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Charged-particle exclusive data for Ar+Pb collisions at 0.772 GeV/u are analyzed in terms of collective variables for the event shapes in momentum space. Semicentral collisions lead to sidewards flow whereas nearly head-on collisions have spherical shapes in the c.m. frame, resulting from complete stopping of projectile motion. The hydrodynamical model predictions agree qualitatively with the data whereas the standard cascade model disagrees, lacking in stopping power and collective flow.
The large acceptance TPCs of the NA49 spectrometer allow for a systematic multidimensional study of two-particle correlations in different part of phase space. Results from Bertsch-Pratt and Yano-Koonin-Podgoretskii parametrizations are presented differentially in transverse pair momentum and pair rapidity. These studies give an insight into the dynamical space-time evolution of relativistic Pb+Pb collisions, which is dominated by longitudinal expansion.
Lambda and Antilambda reconstruction in central Pb+Pb collisions using a time projection chamber
(1997)
The large acceptance time projection chambers of the NA49 experiment are used to record the trajectory of charged particles from Pb + Pb collisions at 158 GeV per nucleon. Neutral strange hadrons have been reconstructed from their charged decay products. To obtain distributions of Λ, and Ks0 in discrete bins of rapidity, y, and transverse momentum, pT, calculations have been performed to determine the acceptance of the detector and the efficiency of the reconstruction software as a function of both variables. The lifetime distributions obtained give values of cτ = 7.8 ± 0.6 cm for Λ and cτ = 2.5 ± 0.3 cm for Ks0, consistent with data book values.
Sie sind nicht weniger intelligent als ihre gleichaltrigen Mitschüler, und doch sind ihre schulischen Leistungen meist schlechter: Kinder, die unter einer Störung mit Aufmerksamkeitsdefi zit und Hyperaktivität (ADHS) leiden, haben es schwer im Schulsystem. Wie können sie lernen, ihre Gefühle, Gedanken und Handlungen bewusst zu beeinfl ussen und sich nicht ständig ablenken zu lassen? Frankfurter Studien zeigen zum Beispiel, dass konkrete "Wenn-Dann-Pläne" ihre Konzentrationsfähigkeit deutlich verbessern können.
We present the measured correlation functions for pi+ pi-, pi- pi- and pi+ pi+ pairs in central S+Ag collisions at 200 GeV per nucleon. The Gamov function, which has been traditionally used to correct the correlation functions of charged pions for the Coulomb interaction, is found to be inconsistent with all measured correlation functions. Certain problems which have been dominating the systematic uncertainty of the correlation analysis are related to this inconsistency. It is demonstrated that a new Coulomb correction method, based exclusively on the measured correlation function for pi+ pi- pairs, may solve the problem.
The transverse momentum and rapidity distributions of negative hadrons and participant protons have been measured for central 32S+ 32S collisions at plab=200 GeV/c per nucleon. The proton mean rapidity shift < Delta y>~1.6 and mean transverse momentum <pT>~0.6 GeV/c are much higher than in pp or peripheral AA collisions and indicate an increase in the nuclear stopping power. All pT spectra exhibit similar source temperatures. Including previous results for K0s Lambda , and Lambda -bar, we account for all important contributions to particle production.
The NA35 experiment has collected a high statistics set of momentum analyzed negative hadrons near and forward of midrapidity for central collisions of 200A GeV/c 32S+S, Cu, Ag, and Au. Using momentum space correlations to study the size of the source of particle production, the transverse source radii are found to decrease by ~40% at midrapidity and ~20% at forward rapidity while the longitudinal radius RL is found to decrease by ~50% as pT increases over the interval 50<pT<600 MeV/c. Calculations using a microscopic phase space approach (relativistic quantum molecular dynamics) reproduce the observed trends of the data. PACS: 25.75.+r
Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Hypothese, dass der „Life Orientation Test (-Revised)“ (LOT-R), der als Selbstberichtsfragebogen zur Erfassung von dispositionellem Optimismus konstruiert wurde, nicht nur „Optimismus“ erfasse, sondern auch „Pessimismus“; Pessimismus wird im Rahmen dieser „OP-Hypothese“ nicht als der Gegenpol von Optimismus aufgefasst, sondern als ein partiell unabhängiges Konstrukt. Die OP-Hypothese wird typischerweise mit sog. „konfirmatorischen“ Faktorenanalysen untersucht. Die OP-Hypothese wird zunächst aus theoretischer Perspektive analysiert, insbesondere auch deshalb, weil die Begriffe „Optimismus“ und „Pessimismus“ im Rahmen der OP-Hypothese nicht auf dieselbe Art verwendet werden wie sonst in der Psychologie oder in anderen Wissenschaften üblich. Dabei zeigt sich, dass keine angemessene theoretische Herleitung der OP-Hypothese möglich ist: Was „Pessimismus“ ist, wenn es nicht der Gegenpol von Optimismus ist, bleibt unklar. Ausgehend von dem Befund, dass die theoretische Herleitung der OP-Hypothese unangemessen ist, wird diese Hypothese aus methodologisch-testtheoretischer Perspektive und mittels zweier empirischer Arbeiten kritisch überprüft. Aus methodologischer und mathematisch-statistischer Perspektive wird dargestellt, dass die empirischen Befunde, die für die OP-Hypothese sprechen, nicht eindeutig sind; die OP-Hypothese ist also unterdeterminiert. Die Gültigkeit eines reflexiven Messmodells, das für die Untersuchung der OP-Hypothese mittels konfirmatorischer Faktorenanalysen erforderlich wäre, kann nicht ohne Weiteres angenommen werden. Die mathematisch-statistischen Annahmen der „experimentellen Unabhängigkeit“ und der „lokalen Homogenität“, die ein reflexives Messmodell konstituieren, sind für Selbstberichtsfragebogen in vielen Fällen verletzt. Noch gravierender ist das Ergebnis, dass sich aus „konfirmatorischen“ Faktorenmodellen, die für die OP-Hypothese sprechen, keine ausreichenden Informationen über den empirischen Gehalt der Hypothese ergeben. In grundsätzlicher Form und anhand einfacher Beispiele wird gezeigt, dass für eine gegebene Kovarianzmatrix, die die Datenbasis einer „konfirmatorischen“ Faktorenanalyse darstellt, grundsätzlich unendlich viele Alter-nativmodelle konstruiert werden können, von denen zumindest eine Teilmenge auch mit sinnvollen Interpretationen verbunden ist. Angesichts der Existenz solcher Alternativmodelle müssen andere Kriterien zur Überprüfung der OP-Hypothese herangezogen werden als „konfirmatorische“ Faktorenmodelle. Anhand einer empirischen Untersuchung mit dem LOT-R wird gezeigt, dass ein „Methodeneffektmodell“ eine bessere Anpassung an die Daten ermöglicht als das mit der OP-Hypothese verbundene Modell. Das Methodeneffektmodell beinhaltet die Annahme, dass die Antworten auf LOT-R-Items nicht ausschließlich durch die individuelle Ausprägung in „Optimismus“ bedingt werden, sondern zum Teil auch unerwünschte Effekte der Itemformulierungen abbilden. Entsprechend lässt sich eine Korrelation des „Methodenfaktors“ mit sozial erwünschtem Antwortverhalten beobachten. Schließlich wird in einer weiteren empirischen Untersuchung gezeigt, dass mit der Skala „Personaler Optimismus“ ein Instrument zur Erfassung von dispositionellem Optimismus vorliegt, welches nicht unter der faktorenanalytischen Mehrdimensionalität leidet, die den LOT-R kennzeichnet. In der Zusammenschau der methodologischen und empirischen Ergebnisse muss die OP-Hypothese als zu gering begründet zurückgewiesen werden. Über den Rahmen des speziellen Inhaltsgebietes „Optimismus“ hinaus weist die vorliegende Arbeit aber auch auf die Notwendigkeit multipler Betrachtungsebenen bei der Untersuchung persönlichkeitspsychologischer Fragestellungen hin. Nachteilig für die persönlichkeitspsychologische Forschung könnten sich insbesondere die unreflektierte Verwendung von Selbstberichtsfragebogen auf der Seite der Datenerhebung und die unreflektierte Verwendung von „konfirmatorischen“ Faktorenanalysen auf der Seite der Datenauswertung auswirken.
Measurements of the π±, K±, and proton double differential yields emitted from the surface of the 90-cm-long carbon target (T2K replica) were performed for the incoming 31 GeV/c protons with the NA61/SHINE spectrometer at the CERN SPS using data collected during 2010 run. The double differential π± yields were measured with increased precision compared to the previously published NA61/SHINE results, while the K± and proton yields were obtained for the first time. A strategy for dealing with the dependence of the results on the incoming proton beam profile is proposed. The purpose of these measurements is to reduce significantly the (anti)neutrino flux uncertainty in the T2K long-baseline neutrino experiment by constraining the production of (anti)neutrino ancestors coming from the T2K target.
We present measurements of ρ0, ω and K∗0 spectra in π−+ C production interactions at 158 GeV / c and ρ0 spectra at 350 GeV / c using the NA61/SHINE spectrometer at the CERN SPS. Spectra are presented as a function of the Feynman’s variable xF in the range 0<xF<1 and 0<xF<0.5 for 158 and 350 GeV / c respectively. Furthermore, we show comparisons with previous measurements and predictions of several hadronic interaction models. These measurements are essential for a better understanding of hadronic shower development and for improving the modeling of cosmic ray air showers.
We present the first wide-range measurement of the charged-particle pseudorapidity density distribution, for different centralities (the 0-5%, 5-10%, 10-20%, and 20-30% most central events) in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV at the LHC. The measurement is performed using the full coverage of the ALICE detectors, −5.0<η<5.5, and employing a special analysis technique based on collisions arising from LHC "satellite" bunches. We present the pseudorapidity density as a function of the number of participating nucleons as well as an extrapolation to the total number of produced charged particles (Nch=17165±772 for the 0-5% most central collisions). From the measured dNch/dη distribution we derive the rapidity density distribution, dNch/dy, under simple assumptions. The rapidity density distribution is found to be significantly wider than the predictions of the Landau model. We assess the validity of longitudinal scaling by comparing to lower energy results from RHIC. Finally the mechanisms of the underlying particle production are discussed based on a comparison with various theoretical models.
The ability to delay gratification, to wait for a larger but delayed reward in the presence of a smaller but constantly available reward, has been shown to be predictive for various aspects of everyday life. For instance, preschool children who were better able to delay gratification achieved better school grades, a higher education, a better ability to cope with stress, as well as a reduced risk for being overweight or consume drugs up to 30 years later (Mischel et al., 2011). However, despite the importance of delay of gratification cognitive factors underlying individual differences are only poorly understood. Wittmann and Paulus (2008) suggested that individuals who overestimate the duration of time intervals experience waiting times as more costly and are, therefore, less likely to delay gratification. Furthermore, a recent study revealed an association between less accurate internal clock speed and a behavioral choice delay task (Corvi, Juergensen, Weaver, & Demaree, 2012). Further evidence for an association between temporal processing and delay of gratification can be derived from studies using clinical samples. For instance, children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) consistently prefer smaller, immediate rewards over larger, delayed rewards and show impaired temporal processing (Sonuga-Barke, Bitsakou, & Thompson, 2010). However, no study has directly tested an association between a measure of temporal processing and a classical delay of gratification task in children with and without ADHD so far.
As part of a larger study, 64 children (29 with ADHD) aged between 8 to 12 years performed a version of an auditory duration discrimination task and a delay of gratification task. In the duration discrimination task, the children were presented with two unfilled intervals indicated by two brief tones each. The baseline interval lasted for 400 ms, while the comparison interval was always longer and adjusted up or down in 10 ms steps securing an accuracy of 80%. In the delay of gratification task, the children were instructed that they could either opt for one chocolate bar immediately or that they could wait to receive two chocolate bars. Unbeknownst to the children, the waiting time lasted 25 minutes but children were told that they could decide for the immediate chocolate bar at any time by ringing a bell.
Children with ADHD did not differ in their performance from children without ADHD in the duration discrimination task or the delay of gratification task. However, in the whole sample of children with and without ADHD, children who waited for the additional chocolate bar showed a better duration discrimination than children who failed to wait for the additional chocolate bar [t(62) = -2.52, p = .01].
We demonstrated an association between temporal processing ability and the ability to delay gratification. These results need to be replicated in further studies with larger sample sizes. Moreover, different tasks measuring temporal processing and delay of gratification should be used to further clarify the relationship of temporal processing, delay of gratification, and ADHD.
We report on the first measurement of inclusive J/ψ elliptic flow, v2, in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC. The measurement is performed with the ALICE detector in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV in the rapidity range 2.5<y<4.0. The dependence of the J/ψ v2 on the collision centrality and on the J/ψ transverse momentum is studied in the range 0<pT<10 GeV/c. For semi-central Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV, an indication of non-zero v2 is observed with a maximum value of v2=0.116±0.046(stat.)±0.029(syst.) for J/ψ in the transverse momentum range 2<pT<4 GeV/c. The elliptic flow measurement complements the previously reported ALICE results on the inclusive J/ψ nuclear modification factor and favors the scenario of a significant fraction of J/ψ production from charm quarks in a deconfined partonic phase.