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Purpose: Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is an established primary treatment for newly diagnosed brain metastases with high local control rates. However, data about local re-irradiation in case of local failure after SRS (re-SRS) are rare. We evaluated the feasibility, efficacy and patient selection characteristics in treating locally recurrent metastases with a second course of SRS.
Methods: We retrospectively evaluated patients with brain metastases treated with re-SRS for local tumor progression between 2011 and 2017. Patient and treatment characteristics as well as rates of tumor control, survival and toxicity were analyzed.
Results: Overall, 32 locally recurrent brain metastases in 31 patients were irradiated with re-SRS. Median age at re-SRS was 64.9 years. The primary histology was breast cancer and non-small-cellular lung cancer (NSCLC) in respectively 10 cases (31.3%), in 5 cases malignant melanoma (15.6%). In the first SRS-course 19 metastases (59.4%) and in the re-SRS-course 29 metastases (90.6%) were treated with CyberKnife® and the others with Gamma Knife. Median planning target volume (PTV) for re-SRS was 2.5 cm3 (range, 0.1–37.5 cm3) and median dose prescribed to the PTV was 19 Gy (range, 12–28 Gy) in 1–5 fractions to the median 69% isodose (range, 53–80%). The 1-year overall survival rate was 61.7% and the 1-year local control rate was 79.5%. The overall rate of radiological radio-necrosis was 16.1% and four patients (12.9%) experienced grade ≥ 3 toxicities.
Conclusions: A second course of SRS for locally recurrent brain metastases after prior local SRS appears to be feasible with acceptable toxicity and can be considered as salvage treatment option for selected patients with high performance status. Furthermore, this is the first study utilizing robotic radiosurgery for this indication, as an additional option for frameless fractionated treatment.
We have has performed the first measurement of the coherent ψ(2S) photo-production cross section in ultra-peripheral Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC. This charmonium excited state is reconstructed via the ψ(2S) →l+l− and ψ(2S) → J/ψπ+π− decays, where the J/ψ decays into two leptons. The analysis is based on an event sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 22 μb−1. The cross section for coherent ψ(2S) production in the rapidity interval −0.9<y<0.9 is dσcohψ(2S)/dy=0.83±0.19(stat+syst) mb. The ψ(2S) to J/ψ coherent cross section ratio is 0.34+0.08−0.07(stat+syst). The obtained results are compared to predictions from theoretical models.
We have has performed the first measurement of the coherent ψ(2S) photo-production cross section in ultra-peripheral Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC. This charmonium excited state is reconstructed via the ψ(2S) →l+l− and ψ(2S) → J/ψπ+π− decays, where the J/ψ decays into two leptons. The analysis is based on an event sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 22 μb−1. The cross section for coherent ψ(2S) production in the rapidity interval −0.9<y<0.9 is dσcohψ(2S)/dy=0.83±0.19(stat+syst) mb. The ψ(2S) to J/ψ coherent cross section ratio is 0.34+0.08−0.07(stat+syst). The obtained results are compared to predictions from theoretical models.
Na+ homeostasis in Acinetobacter baumannii is facilitated via the activity of the Mrp antiporter
(2022)
The human opportunistic pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii is a global threat to healthcare institutions worldwide, since it developed very efficient strategies to evade host defence and to adapt to the different environmental conditions of the host. This work focused on the importance of Na+ homeostasis in A. baumannii with regards to pathobiological aspects. In silico studies revealed a homologue of a multicomponent Na+/H+ antiporter system. Inactivation of the Mrp antiporter through deletion of the first gene (mrpA′) resulted in a mutant that was sensitive to increasing pH values. Furthermore, the strain was highly sensitive to increasing Na+ and Li+ concentrations. Increasing Na+ sensitivity is thought to be responsible for growth impairment in human fluids. Furthermore, deletion of mrpA′ is associated with energetic defects, inhibition of motility and survival under anoxic and dry conditions.
The Rnf complex is a Na+ coupled respiratory enzyme in a fermenting bacterium, Thermotoga maritima
(2020)
rnf genes are widespread in bacteria and biochemical and genetic data are in line with the hypothesis that they encode a membrane-bound enzyme that oxidizes reduced ferredoxin and reduces NAD and vice versa, coupled to ion transport across the cytoplasmic membrane. The Rnf complex is of critical importance in many bacteria for energy conservation but also for reverse electron transport to drive ferredoxin reduction. However, the enzyme has never been purified and thus, ion transport could not be demonstrated yet. Here, we have purified the Rnf complex from the anaerobic, fermenting thermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima and show that is a primary Na+ pump. These studies provide the proof that the Rnf complex is indeed an ion (Na+) translocating, respiratory enzyme. Together with a Na+-F1FO ATP synthase it builds a simple, two-limb respiratory chain in T. maritima. The physiological role of electron transport phosphorylation in a fermenting bacterium is discussed.
Butyrate production in the acetogen Eubacterium limosum is dependent on the carbon and energy source
(2021)
Eubacterium limosum KIST612 is one of the few acetogenic bacteria that has the genes encoding for butyrate synthesis from acetyl-CoA, and indeed, E. limosum KIST612 is known to produce butyrate from CO but not from H2 + CO2. Butyrate production from CO was only seen in bioreactors with cell recycling or in batch cultures with addition of acetate. Here, we present detailed study on growth of E. limosum KIST612 on different carbon and energy sources with the goal, to find other substrates that lead to butyrate formation. Batch fermentations in serum bottles revealed that acetate was the major product under all conditions investigated. Butyrate formation from the C1 compounds carbon dioxide and hydrogen, carbon monoxide or formate was not observed. However, growth on glucose led to butyrate formation, but only in the stationary growth phase. A maximum of 4.3 mM butyrate was observed, corresponding to a butyrate:glucose ratio of 0.21:1 and a butyrate:acetate ratio of 0.14:1. Interestingly, growth on the C1 substrate methanol also led to butyrate formation in the stationary growth phase with a butyrate:methanol ratio of 0.17:1 and a butyrate:acetate ratio of 0.33:1. Since methanol can be produced chemically from carbon dioxide, this offers the possibility for a combined chemical-biochemical production of butyrate from H2 + CO2 using this acetogenic biocatalyst. With the advent of genetic methods in acetogens, butanol production from methanol maybe possible as well.
The pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase of the thermophilic acetogen, Thermoanaerobacter kivui
(2021)
Pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) is a key enzyme in bacterial anaerobic metabolism. Since a low-potential ferredoxin (Fd2−) is used as electron carrier, PFOR allows for hydrogen evolution during heterotrophic growth as well as pyruvate synthesis during lithoautotrophic growth. The thermophilic acetogenic model bacterium Thermoanaerobacter kivui can use both modes of lifestyle, but the nature of the PFOR in this organism was previously unestablished. Here, we have isolated PFOR to apparent homogeneity from cells grown on glucose. Peptide mass fingerprinting revealed that it is encoded by pfor1. PFOR uses pyruvate as an electron donor and methylene blue (1.8 U·mg−1) and ferredoxin (Fd; 27.2 U·mg−1) as electron acceptors, and the reaction is dependent on thiamine pyrophosphate, pyruvate, coenzyme A, and Fd. The pH and temperature optima were 7.5 and 66 °C, respectively. We detected 13.6 mol of iron·mol of protein−1, consistent with the presence of three predicted [4Fe–4S] clusters. The ability to provide reduced Fd makes PFOR an interesting auxiliary enzyme for enzyme assays. To simplify and speed up the purification procedure, we established a protocol for homologous protein production in T. kivui. Therefore, pfor1 was cloned and expressed in T. kivui and the encoded protein containing a genetically engineered His-tag was purified in only two steps to apparent homogeneity. The homologously produced PFOR1 had the same properties as the enzyme from T. kivui. The enzyme can be used as auxiliary enzyme in enzymatic assays that require reduced Fd as electron donor, such as electron-bifurcating enzymes, to keep a constant level of reduced Fd.
Species of the genus Blautia are typical inhabitants of the human gut and considered as beneficial gut microbes. However, their role in the gut microbiome and their metabolic features are poorly understood. Blautia schinkii was described as an acetogenic bacterium, characterized by a functional Wood–Ljungdahl pathway (WLP) of acetogenesis from H2 + CO2. Here we report that two relatives, Blautia luti and Blautia wexlerae do not grow on H2 + CO2. Inspection of the genome sequence revealed all genes of the WLP except genes encoding a formate dehydrogenase and an electron-bifurcating hydrogenase. Enzyme assays confirmed this prediction. Accordingly, resting cells neither converted H2 + CO2 nor H2 + HCOOH + CO2 to acetate. Carbon monoxide is an intermediate of the WLP and substrate for many acetogens. Blautia luti and B. wexlerae had an active CO dehydrogenase and resting cells performed acetogenesis from HCOOH + CO2 + CO, demonstrating a functional WLP. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that many Blautia strains as well as other gut acetogens lack formate dehydrogenases and hydrogenases. Thus, the use of formate instead of H2 + CO2 as an interspecies hydrogen and electron carrier seems to be more common in the gut microbiome.
Background: In this interdisciplinary project, the biological effects of heavy ions are compared to those of X-rays using tissue slice culture preparations from rodents and humans. Advantages of this biological model are the conservation of an organotypic environment and the independency from genetic immortalization strategies used to generate cell lines. Its open access allows easy treatment and observation via live-imaging microscopy. Materials and methods: Rat brains and human brain tumor tissue are cut into 300 micro m thick tissue slices. These slices are cultivated using a membrane-based culture system and kept in an incubator at 37°C until treatment. The slices are treated with X-rays at the radiation facility of the University Hospital in Frankfurt at doses of up to 40 Gy. The heavy ion irradiations were performed at the UNILAC facility at GSI with different ions of 11.4 A MeV and fluences ranging from 0.5–10 x 106 particles/cm². Using 3D-confocal microscopy, cell-death and immune cell activation of the irradiated slices are analyzed. Planning of the irradiation experiments is done with simulation programs developed at GSI and FIAS. Results: After receiving a single application of either X-rays or heavy ions, slices were kept in culture for up to 9d post irradiation. DNA damage was visualized using gamma H2AXstaining. Here, a dose-dependent increase and time-dependent decrease could clearly be observed for the X-ray irradiation. Slices irradiated with heavy ions showed less gamma H2AX-positive cells distributed evenly throughout the slice, even though particles were calculated to penetrate only 90–100 micro m into the slice. Conclusions: Single irradiations of brain tissue, even at high doses of 40 Gy, will result neither in tissue damage visible on a macroscopic level nor necrosis. This is in line with the view that the brain is highly radio-resistant. However, DNA damage can be detected very well in tissue slices using gamma H2AX-immuno staining. Thus, slice cultures are an excellent tool to study radiation-induced damage and repair mechanisms in living tissues.
Background: Radiochemotherapy (RCT) has been shown to induce changes in immune cell homeostasis which might affect antitumor immune responses. In the present study, we aimed to compare the composition and kinetics of major lymphocyte subsets in the periphery of patients with non-locoregional recurrent (n = 23) and locoregional recurrent (n = 9) squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) upon primary RCT. Methods: EDTA-blood of non-locoregional recurrent SCCHN patients was collected before (t0), after application of 20–30 Gy (t1), in the follow-up period 3 (t2) and 6 months (t3) after RCT. In patients with locoregional recurrence blood samples were taken at t0, t1, t2 and at the time of recurrence (t5). EDTA-blood of age-related, healthy volunteers (n = 22) served as a control (Ctrl). Major lymphocyte subpopulations were phenotyped by multiparameter flow cytometry. Results: Patients with non-recurrent SCCHN had significantly lower proportions of CD19+ B cells compared to healthy individuals before start of any therapy (t0) that dropped further until 3 months after RCT (t2), but reached initial levels 6 months after RCT (t3). The proportion of CD3+ T and CD3+/CD4+ T helper cells continuously decreased between t0 and t3, whereas that of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and CD3+/CD56+ NK-like T cells (NKT) gradually increased in the same period of time in non-recurrent patients. The percentage of CD4+/CD25+/FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) decreased directly after RCT, but increased above initial levels in the follow-up period 3 (t2) and 6 (t3) months after RCT. Patients with locoregional recurrence showed similar trends with respect to B, T cells and Tregs between t0 and t5. CD4+ T helper cells remained stably low between t0 and t5 in patients with locoregional recurrence compared to Ctrl. NKT/NK cell subsets (CD56+/CD69+, CD3−/CD56+, CD3−/CD94+, CD3−/NKG2D+, CD3−/NKp30+, CD3−/NKp46+) increased continuously up to 6 months after RCT (t0-t3) in patients without locoregional recurrence, whereas in patients with locoregional recurrence, these subsets remained stably low until time of recurrence (t5). Conclusion: Monitoring the kinetics of lymphocyte subpopulations especially activatory NK cells before and after RCT might provide a clue with respect to the development of an early locoregional recurrence in patients with SCCHN. However, studies with larger patient cohorts are needed. Trial registration: Observational Study on Biomarkers in Head and Neck Cancer (HNprädBio), NCT02059668. Registered on 11 February 2014, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02059668.
Hydride transfers play a crucial role in a multitude of biological redox reactions and are mediated by flavin, deazaflavin or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cofactors at standard redox potentials ranging from 0 to –340 mV. 2-Naphthoyl-CoA reductase, a key enzyme of oxygen-independent bacterial naphthalene degradation, uses a low-potential one-electron donor for the two-electron dearomatization of its substrate below the redox limit of known biological hydride transfer processes at E°’ = −493 mV. Here we demonstrate by X-ray structural analyses, QM/MM computational studies, and multiple spectroscopy/activity based titrations that highly cooperative electron transfer (n = 3) from a low-potential one-electron (FAD) to a two-electron (FMN) transferring flavin cofactor is the key to overcome the resonance stabilized aromatic system by hydride transfer in a highly hydrophobic pocket. The results evidence how the protein environment inversely functionalizes two flavins to switch from low-potential one-electron to hydride transfer at the thermodynamic limit of flavin redox chemistry.
Background: In times of global warming there is an urgent need to replace fossil fuel-based energy vectors by less carbon dioxide (CO2)-emitting alternatives. One attractive option is the use of molecular hydrogen (H2) since its combustion emits water (H2O) and not CO2. Therefore, H2 is regarded as a non-polluting fuel. The ways to produce H2 can be diverse, but steam reformation of conventional fossil fuel sources is still the main producer of H2 gas up to date. Biohydrogen production via microbes could be an alternative, environmentally friendly and renewable way of future H2 production, especially when the flexible and inexpensive C1 compound formate is used as substrate.
Results: In this study, the versatile compound formate was used as substrate to drive H2 production by whole cells of the thermophilic acetogenic bacterium Thermoanaerobacter kivui which harbors a highly active hydrogen-dependent CO2 reductase (HDCR) to oxidize formate to H2 and CO2 and vice versa. Under optimized reaction conditions, T. kivui cells demonstrated the highest H2 production rates (qH2 = 685 mmol g−1 h−1) which were so far reported in the literature for wild-type organisms. Additionally, high yields (Y(H2/formate)) of 0.86 mol mol−1 and a hydrogen evolution rate (HER) of 999 mmol L−1 h−1 were observed. Finally, stirred-tank bioreactor experiments demonstrated the upscaling feasibility of the applied whole cell system and indicated the importance of pH control for the reaction of formate-driven H2 production.
Conclusions: The thermophilic acetogenic bacterium T. kivui is an efficient biocatalyst for the oxidation of formate to H2 (and CO2). The existing genetic tool box of acetogenic bacteria bears further potential to optimize biohydrogen production in future and to contribute to a future sustainable formate/H2 bio-economy.
The Hydrogen Dependent Carbon dioxide Reductase (HDCR) from Acetobacterium woodii presents a promising solution to the issue of H2 storage by reversibly coupling H2 oxidation to CO2 reduction. We here report on the electrocatalytic properties of the hydrogenase (Hase) module in the intact complex, including (an)aerobic oxidation, CO inhibition and the first systematic analysis of the catalytic bias (CB) of a Hase. CB depends on pH, regardless of the H2 concentration, despite a higher affinity for H2 than other FeFe-Hases. Remarkably, CO inhibition is fully reversible under all oxidation states of the active site, making HDCR the first "syngas-friendly" FeFe-Hase.
In times of global climate change and the fear of dwindling resources, we are facing different considerable challenges such as the replacement of fossil fuel–based energy carriers with the coincident maintenance of the increasing energy supply of our growing world population. Therefore, CO2 capturing and H2 storing solutions are urgently needed. In this study, we demonstrate the production of a functional and biotechnological interesting enzyme complex from acetogenic bacteria, the hydrogen-dependent CO2 reductase (HDCR), in the well-known model organism Escherichia coli. We identified the metabolic bottlenecks of the host organisms for the production of the HDCR enzyme complex. Here we show that the recombinant expression of a heterologous enzyme complex transforms E. coli into a whole-cell biocatalyst for hydrogen-driven CO2 reduction to formate without the need of any external co-factors or endogenous enzymes in the reaction process. This shifts the industrial platform organism E. coli more and more into the focus as biocatalyst for CO2-capturing and H2-storage. Key points: A functional HDCR enzyme complex was heterologously produced in E. coli; The metabolic bottlenecks for HDCR production were identified; HDCR enabled E. coli cell to capture and store H2 and CO2 in the form of formate.
Hydrogen is a promising fuel in a carbon-neutral economy, and many efforts are currently undertaken to produce hydrogen. One of the challenges is to store and transport the highly explosive gas in a safe and easy way. One option that is intensively analyzed by chemists and biologists is the conversion of hydrogen and CO2 to formic acid, the liquid organic hydrogen carrier. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that a bio-based system, using Acetobacterium woodii as the biocatalyst, allows multiple cycles of bi-directional hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid in one bioreactor. The process was kept running over 2 weeks producing and oxidizing 330 mM formic acid in total. Unwanted side-product formation of acetic acid was prevented through metabolic engineering of the organism. The demonstrated process design can be considered as a future “bio-battery” for the reversible storage of electrons in the form of H2 in formic acid, a versatile compound.
Hydrogenation of CO₂ at ambient pressure catalyzed by a highly active thermostable biocatalyst
(2018)
Background: Replacing fossil fuels as energy carrier requires alternatives that combine sustainable production, high volumetric energy density, easy and fast refueling for mobile applications, and preferably low risk of hazard. Molecular hydrogen (H2) has been considered as promising alternative; however, practical application is struggling because of the low volumetric energy density and the explosion hazard when stored in large amounts. One way to overcome these limitations is the transient conversion of H2 into other chemicals with increased volumetric energy density and lower risk hazard, for example so-called liquid organic hydrogen carriers such as formic acid/formate that is obtained by hydrogenation of CO2. Many homogenous and heterogenous chemical catalysts have been described in the past years, however, often requiring high pressures and temperatures. Recently, the first biocatalyst for this reaction has been described opening the route to a biotechnological alternative for this conversion.
Results: The hydrogen-dependent CO2 reductase (HDCR) is a highly active biocatalyst for storing H2 in the form of formic acid/formate by reversibly catalyzing the hydrogenation of CO2. We report the identification, isolation, and characterization of the first thermostable HDCR operating at temperatures up to 70 °C. The enzyme was isolated from the thermophilic acetogenic bacterium Thermoanaerobacter kivui and displays exceptionally high activities in both reaction directions, substantially exceeding known chemical catalysts. CO2 hydrogenation is catalyzed at mild conditions with a turnover frequency of 9,556,000 h−1 (specific activity of 900 µmol formate min−1 mg−1) and the reverse reaction, H2 + CO2 release from formate, is catalyzed with a turnover frequency of 9,892,000 h−1 (930 µmol H2 min−1 mg−1). The HDCR of T. kivui consists of a [FeFe] hydrogenase subunit putatively coupled to a tungsten-dependent CO2 reductase/formate dehydrogenase subunit by an array of iron–sulfur clusters.
Conclusions: The discovery of the first thermostable HDCR provides a promising biological alternative for a chemically challenging reaction and might serve as model for the better understanding of catalysts able to efficiently reduce CO2. The catalytic activity for reversible CO2 hydrogenation of this enzyme is the highest activity known for bio- and chemical catalysts and requiring only ambient temperatures and pressures. The thermostability provides more flexibility regarding the process parameters for a biotechnological application.
The negative effect of fossil-based industrial processes on the environment, especially the contribution to global warming by emitting greenhouse gases such as CO2 causes a global threat to mankind. Therefore, technologies are demanded by the society for a sustainable and environmentally friendly economy. The biotechnological use of sugar-based feedstocks to produce valuable products are in conflict with, for example, food production. In order to overcome this issue, waste products such as syngas (H2, CO and CO2) or CO2 taken from the atmosphere are of increasing interest for biotechnological applications. Acetogenic bacteria are already used at industrial scale to produce sustainable and environmentally friendly biofuels from syngas. A promising candidate due to its physiological flexibility is the thermophilic acetogen Moorella thermoacetica. In contrast to most acetogens M. thermoacetica is not restricted to one energy conserving system. In addition to the Ech complex, cytochromes and quinones may be involved in energy conservation by, for example, DMSO respiration. The extra energy conserved can be used to form highly valuable but energy demanding products. In this review we give insights into the physiology of this acetogen, the current state of the art of M. thermoacetica as a platform for biotechnological applications and discuss future perspectives.
Filamentous enzymes have been found in all domains of life, but the advantage of filamentation is often elusive1. Some anaerobic, autotrophic bacteria have an unusual filamentous enzyme for CO2 fixation—hydrogen-dependent CO2 reductase (HDCR)2,3—which directly converts H2 and CO2 into formic acid. HDCR reduces CO2 with a higher activity than any other known biological or chemical catalyst4,5, and it has therefore gained considerable interest in two areas of global relevance: hydrogen storage and combating climate change by capturing atmospheric CO2. However, the mechanistic basis of the high catalytic turnover rate of HDCR has remained unknown. Here we use cryo-electron microscopy to reveal the structure of a short HDCR filament from the acetogenic bacterium Thermoanaerobacter kivui. The minimum repeating unit is a hexamer that consists of a formate dehydrogenase (FdhF) and two hydrogenases (HydA2) bound around a central core of hydrogenase Fe-S subunits, one HycB3 and two HycB4. These small bacterial polyferredoxin-like proteins oligomerize through their C-terminal helices to form the backbone of the filament. By combining structure-directed mutagenesis with enzymatic analysis, we show that filamentation and rapid electron transfer through the filament enhance the activity of HDCR. To investigate the structure of HDCR in situ, we imaged T. kivui cells with cryo-electron tomography and found that HDCR filaments bundle into large ring-shaped superstructures attached to the plasma membrane. This supramolecular organization may further enhance the stability and connectivity of HDCR to form a specialized metabolic subcompartment within the cell.
Long-range angular correlations on the near and away side in p–Pb collisions at √sNN=5.02 TeV
(2013)
Angular correlations between charged trigger and associated particles are measured by the ALICE detector in p–Pb collisions at a nucleon–nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV for transverse momentum ranges within 0.5<pT,assoc<pT,trig<4 GeV/c. The correlations are measured over two units of pseudorapidity and full azimuthal angle in different intervals of event multiplicity, and expressed as associated yield per trigger particle. Two long-range ridge-like structures, one on the near side and one on the away side, are observed when the per-trigger yield obtained in low-multiplicity events is subtracted from the one in high-multiplicity events. The excess on the near-side is qualitatively similar to that recently reported by the CMS Collaboration, while the excess on the away-side is reported for the first time. The two-ridge structure projected onto azimuthal angle is quantified with the second and third Fourier coefficients as well as by near-side and away-side yields and widths. The yields on the near side and on the away side are equal within the uncertainties for all studied event multiplicity and pT bins, and the widths show no significant evolution with event multiplicity or pT. These findings suggest that the near-side ridge is accompanied by an essentially identical away-side ridge.