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The role of lncRNAs in the CVS and the endothelium is highly diverse and has been subject to a substantial amount of research over the last decade. The identification of lncRNAs as clinically relevant biomarkers and as co-regulatory molecules let to the appreciation of the functional relevance of lncRNAs.
In the present study, LINC00607 was identified as an endothelial-enriched, human-specific lncRNA. With its distinct functions, LINC00607 maintains and supports the endothelial homeostasis especially in response to VEGF-A signalling.
In the first part of this study, LINC00607 was functionally characterized in human endothelial cells. LINC00607 is highly and specifically expressed in endothelial cells and is differentially regulated in CVDs. Depletion of LINC00607 resulted in decreased angiogenic sprouting, reduced integration of ECs in a newly formed vascular network in vivo, enhanced endothelial migration and differential expression of many important genes for endothelial cell homeostasis. Functionally, LINC00607 maintains ERG-driven endothelial gene expression programs through BRG1. BRG1 secures stably accessible enhancer regions as well as TSS of ERG target genes, thus enabling transcription of endothelial gene programs.
The second part of this study proposes an additional mode of action for LINC00607. The strongly impaired response to VEGF-A after LINC00607 KO can only be partially explained by its’ expression control of ERG target genes. It rather appears that LINC00607 is involved in the control of alternative splicing of VEGF receptor FLT1. The differential splicing of FLT1 produces the anti-angiogenic soluble isoform of FLT1. Even though further validation is needed to uncover the underlying mechanism, there is the potential of a more general role of LINC00607 in splicing control through BRG1. As AS of FLT1 is a clinical marker in preeclampsia, LINC00607 might qualify to be an additional marker for the onset and manifestation of the pregnancy disorder.
Taken together, LINC00607 is a target in future for molecular therapy in CVD to restore a healthy endothelial phenotype and has the potential to serve as a biomarker in preeclampsia.
Macroautophagy, herein referred to as autophagy, is an evolutionarily conserved homeostatic process that normally occurs inside eukaryotic cells which involves degradation of cytoplasmic substances via lysosomes. It can be induced by various conditions such as starvation and drug exposure, as well as be inhibited by numerous compounds. Under normal conditions, the doublemembrane autophagosomes engulf the cytosolic substrates and deliver them to lysosomes for digestion. These substrates include unnecessary or dysfunctional cell components, such as faulty macromolecules, organelles and even invading pathogens. Autophagosomes are formed through the co-operative work of various autophagy-related (ATG) proteins organized into complexes. Upon closure of the autophagosomes, they fuse with the acidic lysosomes, resulting in formation of autolysosomes and the delivery of lysosomal hydrolases to degrade the engulfed contents. The fusion of the autophagosome with lysosome is carried out by specific SNARE proteins, small GTPases and their effectors including tethers, adaptors and motor proteins. Autophagy is impaired in many human diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, aging and inflammation. Therefore, manipulation of autophagy pathway holds a great promise for new therapeutic applications ...
This work investigated the influence of the CRISPR/Cas9 mediated knockout of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) on different adherent tumour cell lines derived from solid tumours. For this, the 5-LO expressing tumour cell lines HCT-116, HT-29, and U-2 OS were transiently transfected using a plasmid carrying the CRISPR/Cas9 complex sequence to the ALOX5 gene. Subsequently, cells were selected using Puromycin and analysed via Western blotting and DNA Sanger sequencing. Cells that were transfected with a control plasmid missing the guide RNA sequence, were used as a control for all experiments.
Differential gene expression analysis, performed after next-generation RNA sequencing, revealed that the expression of various genes was altered after the knockout of 5-LO. In HCT-116 cells, 28 genes were expressed differentially in all 5-LO knockout single-cell clones, while in HT-29 cells the expression of 18 genes and in U-2 OS cells of 234 genes was influenced by the knockout of 5-LO. These findings were validated by real-time qPCR. A lot of the genes that were influenced by the 5-LO knockout are known to be connected to epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT), a process necessary for tumour metastasis. The results from RNA sequencing were the starting point for further investigations. In the following, different aspects of the tumour cell lines were examined. In HT-29, as
well as in U-2 OS cells, it was shown that knockout of the 5-LO resulted in impaired cell proliferation. Also, the formation of three-dimensional tumour spheroids was altered. In HT-29 cells, the knockout of 5-LO increased the number of cells in spheroids. In contrast, in U-2 OS cells, the number of cells per spheroid was decreased, even though the diameter of the spheroids was increased, due to more loosely packed spheroids. The difference between 5-LO positive and negative U-2 OS cells became even more obvious after embedding the spheroids in an artificial extracellular matrix. In that scenario, cells lacking the 5-LO formed smaller spheroids that did not have the same ability to grow into the extracellular matrix as 5-LO positive cells did. Also, directed cell migration was strongly influenced by the knockout of 5-LO. In both, HCT-116 and U-2 OS cells, directed cell migration towards a serum gradient was increased in 5-LO knockout single-cell clones. Pharmacological inhibition of the enzyme was used to investigate, whether canonical or non-canonical functions were responsible for the previously mentioned effects.
Therefore, vector control cells were treated with the 5-LO inhibitors Zileuton and CJ-13610 in different concentrations. Interestingly, only some of the effects mediated by the complete knockout of 5-LO could be reproduced by inhibiting the enzyme, leading to the suggestion, that canonical, as well as non-canonical functions of 5-LO, play a role in these tumour cells.
To conclude, it was shown in this study, that 5-LO affects various cellular functions when expressed in adherent tumour cell lines. These cell line-dependent effects result in altered gene expression, enhanced proliferation, and spheroid formation, as well as impaired cell motility, and can be mediated by enzymatic activity as well as other non-canonical functions.
Die sekretorischen Phospholipasen A2 (sPLA2) sind eine Familie von Enzymen, die von Glycerophospholipiden spezifisch Fettsäuren abspalten. Bis zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt wurden im Menschen neun verschiedene sPLA2-Subtypen identifiziert, die in zahlreiche physiologische und pathophysiologische Prozesse involviert sind. So sind sPLA2s in der humanen Epidermis maßgeblich am Aufbau der Permeabilitätsbarriere beteiligt. Darüber hinaus kontrollieren sie die Freisetzung von Arachidonsäure für die Produktion von Eicosanoiden, die sowohl für die Proliferation der Keratinozyten als auch für inflammatorische Prozesse und die Entstehung von Tumoren in der Haut von entscheidender Bedeutung sind.
Da bislang weder das detaillierte Expressionsmuster der einzelnen sPLA2-Enzyme noch deren spezifische Funktion in humaner Epidermis bekannt war, wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit eine umfassende Analyse an Biopsien gesunder und erkrankter humaner Haut durchgeführt. Zusätzlich zum Nachweis der sPLA2-Expression in vivo wurden humane primäre Keratinozyten in vitro verwendet, um die Auswirkungen der Differenzierung der Keratinozyten auf die Expression der verschiedenen sPLA2-Enzyme zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen sowohl in gesunder Haut als auch in primären Keratinozyten eine starke Expression der sPLA2-IB, -IIF und -X in differenzierten Zellen, während die der sPLA2-IID und -V auf proliferierende Zellen beschränkt war. Die sPLA2-IIA hingegen wurde in gesunder Haut vor allem in der äußersten, verhornten Schicht der Epidermis nachgewiesen. Die Analyse der Haut von Patienten mit Psoriasis oder Atopischer Dermatitis, beides Erkrankungen, die mit einer Störung der Permeabilitätsbarriere assoziiert sind, zeigte im Vergleich zu gesunder Haut ein deutlich verändertes Expressionsmuster. So konnte in Biopsien kranker Haut eine verstärkte Expression der sPLA2-IIA und -IID nachgewiesen werden, während die sPLA2-V nicht detektiert werden konnte. Besonders auffallend war das Verteilungsmuster der sPLA2-X, die, im Gegensatz zu gesunder Haut, in der Epidermis erkrankter Haut nicht zu detektieren war. Dagegen konnte hier eine starke Färbung der Dermis nachgewiesen werden. Die Abwesenheit der sPLA2-X in der Epidermis unter entzündlichen Bedingungen könnte durch die Sekretion des Enzyms erklärt werden. So führte die Behandlung von HaCaT-Zellen, die als in vitro Modellsystem dienten, mit Psoriasistypischen TH-1-Zytokinen wie TNF a und IFN g zur Freisetzung der sPLA2-X ins Kulturmedium. Zudem induzierte die exogene Stimulation der Zellen mit rekombinanter sPLA2-X die Synthese des Eicosanoids Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), das zu Entzündungsreaktionen in der Haut entscheidend beiträgt. Die weitere Analyse des Signaltransduktionsweges zeigte, dass der Effekt der exogenen sPLA2-X sowohl durch den Einsatz des sPLA2-spezifischen Inhibitors Methyl-Indoxam als auch durch die Hemmung der katalytischen Aktivität der zytosolischen PLA2 a (cPLA2 a) blockiert werden konnte. Da zudem Hydrolyse-Produkte der PLA2s, wie freie Fettsäuren und deren Metabolite, endogene Aktivatoren der Transkriptionsfaktoren PeroxisomProliferator-aktivierte Rezeptoren (PPAR) darstellen, wurde auch deren Rolle bei der PGE2-Produktion untersucht. Experimente mit dem PPAR g Antagonisten GW 9662 und dem PPAR g Aktivator Ciglitazon und die Untersuchung des Bindungsverhaltens der PPARs an ihre DNA-Konsensus-Sequenz nach Stimulation mit exogener sPLA2-X zeigten, dass insbesondere PPAR g (PPAR g) an der Signalweiterleitung beteiligt ist. Zudem hatte die Herunterregulation der sPLA2-X mittels RNA-Interferenz die Suppression von differenzierungsassoziierten Proteinen wie Involucrin und PPAR g zur Folge.
Die unterschiedliche Lokalisation der untersuchten sPLA2-Enzyme in gesunder und erkrankter Haut lässt darauf schließen, dass die einzelnen Subtypen in der humanen Epidermis unterschiedliche Funktionen wahrnehmen. So ist einerseits die sPLA2-IIA mit inflammatorischen Prozessen der Haut verbunden, andererseits korreliert insbesondere der Verlust der sPLA2-X in der Epidermis mit einer Störung der epidermalen Permeabilitätsbarriere, so dass dieses Enzym offenbar zum Aufbau der Permeabilitätsbarriere beiträgt. Unter entzündlichen Bedingungen kommt es allerdings, induziert durch Zytokine, zur Sekretion der sPLA2-X. In großen, nicht-physiologischen Mengen freigesetzt, ist das Enzym in der Lage, die Synthese von Eicosanoiden wie PGE2 zu steigern, und unterstützt dadurch die Entzündungsreaktionen in der Haut.