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Hudson, Lawrence N. ; Newbold, Tim ; Contu, Sara ; Hill, Samantha L. L. ; Lysenko, Igor ; Palma, Adriana de ; Phillips, Helen R. P. ; Senior, Rebecca A. ; Bennett, Dominic J. ; Booth, Hollie ; Choimes, Argyrios ; Correia, David L. P. ; Day, Julie ; Echeverria-Londono, Susy ; Garon, Morgan ; Harrison, Michelle L. K. ; Ingram, Daniel J. ; Jung, Martin ; Kemp, Victoria ; Kirkpatrick, Lucinda ; Martin, Callum D. ; Pan, Yuan ; White, Hannah J. ; Aben, Job ; Abrahamczyk, Stefan ; Adum, Gilbert B. ; Aguilar-Barquero, Virginia ; Aizen, Marcelo ; Ancrenaz, Marc ; Arbelaez-Cortes, Enrique ; Armbrecht, Inge ; Azhar, Badrul ; Azpiroz, Adrián B. ; Baeten, Lander ; Báldi, András ; Banks, John E. ; Barlow, Jos ; Batáry, Péter ; Bates, Adam J. ; Bayne, Erin M. ; Beja, Pedro ; Berg, Åke ; Berry, Nicholas J. ; Bicknell, Jake E. ; Bihn, Jochen H. ; Böhning-Gaese, Katrin ; Boekhout, Teun ; Boutin, Celine ; Bouyer, Jeremy ; Brearley, Francis Q. ; Brito, Isabel ; Brunet, Jörg ; Buczkowski, Grzegorz ; Buscardo, Erika ; Cabra-Garcia, Jimmy ; Calvino-Cancela, Maria ; Cameron, Sydney A. ; Cancello, Eliana M. ; Carrijo, Tiago F. ; Carvalho, Anelena L. ; Castro, Helena ; Castro-Luna, Alejandro Antonio ; Cerda, Rolando ; Cerezo, Alexis ; Chauvat, Matthieu ; Clarke, Frank M. ; Cleary, Daniel F. R. ; Connop, Stuart P. ; D'Aniello, Biagio ; Silva, Pedro Giovani da ; Darvill, Ben ; Dauber, Jens ; Dejean, Alain ; Diekötter, Tim ; Dominguez-Haydar, Yamileth ; Dormann, Carsten F. ; Dumont, Bertrand ; Dures, Simon G. ; Dynesius, Mats ; Edenius, Lars ; Elek, Zoltan ; Entling, Martin H. ; Farwig, Nina ; Fayle, Tom M. ; Felicioli, Antonio ; Felton, Annika M. ; Ficetola, Gentile Francesco ; Filgueiras, Bruno K. C. ; Fonte, Steve J. ; Fraser, Lauchlan H. ; Fukuda, Daisuke ; Furlani, Dario ; Ganzhorn, Jörg U. ; Garden, Jenni G. ; Gheler-Costa, Carla ; Giordani, Paolo ; Giordano, Simonetta ; Gottschalk, Marco S. ; Goulson, Dave ; Gove, Aaron D. ; Grogan, James ; Hanley, Mick E. ; Hanson, Thor ; Hashim, Nor R. ; Hawes, Joseph E. ; Hébert, Christian ; Helden, Alvin J. ; Henden, John-André ; Hernández, Lionel ; Herzog, Felix ; Higuera-Diaz, Diego ; Hilje, Branko ; Horgan, Finbarr G. ; Horvath, Roland ; Hylander, Kristoffer ; Horvath, Roland ; Isaacs-Cubides, Paola ; Ishitani, Mashiro ; Jacobs, Carmen T. ; Jaramillo, Victor J. ; Jauker, Birgit ; Jonsell, Matts ; Jung, Thomas S. ; Kapoor, Vena ; Kati, Vassiliki ; Katovai, Eric ; Kessler, Michael ; Knop, Eva ; Kolb, Annette ; Körösi, Àdám ; Lachat, Thibault ; Lantschner, Victoria ; Le Féon, Violette ; LeBuhn, Gretchen ; Légaré, Jean-Philippe ; Letcher, Susan G. ; Littlewood, Nick A. ; López-Quintero, Carlos A. ; Louhaichi, Mounir ; Lövei, Gabor L. ; Lucas-Borja, Manuel Esteban ; Luja, Victor H. ; Maeto, Kaoru ; Magura, Tibor ; Mallari, Neil Aldrin D. ; Marin-Spiotta, Erika ; Marshall, Edward Jon P. ; Martínez, Eliana ; Mayfield, Margaret M. ; Mikusinski, Gregorz ; Milder, Jeffery C. ; Miller, James R. ; Morales, Carolina L. ; Muriithi-Muchane, Mary Nyawira ; Muchane, Muchai ; Naidoo, Robin ; Nakamura, Akihiro ; Naoe, Shoji ; Nates-Parra, Guiomar ; Navarerete Gutierrez, Dario A. ; Neuschulz, Eike Lena ; Noreika, Norbertas ; Norfolk, Olivia ; Noriega, Jorge Ari ; Nöske, Nicole M. ; O'Dea, Niall ; Oduro, William ; Ofori-Boateng, Caleb ; Oke, Chris O. ; Osgathorpe, Lynne M. ; Paritsis, Juan ; Parrah, Alejandro ; Pelegrin, Nicolás ; Peres, Carlos A. ; Persson, Anna S. ; Petanidou, Theodora ; Phalan, Ben ; Philips, T. Keith ; Poveda, Katja ; Power, Eileen F. ; Presley, Steven J. ; Proença, Vânia ; Quaranta, Marino ; Quintero, Carolina ; Redpath-Downing, Nicola A. ; Reid, J. Leighton ; Reis, Yana T. ; Ribeiro, Danilo B. ; Richardson, Barbara A. ; Richardson, Michael J. ; Robles, Carolina A. ; Römbke, Jörg ; Romero-Duque, Luz Piedad ; Rosselli, Loreta ; Rossiter, Stephen J. ; Roulston, T'ai H. ; Rousseau, Laurent ; Sadler, Jonathan P. ; Sáfián, Szbolcs ; Saldaña-Vásquez, Romeo A. ; Samnegård, Ulrika ; Schüepp, Christof ; Schweiger, Oliver ; Sedlock, Jodi L. ; Shahabuddin, Ghazala ; Sheil, Douglas ; Silva, Fernando A. B. ; Slade, Eleanor ; Smith-Pardo, Allan H. ; Sodhi, Navjot S. ; Somarriba, Eduardo J. ; Sosa, Ramón A. ; Stout, Jane C. ; Struebig, Matthew J. ; Sung, Yik-Hei ; Threlfall, Caragh G. ; Tonietto, Rebecca ; Tóthmérész, Béla ; Tscharntke, Teja ; Turner, Edgar C. ; Tylianakis, Jason M. ; Vanbergen, Adam J. ; Vassilev, Kiril ; Verboven, Hans A. F. ; Vergara, Carlos H. ; Vergara, Pablo M. ; Verhulst, Jort ; Walker, Tony R. ; Wang, Yanping ; Watling, James I. ; Wells, Konstans ; Williams, Christopher D. ; Willig, Michael R. ; Woinarski, John Casimir Zichy ; Wolf, Jan H. D. ; Woodcock, Ben A. ; Yu, Douglas W. ; Zailsev, Andreys ; Collen, Ben ; Ewers, Rob M. ; Mace, Georgina M. ; Purves, Drew W. ; Scharlemann, Jörn P. W. ; Pervis, Andy
Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. Existing global databases of species’ threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to project – and avert – future declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than 1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups – including flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems – www.predicts.org.uk). We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database will be publicly available in 2015.
Slik, J. W. Ferry ; Franklin, Janet ; Arroyo-Rodríguez, Víctor ; Field, Richard ; Aguilar, Salomon ; Aguirre, Nikolay ; Ahumada, Jorge ; Aiba, Shin-Ichiro ; Alves, Luciana F. ; Anitha, Kamalakumari ; Avella, Andres ; Mora, Francisco ; Aymard, Gerardo A. ; Báez, Selene ; Balvanera, Patricia ; Bastian, Meredith L. ; Bastin, Jean-François ; Bellingham, Peter ; van den Berg, Eduardo ; da Conceição Bispo, Polyanna ; Boeckx, Pascal ; Böhning-Gaese, Katrin ; Bongers, Frans ; Boyle, Brad ; Brambach, Fabian ; Brearley, Francis Q. ; Brown, Sandra ; Chai, Shauna-Lee ; Chazdon, Robin L. ; Chen, Shengbin ; Chhang, Phourin ; Chuyong, George ; Ewangog, Corneille ; Coronado, Indiana ; Cristóbal-Azkarate, Jurgi ; Culmsee, Heike ; Damas, Kipiro ; Dattaraja, Handanakere Shivaramaiah ; Davidar, Priya ; DeWalt, Saara J. ; Din, Hazimah ; Drake, Donald R. ; Duque, Alvaro ; Durigan, Giselda ; Eichhorn, Karl ; Schmidt Eler, Eduardo ; Enoki, Tsutomu ; Ensslin, Andreas ; Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain ; Farwig, Nina ; Feeley, Kenneth J. ; Fischer, Markus ; Forshed, Olle ; Garcia, Queila Souza ; Garkoti, Satish Chandra ; Gillespie, Thomas William ; Gillet, Jean-Francois ; Gonmadje, Christelle ; Granzow-de la Cerda, Iñigo ; Griffith, Daniel M. ; Grogan, James ; Hakeem, Khalid Rehman ; Harris, David J. ; Harrison, Rhett D. ; Hector, Andy ; Hemp, Andreas ; Homeier, Jürgen ; Hussain, M. Shah ; Ibarra Manríquez, Guillermo ; Hanum, I. Faridah ; Imai, Nobuo ; Jansen, Patrick A. ; Joly, Carlos Alfredo ; Joseph, Shijo ; Kartawinata, Kuswata ; Kearsley, Elizabeth ; Kelly, Daniel L. ; Kessler, Michael ; Killeen, Timothy J. ; Kooyman, Robert ; Laumonier, Yves ; Laurance, Susan G. ; Laurance, William F. ; Lawes, Michael J. ; Letcher, Susan G. ; Lindsell, Jeremy ; Lovett, Jon ; Lozada, Jose ; Lu, Xinghui ; Lykke, Anne Mette ; Bin Mahmud, Khairil ; Mahayani, Ni Putu Diana ; Mansor, Asyraf ; Marshall, Andrew R. ; Martin, Emanuel H. ; Leal Matos, Darley Calderado ; Meave, Jorge A. ; Melo, Felipe P. L. ; Aguirre Mendoza, Zhofre ; Metali, Faizah ; Medjibe, Vincent P. ; Metzger, Jean Paul ; Metzker, Thiago ; Mohandass, Dharmalingam ; Munguía-Rosas, Miguel A. ; Muñoz, Rodrigo ; Nurtjahy, Eddy ; Lenza de Oliveira, Eddie ; Onrizal, Onrizal ; Parolin, Pia ; Parren, Marc ; Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy ; Paudel, Ekananda ; Perez, Rolando ; Pérez-García, Eduardo A. ; Pommer, Ulf ; Poorter, Lourens ; Qi, Lan ; F. Piedade, Maria Teresa ; Rodrigues Pinto, José Roberto ; Dalberg Poulsen, Axel ; Poulsen, John R. ; Powers, Jennifer S. ; Prasad, Rama Chandra ; Puyravaud, Jean-Philippe ; Rangel, Orlando ; Reitsma, Jan ; S. B. Rocha, Diogo ; Rolim, Samir ; Rovero, Francesco ; Rozak, Andes ; Ruokolainen, Kalle ; Rutishauser, Ervan ; Rutten, Gemma ; Mohd. Said, Mohd. Nizam ; Saiter, Felipe Z. ; Saner, Philippe ; Santos, Braulio ; dos Santos, João Roberto ; Sarker, Swapan Kumar ; Schmitt, Christine B. ; Schöngart, Jochen ; Schulze, Mark ; Sheil, Douglas ; Sist, Plinio ; Souza, Alexandre F. ; Spironello, Wilson Roberto ; Sposito, Tereza ; Steinmetz, Robert ; Stevart, Tariq ; Suganuma, Marcio Seiji ; Sukri, Rahayu ; Sultana, Aisha ; Sukumar, Raman ; Sunderland, Terry ; Supriyadi, Agus ; Suresh, Hebbalalu S. ; Suzuki, Eizi ; Tabarelli, Marcelo ; Tang, Jianwei ; Tanner, Edmund V. J. ; Targhetta, Natalia ; Theilade, Ida ; Thomas, Duncan ; Timberlake, Jonathan ; de Morisson Valeriano, Márcio ; Valkenburg, Johan van ; Do, Tran Van ; Sam, Hoang Van ; Vandermeer, John H. ; Verbeeck, Hans ; Vetaas, Ole Reidar ; Adekunle, Victor ; Vieira, Simone A. ; Webb, Campbell O. ; Webb, Edward L. ; Whitfeld, Timothy ; Wich, Serge ; Williams, John ; Wiser, Susan ; Wittmann, Florian ; Yang, Xiaobo ; Adou Yao, C. Yves ; Yap, Sandra L. ; Zahawie, Rakan A. ; Zakaria, Rahmad ; Zang, Runguo
Knowledge about the biogeographic affinities of the world’s tropical forests helps to better understand regional differences in forest structure, diversity, composition, and dynamics. Such understanding will enable anticipation of region-specific responses to global environmental change. Modern phylogenies, in combination with broad coverage of species inventory data, now allow for global biogeographic analyses that take species evolutionary distance into account. Here we present a classification of the world’s tropical forests based on their phylogenetic similarity. We identify five principal floristic regions and their floristic relationships: (i) Indo-Pacific, (ii) Subtropical, (iii) African, (iv) American, and (v) Dry forests. Our results do not support the traditional neo- versus paleotropical forest division but instead separate the combined American and African forests from their Indo-Pacific counterparts. We also find indications for the existence of a global dry forest region, with representatives in America, Africa, Madagascar, and India. Additionally, a northern-hemisphere Subtropical forest region was identified with representatives in Asia and America, providing support for a link between Asian and American northern-hemisphere forests.
Jeitler, Michael ; Wottke, Till ; Schumann, Dania Alexandra ; Puerto Valencia, Laura M. ; Michalsen, Andreas ; Steckhan, Nico ; Mittwede, Martin ; Stapelfeldt, Elmar ; Liebscher, Daniela Artemis Tahère ; Cramer, Holger ; Wischnewsky, Manfred ; Murthy, Vijayendra ; Keßler, Christian
Aims: To compare the effects of Ayurvedic and conventional nutritional therapy in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Methods: Sixty-nine patients with IBS were randomized to Ayurvedic (n = 35) or conventional nutritional therapy according to the recommendations of the German Nutrition Society including the low-FODMAP diet (n = 34). Study visits took place at baseline and after 1, 3, and 6 months. The primary outcome was IBS symptom severity (IBS-SSS) after 3 months; secondary outcomes included stress (CPSS), anxiety and depression (HADS), well-being (WHO-5) and IBS-specific quality of life (IBS-QOL). A repeated measures general linear model (GLM) for intent-to-treat-analyses was applied in this explorative study. Results: After 3 months, estimated marginal means for IBS-SSS reductions were 123.8 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 92.8–154.9; p < 0.001] in the Ayurvedic and 72.7 (95% CI = 38.8–106.7; p < 0.001) in the conventional group. The IBS-SSS reduction was significantly higher in the Ayurveda group compared to the conventional therapy group (estimated marginal mean = 51.1; 95% CI = 3.8–98.5; p = 0.035) and clinically meaningful. Sixty-eight percentage of the variance in IBS-SSS reduction after 3 months can be explained by treatment, 6.5% by patients' expectations for their therapies and 23.4% by IBS-SSS at pre-intervention. Both therapies are equivalent in their contribution to the outcome variance. The higher the IBS-SSS score at pre-intervention and the larger the patients' expectations, the greater the IBS-SSS reduction. There were no significant group differences in any secondary outcome measures. No serious adverse events occurred in either group. Conclusion: Patients with IBS seem to benefit significantly from Ayurvedic or conventional nutritional therapy. The results warrant further studies with longer-term follow-ups and larger sample sizes. Clinical Trial Registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03019861, identifier: NCT03019861.
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