes auch die Bestimmung der Schale, in der das Elektron im Endzustand gebunden ist. Die beiden oben genannten Reaktionen können somit getrennt nach Ereignissen mit und ohne Anregung untersucht werden, d.h., es wurden gleichzeitig vier verschiedene Ionisationskanäle vermessen. Für den Ionisationsmechanismus bei Stößen mit einer Projektilgeschwindigkeit unterhalb der klassischen Bahngeschwindigkeit der Elektronen hat sich in den letzten Jahren der Begriff ''Sattelpunkt''Prozeß durchgesetzt [10]. Quantenmechanische Beschreibungen für Einelektronensysteme, wie das Stoßsystem p H, wurden u.a. mit der semiklassischen GekoppelteKanäleMethode [11] in einem speziellen Basissatz [12, 13] und der ''HiddenCrossings''Theorie [14, 15] gegeben. Beide Modelle beschreiben das System aus Projektil und Target als Quasimolekül. Si sind lediglich in der Lage, die groben Strukturen in den Spektren zu erklären. Das gewählte Stoßsystem He 2 He, welches zwei Elektronen besitzt, erlaubt die Untersuchung von Korrelationseffekten. Die Messungen haben ergeben, daß die Impulsverteilung des emittierten Elektrons stark davon abhängt, wo und in welchem Bindungszustand das zweite Elektron nachgewiesen wird. Die gleiche Kernladung von Projektil und Target bedingt, da alle Eigenzustände des gebildeten Quasimoleküls die Symmetrie des Hamiltonoperators gegenüber Raumspiegelung besitzen, und durch diese Spiegeloperation gehen die Endzustände der Transferionisation und der Einfachionisation ineinander über. Durch die gleichzeitige Messung der differentiellen Wirkungsquerschnitte der verschiedenen Reaktionskanäle und deren Vergleich erhält man Einblick in die zugrundeliegenden Prozesse.
Chirality is omnipresent in living nature. On the single molecule level, the response of a chiral species to a chiral probe depends on their respective handedness. A prominent example is the difference in the interaction of a chiral molecule with left or right circularly polarized light. In the present study, we show by Coulomb explosion imaging that circularly polarized light can also induce a chiral fragmentation of a planar and thus achiral molecule. The observed enantiomer strongly depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to the light propagation direction and the helicity of the ionizing light. This finding might trigger new approaches to improve laser-driven enantioselective chemical synthesis.
his contribution aims to give a basic overview of the latest results regarding the production of resonances in different collision systems. The results were extracted from experimental data collected with HADES that is a multipurpose detector located at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum, Darmstadt. The main points discussed here are: the properties of the strange resonances Λ(1405) and Σ(1385), the role of Δ’s as a source of pions in the final state, the production dynamics reflected in form of differential cross sections, and the role of the ϕ meson as a source for K− particles.
The toolbox for imaging molecules is well-equipped today. Some techniques visualize the geometrical structure, others the electron density or electron orbitals. Molecules are many-body systems for which the correlation between the constituents is decisive and the spatial and the momentum distribution of one electron depends on those of the other electrons and the nuclei. Such correlations have escaped direct observation by imaging techniques so far. Here, we implement an imaging scheme which visualizes correlations between electrons by coincident detection of the reaction fragments after high energy photofragmentation. With this technique, we examine the H2 two-electron wave function in which electron–electron correlation beyond the mean-field level is prominent. We visualize the dependence of the wave function on the internuclear distance. High energy photoelectrons are shown to be a powerful tool for molecular imaging. Our study paves the way for future time resolved correlation imaging at FELs and laser based X-ray sources.
n this paper we report on the investigation of baryonic resonance production in proton-proton collisions at the kinetic energies of 1.25 GeV and 3.5 GeV, based on data measured with HADES. Exclusive channels npπ+ and ppπ0 as well as ppe+e− were studied simultaneously in the framework of a one-boson exchange model. The resonance cross sections were determined from the one-pion channels for Δ(1232) and N(1440) (1.25 GeV) as well as further Δ and N* resonances up to 2 GeV/c2 for the 3.5 GeV data. The data at 1.25 GeV energy were also analysed within the framework of the partial wave analysis together with the set of several other measurements at lower energies. The obtained solutions provided the evolution of resonance production with the beam energy, showing a sizeable non-resonant contribution but with still dominating contribution of Δ(1232)P33. In the case of 3.5 GeV data, the study of the ppe+e− channel gave the insight on the Dalitz decays of the baryon resonances and, in particular, on the electromagnetic transition form-factors in the time-like region. We show that the assumption of a constant electromagnetic transition form-factors leads to underestimation of the yield in the dielectron invariant mass spectrum below the vector mesons pole. On the other hand, a comparison with various transport models shows the important role of intermediate ρ production, though with a large model dependency. The exclusive channels analysis done by the HADES collaboration provides new stringent restrictions on the parameterizations used in the models.