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HDL, through sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), exerts direct cardioprotective effects on ischemic myocardium. It remains unclear whether other HDL-associated sphingophospholipids have similar effects. We therefore examined if HDL-associated sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) reduces infarct size in a mouse model of transient myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. Intravenously administered SPC dose-dependently reduced infarct size after 30 minutes of myocardial ischemia and 24 hours reperfusion compared to controls. Infarct size was also reduced by postischemic, therapeutical administration of SPC. Immunohistochemistry revealed reduced polymorphonuclear neutrophil recruitment to the infarcted area after SPC treatment, and apoptosis was attenuated as measured by TUNEL. In vitro, SPC inhibited leukocyte adhesion to TNFα-activated endothelial cells and protected rat neonatal cardiomyocytes from apoptosis. S1P3 was identified as the lysophospholipid receptor mediating the cardioprotection by SPC, since its effect was completely absent in S1P3-deficient mice. We conclude that HDL-associated SPC directly protects against myocardial reperfusion injury in vivo via the S1P3 receptor.
Rapidity and transverse momentum dependence of inclusive J/ψ production in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV
(2011)
The ALICE experiment at the LHC has studied inclusive J/ψ production at central and forward rapidities in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV. In this Letter, we report on the first results obtained detecting the J/ψ through the dilepton decay into e+e− and μ+μ− pairs in the rapidity ranges |y|<0.9 and 2.5<y<4, respectively, and with acceptance down to zero pT. In the dielectron channel the analysis was carried out on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity Lint=5.6 nb−1 and the number of signal events is NJ/ψ=352±32(stat.)±28(syst.); the corresponding figures in the dimuon channel are Lint=15.6 nb−1 and NJ/ψ=1924±77(stat.)±144(syst.). The measured production cross sections are σJ/ψ(|y|<0.9)=10.7±1.0(stat.)±1.6(syst.)−2.3+1.6(syst.pol.)μb and σJ/ψ(2.5<y<4)=6.31±0.25(stat.)±0.76(syst.)−1.96+0.95(syst.pol.)μb. The differential cross sections, in transverse momentum and rapidity, of the J/ψ were also measured.
Tierfilme und -reportagen haben Konjunktur, neue Bildtechnologien ermöglichen immer differenziertere Einblicke in Verhaltens- und Lebensweisen bekannter und unbekannter Tierarten. Wir fühlen uns als teilnehmende Beobachter in scheinbar gewagtester Nähe. Das "Privatleben" der Tiere wird bis in den letzten Winkel verfolgt, die Entdeckung der Tierindividualitäten schreitet voran, Tiere bekommen ein Schicksal und wecken Empathie, der vor über 2000 Jahren entstandene Tier-Mensch-Verwandtschafts-Topos, dem noch jeder Gedanke an die Abstammung der Arten fern lag, wird neu belebt. Doch das kulturelle Interesse am Tier erschöpft sich nicht im Fasziniertsein durch perfekt visualisierte Verhaltensstudien oder durch neueste Lesarten der Tiermetaphorik, in der es stets weniger um Tiere als um Menschen geht. Der historische Wandel der menschlichen Tierbeziehung wird in der Tierethik reflektiert.
Seit der Antike umstrittene kognitive Fähigkeiten verschiedener Tierarten bilden heute einen einzelwissenschaftlich fundierten philosophischen Diskussions- und Forschungsgegenstand ("Der Geist der Tiere"). Die Biosemiotik macht große Fortschritte, der Tier-Mensch-Vergleich - bereits ein Kernstück antiker Anthropologie und Ethik - erfährt eine tiefgreifende Umwertung. Dabei steht nicht mehr von vornherein der Mensch im Mittelpunkt; vielmehr wird versucht, das Animalische in seiner Artenvielfalt als eine vielgestaltige eigene Lebensform zu beschreiben; diese ist nicht länger an Maßstäben einer Anthropozentrik zu messen, die im innersten teleologisch geblieben ist. Der Tier-Mensch-Vergleich wird heute nicht mehr so einseitig und ausschließlich auf kognitive Fähigkeiten bezogen. Vielmehr werden weitere Aspekte wie Emotionalität, Wertungs- bzw. Präferenzverhalten, moralanaloge Verhaltensweisen, Antriebsstrukturen, Soziabilität, Zeichenverhalten mit einbezogen. Diese Komplexität der Vergleichspunkte oder Vergleichseinheiten war erst mit dem neuzeitlichen Rationalismus immer mehr eingeschränkt worden. Die gegenwärtig wiedergewonnene Komplexität lässt nach historischen Vorbildern Ausschau halten; da verwundert es nicht, wenn eine Anthropologie ins Blickfeld rückt, die im Tier-Mensch-Vergleich einen ihrer wichtigsten Ausgangspunkte hatte: die antike Anthropologie.
Background: Data on the economic impact of Lyme borreliosis (LB) on European health care systems is scarce. This project focused on the epidemiology and costs for laboratory testing in LB patients in Germany.
Materials and Methods: We performed a sentinel analysis of epidemiological and medicoeconomic data for 2007 and 2008. Data was provided by a German statutory health insurance (DAK) company covering approx. 6.04 million members. In addition, the quality of diagnostic testing for LB in Germany was studied.
Results: In 2007 and 2008, the incident diagnosis LB was coded on average for 15,742 out of 6.04 million insured members (0.26%). 20,986 EIAs and 12,558 immunoblots were ordered annually for these patients. For all insured members in the outpatient sector, a total of 174,820 EIAs and 52,280 immunoblots were reimbursed annually to health care providers (cost: 2,600,850€). For Germany, the overall expected cost is estimated at 51,215,105€. However, proficiency testing data questioned test quality and standardization of diagnostic assays used.
Conclusion: Findings from this study suggest ongoing issues related to care for LB and may help to improve future LB disease management.
Introduction: Evidence from a number of open-label, uncontrolled studies has suggested that rituximab may benefit patients with autoimmune diseases who are refractory to standard-of-care. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and clinical outcomes of rituximab in several standard-of-care-refractory autoimmune diseases (within rheumatology, nephrology, dermatology and neurology) other than rheumatoid arthritis or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in a real-life clinical setting.
Methods: Patients who received rituximab having shown an inadequate response to standard-of-care had their safety and clinical outcomes data retrospectively analysed as part of the German Registry of Autoimmune Diseases. The main outcome measures were safety and clinical response, as judged at the discretion of the investigators.
Results: A total of 370 patients (299 patient-years) with various autoimmune diseases (23.0% with systemic lupus erythematosus, 15.7% antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated granulomatous vasculitides, 15.1% multiple sclerosis and 10.0% pemphigus) from 42 centres received a mean dose of 2,440 mg of rituximab over a median (range) of 194 (180 to 1,407) days. The overall rate of serious infections was 5.3 per 100 patient-years during rituximab therapy. Opportunistic infections were infrequent across the whole study population, and mostly occurred in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. There were 11 deaths (3.0% of patients) after rituximab treatment (mean 11.6 months after first infusion, range 0.8 to 31.3 months), with most of the deaths caused by infections. Overall (n = 293), 13.3% of patients showed no response, 45.1% showed a partial response and 41.6% showed a complete response. Responses were also reflected by reduced use of glucocorticoids and various immunosuppressives during rituximab therapy and follow-up compared with before rituximab. Rituximab generally had a positive effect on patient well-being (physician's visual analogue scale; mean improvement from baseline of 12.1 mm).
Conclusions: Data from this registry indicate that rituximab is a commonly employed, well-tolerated therapy with potential beneficial effects in standard of care-refractory autoimmune diseases, and support the results from other open-label, uncontrolled studies.
The first measurement of two-pion Bose–Einstein correlations in central Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider is presented. We observe a growing trend with energy now not only for the longitudinal and the outward but also for the sideward pion source radius. The pion homogeneity volume and the decoupling time are significantly larger than those measured at RHIC.
Inclusive transverse momentum spectra of primary charged particles in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV have been measured by the ALICE Collaboration at the LHC. The data are presented for central and peripheral collisions, corresponding to 0–5% and 70–80% of the hadronic Pb–Pb cross section. The measured charged particle spectra in |η|<0.8 and 0.3<pT<20 GeV/c are compared to the expectation in pp collisions at the same sNN, scaled by the number of underlying nucleon–nucleon collisions. The comparison is expressed in terms of the nuclear modification factor RAA. The result indicates only weak medium effects (RAA≈0.7) in peripheral collisions. In central collisions, RAA reaches a minimum of about 0.14 at pT=6–7 GeV/c and increases significantly at larger pT. The measured suppression of high-pT particles is stronger than that observed at lower collision energies, indicating that a very dense medium is formed in central Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC.
The inclusive charged particle transverse momentum distribution is measured in proton–proton collisions at s=900 GeV at the LHC using the ALICE detector. The measurement is performed in the central pseudorapidity region (|η|<0.8) over the transverse momentum range 0.15<pT<10 GeV/c. The correlation between transverse momentum and particle multiplicity is also studied. Results are presented for inelastic (INEL) and non-single-diffractive (NSD) events. The average transverse momentum for |η|<0.8 is 〈pT〉INEL=0.483±0.001 (stat.)±0.007 (syst.) GeV/c and 〈pT〉NSD=0.489±0.001 (stat.)±0.007 (syst.) GeV/c, respectively. The data exhibit a slightly larger 〈pT〉 than measurements in wider pseudorapidity intervals. The results are compared to simulations with the Monte Carlo event generators PYTHIA and PHOJET.
Background: It has been demonstrated that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has a moderate effect on symptom reduction and on general well being of patients suffering from psychosis. However, questions regarding the specific efficacy of CBT, the treatment safety, the cost-effectiveness, and the moderators and mediators of treatment effects are still a major issue. The major objective of this trial is to investigate whether CBT is specifically efficacious in reducing positive symptoms when compared with non-specific supportive therapy (ST) which does not implement CBT-techniques but provides comparable therapeutic attention. Methods: The POSITIVE study is a multicenter, prospective, single-blind, parallel group, randomised clinical trial, comparing CBT and ST with respect to the efficacy in reducing positive symptoms in psychotic disorders. CBT as well as ST consist of 20 sessions altogether, 165 participants receiving CBT and 165 participants receiving ST. Major methodological aspects of the study are systematic recruitment, explicit inclusion criteria, reliability checks of assessments with control for rater shift, analysis by intention to treat, data management using remote data entry, measures of quality assurance (e.g. on-site monitoring with source data verification, regular query process), advanced statistical analysis, manualized treatment, checks of adherence and competence of therapists. Research relating the psychotherapy process with outcome, neurobiological research addressing basic questions of delusion formation using fMRI and neuropsychological assessment and treatment research investigating adaptations of CBT for adolescents is combined in this network. Problems of transfer into routine clinical care will be identified and addressed by a project focusing on cost efficiency. Discussion: This clinical trial is part of efforts to intensify psychotherapy research in the field of psychosis in Germany, to contribute to the international discussion on psychotherapy in psychotic disorders, and to help implement psychotherapy in routine care. Furthermore, the study will allow drawing conclusions about the mediators of treatment effects of CBT of psychotic disorders. Trial Registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN29242879
This paper introduces a new methodology for the fabrication of strain-sensor elements for MEMS and NEMS applications based on the tunneling effect in nano-granular metals. The strain-sensor elements are prepared by the maskless lithography technique of focused electron-beam-induced deposition (FEBID) employing the precursor trimethylmethylcyclopentadienyl platinum [MeCpPt(Me)3]. We use a cantilever-based deflection technique to determine the sensitivity (gauge factor) of the sensor element. We find that its sensitivity depends on the electrical conductivity and can be continuously tuned, either by the thickness of the deposit or by electron-beam irradiation leading to a distinct maximum in the sensitivity. This maximum finds a theoretical rationale in recent advances in the understanding of electronic charge transport in nano-granular metals.
In der heutigen Zeit ist der Konsum von Drogen wie THC und Amphetaminen insbe-sondere unter Jugendlichen weit verbreitet. Vor allem durch die aufputschende Wirkung der Amphetamine und deren Ruf als Partydroge kommt es gehäuft an Wochenenden zu vermehrten Autofahrten unter Drogeneinfluss. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Auswirkungen von THC- und Amphetaminkon-sum auf verschiedene Sehleistungen. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine Gruppe von Kraft-fahrzeugführern, die unter Drogeneinfluss standen, mit einem nicht beeinflussten Kol-lektiv verglichen. Es zeigten sich signifikante Unterschiede im Bereich der Testzeit sowie des Stereose-hens, wobei die Gruppe der Drogenkonsumenten und hier vorrangig die Amphetamin-konsumenten deutlich schlechter abschnitten. Die Beeinträchtigungen im Bereich der Testzeit dürften auf eine deutlich eingeschränkte Konzentrationsfähigkeit unter Amphetamin- und THC- Konsum zurück zu führen sein, vermutlich hervorgerufen durch Wirkungen im Bereich des Hypothalamus und Hippo-campus, welche im Bereich der Aufmerksamkeit sowie des Lernverhaltens eine wich-tige Rolle spielen. Verbindungen dieser beiden Hirnareale zur Sehbahn könnten eine Erklärung für die Einschränkungen im Bereich des Stereosehens vor allem der Amphetamingruppe sein, da diese Substanzgruppe sowohl Hippocampus, Hypothalamus als auch die Mandel-kerne beeinflusst, THC hingegen nur den Hippocampus. Insgesamt muss anhand der vorliegenden Ergebnisse von einer Beeinträchtigung der Fahrtüchtigkeit unter THC und Amphetaminen unabhängig von der konsumierten Dro-genmenge ausgegangen werden. Hieraus lässt sich ableiten, dass die Einführung eines Grenzwertes aufgrund der sehr individuellen Beeinträchtigungen auf die kognitiven und optischen Fähigkeiten einer einzelnen Person als äußerst problematisch zu bewerten ist und somit die Fahrsicherheit und Fahreignung nur bei einem völligen Verzicht auf jeg-lichen Cannabis- oder Amphetaminkonsum gewährleistet ist.
Introduction: Reliable predictive and prognostic markers for routine diagnostic purposes are needed for breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. We evaluated protein biomarkers in a cohort of 116 participants of the GeparDuo study on anthracycline/taxane-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy for operable breast cancer to test for associations with pathological complete response (pCR) and disease-free survival (DFS). Particularly, we evaluated if interactions between hormone receptor (HR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression might lead to a different clinical behavior of HR+/HER2+ coexpressing and HR+/HER2- tumors and whether subgroups of triple negative tumors might be identified by the help of Ki67 labeling index, cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6), as well as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1) expression. Methods: Expression analysis was performed using immunohistochemistry and silver-enhanced in situ hybridization on tissue microarrays (TMAs) of pretherapeutic core biopsies. Results: pCR rates were significantly different between the biology-based tumor types (P = 0.044) with HR+/HER2+ and HR-/HER2- tumors having higher pCR rates than HR+/HER2-tumors. Ki67 labeling index, confirmed as significant predictor of pCR in the whole cohort (P = 0.001), identified HR-/HER- (triple negative) carcinomas with a higher chance for a pCR (P = 0.006). Biology-based tumor type (P = 0.046 for HR+/HER2+vs. HR+/HER2-), Ki67 labeling index (P = 0.028), and treatment arm (P = 0.036) were independent predictors of pCR in a multivariate model. DFS was different in the biology-based tumor types (P < 0.0001) with HR+/HER2- and HR+/HER2+ tumors having the best prognosis and HR-/HER2+ tumors showing the worst outcome. Biology-based tumor type was an independent prognostic factor for DFS in multivariate analysis (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that a biology-based breast cancer classification using estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR), and HER2 bears independent predictive and prognostic potential. The HR+/HER2+ coexpressing carcinomas emerged as a group of tumors with a good response rate to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and a favorable prognosis. HR+/HER2- tumors had a good prognosis irrespective of a pCR, whereas patients with HR-/HER- and HR-/HER+ tumors, especially if they had not achieved a pCR, had an unfavorable prognosis and are in need of additional treatment options. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00793377
Background Since June 2002, revised regulations in Germany have required "Emergency Medical Care" as an interdisciplinary subject, and state that emergency treatment should be of increasing importance within the curriculum. A survey of the current status of undergraduate medical education in emergency medical care establishes the basis for further committee work. Methods Using a standardized questionnaire, all medical faculties in Germany were asked to answer questions concerning the structure of their curriculum, representation of disciplines, instructors' qualifications, teaching and assessment methods, as well as evaluation procedures. Results Data from 35 of the 38 medical schools in Germany were analysed. In 32 of 35 medical faculties, the local Department of Anaesthesiology is responsible for the teaching of emergency medical care; in two faculties, emergency medicine is taught mainly by the Department of Surgery and in another by Internal Medicine. Lectures, seminars and practical training units are scheduled in varying composition at 97% of the locations. Simulation technology is integrated at 60% (n=21); problem-based learning at 29% (n=10), e-learning at 3% (n=1), and internship in ambulance service is mandatory at 11% (n=4). In terms of assessment methods, multiple-choice exams (15 to 70 questions) are favoured (89%, n=31), partially supplemented by open questions (31%, n=11). Some faculties also perform single practical tests (43%, n=15), objective structured clinical examination (OSCE; 29%, n=10) or oral examinations (17%, n=6). Conclusion Emergency Medical Care in undergraduate medical education in Germany has a practical orientation, but is very inconsistently structured. The innovative options of simulation technology or state-of-the-art assessment methods are not consistently utilized. Therefore, an exchange of experiences and concepts between faculties and disciplines should be promoted to guarantee a standard level of education in emergency medical care.
Background: Nitric oxide (NO) is an essential vasodilator. In vascular diseases, oxidative stress attenuates NO signaling by both chemical scavenging of free NO and oxidation and down-regulation of its major intracellular receptor, the alpha/beta heterodimeric heme-containing soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC). Oxidation can also induce loss of sGC's heme and responsiveness to NO.
Results: sGC activators such as BAY 58-2667 bind to oxidized/heme-free sGC and reactivate the enzyme to exert disease-specific vasodilation. Here we show that oxidation-induced down-regulation of sGC protein extends to isolated blood vessels. Mechanistically, degradation was triggered through sGC ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. The heme-binding site ligand, BAY 58-2667, prevented sGC ubiquitination and stabilized both alpha and beta subunits.
Conclusion: Collectively, our data establish oxidation-ubiquitination of sGC as a modulator of NO/cGMP signaling and point to a new mechanism of action for sGC activating vasodilators by stabilizing their receptor, oxidized/heme-free sGC.
We report progress in our exploration of the finite-temperature phase structure of two-flavour lattice
QCD with twisted-mass Wilson fermions and a tree-level Symanzik-improved gauge action
for a temporal lattice size Nt = 8. Extending our investigations to a wider region of parameter
space we gain a global view of the rich phase structure. We identify the finite temperature transition/
crossover for a non-vanishing twisted-mass parameter in the neighbourhood of the zerotemperature
critical line at sufficiently high b . Our findings are consistent with Creutz’s conjecture
of a conical shape of the finite temperature transition surface. Comparing with NLO lattice
cPT we achieve an improved understanding of this shape.
From July 2002 to March 2004 the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) aboard the European Space Agency´s Environmental Satellite (Envisat) measured nearly continuously mid infrared limb radiance spectra. These measurements are utilised to retrieve the global distribution of the chlorofluorocarbon CFC-11 by applying a new fast forward model for Envisat MIPAS and an accompanying optimal estimation retrieval processor. A detailed analysis shows that the total retrieval errors of the individual CFC-11 volume mixing ratios are typically below 10% in the altitude range 10 to 25 km and that the systematic components dominate. Contribution of a priori information to the retrieval results are less than 5 to 10% and the vertical resolution of the observations is about 3 to 4 km in the same vertical range. The data are successfully validated by comparison with several other space experiments, an air-borne in-situ instrument, measurements from ground-based networks, and independent Envisat MIPAS analyses. The retrieval results from 425 000 Envisat MIPAS limb scans are compiled to provide a new climatological data set of CFC-11. The climatology shows significantly lower CFC-11 abundances in the lower stratosphere compared with the Reference Atmospheres for MIPAS (RAMstan V3.1) climatology. Depending on the atmospheric conditions the differences between the climatologies are up to 30 to 110 ppt (45 to 150%) at 19 to 27 km altitude. Additionally, time series of CFC-11 mean abundance and variability for five latitudinal bands are presented. The observed CFC-11 distributions can be explained by the residual mean circulation and large-scale eddy-transports in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The new CFC-11 data set is well suited for further scientific studies.
Strong perturbations of the Arctic stratosphere during the winter 2002/2003 by planetary waves led to enhanced stretching and folding of the vortex. On two occasions the vortex in the lower stratosphere split into two secondary vortices that re-merged after some days. As a result of these strong disturbances the role of transport in and out of the vortex was stronger than usual. An advection and mixing simulation with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) utilising a suite of inert tracers tagging the original position of the air masses has been carried out. The results show a variety of synoptic and small scale features in the vicinity of the vortex boundary, especially long filaments peeling off the vortex edge and being slowly mixed into the mid latitude environment. The vortex folding events, followed by re-merging of different parts of the vortex led to strong filamentation of the vortex interior. During January, February, and March 2003 flights of the Russian high-altitude aircraft Geophysica were performed in order to probe the vortex, filaments and in one case the merging zone between the secondary vortices. Comparisons between CLaMS results and observations obtained from the Geophysica flights show in general good agreement. Several areas affected by both transport and strong mixing could be identified, allowing explanation of many of the structures observed during the flights. Furthermore, the CLaMS simulations allow for a quantification of the air mass exchange between mid latitudes and the vortex interior. The simulation suggests that after the formation of the vortex was completed, its interior remaind relatively undisturbed. Only during the two re-merging events were substantial amounts of extra-vortex air transported into the polar vortex. When in March the vortex starts weakening additional influence from lower latitudes becomes apparent in the model results. In the lower stratosphere export of vortex air leads only to a fraction of about 5% polar air in mid latitudes by the end of March. An upper limit for the contribution of ozone depleted vortex air on mid-latitude ozone loss is derived, indicating that the maximum final impact of dilution is on the order of 50%.
The Match method for the quantification of polar chemical ozone loss is investigated mainly with respect to the impact of the transport of air masses across the vortex edge. For the winter 2002/03, we show that significant transport across the vortex edge occurred and was simulated by the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere. In-situ observations of inert tracers and ozone from HAGAR on the Geophysica aircraft and balloon-borne sondes, and remote observations from MIPAS on the ENVISAT satellite were reproduced well by CLaMS. The model even reproduced a small vortex remnant that remained a distinct feature until June 2003 and was also observed in-situ by a balloon-borne whole air sampler. We use this CLaMS simulation to quantify the impact of transport across the vortex edge on ozone loss estimates from the Match method. We show that a time integration of the determined vortex average ozone loss rates, as performed in Match, results in a larger ozone loss than the polar vortex average ozone loss in CLaMS. The determination of the Match ozone loss rates is also influenced by the transport of air across the vortex edge. We use the model to investigate how the sampling of the ozone sondes on which Match is based represents the vortex average ozone loss rate. Both the time integration of ozone loss and the determination of ozone loss rates for Match are evaluated using the winter 2002/2003 CLaMS simulation. These impacts can explain the majority of the differences between CLaMS and Match column ozone loss. While the investigated effects somewhat reduce the apparent discrepancy in January ozone loss rates reported earlier, a distinct discrepancy between simulations and Match remains. However, its contribution to the accumulated ozone loss over the winter is not large.
The complete molecule of the title compound, [Sn(C6H5)2Cl2(C9H21OP)2], is generated by crystallographic inversion symmetry, the Sn atom is located on a special position of site symmetry \overline{1}. The Sn atom adopts an all-trans SnC2O2Cl2 octahedral geometry. As a consequence of the bulky substituents at the O atom, the P-O-Sn bond angle is 163.9 (3)°. Key indicators: single-crystal X-ray study; T = 173 K; mean σ(C–C) = 0.012 Å; R factor = 0.058; wR factor = 0.099; data-to-parameter ratio = 18.6.
We discuss the use of Wilson fermions with twisted mass for simulations of QCD thermodynamics.
As a prerequisite for a future analysis of the finite-temperature transition making use
of automatic O(a) improvement, we investigate the phase structure in the space spanned by the
hopping parameter k , the coupling b , and the twisted mass parameter m. We present results for
Nf = 2 degenerate quarks on a 163×8 lattice, for which we investigate the possibility of an Aoki
phase existing at strong coupling and vanishing m, as well as of a thermal phase transition at
moderate gauge couplings and non-vanishing m.
During the second part of the TROCCINOX campaign that took place in Brazil in early 2005, chemical species were measured on-board the high-altitude research aircraft Geophysica (ozone, water vapor, NO, NOy, CH4 and CO) in the altitude range up to 20 km (or up to 450 K potential temperature), i.e. spanning the entire TTL region roughly extending between 350 and 420 K. Here, analysis of transport across the TTL is performed using a new version of the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS). In this new version, the stratospheric model has been extended to the earth surface. Above the tropopause, the isentropic and cross-isentropic advection in CLaMS is driven by meteorological analysis winds and heating/cooling rates derived from a radiation calculation. Below the tropopause, the model smoothly transforms from the isentropic to the hybrid-pressure coordinate and, in this way, takes into account the effect of large-scale convective transport as implemented in the vertical wind of the meteorological analysis. As in previous CLaMS simulations, the irreversible transport, i.e. mixing, is controlled by the local horizontal strain and vertical shear rates. Stratospheric and tropospheric signatures in the TTL can be seen both in the observations and in the model. The composition of air above ≈350 K is mainly controlled by mixing on a time scale of weeks or even months. Based on CLaMS transport studies where mixing can be completely switched off, we deduce that vertical mixing, mainly driven by the vertical shear in the tropical flanks of the subtropical jets and, to some extent, in the the outflow regions of the large-scale convection, offers an explanation for the upward transport of trace species from the main convective outflow at around 350 K up to the tropical tropopause around 380 K.
Strong perturbations of the Arctic stratosphere during the winter 2002/2003 by planetary waves led to enhanced stretching and folding of the vortex. On two occasions the vortex in the lower stratosphere split into two secondary vortices that re-merged after some days. As a result of these strong disturbances the role of transport in and out of the vortex was stronger than usual. An advection and mixing simulation with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) utilising a suite of inert tracers tagging the original position of the air masses has been carried out. The results show a variety of synoptic and small scale features in the vicinity of the vortex boundary, especially long filaments peeling off the vortex edge and being slowly mixed into the mid latitude environment. The vortex folding events, followed by re-merging of different parts of the vortex led to strong filamentation of the vortex interior. During January, February, and March 2003 flights of the Russian high-altitude aircraft Geophysica were performed in order to probe the vortex, filaments and in one case the merging zone between the secondary vortices. Comparisons between CLaMS results and observations obtained from the Geophysica flights show in general good agreement.
The Match method for quantification of polar chemical ozone loss is investigated mainly with respect to the impact of mixing across the vortex edge onto this estimate. We show for the winter 2002/03 that significant mixing across the vortex edge occurred and was accurately modeled by the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere. Observations of inert tracers and ozone in-situ from HAGAR on the Geophysica aircraft and sondes and also remote from MIPAS on ENVISAT were reproduced well. The model even reproduced a small vortex remnant that was isolated until June 2003 and was observed in-situ by a balloon-borne whole air sampler. We use this CLaMS simulation to quantify the impact of cross vortex edge mixing on the results of the Match method. It is shown that a time integration of the determined vortex average ozone loss rates as performed in Match results in larger ozone loss than the polar vortex average ozone loss in CLaMS. Also, the determination of the Match ozone loss rates can be influenced by mixing. This is especially important below 430 K, where ozone outside the vortex is lower than inside and the vortex boundary is not a strong transport barrier. This effect and further sampling effects cause an offset between vortex average ozone loss rates derived from Match and deduced from CLaMS with an even sampling for the entire vortex. Both, the time-integration of ozone loss and the determination of ozone loss rates for Match are evaluated using the winter 2002/03 CLaMS simulation. These impacts can explain the differences between CLaMS and Match column ozone loss. While the investigated effects somewhat reduce the apparent discrepancy in January ozone loss rates, a discrepancy between simulations and Match remains. However, its contribution to the accumulated ozone loss over the winter is not large.
Riboswitches reflect a novel concept in gene regulation that is particularly suited for technological adaptation. Therefore, we characterized thermodynamically the ligand binding properties of a synthetic, tetracycline (tc)-binding RNA aptamer, which regulates gene expression in a dose-dependent manner when inserted into the untranslated region of an mRNA. In vitro, one molecule of tc is bound by one molecule of partially pre-structured and conformationally homogeneous apo-RNA. The dissociation constant of 770 pM, as determined by fluorimetry, is the lowest reported so far for a small molecule-binding RNA aptamer. Additional calorimetric analysis of RNA point mutants and tc derivatives identifies functional groups crucial for the interaction and including their respective enthalpic and entropic contributions we can propose detailed structural and functional roles for certain groups. The conclusions are consistent with mutational analyses in vivo and support the hypothesis that tc-binding reinforces the structure of the RNA aptamer, preventing the scanning ribosome from melting it efficiently.
During the second part of the TROCCINOX campaign that took place in Brazil in early 2005, chemical species were measured on-board of the high altitude research aircraft Geophysica (ozone, water vapor, NO, NOy, CH4 and CO) in the altitude range up to 20 km (or up to 450 K potential temperature), i.e. spanning the TTL region roughly extending between 350 and 420 K.
Analysis of transport across TTL is performed using a new version of the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS). In this new version, the stratospheric model has been extended to the earth surface. Above the tropopause, the isentropic and cross-isentropic advection in CLaMS is driven by ECMWF winds and heating/cooling rates derived from a radiation calculation. Below the tropopause the model smoothly transforms from the isentropic to hybrid-pressure coordinate and, in this way, takes into account the effect of large-scale convective transport as implemented in the ECMWF vertical wind. As with other CLaMS simulations, the irreversible transport, i.e. mixing, is controlled by the local horizontal strain and vertical shear rates.
Stratospheric and tropospheric signatures in the TTL can be seen both in the observation and in the model. The composition of air above ≈350 K is mainly controlled by mixing on a time scale of weeks or even months. Based on CLaMS transport studies where mixing can be completely switched off, we deduce that vertical mixing, mainly driven by the vertical shear in the outflow regions of the large-scale convection and in the vicinity of the subtropical jets, is necessary to understand the upward transport of the tropospheric air from the main convective outflow around 350 K up to the tropical tropopause around 380 K. This mechanism is most effective if the outflow of the mesoscale convective systems interacts with the subtropical jets.
Im April 2004 wurde im Rahmen des DFG-Forschungsprojektes „Kokainkonsum in Frankfurt am Main“ eine Repräsentativbefragung in der erwachsenen Wohnbevölkerung in Frankfurt a.M. durchgeführt. Da neben Kokain auch andere illegale und legale Drogen Thema der Befragung waren, eröffnet dies die Möglichkeit, einen Blick auf den Konsum psychoaktiver Substanzen in Frankfurt am Main zu werfen. Insgesamt 1.011 18-59-jährige Frankfurterinnen und Frankfurter beteiligten sich an der postalischen Erhebung. Die Ergebnisse der in diesem Bericht vorgelegte Sonderauswertung können mit ähnlich konzipierten Befragungen für Hamburg und das Bundesgebiet verglichen werden. Tabak 35,9% der Befragten sind aktuelle Raucher/innen, weitere 25,4% haben früher einmal geraucht. Insgesamt 10,3% rauchen täglich mindestens 20 Zigaretten. Etwas mehr Männer als Frauen rauchen aktuell. Bei den Altersgruppen zeigt sich lediglich unter 18-24-jährigen eine Überrepräsentation der Raucher/innen. Der Anteil aktueller Raucher/innen in Frankfurt ist etwa mit denen in Hamburg und dem gesamten Bundesgebiet vergleichbar, allerdings zeigt sich insbesondere im Vergleich zu Hamburg, dass in Frankfurt die Quote starker Raucher/innen relativ gering ist. Alkohol Einen Alkoholkonsum in den letzten 24 Stunden geben 38,4% der Befragten an, darunter deutlich mehr Männer als Frauen; zudem steigt dieser Anteil mit zunehmendem Alter. Demgegenüber geben jüngere Befragte häufiger an, in den letzten 30 Tagen betrunken gewesen zu sein (Gesamt: 15,1%). Die 30-39-jährigen sind die Altersgruppe, die durchschnittlich am frühesten in einen regelmäßigen Alkoholkonsum eingestiegen ist. 10,5% der Befragten sind aufgrund der Intensität ihres Gebrauchsmusters als mindestens „riskante“ Konsumenten einzustufen. Der Alkoholkonsum in Frankfurt unterscheidet sich nur geringfügig von dem in Hamburg bzw. dem im Bundesgebiet. Medikamente 16% der Stichprobe haben in den zurückliegenden 30 Tagen mindestens einmal pro Woche Medikamente eingenommen, dabei dominieren mit 11,8% die Schmerzmittel. Ein deutlicher Schwerpunkt des Medikamentengebrauchs ist bei älteren Befragten auszumachen. Im Unterschied zu den beiden Vergleichsbefragungen konsumieren Frauen in Frankfurt nur etwas häufiger als Männer regelmäßig Medikamente. Cannabis Auch in Frankfurt stellt Cannabis die mit Abstand meistkonsumierte illegale Droge dar; 41,3% verfügen über Erfahrungen mit der Substanz, darunter mehr Männer als Frauen. Dieser geschlechtsspezifische Unterschied zeigt sich in verstärktem Maße bei der 12-Monats- (insgesamt 10,6%) und 30-Tages-Prävalenz (5,0%). Deutliche Schwerpunkte des aktuellen Konsums zeigen sich in den jüngeren Altersgruppen. Etwa der Hälfte der Befragten wurde Cannabis schon einmal angeboten, etwas weniger halten die Droge für leicht beschaffbar und 5,5% der Drogenunerfahrenen würden die Droge bei entsprechendem Angebot möglicherweise probieren. Diese Probierbereitschaft fällt im Vergleich zu Hamburg etwas niedriger aus, wogegen die Beschaffbarkeit in Frankfurt höher eingeschätzt wird. Die Cannabis-Prävalenzraten entsprechen in etwa denen von Hamburg, liegen aber deutlich über den gesamtdeutschen Prävalenzraten (Lebenszeit: Ffm 41,3%, HH 42,4%, D 24,5%). Die Werte für das Einstiegsalter liegen in Frankfurt unter den bundesweit ermittelten, aber über denen aus Hamburg. Andere illegale Drogen 14,0% der Befragten haben schon einmal mindestens eine illegale Droge außer Cannabis konsumiert; 2,2% haben eine derartige Substanz auch in den letzten 12 Monaten und 1% in den letzten 30 Tagen konsumiert. Kokain liegt hier mit einer Lebenszeitprävalenz von 7,5% an erster Stelle, gefolgt von LSD, psychoaktiven Pilzen, Ecstasy und Amphetaminen mit jeweils rund 5%. Auch hier verfügen Männer deutlich häufiger über Konsumerfahrungen als Frauen, aktueller Konsum dieser Substanzen ist unter 25-29-jährigen am stärksten verbreitet. Die Probierbereitschaft für ‚harte Drogen’ ist unter Unerfahrenen ausgesprochen gering, wogegen 11,2% der drogenerfahrenen Personen Kokain und 5,7% Ecstasy bei entsprechendem Angebot konsumieren würden. Je etwa 20% geben an, eine dieser Substanzen leicht beschaffen zu können. In Frankfurt verfügen mehr Personen als in Hamburg und im Bundesdurchschnitt über Erfahrungen mit illegalen Drogen (außer Cannabis), Frankfurt fällt aber hinsichtlich des aktuellen Konsums hinter Hamburg zurück und rangiert hier etwa gleichauf mit dem Bundesdurchschnitt. In der Hansestadt haben im Unterschied zu Frankfurt nahezu so viele Frauen wie Männer Erfahrungen mit ‚harten Drogen’, beim aktuellen Konsum übertreffen sie sogar die Werte für die männlichen Befragten, wogegen in Frankfurt und bundesweit hier die Männer deutlich überwiegen. Freizeitaktivitäten und politische Einstellung Die Befragten in der vorliegenden Stichprobe stufen sich selbst im Schnitt leicht „links“ der politischen „Mitte“ ein. Jüngere Personen weisen eine höhere Ausgehhäufigkeit auf als ältere Befragte. Eine hohe Ausgehhäufigkeit wiederum geht oftmals mit einer höheren Prävalenz des Konsums legaler und illegaler Drogen einher. Konsum psychoaktiver Substanzen unter Frankfurter Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen im Vergleich Im Hinblick auf die Verbreitung im Bekanntenkreis zeigt sich bei den legalen Drogen ein leicht, bei den illegalen ein deutlich erhöhter Wert unter den Frankfurter Schüler/innen. Besonders eindeutig fällt dieser Unterschied bei Cannabis, synthetischen Drogen und psychoaktiven Pilzen aus. Letzteres schlägt sich auch in der Rangliste der Konsumprävalenzen nieder, wo Ecstasy, Amphetamine und Pilze bei den Jugendlichen im Unterschied zu den Erwachsenen vor Kokain rangieren. Eine noch deutlichere Differenz zeigt sich bei den Schnüffelstoffen, die bei den Erwachsenen nahezu gar keine, bei den Schüler/innen hingegen eine vergleichsweise hohe Verbreitung finden. Fazit Die Einwohner/innen von Frankfurt am Main unterscheiden sich im Hinblick auf den Gebrauch legaler Drogen nur unwesentlich von der deutschen Allgemeinbevölkerung wie auch von der in Hamburg. Hinsichtlich der illegalen Drogen sind sowohl in Frankfurt als auch in Hamburg im Vergleich zum Bundesdurchschnitt bezogen auf die Lebenszeit höhere Erfahrungswerte zu beobachten. Bezüglich des aktuellen Konsums rangiert Hamburg leicht vor Frankfurt, und was den aktuellen Konsum ‚harter Drogen’ betrifft, liegt Frankfurt gleichauf mit dem Bundesdurchschnitt.
We present simulations with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) for the Arctic winter 2002/2003. We integrated a Lagrangian denitrification scheme into the three-dimensional version of CLaMS that calculates the growth and sedimentation of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) particles along individual particle trajectories. From those, we derive the HNO3 downward flux resulting from different particle nucleation assumptions. The simulation results show a clear vertical redistribution of total inorganic nitrogen ( ), with a maximum vortex average permanent removal of over 5ppb in late December between 500 and 550K and a corresponding increase of of over 2ppb below about 450K. The simulated vertical redistribution of is compared with balloon observations by MkIV and in-situ observations from the high altitude aircraft Geophysica. Assuming a globally uniform NAT particle nucleation rate of 7.8x10-6cm-3h-1 in the model, the observed denitrification is well reproduced.
In the investigated winter 2002/2003, the denitrification has only moderate impact (≤14%) on the simulated vortex average ozone loss of about 1.1ppm near the 460K level. At higher altitudes, above 600K potential temperature, the simulations show significant ozone depletion through -catalytic cycles due to the unusual early exposure of vortex air to sunlight.
Der vorliegende Bericht beschreibt die Situation in der „offenen Drogenszene“ in Frankfurt am Main unter zwei Aspekten: zum einen im Hinblick auf die Veränderungen, die sich in zentralen Inhaltsbereichen wie der sozialen und gesundheitlichen Situation, dem Substanzkonsum und der Inanspruchnahme des Hilfesystems in den letzten Jahren gezeigt haben, zum zweiten im Hinblick auf die aktuelle Situation, wie sie sich in der „offenen Drogenszene“ Mitte des Jahres 2004 auf Grundlage der hier vorliegenden Daten darstellt.
We present simulations with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) for the Arctic winter 2002/2003. We integrated a Lagrangian denitrification scheme into the three-dimensional version of CLaMS that calculates the growth and sedimentation of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) particles along individual particle trajectories. From those, we derive the HNO3 downward flux resulting from different particle nucleation assumptions. The simulation results show a clear vertical redistribution of total inorganic nitrogen (NOy), with a maximum vortex average permanent NOy removal of over 5 ppb in late December between 500 and 550 K and a corresponding increase of NOy of over 2 ppb below about 450 K. The simulated vertical redistribution of NOy is compared with balloon observations by MkIV and in-situ observations from the high altitude aircraft Geophysica. Assuming a globally uniform NAT particle nucleation rate of 3.4·10−6 cm−3 h−1 in the model, the observed denitrification is well reproduced. In the investigated winter 2002/2003, the denitrification has only moderate impact (<=10%) on the simulated vortex average ozone loss of about 1.1 ppm near the 460 K level. At higher altitudes, above 600 K potential temperature, the simulations show significant ozone depletion through NOx-catalytic cycles due to the unusual early exposure of vortex air to sunlight.
Ziel der hier pointiert zusammenfassenden Gesamtschau der Beobachtungen aus den unterschiedlichen Forschungsmodulen des 'Monitoringsystem Drogentrends' (MoSyD) ist es, sich abzeichnende Veränderungen (Trends) und Muster des Konsums legaler und illegaler Drogen in Frankfurt am Main herauszustellen. Die Darstellung abstrahiert weitgehend von konkreten Daten und Einzelbeobachtungen - diese finden sich ausführlich in den einzelnen Berichtsteilen dokumentiert, die jeweils mit detaillierten Zusammenfassungen enden. Eine Ausnahme bilden hier die punktuellen Vergleiche mit Beobachtungen aus Hamburg, die im Rahmen der dort erstmalig in der Intention eines Trendmonitorings durchgeführten Schülerbefragung gemacht wurden (vgl. Baumgärtner 2004, s. auch 3.2.3). Damit können die Ergebnisse unmittelbar mit aktuellen Daten aus einer in vielerlei Hinsicht vergleichbaren deutschen Großstadt verglichen werden. Zwecks weiterer Vergleichbarkeit werden die Ergebnisse der MoSyD-Schülerbefragung im Abschnitt zu Jugendlichen/ jungen Erwachsenen in Bezug zu den Ergebnissen der ersten deutschen Erhebungen im Rahmen der europäischen Schülerbefragung ESPAD (vgl. Hibel et al. 2000, Kraus et al. 2004) gesetzt.
Methodik
(2002)
Die vegetationskundliche und strukturelle Zuordnung der Lebensraumtypen erfolgt nach der vorrangig von Braun-Blanquet entwickelten Vegetationsklassifizierung, einer hierarchischen Gliederung der Vegetationstypen (Syntaxonomie), die die Ebenen der Assoziation, des Verbandes, der Ordnung und der Klasse umfasst. Hierbei ist die Assoziation die grundlegende Einheit, in der die Pflanzengesellschaften zusammengefasst werden, die sich durch gleiche charakteristische Arten(gruppen)kombinationen auszeichnen. Der Verband vereinigt ähnliche Assoziationen. Das sind bereits umfassendere, jedoch standörtlich noch recht einheitliche Vegetationseinheiten. In Ordnungen werden ähnliche Verbände zusammengefasst. Die Klasse vereinigt ähnliche Ordnungen.