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Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Modellierung der neuronalen Prozesse, die auditorischen Lokalisationsleistungen zugrunde liegen. Viele der hierzu aktuell diskutierten Modellvorstellungen lassen sich auf ein von L. Jeffress bereits in der Mitte des letzten Jahrhunderts vorgeschlagenes Netzwerkmodell zurückführen: Nach Jeffress werden interaurale Laufzeitunterschiede (ITDs) zwischen beiden auditorischen Pfaden in einem Netzwerk von Detektorneuronen (Koinzidenzdetektoren) ausgewertet. Systematische Laufzeitunterschiede resultieren aus der Architektur des Netzwerks, die sogenannte Delay-Lines realisieren soll. Trotz einer Reihe von Evidenzen für das im auditorischen Diskurs inzwischen als Paradigma geltende Modell, findet Kritik am Jeffress-Modell in jüngerer Zeit zunehmend Beachtung und Interesse. So argumentieren B. Grothe und D. McAlpine gegen die Übertragung des Delay-Line Modells auf die Verhältnisse bei Säugern. Zentrales Moment ihrer Kritik ist eine Afferenz der MSO aus einem weiteren Teilgebiet der Olive (MNTB). Wesentlicher Effekt der von der Projektion gebildeten inhibitorischen Synapse ist eine relative Verschiebung der Best-Delays der MSO-Zellen zur Präferenz contralateraler Delays. Damit besteht nicht nur zu der nach dem Jeffress-Modell notwendigen Aufteilung der Best-Delays ein Widerspruch, die ITDs liegen bei tiefen Frequenzen für kleine Säuger aufgrund deren geringer Kopfgröße außerhalb des Bereichs physiologisch auftretender Delays. In dieser Arbeit werden die Ergebnisse von Grothe und McAlpine durch Compartmental Modeling analysiert. Gegenüber einer Simulationsstudie aus den Gruppen von Grothe und McAlpine werden von uns durch explizite Modellierung der Dendriten zusätzliche Effekte der Inhibiton beschrieben. Wir stellen dar, wie die Topographie von Inhibiton und Excitation die Verarbeitungsprozesse in Bipolar-Zellen durch dendritische Low-Pass Filterung und Kontrastverst ärkung zwischen minimaler und maximaler Spikerate unterstützt. Unsere Ergebnisse können die empirisch nachgewiesene Verteilung excitatorischer (distaler) und inhibitorische (proximaler) Synapsen erklären. In der abschliessenden Analyse der von den Bipolar-Zellen generierten Spike Trains wird das von Grothe und McAlpine entworfene alternative ITD-Codierungsmodell auf der Basis von Ratencodes problematisiert: Bislang erklärt ihr Vorschlag nicht, wie organismische Lokalisationsleistungen auf der Basis weniger Spikes realisiert werden können.
Background: The systematic analysis of a large number of comparable plant trait data can support investigations into phylogenetics and ecological adaptation, with broad applications in evolutionary biology, agriculture, conservation, and the functioning of ecosystems. Floras, i.e., books collecting the information on all known plant species found within a region, are a potentially rich source of such plant trait data. Floras describe plant traits with a focus on morphology and other traits relevant for species identification in addition to other characteristics of plant species, such as ecological affinities, distribution, economic value, health applications, traditional uses, and so on. However, a key limitation in systematically analyzing information in Floras is the lack of a standardized vocabulary for the described traits as well as the difficulties in extracting structured information from free text.
Results: We have developed the Flora Phenotype Ontology (FLOPO), an ontology for describing traits of plant species found in Floras. We used the Plant Ontology (PO) and the Phenotype And Trait Ontology (PATO) to extract entity-quality relationships from digitized taxon descriptions in Floras, and used a formal ontological approach based on phenotype description patterns and automated reasoning to generate the FLOPO. The resulting ontology consists of 25,407 classes and is based on the PO and PATO. The classified ontology closely follows the structure of Plant Ontology in that the primary axis of classification is the observed plant anatomical structure, and more specific traits are then classified based on parthood and subclass relations between anatomical structures as well as subclass relations between phenotypic qualities.
Conclusions: The FLOPO is primarily intended as a framework based on which plant traits can be integrated computationally across all species and higher taxa of flowering plants. Importantly, it is not intended to replace established vocabularies or ontologies, but rather serve as an overarching framework based on which different application- and domain-specific ontologies, thesauri and vocabularies of phenotypes observed in flowering plants can be integrated.
In order to promote the accessibility of biodiversity data in historic and contemporary literature, we introduce a new interdisciplinary project called BIOfid (FID=Fachinformationsdienst, a service for providing specialized information). The project aims at a mobilization of data available in print only by combining digitization of scientific biodiversity literature with the development of innovative text mining tools for complex, eventually semantic searches throughout the complete text corpus. A major prerequisite for the development of such search tools is the provision of sophisticated anatomy ontologies on the one hand, and of complete lists of species names (currently considered valid as well as all synonyms) at a global scale on the other hand. In the initial stage, we chose examples from German publications of the past 250 years dealing with the geographic distribution and ecology of vascular plants (Tracheophyta), birds (Aves), as well as moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) in Germany. These taxa have been prioritized according to current demands of German research groups (about 50 sites) aiming at analyses and modeling of distribution patterns and their changes through time. In the long term, we aim at providing data and open source software applicable for any taxon and geographic region. For this purpose, a platform for open access journals for long-term availability of professional e-journals will be established. All generated data will also be made accessible through GFBio (German Federation for Biological Data). BIOfid is supported by the LIS-Scientific Library Services and Information Systems program of the German Research Foundation (DFG).
With the ongoing loss of global biodiversity, long-term recordings of species distribution patterns are increasingly becoming important to investigate the causes and consequences for their change. Therefore, the digitization of scientific literature, both modern and historical, has been attracting growing attention in recent years. To meet this growing demand the Specialised Information Service for Biodiversity Research (BIOfid) was launched in 2017 with the aim of increasing the availability and accessibility of biodiversity information. Closely tied to the research community the interdisciplinary BIOfid team is digitizing data sources of biodiversity related research and provides a modern and professional infrastructure for hosting and sharing them. As a pilot project, German publications on the distribution and ecology of vascular plants, birds, moths and butterflies covering the past 250 years are prioritized. Large parts of the text corpus defined in accordance with the needs of the relevant German research community have already been transferred to a machine-readable format and will be publicly accessible soon. Software tools for text mining, semantic annotation and analysis with respect to the current trends in machine learning are developed to maximize bioscientific data output through user-specific queries that can be created via the BIOfid web portal (https://www.biofid.de/). To boost knowledge discovery, specific ontologies focusing on morphological traits and taxonomy are being prepared and will continuously be extended to keep up with an ever-expanding volume of literature sources.
BIOfid is a specialized information service currently being developed to mobilize biodiversity data dormant in printed historical and modern literature and to offer a platform for open access journals on the science of biodiversity. Our team of librarians, computer scientists and biologists produce high-quality text digitizations, develop new text-mining tools and generate detailed ontologies enabling semantic text analysis and semantic search by means of user-specific queries. In a pilot project we focus on German publications on the distribution and ecology of vascular plants, birds, moths and butterflies extending back to the Linnaeus period about 250 years ago. The three organism groups have been selected according to current demands of the relevant research community in Germany. The text corpus defined for this purpose comprises over 400 volumes with more than 100,000 pages to be digitized and will be complemented by journals from other digitization projects, copyright-free and project-related literature. With TextImager (Natural Language Processing & Text Visualization) and TextAnnotator (Discourse Semantic Annotation) we have already extended and launched tools that focus on the text-analytical section of our project. Furthermore, taxonomic and anatomical ontologies elaborated by us for the taxa prioritized by the project’s target group - German institutions and scientists active in biodiversity research - are constantly improved and expanded to maximize scientific data output. Our poster describes the general workflow of our project ranging from literature acquisition via software development, to data availability on the BIOfid web portal (http://biofid.de/), and the implementation into existing platforms which serve to promote global accessibility of biodiversity data.
To support future research based on natural sciences collection data, DiSSCo (Distributed System of Scientific Collections) – the European Research Infrastructure for Natural Science Collections – adopts Digital Object Architecture as the basis for its planned data infrastructure. Using the outputs of one Research Data Alliance (RDA) interest group (IG) and five working groups (WGs) we show how RDA recommendations and supporting documents have been applied to the various stages of the DiSSCo data lifecycle.
