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Charged-particle spectra at midrapidity are measured in Pb-Pb collisions at the centre-of-mass energy per nucleon-nucleon pair sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV and presented in centrality classes ranging from most central (0-5%) to most peripheral (95-100%) collisions. Possible medium effects are quantified using the nuclear modification factor (RAA) by comparing the measured spectra with those from proton-proton collisions, scaled by the number of independent nucleon-nucleon collisions obtained from a Glauber model. At large transverse momenta (8<pT<20 GeV/c), the average RAA is found to increase from about 0.15 in 0-5% central to a maximum value of about 0.8 in 75-85% peripheral collisions, beyond which it falls off strongly to below 0.2 for the most peripheral collisions. Furthermore, RAA initially exhibits a positive slope as a function of pT in the 8-20 GeV/c interval, while for collisions beyond the 80% class the slope is negative. To reduce uncertainties related to event selection and normalization, we also provide the ratio of RAA in adjacent centrality intervals. Our results in peripheral collisions are consistent with a PYTHIA-based model without nuclear modification, demonstrating that biases caused by the event selection and collision geometry can lead to the apparent suppression in peripheral collisions. This explains the unintuitive observation that RAA is below unity in peripheral Pb-Pb, but equal to unity in minimum-bias p-Pb collisions despite similar charged-particle multiplicities.
A measurement of beauty hadron production at mid-rapidity in proton-lead collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV is presented. The semi-inclusive decay channel of beauty hadrons into J/ψ is considered, where the J/ψ mesons are reconstructed in the dielectron decay channel at mid-rapidity down to transverse momenta of 1.3 GeV/c. The bb¯¯¯ production cross section at mid-rapidity, dσbb¯¯¯/dy, and the total cross section extrapolated over full phase space, σbb¯¯¯, are obtained. This measurement is combined with results on inclusive J/ψ production to determine the prompt J/ψ cross sections. The results in p-Pb collisions are then scaled to expectations from pp collisions at the same centre-of-mass energy to derive the nuclear modification factor RpPb, and compared to models to study possible nuclear modifications of the production induced by cold nuclear matter effects. RpPb is found to be smaller than unity at low pT for both J/ψ coming from beauty hadron decays and prompt J/ψ.
The Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) was designed and built to enhance the capabilities of the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). While aimed at providing electron identification and triggering, the TRD also contributes significantly to the track reconstruction and calibration in the central barrel of ALICE. In this paper the design, construction, operation, and performance of this detector are discussed. A pion rejection factor of up to 410 is achieved at a momentum of 1 GeV/c in p–Pb collisions and the resolution at high transverse momentum improves by about 40% when including the TRD information in track reconstruction. The triggering capability is demonstrated both for jet, light nuclei, and electron selection.
The invariant differential cross sections for inclusive π0 and η mesons at midrapidity were measured in pp collisions at s√=2.76 TeV for transverse momenta 0.4<pT<40 GeV/c and 0.6<pT<20 GeV/c, respectively, using the ALICE detector. This large range in pT was achieved by combining various analysis techniques and different triggers involving the electromagnetic calorimeter (EMCal). In particular, a new single-cluster, shower-shape based method was developed for the identification of high-pT neutral pions, which exploits that the showers originating from their decay photons overlap in the EMCal. The measured cross sections are found to exhibit a similar power-law behavior with an exponent of about 6.3. Next-to-leading order perturbative QCD calculations and generator-level simulations with PYTHIA 8.2 describe the cross sections to about 30% for the π0, and between 30-50% for the η meson. The new data can therefore be used to further improve the theoretical description of π0 and η meson production.
The invariant differential cross sections for inclusive π0 and η mesons at midrapidity were measured in pp collisions at s√=2.76 TeV for transverse momenta 0.4<pT<40 GeV/c and 0.6<pT<20 GeV/c, respectively, using the ALICE detector. This large range in pT was achieved by combining various analysis techniques and different triggers involving the electromagnetic calorimeter (EMCal). In particular, a new single-cluster, shower-shape based method was developed for the identification of high-pT neutral pions, which exploits that the showers originating from their decay photons overlap in the EMCal. The measured cross sections are found to exhibit a similar power-law behavior with an exponent of about 6.3. Next-to-leading-order perturbative QCD calculations differ from the measured cross sections by about 30% for the π0, and between 30-50% for the η meson, while generator-level simulations with PYTHIA 8.2 describe the data to better than 10-30%, except at pT<1 GeV/c. The new data can therefore be used to further improve the theoretical description of π0 and η meson production.
In this letter, the production of deuterons and anti-deuterons in pp collisions at s√=7 TeV is studied as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity density at mid-rapidity with the ALICE detector at the LHC. Production yields are measured at mid-rapidity in five multiplicity classes and as a function of the deuteron transverse momentum (pT). The measurements are discussed in the context of hadron-coalescence models. The coalescence parameter \btwo, extracted from the measured spectra of (anti-)deuterons and primary (anti-)protons, exhibits no significant pT-dependence for pT<3 GeV/c, in agreement with the expectations of a simple coalescence picture. At fixed transverse momentum per nucleon, the B2 parameter is found to decrease smoothly from low multiplicity pp Pb-Pb collisions, in qualitative agreement with more elaborate coalescence models. The measured mean transverse momentum of (anti-)deuterons in pp is not reproduced by the Blast-Wave model calculations that simultaneously describe pion, kaon and proton spectra, in contrast to central Pb-Pb collisions. The ratio between the pT-integrated yield of deuterons to protons, d/p, is found to increase with the charged-particle multiplicity, as observed in inelastic pp collisions at different centre-of-mass energies. The d/p ratios are reported in a wide range, from the lowest to the highest multiplicity values measured in pp collisions at the LHC.
In this letter, the production of deuterons and anti-deuterons in pp collisions at s√=7 TeV is studied as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity density at mid-rapidity with the ALICE detector at the LHC. Production yields are measured at mid-rapidity in five multiplicity classes and as a function of the deuteron transverse momentum (pT). The measurements are discussed in the context of hadron-coalescence models. The coalescence parameter B2, extracted from the measured spectra of (anti-)deuterons and primary (anti-)protons, exhibits no significant pT-dependence for pT<3 GeV/c, in agreement with the expectations of a simple coalescence picture. At fixed transverse momentum per nucleon, the B2 parameter is found to decrease smoothly from low multiplicity pp Pb-Pb collisions, in qualitative agreement with more elaborate coalescence models. The measured mean transverse momentum of (anti-)deuterons in pp is not reproduced by the Blast-Wave model calculations that simultaneously describe pion, kaon and proton spectra, in contrast to central Pb-Pb collisions. The ratio between the pT-integrated yield of deuterons to protons, d/p, is found to increase with the charged-particle multiplicity, as observed in inelastic pp collisions at different centre-of-mass energies. The d/p ratios are reported in a wide range, from the lowest to the highest multiplicity values measured in pp collisions at the LHC.
The measurements of the production of prompt D0, D+, D∗+, and D+s mesons in proton--proton (pp) collisions at s√=5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are reported. D mesons were reconstructed at mid-rapidity (|y|<0.5) via their hadronic decay channels D0→K−π+, D+→K−π+π+, D∗+→D0π+→K−π+π+, D+s→ϕπ+→K+K−π+, and their charge conjugates. The production cross sections were measured in the transverse momentum interval 0<pT<36 GeV/c for D0, 1<pT<36 GeV/c for D+ and D∗+, and in 2<pT<24 GeV/c for D+s mesons. Thanks to the higher integrated luminosity, an analysis in finer pT bins with respect to the previous measurements at s√=7 TeV was performed, allowing for a more detailed description of the cross-section pT shape. The measured pT-differential production cross sections are compared to the results at s√=7 TeV and to four different perturbative QCD calculations. Its rapidity dependence is also tested combining the ALICE and LHCb measurements in pp collisions at s√=5.02 TeV. This measurement will allow for a more accurate determination of the nuclear modification factor in p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions performed at the same nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy.
The measurements of the production of prompt D0, D+, D∗+, and D+s mesons in proton--proton (pp) collisions at s√=5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are reported. D mesons were reconstructed at mid-rapidity (|y|<0.5) via their hadronic decay channels D0→K−π+, D+→K−π+π+, D∗+→D0π+→K−π+π+, D+s→ϕπ+→K+K−π+, and their charge conjugates. The production cross sections were measured in the transverse momentum interval 0<pT<36 GeV/c for D0, 1<pT<36 GeV/c for D+ and D∗+, and in 2<pT<24 GeV/c for D+s mesons. Thanks to the higher integrated luminosity, an analysis in finer pT bins with respect to the previous measurements at s√=7 TeV was performed, allowing for a more detailed description of the cross-section pT shape. The measured pT-differential production cross sections are compared to the results at s√=7 TeV and to four different perturbative QCD calculations. Its rapidity dependence is also tested combining the ALICE and LHCb measurements in pp collisions at s√=5.02 TeV. This measurement will allow for a more accurate determination of the nuclear modification factor in p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions performed at the same nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy.
Measurements of anisotropic flow coefficients (vn) and their cross-correlations using two- and multi-particle cumulant methods are reported in collisions of pp at s√=13 TeV, p-Pb at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV, Xe-Xe at sNN−−−√=5.44 TeV, and Pb-Pb at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV recorded with the ALICE detector. These measurements are performed as a function of multiplicity in the mid-rapidity region |η|<0.8 for the transverse momentum range 0.2<pT<3.0 GeV/c. An ordering of the coefficients v2>v3>v4 is found in pp and p-Pb collisions, similar to that seen in large collision systems, while a weak v2 multiplicity dependence is observed relative to nucleus--nucleus collisions in the same multiplicity range. Using the novel subevent method, v2 measured in pp and p-Pb collisions with four-particle cumulants is found to be compatible with that from six-particle cumulants. The symmetric cumulants SC(m,n) calculated with the subevent method which evaluate the correlation strength between v2n and v2m are also presented. The presented data, which add further support to the existence of long-range multi-particle azimuthal correlations in high multiplicity pp and p-Pb collisions, can neither be described by PYTHIA8 nor by IP-Glasma+MUSIC+UrQMD model calculations, and hence provide new insights into the understanding of collective effects in small collision systems.