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The production of J/ψ and ψ(2S) was measured with the ALICE detector in Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC. The measurement was performed at forward rapidity (2.5<y<4) down to zero transverse momentum (pT) in the dimuon decay channel.
Inclusive J/ψ yields were extracted in different centrality classes and the centrality dependence of the average pT is presented. The J/ψ suppression, quantified with the nuclear modification factor (RAA), was studied as a function of centrality, transverse momentum and rapidity. Comparisons with similar measurements at lower collision energy and theoretical models indicate that the J/ψ production is the result of an interplay between color screening and recombination mechanisms in a deconfined partonic medium, or at its hadronization. Results on the ψ(2S) suppression are provided via the ratio of ψ(2S) over J/ψ measured in pp and Pb-Pb collisions.
We present a measurement of inclusive J/ψ production in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV as a function of the centrality of the collision, as estimated from the energy deposited in the Zero Degree Calorimeters. The measurement is performed with the ALICE detector down to zero transverse momentum, pT, in the backward (−4.46<ycms<−2.96) and forward (2.03<ycms<3.53) rapidity intervals in the dimuon decay channel and in the mid-rapidity region (−1.37<ycms<0.43) in the dielectron decay channel. The backward and forward rapidity intervals correspond to the Pb-going and p-going direction, respectively. The pT-differential J/ψ production cross section at backward and forward rapidity is measured for several centrality classes, together with the corresponding average pT and p2T values. The nuclear modification factor, QpPb, is presented as a function of centrality for the three rapidity intervals, and, additionally, at backward and forward rapidity, as a function of pT for several centrality classes. At mid- and forward rapidity, the J/ψ yield is suppressed up to 40% compared to that in pp interactions scaled by the number of binary collisions. The degree of suppression increases towards central p-Pb collisions at forward rapidity, and with decreasing pT of the J/ψ. At backward rapidity, the QpPb is compatible with unity within the total uncertainties, with an increasing trend from peripheral to central p-Pb collisions.
We present a measurement of inclusive J/ψ production in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV as a function of the centrality of the collision, as estimated from the energy deposited in the Zero Degree Calorimeters. The measurement is performed with the ALICE detector down to zero transverse momentum, pT, in the backward (−4.46<ycms<−2.96) and forward (2.03<ycms<3.53) rapidity intervals in the dimuon decay channel and in the mid-rapidity region (−1.37<ycms<0.43) in the dielectron decay channel. The backward and forward rapidity intervals correspond to the Pb-going and p-going direction, respectively. The pT-differential J/ψ production cross section at backward and forward rapidity is measured for several centrality classes, together with the corresponding average pT and p2T values. The nuclear modification factor, QpPb, is presented as a function of centrality for the three rapidity intervals, and, additionally, at backward and forward rapidity, as a function of pT for several centrality classes. At mid- and forward rapidity, the J/ψ yield is suppressed up to 40% compared to that in pp interactions scaled by the number of binary collisions. The degree of suppression increases towards central p-Pb collisions at forward rapidity, and with decreasing pT of the J/ψ. At backward rapidity, the QpPb is compatible with unity within the total uncertainties, with an increasing trend from peripheral to central p-Pb collisions.
We present a measurement of inclusive J/ψ production in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV as a function of the centrality of the collision, as estimated from the energy deposited in the Zero Degree Calorimeters. The measurement is performed with the ALICE detector down to zero transverse momentum, pT, in the backward (−4.46<ycms<−2.96) and forward (2.03<ycms<3.53) rapidity intervals in the dimuon decay channel and in the mid-rapidity region (−1.37<ycms<0.43) in the dielectron decay channel. The backward and forward rapidity intervals correspond to the Pb-going and p-going direction, respectively. The pT-differential J/ψ production cross section at backward and forward rapidity is measured for several centrality classes, together with the corresponding average pT and p2T values. The nuclear modification factor, QpPb, is presented as a function of centrality for the three rapidity intervals, and, additionally, at backward and forward rapidity, as a function of pT for several centrality classes. At mid- and forward rapidity, the J/ψ yield is suppressed up to 40% compared to that in pp interactions scaled by the number of binary collisions. The degree of suppression increases towards central p-Pb collisions at forward rapidity, and with decreasing pT of the J/ψ. At backward rapidity, the QpPb is compatible with unity within the total uncertainties, with an increasing trend from peripheral to central p-Pb collisions.
Transverse momentum (pT) spectra of pions, kaons, and protons up to pT=20 GeV/c have been measured in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV using the ALICE detector for six different centrality classes covering 0-80%. The proton-to-pion and the kaon-to-pion ratios both show a distinct peak at pT≈3 GeV/c in central Pb-Pb collisions that decreases towards more peripheral collisions. For pT>10 GeV/c, the nuclear modification factor is found to be the same for all three particle species in each centrality interval within systematic uncertainties of 10-20%. This suggests there is no direct interplay between the energy loss in the medium and the particle species composition in the hard core of the quenched jet. For pT<10 GeV/c, the data provide important constraints for models aimed at describing the transition from soft to hard physics.
Transverse momentum (pT) spectra of pions, kaons, and protons up to pT=20 GeV/c have been measured in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV using the ALICE detector for six different centrality classes covering 0-80%. The proton-to-pion and the kaon-to-pion ratios both show a distinct peak at pT≈3 GeV/c in central Pb-Pb collisions that decreases towards more peripheral collisions. For pT>10 GeV/c, the nuclear modification factor is found to be the same for all three particle species in each centrality interval within systematic uncertainties of 10-20%. This suggests there is no direct interplay between the energy loss in the medium and the particle species composition in the hard core of the quenched jet. For pT<10 GeV/c, the data provide important constraints for models aimed at describing the transition from soft to hard physics.
A central motivation for the development of x-ray free-electron lasers has been the prospect of time-resolved single-molecule imaging with atomic resolution. Here, we show that x-ray photoelectron diffraction—where a photoelectron emitted after x-ray absorption illuminates the molecular structure from within—can be used to image the increase of the internuclear distance during the x-ray-induced fragmentation of an O2 molecule. By measuring the molecular-frame photoelectron emission patterns for a two-photon sequential K-shell ionization in coincidence with the fragment ions, and by sorting the data as a function of the measured kinetic energy release, we can resolve the elongation of the molecular bond by approximately 1.2 a.u. within the duration of the x-ray pulse. The experiment paves the road toward time-resolved pump-probe photoelectron diffraction imaging at high-repetition-rate x-ray free-electron lasers.
Direct photon production at mid-rapidity in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV was studied in the transverse momentum range 0.9<pT<14 GeV/c. Photons were detected with the highly segmented electromagnetic calorimeter PHOS and via conversions in the ALICE detector material with the e+e− pair reconstructed in the central tracking system. The results of the two methods were combined and direct photon spectra were measured for the 0–20%, 20–40%, and 40–80% centrality classes. For all three classes, agreement was found with perturbative QCD calculations for pT≳5 GeV/c. Direct photon spectra down to pT≈1 GeV/c could be extracted for the 20–40% and 0–20% centrality classes. The significance of the direct photon signal for 0.9<pT<2.1 GeV/c is 2.6σ for the 0–20% class. The spectrum in this pT range and centrality class can be described by an exponential with an inverse slope parameter of (297±12stat±41syst) MeV. State-of-the-art models for photon production in heavy-ion collisions agree with the data within uncertainties.
Long-range angular correlations on the near and away side in p–Pb collisions at √sNN=5.02 TeV
(2013)
Angular correlations between charged trigger and associated particles are measured by the ALICE detector in p–Pb collisions at a nucleon–nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV for transverse momentum ranges within 0.5<pT,assoc<pT,trig<4 GeV/c. The correlations are measured over two units of pseudorapidity and full azimuthal angle in different intervals of event multiplicity, and expressed as associated yield per trigger particle. Two long-range ridge-like structures, one on the near side and one on the away side, are observed when the per-trigger yield obtained in low-multiplicity events is subtracted from the one in high-multiplicity events. The excess on the near-side is qualitatively similar to that recently reported by the CMS Collaboration, while the excess on the away-side is reported for the first time. The two-ridge structure projected onto azimuthal angle is quantified with the second and third Fourier coefficients as well as by near-side and away-side yields and widths. The yields on the near side and on the away side are equal within the uncertainties for all studied event multiplicity and pT bins, and the widths show no significant evolution with event multiplicity or pT. These findings suggest that the near-side ridge is accompanied by an essentially identical away-side ridge.
In vorliegender Arbeit wurde eine Methode beschrieben, mit der an einem Patientenkollektiv nach dem Vorhandensein von Genvarianten im PC-Gen gesucht wurde. Das PC ist eine Serin-Protease, ihr Hauptbildungsort ist die Leber. Ein Defekt im Gen des PC erhöht das Risiko für die Manifestation thrombotischer Ereignisse. Die in einer Datenbank von 1995 zusammengefassten Mutationen sprechen für die Heterogenität des PC-Gens. Für die Untersuchung wurde aus Leukozyten gewonnene, genomische DNA verwendet. Anschließend erfolgte die Amplifizierung mittels PCR-Techniken und direkter Sequenzierung in einem Sequenzierautomaten. Die Amplifizierung des Gens erfasst Bereiche der Promotor-Region (Exon 1) sowie die kodierenden Exone 2-9 mit den flankierenden Intron-Grenzen. Insgesamt erhält man 8 PCR-Amplifikate, wobei die Exons 4 und 5 zusammen in einem Ansatz amplifiziert und sequenziert wurden. Die Amplifizierung der Exons wurde mit bereits beschriebenen Primerpaaren als auch mit eigenen Primerpaaren durchgeführt. Die PCR-Bedingungen wurden auf die im Labor zur Verfügung stehende Apparaturen etabliert. Die Sequenzierung konnte auf zwei Sequenzierautomaten der Firma PE Applied Biosystems etabliert werden (ABI 373A und ABI PRISM 310). Die Ergebnisse der Sequenzanalyse wurden mit der PC-Sequenz von Foster et al. sowie der Mutations-Datenbank von 1995 ausgewertet. Sowohl in dem zehnköpfigen Kontrollkollektiv, als auch in dem Patientenkollektiv, konnten Sequenzpolymorphismen in den Introns und Exons nachgewiesen werden. In der Kontrollgruppe konnten keine Mutationen nachgewiesen werden. Die Auswertung der Patientengruppe erbrachte bei 11 der 33 untersuchten Patienten sechs unterschiedliche Mutationen. Alle Mutationen waren vom Typ einer Missense-Mutation. Fünf der sechs Mutationen lagen im Exon 9, welches auch das größte der insgesamt 9 Exons des PC-Gens darstellt. Eine Mutation konnte im Exon 4 nachgewiesen werden. Die Mutationen A2987G (Asp46Asn) sowie T8743C (Met343Thr) konnten in ihrer heterozygoten Form, erstmalig als mit einem Typ I Mangel assoziierte neue Mutationen, beschrieben werden. Die mit einem Typ II- Mangel assoziierte Mutation D8554G (Asp280Gly) konnte ebenfalls erstmalig beschrieben werden. Alle detektierten Mutationen waren vom Typ einer Missense-Mutation. Fünf der sechs Mutationen wurden in der heterozygoten Form detektiert. Die Typ I-Mutation T8689G (Val325Ala) konnte als einzige in der homozygoten Form dargestellt werden. Die Sequenzierung des humanen PC-Gens ist eine aufwändige Methode und zum Screening von Patientenproben nicht geeignet. Ihr Einsatz ist als Ergänzung zu den gängigen Labormethoden zu sehen, die jedoch mit Störfaktoren und falschen Werten bei oraler Kumarintherapie, behaftet sind. Für Patienten mit im Normbereich oder knapp unterhalb des Normbereiches liegenden PC-Aktivitäten, können so durch Zuhilfenahme molekularbiologischer Untersuchungen, Hinweise für eine genetische Ursache eines PC-Mangels gefunden werden. Im Falle einer familiären Belastung kann unter Einbeziehung möglichst vieler Familienmitglieder ein hereditärer Verlauf nachgewiesen werden. Wird bei einem Patienten oder seinen Familienangehörigen ein Verdacht auf eine Mutation im PC-Gen bestätigt, sollten die Betroffenen in einer Risikosituation wie z.B. einem elektiven Eingriff, einer Thromboseprohylaxe zugeführt werden. Welche Bedeutung die neuen Mutationen letztlich für die Funktion des Proteins haben, wurde nicht untersucht. Analysen zur Genexpression oder Computeranimierte 3D-Strukturanalysen unter Einbeziehung der Mutationen könnten weitere Informationen über die Heterogenität und die Funktion des PC liefern.