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C. ; Landgraf, Jeffery M. ; LaPointe, S. ; Lauret, Jerome ; Lebedev, Alexei ; Lednicky, Richard ; Lee, C.-H. ; Leight, W. ; LeVine, Micheal J. ; Li, C. ; Li, Y. ; Lin, G. ; Lin, X. ; Lindenbaum, Sam J. ; Lisa, Michael A. ; Liu, F. ; Liu, H. ; Liu, J. ; Liu, L. ; Ljubicic, Tonko A. ; Llope, William Joseph ; Longacre, Ronald S. ; Love, William A. ; Lu, Y. ; Ludlam, Thomas ; Lynn, David ; Ma, G.L. ; Ma, Yu-Gang ; Mahapatra, Durga Prasad ; Majka, Richard Daniel ; Mall, O.I. ; Mangotra, L.K. ; Manweiler, Robert W. ; Margetis, Spyridon ; Markert, Christina ; Matis, Howard S. ; Matulenko, Yu.A. ; McShane, Tom S. ; Meščanin, Aleksei P. ; Millner, R. ; Minaev, Nikolai G. ; Mioduszewski, Saskia ; Mischke, André ; Mitchell, J. ; Mohanty, Bedangadas ; Morozov, Dmitry A. ; Munhoz, Marcelo Gameiro ; Nandi, Basanta Kumar ; Nattrass, Christine ; Nayak, Tapan Kumar ; Nelson, John M. ; Nepali, C. ; Netrakanti, Pawan Kumar ; Ng, M.J. ; Nogach, Larisa V. ; Nurušev, Sandibek B. ; Odyniec, Grazyna Janina ; Ogawa, Akio ; Okada, H. ; Okorokov, Vitaly A. ; Olson, Douglas L. ; Pachr, Miloš ; Page, Brian S. ; Pal, Susanta Kumar ; Pandit, Y. ; Panebratsev, Yuri ; Pawlak, Tomasz Jan ; Peitzmann, Thomas ; Perevoztchikov, V. ; Perkins, Chris ; Peryt, Wiktor Stanislaw ; Phatak, S.C. ; Planinic, Mirko ; Pluta, Jan Marian ; Poljak, Nikola ; Poskanzer, Arthur M. ; Potukuchi, B.V.K.S. ; Prindle, Duncan J. ; Pruneau, Claude A. ; Pruthi, Navneet Kumar ; Putschke, Jörn H. ; Raniwala, Rashmi ; Raniwala, Sudhir ; Ray, Robert L. ; Redwine, R. ; Reed, Rosi Jan ; Ridiger, Alexey ; Ritter, Hans Georg ; Roberts, Jabus B. ; Rogačevskij, Oleg V. ; Romero, Juan L. ; Rose, A. ; Roy, Christelle Sophie ; Ruan, L. ; Russcher, M.J. ; Rykov, Vladimir L. ; Sahoo, Raghunath ; Sakrejda, Iwona ; Sakuma, T. ; Salur, Sevil ; Sandweiss, Jack H. ; Sarsour, M. ; Savin, Igor A. ; Schambach, Joachim ; Scharenberg, Rolf Paul ; Schmitz, Norbert ; Seger, Janet Elizabeth ; Selyuzhenkov, Ilya ; Seyboth, Peter ; Shabetai, Alexandre ; Shahaliev, Ehtiram ; Shao, M. ; Sharma, M. ; Shi, Shusu ; Shi, X.-H. ; Sichtermann, Ernst P. ; Simon, F. ; Singaraju, Rama Narayana ; Skoby, Michael J. ; Smirnov, Nikolai ; Snellings, Raimond ; Sorensen, Paul Richard ; Sowinski, James ; Spinka, Harold. M. ; Srivastava, B. ; Stadnik, A. ; Stanislaus, T. D. Shirvel ; Staszak, D. ; Strichanov, Michail Nikolaevič ; Stringfellow, Blair ; Suaide, Alexandre Alarcon do Passo ; Suarez, M.C. ; Subba, N.L. ; Šumbera, Michal ; Sun, X.M. ; Sun, Y. ; Sun, Z. ; Surrow, Bernd ; Symons, Timothy James MacNeil ; Toledo, Alejandro Szanto de ; Takahashi, Jun ; Tang, Aihong ; Tang, Zebo ; Tarnowsky, Terence J. ; Thein, Dylan ; Thomas, James H. ; Tian, J. ; Timmins, Anthony Robert ; Timoshenko, Sergei ; Tlusty, David ; Tokarev, Mikhail V. ; Trainor, T.A. ; Tram, V.N. ; Trattner, A.L. ; Trentalange, Stephen ; Tribble, Robert E. ; Tsai, Oleg D. ; Ulery, Jason Glyndwr ; Ullrich, Thomas ; Underwood, David G. ; Van Buren, Gene ; Leeuwen, Marco van ; Vander Molen, A.M. ; Vanfossen, J.A. ; Varma, Raghava ; Vasconcelos, G.M.S. ; Vasilevski, I.M. ; Vasiliev, Alexander Nikolaevich ; Videbæk, Flemming ; Vigdor, Steven E. ; Viyogi, Yogendra P. ; Vokal, Stanislav ; Voloshin, Sergei ; Wada, M. ; Waggoner, William T. ; Walker, M. ; Wang, F. ; Wang, G. ; Wang, J.S. ; Wang, Q. ; Wang, X. ; Wang, X.L. ; Wang, Y. ; Webb, Jason C. ; Westfall, Gary D. ; Whitten, Charles A. ; Wieman, Howard ; Wissink, Scott W. ; Witt, Richard ; Wu, Y. ; Xu, N. ; Xu, Qinghua ; Xu, Y. ; Xu, Z. ; Yepes, Pablo P. ; Yoo, In-Kwon ; Yue, Q. ; Zawisza, M. ; Zbroszczyk, Hanna Paulina ; Zhan, W. ; Zhang, H. ; Zhang, S. ; Zhang, W.M. ; Zhang, Y. ; Zhang, Z.P. ; Zhao, Y. ; Zhong, C. ; Zhou, J. ; Zoulkarneev, R. ; Zoulkarneeva, Youlia ; Zuo, J.X.
We study the beam-energy and system-size dependence of \phi meson production (using the hadronic decay mode \phi -- K+K-) by comparing the new results from Cu+Cu collisions and previously reported Au+Au collisions at \sqrt{s_NN} = 62.4 and 200 GeV measured in the STAR experiment at RHIC. Data presented are from mid-rapidity (|y|<0.5) for 0.4 < pT < 5 GeV/c. At a given beam energy, the transverse momentum distributions for \phi mesons are observed to be similar in yield and shape for Cu+Cu and Au+Au colliding systems with similar average numbers of participating nucleons. The \phi meson yields in nucleus-nucleus collisions, normalised by the average number of participating nucleons, are found to be enhanced relative to those from p+p collisions with a different trend compared to strange baryons. The enhancement for \phi mesons is observed to be higher at \sqrt{s_NN} = 200 GeV compared to 62.4 GeV. These observations for the produced \phi(s\bar{s}) mesons clearly suggest that, at these collision energies, the source of enhancement of strange hadrons is related to the formation of a dense partonic medium in high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions and cannot be alone due to canonical suppression of their production in smaller systems.
Abelev, Betty ; Aggarwal, Madan Mohan ; Ahammed, Zubayer ; Anderson, Bryon D. ; Arkhipkin, Dmitry A. ; Averichev, Georgy S. ; Balewski, Jan ; Barannikova, Olga ; Barnby, Lee Stuart ; Baudot, Jérome ; Baumgart, S. ; Beavis, D. R. ; Bellwied, Rene ; Benedosso, F. ; Betancourt, M. J. ; Betts, R. R. ; Bhasin, Anju ; Bhati, Ashok Kumar ; Bichsel, Hans ; Bielčík, Jaroslav ; Bielčíková, Jana ; Biritz, B. ; Bland, Leslie C. ; Bombara, Marek ; Bonner, Billy E. ; Botje, Michiel ; Bouchet, J. ; Braidot, E. ; Brandin, Andrei V. ; Bruna, Elena ; Bueltmann, S. ; Burton, T. P. ; Bystersky, M. ; Cai, Xiang-Zhou ; Caines, Helen Louise ; Calderón de la Barca Sánchez, Manuel ; Catu, O. ; Cebra, Daniel A. ; Cendejas, R. ; Cervantes, M. C. ; Chajecki, Z. ; Chaloupka, Petr ; Chattopadhyay, S. ; Chen, H. F. ; Chen, J. H. ; Chen, J. Y. ; Cheng, J. ; Cherney, Michael Gerard ; Chikanian, Alexei ; Choi, K. E. ; Christie, William ; Clarke, R. F. ; Codrington, M. J. M. ; Corliss, R. ; Cormier, Thomas Michael ; Cosentino, Mauro Rogerio ; Cramer, John G. ; Crawford, Henry J. ; Das, Debasish ; Dash, Sadhana ; Daugherity, M. ; Silva, L. C. De ; Dedovich, T. G. ; DePhillips, M. ; Derevschikov, Anatoly A. ; de Souza, R. Derradi ; Didenko, Lidia ; Djawotho, P. ; Dogra, Sunil Manohar ; Dong, X. ; Drachenberg, James Lucus ; Draper, James E. ; Dunlop, James C. ; Mazumdar, M. R. Dutta ; Edwards, W. R. ; Efimov, Leonid G. ; Elhalhuli, E. ; Elnimr, M. ; Emelianov, V. ; Engelage, Jon M. ; Eppley, Geary Wareham ; Erazmus, Barbara Ewa ; Estienne, Magali Danielle ; Eun, L. ; Fachini, Patricia ; Fatemi, Renee H. ; Fedorišin, Jan ; Feng, A. ; Filip, Peter ; Finch, Evan ; Fine, Valeri ; Fisyak, Yuri V. ; Gagliardi, Carl A. ; Gaillard, L. ; Gangadharan, Dhevan Raja ; Ganti, Murthy S. ; Garcia-Solis, E. J. ; Geromitsos, A. ; Geurts, Frank ; Ghazikhanian, Vahe ; Ghosh, Premomoy ; Gorbunov, Y. N. ; Gordon, A. ; Grebenyuk, Oleksandr ; Grosnick, David P. ; Grube, B. ; Guertin, Steven M. ; Guimaraes, K. S. F. F. ; Gupta, Anik ; Gupta, N. ; Guryn, Włodzimierz ; Haag, B. ; Hallman, Timothy J. ; Hamed, Ahmed M. ; Harris, John W. ; He, W. ; Heinz, Mark Thomas ; Heppelmann, S. ; Hippolyte, Boris ; Hirsch, Andrew S. ; Hjort, Eric ; Hoffman, A. M. ; Hoffmann, Gerald W. ; Hofman, D. J. ; Hollis, R. S. ; Huang, Huan Zhong ; Humanic, Thomas J. ; Huo, L. ; Igo, George J. ; Iordanova, A. ; Jacobs, P. ; Jacobs, William W. ; Jakl, P. ; Jena, Chitrasen ; Jin, F. ; Jones, C. L. ; Jones, Peter Graham ; Joseph, J. ; Judd, Eleanor G. ; Kabana, Sonia ; Kajimoto, K. ; Kang, K. ; Kapitan, J. ; Keane, Declan ; Kechechyan, Armen ; Kettler, D. ; Khodyrev, V. Yu. ; Kikola, D. P. ; Kiryluk, Joanna ; Kisiel, Adam Ryszard ; Klein, Spencer Robert ; Knospe, Anders Garritt ; Kocoloski, A. ; Koetke, Donald D. ; Kopytine, M. ; Korsch, W. ; Kotchenda, L. ; Kouchpil, V. ; Kravtsov, Peter ; Kravtsov, Vladimir I. ; Krueger, Keith William ; Krus, M. ; Kuhn, Christian Claude ; Kumar, Lokesh ; Kurnadi, P. ; Lamont, Matthew A. C. ; Landgraf, Jeffery M. ; LaPointe, S. ; Lauret, Jerome ; Lebedev, Alexei ; Lednicky, Richard ; Lee, C. -H. ; Lee, J. H. ; Leight, W. ; LeVine, Micheal J. ; Li, C. ; Li, N. ; Li, Y. ; Lin, G. ; Lindenbaum, Sam J. ; Lisa, Michael A. ; Liu, F. ; Liu, J. ; Liu, L. ; Ljubicic, Tonko A. ; Llope, William Joseph ; Longacre, Ronald S. ; Love, William A. ; Lu, Y. ; Ludlam, Thomas ; Ma, G. L. ; Ma, Yu-Gang ; Mahapatra, Durga Prasad ; Majka, Richard Daniel ; Mall, O. I. ; Mangotra, Lalit K. ; Manweiler, Robert W. ; Margetis, Spyridon ; Markert, Christina ; Matis, Howard S. ; Matulenko, Yuri A. ; McDonald, Daniel ; McShane, Tom S. ; Meščanin, Aleksei P. ; Milner, R. ; Minaev, Nikolai G. ; Mioduszewski, Saskia ; Mischke, André ; Mohanty, Bedangadas ; Morozov, Dmitry A. ; Munhoz, Marcelo Gameiro ; Nandi, Basanta Kumar ; Nattrass, Christine ; Nayak, Tapan Kumar ; Nelson, John M. ; Netrakanti, Pawan Kumar ; Ng, M. J. ; Nogach, Larisa V. ; Nurušev, Sandibek B. ; Odyniec, Grazyna Janina ; Ogawa, Akio ; Okada, H. ; Okorokov, Vitaly A. ; Olson, Douglas L. ; Pachr, Miloš ; Page, Brian S. ; Pal, Susanta Kumar ; Pandit, Y. ; Panebratsev, Yuri ; Pawlak, Tomasz Jan ; Peitzmann, Thomas ; Perevoztchikov, V. ; Perkins, Chris ; Peryt, Wiktor Stanislaw ; Phatak, S. C. ; Pile, P. ; Planinic, Mirko ; Pluta, Jan Marian ; Plyku, D. ; Poljak, Nikola ; Poskanzer, Arthur M. ; Potukuchi, B. V. K. S. ; Prindle, Duncan J. ; Pruneau, Claude A. ; Pruthi, Navneet Kumar ; Pujahari, P. R. ; Putschke, Jörn H. ; Raniwala, Rashmi ; Raniwala, Sudhir ; Ray, Robert L. ; Redwine, R. ; Reed, Rosi Jan ; Ridiger, Alexey ; Ritter, Hans Georg ; Roberts, Jabus B. ; Rogačevskij, Oleg V. ; Romero, Juan L. ; Rose, A. ; Roy, Christelle Sophie ; Ruan, L. ; Russcher, M. J. ; Sahoo, Raghunath ; Sakrejda, Iwona ; Sakuma, T. ; Salur, Sevil ; Sandweiss, Jack H. ; Sarsour, M. ; Schambach, Joachim ; Scharenberg, Rolf Paul ; Schmitz, Norbert ; Seger, Janet Elizabeth ; Selyuzhenkov, Ilya ; Seyboth, Peter ; Shabetai, Alexandre ; Shahaliev, Ehtiram ; Shao, M. ; Sharma, M. ; Shi, Shusu ; Shi, X. -H. ; Sichtermann, Ernst P. ; Simon, F. ; Singaraju, Rama Narayana ; Skoby, Michael J. ; Smirnov, Nikolai ; Snellings, Raimond ; Sorensen, Paul Richard ; Sowinski, James ; Spinka, Harold. M. ; Srivastava, B. ; Stadnik, A. ; Stanislaus, T. D. Shirvel ; Staszak, D. ; Strichanov, Michail Nikolaevič ; Stringfellow, Blair ; Suaide, Alexandre Alarcon do Passo ; Suarez, M. C. ; Subba, N. L. ; Šumbera, Michal ; Sun, X. M. ; Sun, Y. ; Sun, Z. ; Surrow, Bernd ; Symons, Timothy James MacNeil ; de Toledo, A. Szanto ; Takahashi, Jun ; Tang, Aihong ; Tang, Zebo ; Tarini, L. H. ; Tarnowsky, Terence J. ; Thein, Dylan ; Thomas, James H. ; Tian, J. ; Timmins, Anthony Robert ; Timoshenko, Sergei ; Tlusty, David ; Tokarev, Mikhail V. ; Trainor, Thomas A. ; Tram, V. N. ; Trattner, A. L. ; Trentalange, Stephen ; Tribble, Robert E. ; Tsai, Oleg D. ; Ulery, Jason Glyndwr ; Ullrich, Thomas ; Underwood, David G. ; Van Buren, Gene ; Leeuwen, Marco van ; Molen, A. M. Vander ; Vanfossen, J. A. ; Varma, Raghava ; Vasconcelos, G. M. S. ; Vasilevski, I. M. ; Vasiliev, Alexander Nikolaevich ; Videbæk, Flemming ; Vigdor, Steven E. ; Viyogi, Yogendra P. ; Vokal, Stanislav ; Voloshin, Sergei ; Wada, M. ; Walker, M. ; Wang, F. ; Wang, G. ; Wang, J. S. ; Wang, Q. ; Wang, X. ; Wang, X. L. ; Wang, Y. ; Webb, Grant ; Webb, Jason C. ; Westfall, Gary D. ; Whitten, Charles A. ; Wieman, Howard ; Wissink, Scott W. ; Witt, Richard ; Wu, Y. ; Xie, W. ; Xu, N. ; Xu, Qinghua ; Xu, Y. ; Xu, Z. ; Yang, Y. ; Yepes, Pablo P. ; Yip, K. ; Yoo, I. -K. ; Yue, Q. ; Zawisza, M. ; Zbroszczyk, Hanna Paulina ; Zhan, W. ; Zhang, S. ; Zhang, W. M. ; Zhang, X. P. ; Zhang, Y. ; Zhang, Z. P. ; Zhao, Y. ; Zhong, C. ; Zhou, J. ; Zoulkarneev, R. ; Zoulkarneeva, Youlia ; Zuo, J. X.
The STAR Collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider presents measurements of 𝐽/𝜓→𝑒+𝑒− at midrapidity and high transverse momentum (𝑝𝑇>5 GeV/𝑐) in 𝑝+𝑝 and central Cu+Cu collisions at √𝑠𝑁𝑁=200 GeV. The inclusive 𝐽/𝜓 production cross section for Cu+Cu collisions is found to be consistent at high 𝑝𝑇 with the binary collision-scaled cross section for 𝑝+𝑝 collisions. At a confidence level of 97%, this is in contrast to a suppression of 𝐽/𝜓 production observed at lower 𝑝𝑇. Azimuthal correlations of 𝐽/𝜓 with charged hadrons in 𝑝+𝑝 collisions provide an estimate of the contribution of 𝐵-hadron decays to 𝐽/𝜓 production of 13%±5%.
Nichman, Leonid ; Fuchs, Claudia ; Järvinen, Emma ; Ignatius, Karoliina ; Höppel, Niko Florian ; Dias, Antonio ; Heinritzi, Martin ; Simon, Mario ; Tröstl, Jasmin ; Wagner, Andrea Christine ; Wagner, Robert ; Williamson, Christina ; Yan, Chao ; Bianch, Federico ; Connolly, Paul J. ; Dorsey, James Robert ; Duplissy, Jonathan ; Ehrhart, Sebastian ; Frege, Carla ; Gordon, Hamish ; Hoyle, Christopher Robert ; Kristensen, Thomas Bjerring ; Steiner, Gerhard ; Donahue, Neil McPherson ; Flagan, Richard C. ; Gallagher, Martin William ; Kirkby, Jasper ; Möhler, Ottmar ; Saathoff, Harald ; Schnaiter, Martin ; Stratmann, Frank ; Tomé, Antonio
Cloud microphysical processes involving the ice phase in tropospheric clouds are among the major uncertainties in cloud formation, weather and General Circulation Models (GCMs). The simultaneous detection of aerosol particles, liquid droplets, and ice crystals, especially in the small cloud-particle size range below 50 µm, remains challenging in mixed phase, often unstable ice-water phase environments. The Cloud Aerosol Spectrometer with Polarisation (CASPOL) is an airborne instrument that has the ability to detect such small cloud particles and measure their effects on the backscatter polarisation state. Here we operate the versatile Cosmics-Leaving- OUtdoor-Droplets (CLOUD) chamber facility at the European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) to produce controlled mixed phase and other clouds by adiabatic expansions in an ultraclean environment, and use the CASPOL to discriminate between different aerosols, water and ice particles. In this paper, optical property measurements of mixed phase clouds and viscous Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) are presented. We report observations of significant liquid – viscous SOA particle polarisation transitions under dry conditions using CASPOL. Cluster analysis techniques were subsequently used to classify different types of particles according to their polarisation ratios during phase transition. A classification map is presented for water droplets, organic aerosol (e.g., SOA and oxalic acid), crystalline substances such as ammonium sulphate, and volcanic ash. Finally, we discuss the benefits and limitations of this classi- fication approach for atmospherically relevant concentration and mixtures with respect to the CLOUD 8–9 campaigns and its potential contribution to Tropical Troposphere Layer (TTL) analysis.
Nichman, Leonid ; Fuchs, Claudia ; Järvinen, Emma ; Ignatius, Karoliina ; Höppel, Niko Florian ; Dias, Antonio ; Heinritzi, Martin ; Simon, Mario ; Tröstl, Jasmin ; Wagner, Andrea Christine ; Wagner, Robert ; Williamson, Christina ; Yan, Chao ; Connolly, Paul J. ; Dorsey, James Robert ; Duplissy, Jonathan ; Ehrhart, Sebastian ; Frege, Carla ; Gordon, Hamish ; Hoyle, Christopher Robert ; Kristensen, Thomas Bjerring ; Steiner, Gerhard ; Donahue, Neil McPherson ; Flagan, Richard C. ; Gallagher, Martin William ; Kirkby, Jasper ; Möhler, Ottmar ; Saathoff, Harald ; Schnaiter, Martin ; Stratmann, Frank ; Tomé, Antonio
Cloud microphysical processes involving the ice phase in tropospheric clouds are among the major uncertainties in cloud formation, weather, and general circulation models. The detection of aerosol particles, liquid droplets, and ice crystals, especially in the small cloud particle-size range below 50 μm, remains challenging in mixed phase, often unstable environments. The Cloud Aerosol Spectrometer with Polarization (CASPOL) is an airborne instrument that has the ability to detect such small cloud particles and measure the variability in polarization state of their backscattered light. Here we operate the versatile Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD) chamber facility at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) to produce controlled mixed phase and other clouds by adiabatic expansions in an ultraclean environment, and use the CASPOL to discriminate between different aerosols, water, and ice particles. In this paper, optical property measurements of mixed-phase clouds and viscous secondary organic aerosol (SOA) are presented. We report observations of significant liquid–viscous SOA particle polarization transitions under dry conditions using CASPOL. Cluster analysis techniques were subsequently used to classify different types of particles according to their polarization ratios during phase transition. A classification map is presented for water droplets, organic aerosol (e.g., SOA and oxalic acid), crystalline substances such as ammonium sulfate, and volcanic ash. Finally, we discuss the benefits and limitations of this classification approach for atmospherically relevant concentrations and mixtures with respect to the CLOUD 8–9 campaigns and its potential contribution to tropical troposphere layer analysis.
Appelshäuser, Harald ; Bächler, Joachim ; Bailey, Stephen John ; Barnby, Lee Stuart ; Bartke, Jerzy ; Barton, Robert Allan ; Białkowska, Helena ; Billmeier, Anja ; Blyth, Charles O. ; Bock, Rudolf ; Bormann, Christian ; Brady, Franklin Paul ; Brockmann, Robert ; Brun, René ; Bunčić, Predrag ; Caines, Helen Louise ; Cebra, Daniel A. ; Cooper, Glenn E. ; Cramer, John G. ; Csato, Peter ; Dunn, Jason ; Eckardt, Volker ; Eckhardt, Frank ; Ferguson, M. I. ; Fischer, Hans Gerhard ; Flierl, Dominik Bernhard ; Fodor, Zoltan ; Foka, Panagiota ; Freund, Peter ; Friese, Volker ; Fuchs, Matthias ; Gabler, Frank ; Gal, Jozsef ; Gaździcki, Marek ; Gładysz-Dziaduś, Ewa ; Grebieszkow, Jaroslaw ; Günther, Jörg ; Harris, John W. ; Hegyi, Sandor ; Henkel, Torsten ; Hill, L. A. ; Huang, Isaac ; Hümmler, Holm Gero ; Igo, George J. ; Irmscher, Detlef ; Jacobs, Peter Martin ; Jones, Peter Graham ; Kadija, Krešo ; Kolesnikov, Vadim I. ; Kowalski, Marek ; Lasiuk, Brian ; Lévai, Peter ; Malakhov, Aleksandr I. ; Margetis, Spyridon ; Markert, Christina ; Melkumov, Georgy L. ; Mock, Andreas ; Molnár, József ; Nelson, John M. ; Oldenburg, Markus D. ; Odyniec, Grazyna Janina ; Palla, Gabriella ; Panagiotou, Apostolos D. ; Petridis, Athanasios ; Piper, Andreas ; Porter, R. Jefferson ; Poskanzer, Arthur M. ; Poziombka, Stefan ; Prindle, Duncan J. ; Pühlhofer, Falk ; Rauch, Wolfgang Hans ; Reid, Jeffrey G. ; Renfordt, Rainer Arno Ernst ; Retyk, Waldemar ; Ritter, Hans Georg ; Röhrich, Dieter ; Roland, Christof ; Roland, Gunther ; Rudolph, Heinrich ; Rybicki, Andrzej ; Sandoval, Andres ; Sann, Hans ; Semenov, Alexei Yu. ; Schäfer, Erich ; Schmischke, Dirk ; Schmitz, Norbert ; Schönfelder, Stefan ; Seyboth, Peter ; Seyerlein, Jürgen ; Sikler, Ferenc ; Skrzypczak, Ewa ; Squier, Gordon Thomas Anderson ; Stock, Reinhard ; Ströbele, Herbert ; Szentpetery, Imre ; Sziklay, Janos ; Toy, Milton Y. ; Trainor, Thomas A. ; Trentalage, Stephen ; Ullrich, Thomas ; Vassiliou, Maria ; Vesztergombi, György ; Voloshin, Sergei ; Vranić, Danilo ; Wang, Feipeng ; Weerasundara, Dhammika D. ; Wenig, Siegfried ; Whitten, Charles A. ; Wienold, Thomas ; Wood, Lindsay ; Yates, Tim A. ; Xu, Nu ; Zimanyi, Jozsef ; Zhu, Xue-Zhou ; Zybert, Ryszard
Two-particle correlation functions of negative hadrons over wide phase space, and transverse mass spectra of negative hadrons and deuterons near mid-rapidity have been measured in central Pb+Pb collisions at 158 GeV per nucleon by the NA49 experiment at the CERN SPS. A novel Coulomb correction procedure for the negative two-particle correlations is employed making use of the measured oppositely charged particle correlation. Within an expanding source scenario these results are used to extract the dynamic characteristics of the hadronic source, resolving the ambiguities between the temperature and transverse expansion velocity of the source, that are unavoidable when single and two particle spectra are analysed separately. The source shape, the total duration of the source expansion, the duration of particle emission, the freeze-out temperature and the longitudinal and transverse expansion velocities are deduced.
Appelshäuser, Harald ; Bächler, Joachim ; Bailey, Stephen John ; Barna, Daniel ; Barnby, Lee Stuart ; Bartke, Jerzy ; Barton, Robert Allan ; Białkowska, Helena ; Billmeier, Anja ; Blyth, Charles O. ; Bock, Rudolf ; Bormann, Christian ; Brady, Franklin Paul ; Brockmann, Robert ; Brun, René ; Bunčić, Predrag ; Caines, Helen Louise ; Carr, Lincoln D. ; Cebra, Daniel A. ; Cooper, Glenn E. ; Cramer, John G. ; Cristinziani, Markus ; Csató, Péter ; Dunn, Jason ; Eckardt, Volker ; Eckhardt, Frank ; Ferguson, M. I. ; Fischer, Hans Gerhard ; Flierl, Dominik Bernhard ; Fodor, Zoltán ; Foka, Panagiota ; Freund, Peter ; Friese, Volker ; Fuchs, Matthias ; Gabler, Frank ; Ganz, Rudolf ; Geist, W. ; Gál, József ; Gaździcki, Marek ; Gładysz-Dziaduś, Ewa ; Grebieszkow, Jaroslaw ; Günther, Jörg ; Harris, John William ; Hegyi, Sándor ; Henkel, Torsten ; Hill, L. A. ; Hümmler, Holm Gero ; Igo, George J. ; Irmscher, Detlef ; Jacobs, Peter Martin ; Jones, Peter Graham ; Kadija, Krešo ; Kolesnikov, Vadim I. ; Konashenok, Anton ; Kowalski, Marek ; Lasiuk, Brian ; Lévai, Péter ; Liu, F. ; Malakhov, Aleksandr I. ; Margetis, Spyridon ; Markert, Christina ; Melkumov, Georgy L. ; Mock, Andreas ; Molnár, József ; Nelson, J. M. ; Oldenburg, Markus D. ; Odyniec, Grazyna Janina ; Pálla, Gabriella ; Panagiotou, Apostolos D. ; Petridis, Athanasios ; Piper, Andreas ; Porter, R. Jefferson ; Poskanzer, Arthur M. ; Prindle, Duncan J. ; Pühlhofer, Falk ; Rauch, Wolfgang Hans ; Reid, Jeffrey G. ; Renfordt, Rainer Arno Ernst ; Retyk, Waldemar ; Ritter, Hans Georg ; Röhrich, Dieter ; Roland, Christof ; Roland, Gunther ; Rudolph, Heinrich ; Rybicki, Andrzej ; Sandoval, Andres ; Sann, Hans ; Semenov, Alexei Yu. ; Schäfer, Erich ; Schmischke, Dirk ; Schmitz, Norbert ; Schönfelder, Stefan ; Seyboth, Peter ; Seyerlein, Jürgen ; Siklér, Ferenc ; Skrzypczak, Ewa ; Snellings, Raimond ; Squier, Gordon Thomas Anderson ; Stock, Reinhard ; Ströbele, Herbert ; Struck, Christof ; Šuša, Tatjana ; Szentpétery, Imre ; Sziklai, János ; Toy, Milton Y. ; Trainor, Thomas A. ; Trentalange, Stephen ; Ullrich, Thomas ; Vassiliou, Maria ; Veres, Gábor I. ; Vesztergombi, György ; Vranić, Danilo ; Wang, Feipeng ; Weerasundara, Dhammika D. ; Wenig, Siegfried ; Whitten, Charles A. ; Wienold, Thomas ; Wood, Lindsay ; Xu, Nu ; Yates, Tim A. ; Zimányi, József ; Zhu, Xue-Zhou ; Zybert, Ryszard
We report measurements of Xi and Xi-bar hyperon absolute yields as a function of rapidity in 158 GeV/c Pb+Pb collisions. At midrapidity, dN/dy = 2.29 +/- 0.12 for Xi, and 0.52 +/- 0.05 for Xi-bar, leading to the ratio of Xi-bar/Xi = 0.23 +/- 0.03. Inverse slope parameters fitted to the measured transverse mass spectra are of the order of 300 MeV near mid-rapidity. The estimated total yield of Xi particles in Pb+Pb central interactions amounts to 7.4 +/- 1.0 per collision. Comparison to Xi production in properly scaled p+p reactions at the same energy reveals a dramatic enhancement (about one order of magnitude) of Xi production in Pb+Pb central collisions over elementary hadron interactions.
Appelshäuser, Harald ; Bächler, Joachim ; Bailey, Stephen John ; Barnby, Lee Stuart ; Bartke, Jerzy ; Barton, Robert Allan ; Białkowska, Helena ; Blyth, Charles O. ; Bock, Rudolf ; Bormann, Christian ; Brady, Franklin Paul ; Brockmann, Robert ; Buncic, Nenad ; Bunčić, Predrag ; Caines, Helen Louise ; Cebra, Daniel A. ; Cooper, Glenn E. ; Cramer, John G. ; Csató, Péter ; Dunn, Jason ; Eckardt, Volker ; Eckhardt, Frank ; Ferguson, M. I. ; Fischer, Hans Gerhard ; Flierl, Dominik Bernhard ; Fodor, Zoltán ; Foka, Panagiota ; Freund, Peter ; Friese, Volker ; Fuchs, Matthias ; Gabler, Frank ; Gál, József ; Gaździcki, Marek ; Gładysz-Dziaduś, Ewa ; Grebieszkow, Jaroslaw ; Günther, Jörg ; Harris, John W. ; Hegyi, Sándor ; Henkel, Torsten ; Hill, L. A. ; Huang, Isaac ; Hümmler, Holm Gero ; Igo, George J. ; Irmscher, Detlef ; Jacobs, Peter Martin ; Jones, Peter Graham ; Kadija, Krešo ; Kolesnikov, Vadim I. ; Kowalski, Marek ; Lasiuk, Brian ; Lévai, Péter ; Malakhov, Aleksandr I. ; Margetis, Spyridon ; Markert, Christina ; Melkumov, Georgy L. ; Mock, Andreas ; Molnár, József ; Nelson, John M. ; Odyniec, Grazyna Janina ; Pálla, Gabriella ; Panagiotou, Apostolos D. ; Petridis, Athanasios ; Piper, Andreas ; Porter, R. Jefferson ; Poskanzer, Arthur M. ; Poziombka, Stefan ; Prindle, Duncan J. ; Pühlhofer, Falk ; Rauch, Wolfgang Hans ; Reid, Jeffrey G. ; Renfordt, Rainer Arno Ernst ; Retyk, Waldemar ; Ritter, Hans Georg ; Röhrich, Dieter ; Roland, Christof ; Roland, Gunther ; Rudolph, Heinrich ; Rybicki, Andrzej ; Sandoval, Andres ; Sann, Hans ; Semenov, Alexei Yu. ; Schäfer, Erich ; Schmischke, Dirk ; Schmitz, Norbert ; Schönfelder, Stefan ; Seyboth, Peter ; Seyerlein, Jürgen ; Siklér, Ferenc ; Skrzypczak, Ewa ; Squier, Gordon Thomas Anderson ; Stock, Reinhard ; Ströbele, Herbert ; Szentpétery, Imre ; Sziklay, János ; Toy, Milton Y. ; Trainor, Thomas A. ; Trentalage, Stephen ; Ullrich, Thomas ; Vassiliou, Maria ; Vesztergombi, György ; Voloshin, Sergei ; Vranić, Danilo ; Wang, F. ; Weerasundara, Dhammika D. ; Wenig, Siegfried ; Whitten, Charles A. ; Wienold, Thomas ; Wood, Lindsay ; Yates, Tim A. ; Zimányi, József ; Zybert, Ryszard
The directed and elliptic flow of protons and charged pions has been observed from the semi-central collisions of a 158 GeV/nucleon Pb beam with a Pb target. The rapidity and transverse momentum dependence of the flow has been measured. The directed flow of the pions is opposite to that of the protons but both exhibit negative flow at low pt. The elliptic flow of both is fairly independent of rapidity but rises with pt. PACS numbers: 25.75.-q, 25.75.Ld
Ganz, Rudolf ; Appelshäuser, Harald ; Bächler, Joachim ; Bailey, Stephen John ; Barna, Daniel ; Barnby, Lee Stuart ; Bartke, Jerzy ; Barton, Robert Allan ; Białkowska, Helena ; Billmeier, Anja ; Blyth, Charles O. ; Bock, Rudolf ; Bormann, Christian ; Brady, Franklin Paul ; Brockmann, Robert ; Brun, René ; Bunčić, Predrag ; Caines, Helen Louise ; Cebra, Daniel A. ; Cooper, Glenn E. ; Cramer, John G. ; Cristinziani, Markus ; Csato, Péter ; Dunn, Jason ; Eckardt, Volker ; Eckhardt, Frank ; Ferguson, M. I. ; Fischer, Hans Gerhard ; Flierl, Dominik Bernhard ; Fodor, Zoltán ; Foka, Panagiota ; Freund, Peter ; Friese, Volker ; Fuchs, M. ; Gabler, Frank ; Gal, József ; Gaździcki, Marek ; Gładysz, Ewa ; Grebieszkow, Jaroslaw ; Gunther, J. ; Harris, John W. ; Hegyi, Sándor ; Henkel, Torsten ; Hill, L. A. ; Huang, Isaac ; Hümmler, Holm Gero ; Igo, George J. ; Irmscher, Detlef ; Jacobs, Peter Martin ; Jones, Peter Graham ; Kadija, Krešo ; Kolesnikov, Vadim I. ; Kowalski, Marek ; Lasiuk, Brian ; Lévai, Péter ; Malakhov, Aleksandr I. ; Margetis, Spyridon ; Markert, Christina ; Melkumov, Georgy L. ; Mock, Andreas ; Molnar, József ; Nelson, John M. ; Oldenburg, Markus D. ; Odyniec, Grazyna Janina ; Palla, Gabriella ; Panagiotou, Apostolos D. ; Petridis, Athanasios ; Piper, Andreas ; Porter, R. Jefferson ; Poskanzer, Arthur M. ; Poziombka, Stefan ; Prindle, Duncan J. ; Puhlhofer, Falk ; Rauch, Wolfgang Hans ; Reid, Jeffrey G. ; Renfordt, Rainer Arno Ernst ; Retyk, Waldemar ; Ritter, Hans Georg ; Röhrich, Dieter ; Roland, Christof ; Roland, Gunther ; Rudolph, Heinrich ; Rybicki, Andrzej ; Sandoval, Andres ; Sann, Hans ; Semenov, Alexei Yu. ; Schäfer, Erich ; Schmischke, Dirk ; Schmitz, Norbert ; Schönfelder, Stefan ; Seyboth, Peter ; Seyerlein, Jürgen ; Sikler, Ferenc ; Skrzypczak, Ewa ; Squier, Gordon Thomas Anderson ; Stock, Reinhard ; Ströbele, Herbert ; Szentpetery, Imre ; Sziklai, János ; Toy, Milton Y. ; Trainor, Thomas A. ; Trentalange, Stephen ; Ullrich, Thomas ; Vassiliou, Maria ; Veres, Gábor I. ; Vesztergombi, György ; Vranić, Danilo ; Wang, Feipeng ; Weerasundara, Dhammika D. ; Wenig, Siegfried ; Whitten, Charles A. ; Wienold, Thomas ; Wood, Lindsay ; Yates, Tim A. ; Zimanyi, József ; Zhu, X.Z. ; Zybert, Ryszard
The large acceptance TPCs of the NA49 spectrometer allow for a systematic multidimensional study of two-particle correlations in different part of phase space. Results from Bertsch-Pratt and Yano-Koonin-Podgoretskii parametrizations are presented differentially in transverse pair momentum and pair rapidity. These studies give an insight into the dynamical space-time evolution of relativistic Pb+Pb collisions, which is dominated by longitudinal expansion.
Wagner, Robert ; Yan, Chao ; Lehtipalo, Katrianne ; Duplissy, Jonathan ; Nieminen, Tuomo ; Kangasluoma, Juha ; Ahonen, Lauri R. ; Dada, Lubna ; Kontkanen, Jenni ; Manninen, Hanna Elina ; Dias, Antonio ; Amorim, Antonio ; Bauer, Paulus Salomon ; Bergen, Anton ; Bernhammer, Anne-Kathrin ; Bianchi, Federico ; Brilke, Sophia ; Buenrostro Mazon, Stephany ; Chen, Xuemeng ; Draper, Danielle C. ; Fischer, Lukas ; Frege, Carla ; Fuchs, Claudia ; Garmash, Olga ; Gordon, Hamish ; Hakala, Jani ; Heikkinen, Liine ; Heinritzi, Martin ; Hofbauer, Victoria ; Hoyle, Christopher Robert ; Kirkby, Jasper ; Kürten, Christoph Andreas ; Kvashnin, Alexander N. ; Laurila, Tiia ; Lawler, Michael Joseph ; Mai, Huajun ; Makhmutov, Vladimir ; Mauldin, Roy Lee ; Molteni, Ugo ; Nichman, Leonid ; Nie, Wei ; Ojdanic, Andrea ; Onnela, Antti ; Piel, Felix ; Quéléver, Lauriane L. J. ; Rissanen, Matti P. ; Sarnela, Nina ; Schallhart, Simon ; Sengupta, Kamalika ; Simon, Mario ; Stolzenburg, Dominik ; Stozhkov, Yuri ; Tröstl, Jasmin ; Viisanen, Yrjö ; Vogel, Alexander L. ; Wagner, Andrea Christine ; Xiao, Mao ; Ye, Penglin ; Baltensperger, Urs ; Curtius, Joachim ; Donahue, Neil McPherson ; Flagan, Richard C. ; Gallagher, Martin William ; Hansel, Armin ; Smith, James N. ; Tomé, Antonio ; Winkler, Paul M. ; Worsnop, Douglas R. ; Ehn, Mikael ; Sipilä, Mikko ; Kerminen, Veli-Matti ; Petäjä, Tuukka ; Kulmala, Markku
The formation of secondary particles in the atmosphere accounts for more than half of global cloud condensation nuclei. Experiments at the CERN CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) chamber have underlined the importance of ions for new particle formation, but quantifying their effect in the atmosphere remains challenging. By using a novel instrument setup consisting of two nano-particle counters, one of them equipped with an ion filter, we were able to further investigate the ion-related mechanisms of new particle formation. In autumn 2015, we carried out experiments at CLOUD on four systems of different chemical compositions involving monoterpenes, sulfuric acid, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia. We measured the influence of ions on the nucleation rates under precisely controlled and atmospherically relevant conditions. Our results indicate that ions enhance the nucleation process when the charge is necessary to stabilize newly formed clusters, i.e. in conditions where neutral clusters are unstable. For charged clusters that were formed by ion-induced nucleation, we were able to measure, for the first time, their progressive neutralization due to recombination with oppositely charged ions. A large fraction of the clusters carried a charge at 1.2 nm diameter. However, depending on particle growth rates and ion concentrations, charged clusters were largely neutralized by ion–ion recombination before they grew to 2.2 nm. At this size, more than 90 % of particles were neutral. In other words, particles may originate from ion-induced nucleation, although they are neutral upon detection at diameters larger than 2.2 nm. Observations at Hyytiälä, Finland, showed lower ion concentrations and a lower contribution of ion-induced nucleation than measured at CLOUD under similar conditions. Although this can be partly explained by the observation that ion-induced fractions decrease towards lower ion concentrations, further investigations are needed to resolve the origin of the discrepancy.
Stolzenburg, Dominik ; Fischer, Lukas ; Vogel, Alexander L. ; Heinritzi, Martin ; Schervish, Meredith ; Simon, Mario ; Wagner, Andrea Christine ; Dada, Lubna ; Ahonen, Lauri R. ; Amorim, Antonio ; Baccarini, Andrea ; Bauer, Paulus Salomon ; Baumgartner, Bernhard ; Bergen, Anton ; Bianchi, Federico ; Breitenlechner, Martin ; Brilke, Sophia ; Buenrostro Mazon, Stephany ; Chen, Dexian ; Dias, Antonio ; Draper, Danielle C. ; Duplissy, Jonathan ; El Haddad, Imad ; Finkenzeller, Henning ; Frege, Carla ; Fuchs, Claudia ; Garmash, Olga ; Gordon, Hamish ; He, Xucheng ; Helm, Johanna ; Hofbauer, Victoria ; Hoyle, Christopher Robert ; Kim, Changhyuk ; Kirkby, Jasper ; Kontkanen, Jenni ; Kürten, Christoph Andreas ; Lampilahti, Janne ; Lawler, Michael Joseph ; Lehtipalo, Katrianne ; Leiminger, Markus ; Mai, Huajun ; Mathot, Serge ; Mentler, Bernhard ; Molteni, Ugo ; Nie, Wei ; Nieminen, Tuomo ; Nowak, John B. ; Ojdanic, Andrea ; Onnela, Antti ; Passananti, Monica ; Petäjä, Tuukka ; Quéléver, Lauriane L. J. ; Rissanen, Matti P. ; Sarnela, Nina ; Schallhart, Simon ; Tauber, Christian ; Tomé, Antonio ; Wagner, Robert ; Wang, Mingyi ; Weitz, Lena ; Wimmer, Daniela ; Xiao, Mao ; Yan, Chao ; Ye, Penglin ; Zha, Qiaozhi ; Baltensperger, Urs ; Curtius, Joachim ; Dommen, Josef ; Flagan, Richard C. ; Kulmala, Markku ; Smith, James N. ; Worsnop, Douglas R. ; Hansel, Armin ; Donahue, Neil McPherson ; Winkler, Paul M.
Nucleation and growth of aerosol particles from atmospheric vapors constitutes a major source of global cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The fraction of newly formed particles that reaches CCN sizes is highly sensitive to particle growth rates, especially for particle sizes <10 nm, where coagulation losses to larger aerosol particles are greatest. Recent results show that some oxidation products from biogenic volatile organic compounds are major contributors to particle formation and initial growth. However, whether oxidized organics contribute to particle growth over the broad span of tropospheric temperatures remains an open question, and quantitative mass balance for organic growth has yet to be demonstrated at any temperature. Here, in experiments performed under atmospheric conditions in the Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets (CLOUD) chamber at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), we show that rapid growth of organic particles occurs over the range from −25 ∘C to 25 ∘C. The lower extent of autoxidation at reduced temperatures is compensated by the decreased volatility of all oxidized molecules. This is confirmed by particle-phase composition measurements, showing enhanced uptake of relatively less oxygenated products at cold temperatures. We can reproduce the measured growth rates using an aerosol growth model based entirely on the experimentally measured gas-phase spectra of oxidized organic molecules obtained from two complementary mass spectrometers. We show that the growth rates are sensitive to particle curvature, explaining widespread atmospheric observations that particle growth rates increase in the single-digit-nanometer size range. Our results demonstrate that organic vapors can contribute to particle growth over a wide range of tropospheric temperatures from molecular cluster sizes onward.