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Accurate spectroscopy of highly-charged high-Z ions in a storage ring is demonstrated to be feasible by the use of specially adapted crystal optics. The method has been applied for the measurement of the 1s Lamb shift in hydrogen-like gold (Au+78) in a storage ring through spectroscopy of the Lyman x-rays. This measurement represents the first result obtained for a high-Z element using high-resolution wavelength-dispersive spectroscopy in the hard x-ray regime, paving the way for sensitivity to higher- order QED effects.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder. Genetic loci have not yet been identified by genome-wide association studies. Rare copy number variations (CNVs), such as chromosomal deletions or duplications, have been implicated in ADHD and other neurodevelopmental disorders. To identify rare (frequency ≤1%) CNVs that increase the risk of ADHD, we performed a whole-genome CNV analysis based on 489 young ADHD patients and 1285 adult population-based controls and identified one significantly associated CNV region. In tests for a global burden of large (>500 kb) rare CNVs, we observed a nonsignificant (P=0.271) 1.126-fold enriched rate of subjects carrying at least one such CNV in the group of ADHD cases. Locus-specific tests of association were used to assess if there were more rare CNVs in cases compared with controls. Detected CNVs, which were significantly enriched in the ADHD group, were validated by quantitative (q)PCR. Findings were replicated in an independent sample of 386 young patients with ADHD and 781 young population-based healthy controls. We identified rare CNVs within the parkinson protein 2 gene (PARK2) with a significantly higher prevalence in ADHD patients than in controls (P=2.8 × 10(-4) after empirical correction for genome-wide testing). In total, the PARK2 locus (chr 6: 162 659 756-162 767 019) harboured three deletions and nine duplications in the ADHD patients and two deletions and two duplications in the controls. By qPCR analysis, we validated 11 of the 12 CNVs in ADHD patients (P=1.2 × 10(-3) after empirical correction for genome-wide testing). In the replication sample, CNVs at the PARK2 locus were found in four additional ADHD patients and one additional control (P=4.3 × 10(-2)). Our results suggest that copy number variants at the PARK2 locus contribute to the genetic susceptibility of ADHD. Mutations and CNVs in PARK2 are known to be associated with Parkinson disease.
The Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) was designed and built to enhance the capabilities of the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). While aimed at providing electron identification and triggering, the TRD also contributes significantly to the track reconstruction and calibration in the central barrel of ALICE. In this paper the design, construction, operation, and performance of this detector are discussed. A pion rejection factor of up to 410 is achieved at a momentum of 1 GeV/c in p–Pb collisions and the resolution at high transverse momentum improves by about 40% when including the TRD information in track reconstruction. The triggering capability is demonstrated both for jet, light nuclei, and electron selection.
The Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) was designed and built to enhance the capabilities of the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). While aimed at providing electron identification and triggering, the TRD also contributes significantly to the track reconstruction and calibration in the central barrel of ALICE. In this paper the design, construction, operation, and performance of this detector are discussed. A pion rejection factor of up to 410 is achieved at a momentum of 1 GeV/c in p-Pb collisions and the resolution at high transverse momentum improves by about 40% when including the TRD information in track reconstruction. The triggering capability is demonstrated both for jet, light nuclei, and electron selection.
The Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) was designed and built to enhance the capabilities of the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). While aimed at providing electron identification and triggering, the TRD also contributes significantly to the track reconstruction and calibration in the central barrel of ALICE. In this paper the design, construction, operation, and performance of this detector are discussed. A pion rejection factor of up to 410 is achieved at a momentum of 1 GeV/c in p-Pb collisions and the resolution at high transverse momentum improves by about 40% when including the TRD information in track reconstruction. The triggering capability is demonstrated both for jet, light nuclei, and electron selection.
Seit 2001 wird in einer Langzeitstudie der Frage nachgegangen, welchen Einfluss unterschiedliche Managementmaßnahmen auf den Reproduktionserfolg des Kiebitzes besitzen. Untersuchungsgebiet ist die Stollhammer Wisch, ein ca. 3.000 ha großes küstennahes Grünlandgebiet in der Wesermarsch (Niedersachsen, Deutschland). Im Einzelnen wurden Schlupferfolg und Überlebensraten von Küken in 3 unterschiedlich bewirtschafteten Teilgebieten von jeweils 25-46 ha untersucht. Bei Untersuchungsgebiet I (Großer Schmeerpott) handelte es sich um ein konventionell bewirtschaftetes Gebiet, in dem lediglich Gelegeschutzmaßnahmen durchgeführt wurden. Die Untersuchungsgebiete II und III (Flagbalger Sieltief, Zwickweg) dagegen wurden im Vertragsnaturschutz bewirtschaftet, d.h. hier lagen unter anderem Einschränkungen hinsichtlich Weideviehdichte und Terminierung des ersten Grasschnittes vor. Die Untersuchungsgebiete II und III selbst unterschieden sich vor allem im Wasserhaushalt: Untersuchungsgebiet III wies zur Brutzeit hohe Grabenwasserstände und temporäre Gewässer auf. Abgesehen von der Brutsaison 2005 wiesen die 3 Untersuchungsgebiete keine signifikanten Unterschiede im Schlupferfolg der Gelege auf. Dagegen traten zwischen den Jahren deutliche Unterschiede zutage: Während in den Jahren 2001 und 2005 im Mittel jeweils weniger als 20 % aller Gelege schlüpften, lag der Schlupferfolg in den Jahren 2002-2004 mit 53-64 % deutlich höher. Es war nicht möglich, das Überleben von Kiebitzküken in Relation zu Unterschieden im Gebietsmanagement zu analysieren, da fast alle Küken die Untersuchungsgebiete kurz nach dem Schlupf verließen. Grundsätzlich nahm die Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit besenderter Küken (n = 288) mit dem Alter zu. Die Überlebensrate der Kiebitzküken schwankte zwischen den einzelnen Untersuchungsjahren erheblich, wobei die niedrigsten Werte (erneut) für die Jahre 2001 und 2005 ermittelt wurden. In Hinblick auf die Verursachung von Gelege- und Kükenverlusten war die Prädation in der Stollhammer Wisch der wichtigste Faktor. Prädation bedingte 67.4 % alle Gelege- und 74.2 % aller Kükenverluste. Anhand von Thermologger-Aufzeichnungen konnten Raubsäuger als die bedeutendsten Nestprädatoren identifiziert werden. Das Prädationsrisiko der Küken war während der ersten Tage nach dem Schlupf am höchsten. Insgesamt konnten in der vorliegenden Studie 12 Prädatorenarten nachgewiesen werden, wobei über alle Beobachtungsjahre hinweg der Mäusebussard (Buteo buteo) die größten Kükenverluste verursachte. Viehtritt war die Hauptursache für landwirtschaftlich bedingte Gelegeverluste. Auch zahlreiche Kükenverluste gingen auf diesen Faktor zurück. Darüber hinaus kamen Kiebitzküken in steilwandigen Drainagegräben mit geringem Wasserstand ums Leben. Eine Änderung der Grabenunterhaltung reduzierte letztere Verluste deutlich. Für die Jahre 2002-2004 konnte für die Stollhammer Wisch ein Reproduktionserfolg von 0,83-1,31 Küken pro Brutpaar ermittelt werden, was nach Literaturangaben für eine stabile Kiebitzpopulation ausreichend ist. In den Jahren 2001 und 2005 allerdings wurde eine bestandserhaltende Reproduktionsrate nicht erreicht.
Current technologies used to generate CRISPR/Cas gene perturbation reagents are labor intense and require multiple ligation and cloning steps. Furthermore, increasing gRNA sequence diversity negatively affects gRNA distribution, leading to libraries of heterogeneous quality. Here, we present a rapid and cloning-free mutagenesis technology that can efficiently generate covalently-closed-circular-synthesized (3Cs) CRISPR/Cas gRNA reagents and that uncouples sequence diversity from sequence distribution. We demonstrate the fidelity and performance of 3Cs reagents by tailored targeting of all human deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) and identify their essentiality for cell fitness. To explore high-content screening, we aimed to generate the largest up-to-date gRNA library that can be used to interrogate the coding and noncoding human genome and simultaneously to identify genes, predicted promoter flanking regions, transcription factors and CTCF binding sites that are linked to doxorubicin resistance. Our 3Cs technology enables fast and robust generation of bias-free gene perturbation libraries with yet unmatched diversities and should be considered an alternative to established technologies.
Schon Ende der 60er Jahre fanden in den USA Untersuchungen zum Wirtsspektrum der Larven des Westlichen Maiswurzelbohrers (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LECONTE (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)) statt (BRANSON & ORTMAN 1967 & 1970). Dort wurden annähernd zwanzig ausschließlich monocotyledone Wirtspflanzen für Larven des Maiswurzelbohrers festgestellt. Dicotyledone Pflanzen scheinen als Wirtspflanzen dagegen nicht geeignet zu sein. Trotz der Bedeutung des Themas besonders im Hinblick auf die Fruchtfolge als IPM-Maßnahme fand dies bisher nur wenig Beachtung. Allerdings gewinnt dieses Thema im Zusammenhang mit der EU-Entscheidung zur Eradikation und Eindämmung des Käfers zusätzliches Interesse.
Major mood disorders, which primarily include bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder, are the leading cause of disability worldwide and pose a major challenge in identifying robust risk genes. Here, we present data from independent large-scale clinical data sets (including 29 557 cases and 32 056 controls) revealing brain expressed protocadherin 17 (PCDH17) as a susceptibility gene for major mood disorders. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the PCDH17 region are significantly associated with major mood disorders; subjects carrying the risk allele showed impaired cognitive abilities, increased vulnerable personality features, decreased amygdala volume and altered amygdala function as compared with non-carriers. The risk allele predicted higher transcriptional levels of PCDH17 mRNA in postmortem brain samples, which is consistent with increased gene expression in patients with bipolar disorder compared with healthy subjects. Further, overexpression of PCDH17 in primary cortical neurons revealed significantly decreased spine density and abnormal dendritic morphology compared with control groups, which again is consistent with the clinical observations of reduced numbers of dendritic spines in the brains of patients with major mood disorders. Given that synaptic spines are dynamic structures which regulate neuronal plasticity and have crucial roles in myriad brain functions, this study reveals a potential underlying biological mechanism of a novel risk gene for major mood disorders involved in synaptic function and related intermediate phenotypes.
The project focuses on the efficiency of combined technologies to reduce the release of micropollutants and bacteria into surface waters via sewage treatment plants of different size and via stormwater overflow basins of different types. As a model river in a highly populated catchment area, the river Schussen and, as a control, the river Argen, two tributaries of Lake Constance, Southern Germany, are under investigation in this project. The efficiency of the different cleaning technologies is monitored by a wide range of exposure and effect analyses including chemical and microbiological techniques as well as effect studies ranging from molecules to communities.