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Hudson, Lawrence N. ; Newbold, Tim ; Contu, Sara ; Hill, Samantha L. L. ; Lysenko, Igor ; Palma, Adriana de ; Phillips, Helen R. P. ; Senior, Rebecca A. ; Bennett, Dominic J. ; Booth, Hollie ; Choimes, Argyrios ; Correia, David L. P. ; Day, Julie ; Echeverria-Londono, Susy ; Garon, Morgan ; Harrison, Michelle L. K. ; Ingram, Daniel J. ; Jung, Martin ; Kemp, Victoria ; Kirkpatrick, Lucinda ; Martin, Callum D. ; Pan, Yuan ; White, Hannah J. ; Aben, Job ; Abrahamczyk, Stefan ; Adum, Gilbert B. ; Aguilar-Barquero, Virginia ; Aizen, Marcelo ; Ancrenaz, Marc ; Arbelaez-Cortes, Enrique ; Armbrecht, Inge ; Azhar, Badrul ; Azpiroz, Adrián B. ; Baeten, Lander ; Báldi, András ; Banks, John E. ; Barlow, Jos ; Batáry, Péter ; Bates, Adam J. ; Bayne, Erin M. ; Beja, Pedro ; Berg, Åke ; Berry, Nicholas J. ; Bicknell, Jake E. ; Bihn, Jochen H. ; Böhning-Gaese, Katrin ; Boekhout, Teun ; Boutin, Celine ; Bouyer, Jeremy ; Brearley, Francis Q. ; Brito, Isabel ; Brunet, Jörg ; Buczkowski, Grzegorz ; Buscardo, Erika ; Cabra-Garcia, Jimmy ; Calvino-Cancela, Maria ; Cameron, Sydney A. ; Cancello, Eliana M. ; Carrijo, Tiago F. ; Carvalho, Anelena L. ; Castro, Helena ; Castro-Luna, Alejandro Antonio ; Cerda, Rolando ; Cerezo, Alexis ; Chauvat, Matthieu ; Clarke, Frank M. ; Cleary, Daniel F. R. ; Connop, Stuart P. ; D'Aniello, Biagio ; Silva, Pedro Giovani da ; Darvill, Ben ; Dauber, Jens ; Dejean, Alain ; Diekötter, Tim ; Dominguez-Haydar, Yamileth ; Dormann, Carsten F. ; Dumont, Bertrand ; Dures, Simon G. ; Dynesius, Mats ; Edenius, Lars ; Elek, Zoltan ; Entling, Martin H. ; Farwig, Nina ; Fayle, Tom M. ; Felicioli, Antonio ; Felton, Annika M. ; Ficetola, Gentile Francesco ; Filgueiras, Bruno K. C. ; Fonte, Steve J. ; Fraser, Lauchlan H. ; Fukuda, Daisuke ; Furlani, Dario ; Ganzhorn, Jörg U. ; Garden, Jenni G. ; Gheler-Costa, Carla ; Giordani, Paolo ; Giordano, Simonetta ; Gottschalk, Marco S. ; Goulson, Dave ; Gove, Aaron D. ; Grogan, James ; Hanley, Mick E. ; Hanson, Thor ; Hashim, Nor R. ; Hawes, Joseph E. ; Hébert, Christian ; Helden, Alvin J. ; Henden, John-André ; Hernández, Lionel ; Herzog, Felix ; Higuera-Diaz, Diego ; Hilje, Branko ; Horgan, Finbarr G. ; Horvath, Roland ; Hylander, Kristoffer ; Horvath, Roland ; Isaacs-Cubides, Paola ; Ishitani, Mashiro ; Jacobs, Carmen T. ; Jaramillo, Victor J. ; Jauker, Birgit ; Jonsell, Matts ; Jung, Thomas S. ; Kapoor, Vena ; Kati, Vassiliki ; Katovai, Eric ; Kessler, Michael ; Knop, Eva ; Kolb, Annette ; Körösi, Àdám ; Lachat, Thibault ; Lantschner, Victoria ; Le Féon, Violette ; LeBuhn, Gretchen ; Légaré, Jean-Philippe ; Letcher, Susan G. ; Littlewood, Nick A. ; López-Quintero, Carlos A. ; Louhaichi, Mounir ; Lövei, Gabor L. ; Lucas-Borja, Manuel Esteban ; Luja, Victor H. ; Maeto, Kaoru ; Magura, Tibor ; Mallari, Neil Aldrin D. ; Marin-Spiotta, Erika ; Marshall, Edward Jon P. ; Martínez, Eliana ; Mayfield, Margaret M. ; Mikusinski, Gregorz ; Milder, Jeffery C. ; Miller, James R. ; Morales, Carolina L. ; Muriithi-Muchane, Mary Nyawira ; Muchane, Muchai ; Naidoo, Robin ; Nakamura, Akihiro ; Naoe, Shoji ; Nates-Parra, Guiomar ; Navarerete Gutierrez, Dario A. ; Neuschulz, Eike Lena ; Noreika, Norbertas ; Norfolk, Olivia ; Noriega, Jorge Ari ; Nöske, Nicole M. ; O'Dea, Niall ; Oduro, William ; Ofori-Boateng, Caleb ; Oke, Chris O. ; Osgathorpe, Lynne M. ; Paritsis, Juan ; Parrah, Alejandro ; Pelegrin, Nicolás ; Peres, Carlos A. ; Persson, Anna S. ; Petanidou, Theodora ; Phalan, Ben ; Philips, T. Keith ; Poveda, Katja ; Power, Eileen F. ; Presley, Steven J. ; Proença, Vânia ; Quaranta, Marino ; Quintero, Carolina ; Redpath-Downing, Nicola A. ; Reid, J. Leighton ; Reis, Yana T. ; Ribeiro, Danilo B. ; Richardson, Barbara A. ; Richardson, Michael J. ; Robles, Carolina A. ; Römbke, Jörg ; Romero-Duque, Luz Piedad ; Rosselli, Loreta ; Rossiter, Stephen J. ; Roulston, T'ai H. ; Rousseau, Laurent ; Sadler, Jonathan P. ; Sáfián, Szbolcs ; Saldaña-Vásquez, Romeo A. ; Samnegård, Ulrika ; Schüepp, Christof ; Schweiger, Oliver ; Sedlock, Jodi L. ; Shahabuddin, Ghazala ; Sheil, Douglas ; Silva, Fernando A. B. ; Slade, Eleanor ; Smith-Pardo, Allan H. ; Sodhi, Navjot S. ; Somarriba, Eduardo J. ; Sosa, Ramón A. ; Stout, Jane C. ; Struebig, Matthew J. ; Sung, Yik-Hei ; Threlfall, Caragh G. ; Tonietto, Rebecca ; Tóthmérész, Béla ; Tscharntke, Teja ; Turner, Edgar C. ; Tylianakis, Jason M. ; Vanbergen, Adam J. ; Vassilev, Kiril ; Verboven, Hans A. F. ; Vergara, Carlos H. ; Vergara, Pablo M. ; Verhulst, Jort ; Walker, Tony R. ; Wang, Yanping ; Watling, James I. ; Wells, Konstans ; Williams, Christopher D. ; Willig, Michael R. ; Woinarski, John Casimir Zichy ; Wolf, Jan H. D. ; Woodcock, Ben A. ; Yu, Douglas W. ; Zailsev, Andreys ; Collen, Ben ; Ewers, Rob M. ; Mace, Georgina M. ; Purves, Drew W. ; Scharlemann, Jörn P. W. ; Pervis, Andy
Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. Existing global databases of species’ threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to project – and avert – future declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than 1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups – including flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems – www.predicts.org.uk). We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database will be publicly available in 2015.
Frantz, Laurent A. F. ; Haile, James ; Lin, Audrey T. ; Scheu, Amelie ; Geörg, Christina ; Benecke, Norbert ; Alexander, Michelle ; Linderholm, Anna ; Mullin, Victoria E. ; Daly, Kevin G. ; Battista, Vincent M. ; Price, Max ; Gron, Kurt J. ; Alexandri, Panoraia ; Arbogast, Rose-Marie ; Arbuckle, Benjamin ; Bălăşescu, Adrian ; Barnett, Ross ; Bartosiewicz, László ; Baryshnikov, Gennady ; Bonsall, Clive ; Borić, Dušan ; Boroneanţ, Adina ; Bulatović, Jelena ; Çakırlar, Canan ; Carretero, José-Miguel ; Chapman, John ; Church, Mike ; Crooijmans, Richard ; DeCupere, Bea ; Detry, Cleia ; Dimitrijević, Vesna ; Dumitraşcu, Valentin ; Du Plessis, Louis ; Edwards, Ceiridwen ; Erek, Cevdet Merih ; Erim Özdoğan, Aslı ; Ervynck, Anton ; Fulgione, Domenico ; Gligor, Mihai ; Götherström, Anders ; Gourichon, Lionel ; Groenen, Martien A. M. ; Helmer, Daniel ; Hongo, Hitomi ; Horwitz, Liora Kolska ; Irving-Pease, Evan K. ; Lebrasseur, Ophélie ; Lesur, Joséphine ; Malone, Caroline ; Manaserya, Ninna ; Marciniak, Arkadiusz ; Martlew, Holley ; Mashkour, Marjan ; Matthews, Roger ; Motuzaitė Matuzevičiūtė, Giedrė ; Maziar, Sepideh ; Meijaard, Erik ; McGovern, Tom ; Megens, Hendrik-Jan ; Miller, Rebecca ; Mohaseb, Azadeh Fatemeh ; Orschiedt, Jörg ; Orton, David ; Papathanasiou, Anastasia ; Parker Pearson, Michael ; Pinhasi, Ron ; Radmanović, Darko ; Ricaut, François-Xavier ; Richards, Mike ; Sabin, Richard ; Sarti, Lucia ; Schier, Wolfram ; Sheikhi, Shiva ; Stephan, Elisabeth ; Stewart, John R. ; Stoddart, Simon ; Tagliacozzo, Antonio ; Tasić, Nenad N. ; Trantalidou, Katerina ; Tresset, Anne ; Valdiosera, Cristina ; Hurk, Youri van den ; Poucke, Sophie van ; Vigne, Jean-Denis ; Yanevich, Alexander ; Zeeb-Lanz, Andrea ; Triantafyllidis, Alexandros ; Gilbert, M. Thomas P. ; Schibler, Jörg ; Rowley-Conwy, Peter ; Zeder, Melinda ; Peters, Joris ; Cucchi, Thomas ; Bradley, Daniel G. ; Dobney, Keith ; Burger, Joachim ; Evin, Allowen ; Girdland-Flink, Linus ; Larson, Greger
Archaeological evidence indicates that pig domestication had begun by ∼10,500 y before the present (BP) in the Near East, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) suggests that pigs arrived in Europe alongside farmers ∼8,500 y BP. A few thousand years after the introduction of Near Eastern pigs into Europe, however, their characteristic mtDNA signature disappeared and was replaced by haplotypes associated with European wild boars. This turnover could be accounted for by substantial gene flow from local European wild boars, although it is also possible that European wild boars were domesticated independently without any genetic contribution from the Near East. To test these hypotheses, we obtained mtDNA sequences from 2,099 modern and ancient pig samples and 63 nuclear ancient genomes from Near Eastern and European pigs. Our analyses revealed that European domestic pigs dating from 7,100 to 6,000 y BP possessed both Near Eastern and European nuclear ancestry, while later pigs possessed no more than 4% Near Eastern ancestry, indicating that gene flow from European wild boars resulted in a near-complete disappearance of Near East ancestry. In addition, we demonstrate that a variant at a locus encoding black coat color likely originated in the Near East and persisted in European pigs. Altogether, our results indicate that while pigs were not independently domesticated in Europe, the vast majority of human-mediated selection over the past 5,000 y focused on the genomic fraction derived from the European wild boars, and not on the fraction that was selected by early Neolithic farmers over the first 2,500 y of the domestication process.
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