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Institute
- Physik (352) (remove)
In this thesis we investigate the thermodynamic and dynamic properties of the D-dimensional quantum Heisenberg ferromagnet within the spin functional renormalization group (FRG); a
formalism describing the evolution of the system’s observables as the magnetic exchange inter-action is artificially deformed. Following an introduction providing a self contained summary of the conceptual and mathematical background, we present the spin FRG as developed by Krieg and Kopietz in references [1] and [2] in chapter two. Thereto, the generating functional of the imaginary time-spin correlation functions and its exact flow equation describing the deformation process of the exchange interaction are introduced. In addition, it is highlighted that - in contrast to conventional field-theoretic FRG approaches - the related Legendre trans-formed functional cannot be defined if the exchange interaction is initially switched off. Next, we show that this limitation can be circumvented within an alternativ hybrid approach, which treats transverse and longitudinal spin fluctuations differently. The relevant functionals are introduced and the relations of the corresponding functional Taylor coefficients with the spin correlation functions are discussed. Lastly, the associated flow equations are derived and the possibility of explicit or spontaneous symmetry breaking is taken into account.
In chapter three, we benchmark the hybrid formalism against a calculation of the thermo-dynamic properties of the one and two-dimensional Heisenberg model at low temperatures T and finite magnetic field H. For this purpose, we devise an anisotropic deformation scheme of the exchange interaction which allows for a controlled truncation of the infinite hierarchy of FRG flow equations. Thereby, contact with mean-field and spin-wave theory is made and the violation of the Mermin-Wagner theorem is discussed. To fulfill the latter, the truncation scheme is then complemented by a Ward identity relating the transverse self-energy and the magnetization. The resulting magnetization M (H, T ) and isothermal susceptibility χ(H, T ) are in quantitative agreement with the literature and the established behavior of the transverse correlation length and the zero-field susceptibility close to the critical point is qualitatively reproduced in the limit H → 0.
Finally, we investigate the longitudinal dynamics at low temperatures. To this end, the hierarchy of flow equations is solved within the same anisotropic deformation scheme complemented by an expansion in the inverse interaction range, and the resulting longitudinal dynamic structure factor is calculated within a low-momentum expansion. In D = 3, the large phase space accessible for the decay into transverse magnons yields only a broad hump centered at zero frequency whose width scales linearly in momentum. In contrast, at low temperatures and in a certain range of magnetic fields, a well-defined quasiparticle peak with linear dispersion emerges in D ≤ 2, which we identify as zero-magnon sound. Sound velocity and damping are discussed as a function of temperature and magnetic field, and the relevant momentum-frequency window is estimated and compared to the hydrodynamic
second-magnon regime.
When a nanoparticle is irradiated by an intense laser pulse, it turns into a nanoplasma, a transition that is accompanied by many interesting nonequilibrium dynamics. So far, most experiments on nanoplasmas use ion measurements, reflecting the outside dynamics in the nanoparticle. Recently, the direct observation of the ultrafast structural dynamics on the inside of the nanoparticle also became possible with the advent of x-ray free electron lasers (XFELs). Here, we report on combined measurements of structural dynamics and speeds of ions ejected from nanoplasmas produced by intense near-infrared laser irradiations, with the control of the initial plasma conditions accomplished by widely varying the laser intensity (9×1014 W/cm2 to 3×1016 W/cm2). The structural change of nanoplasmas is examined by time-resolved x-ray diffraction using an XFEL, while the kinetic energies of ejected ions are measured by an ion time-of-fight method under the same experimental conditions. We find that the timescale of crystalline disordering in nanoplasmas strongly depends on the laser intensity and scales with the inverse of the average speed of ions ejected from the nanoplasma. The observations support a recently suggested scenario for nanoplasma dynamics in the wide intensity range, in which crystalline disorder in nanoplasmas is caused by a rarefaction wave propagating at a speed comparable with the average ion speed from the surface toward the inner crystalline core. We demonstrate that the scenario is also applicable to nanoplasma dynamics in the hard x-ray regime. Our results connect the outside nanoplasma dynamics to the loss of structure inside the sample on the femtosecond timescale.
Destruction of the cosmic γ-ray emitter 26Al in massive stars: study of the key 26Al(n,p) reaction
(2021)
The 26Al(n,p)26Mg reaction is the key reaction impacting on the abundances of the cosmic γ-ray emitter 26Al produced in massive stars and impacts on the potential pollution of the early solar system with 26Al by asymptotic giant branch stars. We performed a measurement of the 26Al(n,p)26Mg cross section at the high-flux beam line EAR-2 at the n_TOF facility (CERN). We report resonance strengths for eleven resonances, nine being measured for the first time, while there is only one previous measurement for the other two. Our resonance strengths are significantly lower than the only previous values available. Our cross-section data range to 150 keV neutron energy, which is sufficient for a reliable determination of astrophysical reactivities up to 0.5 GK stellar temperature.
We present the first holographic simulations of non-equilibrium steady state formation in strongly coupled N=4 SYM theory in 3+1 dimensions. We initially join together two thermal baths at different temperatures and chemical potentials and compare the subsequent evolution of the combined system to analytic solutions of the corresponding Riemann problem and to numeric solutions of ideal and viscous hydrodynamics. The time evolution of the energy density that we obtain holographically is consistent with the combination of a shock and a rarefaction wave: A shock wave moves towards the cold bath, and a smooth broadening wave towards the hot bath. Between the two waves emerges a steady state with constant temperature and flow velocity, both of which are accurately described by a shock+rarefaction wave solution of the Riemann problem. In the steady state region, a smooth crossover develops between two regions of different charge density. This is reminiscent of a contact discontinuity in the Riemann problem. We also obtain results for the entanglement entropy of regions crossed by shock and rarefaction waves and find both of them to closely follow the evolution of the energy density.
New drugs are urgently needed to combat the global TB epidemic. Targeting simultaneously multiple respiratory enzyme complexes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is regarded as one of the most effective treatment options to shorten drug administration regimes, and reduce the opportunity for the emergence of drug resistance. During infection and proliferation, the cytochrome bd oxidase plays a crucial role for mycobacterial pathophysiology by maintaining aerobic respiration at limited oxygen concentrations. Here, we present the cryo-EM structure of the cytochrome bd oxidase from M. tuberculosis at 2.5 Å. In conjunction with atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies we discovered a previously unknown MK-9-binding site, as well as a unique disulfide bond within the Q-loop domain that defines an inactive conformation of the canonical quinol oxidation site in Actinobacteria. Our detailed insights into the long-sought atomic framework of the cytochrome bd oxidase from M. tuberculosis will form the basis for the design of highly specific drugs to act on this enzyme.
As a first step towards a realistic phenomenological description of vector and axial-vector mesons in nuclear matter, we calculate the spectral functions of the ρ and the a1 meson in a chiral baryon-meson model as a low-energy effective realization of QCD, taking into account the effects of fluctuations from scalar mesons, nucleons, and vector mesons within the functional renormalization group (FRG) approach. The phase diagram of the effective hadronic theory exhibits a nuclear liquid-gas phase transition as well as a chiral phase transition at a higher baryon-chemical potential. The in-medium ρ and a1 spectral functions are calculated by using the previously introduced analytically-continued FRG (aFRG) method. Our results show strong modifications of the spectral functions—in particular near the critical endpoints of both phase transitions—which may well be of relevance for electromagnetic rates in heavy-ion collisions or neutrino emissivities in neutron-star merger events.
In two-dimensional (2D) NbSe2 crystal, which lacks inversion symmetry, strong spin-orbit coupling aligns the spins of Cooper pairs to the orbital valleys, forming Ising Cooper pairs (ICPs). The unusual spin texture of ICPs can be further modulated by introducing magnetic exchange. Here, we report unconventional supercurrent phase in van der Waals heterostructure Josephson junctions (JJs) that couples NbSe2 ICPs across an atomically thin magnetic insulator (MI) Cr2Ge2Te6. By constructing a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), we measure the phase of the transferred Cooper pairs in the MI JJ. We demonstrate a doubly degenerate nontrivial JJ phase (ϕ), formed by momentum-conserving tunneling of ICPs across magnetic domains in the barrier. The doubly degenerate ground states in MI JJs provide a two-level quantum system that can be utilized as a new dissipationless component for superconducting quantum devices. Our work boosts the study of various superconducting states with spin-orbit coupling, opening up an avenue to designing new superconducting phase-controlled quantum electronic devices.
In local scalar quantum field theories at finite temperature correlation functions are known to satisfy certain nonperturbative constraints, which for two-point functions in particular implies the existence of a generalization of the standard Källén-Lehmann representation. In this work, we use these constraints in order to derive a spectral representation for the shear viscosity arising from the thermal asymptotic states, η0. As an example, we calculate η0 in ϕ4 theory, establishing its leading behavior in the small and large coupling regimes.
The first part of this work addresses the automatic online tuning of transfer lines in particle accelerator facilities. In the second part the focus lies on the automatic construction and optimisation of such transport lines. It can be shown that genetic algorithms can be used very well for optimisation in both cases. Automatic online tuning can be performed very efficiently at accelerators under certain boundary conditions and is particularly well suited for initial beam commissioning with low intensity pilot beams. The construction of transfer lines can also be formulated and solved as an minimisation problem with an adopted parameterisation. Thereby, both the imaging properties of the beam transport and the robustness against error studies can be optimised at the same time.
Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es, die Gleichgewichts- und Nichtgleichgewichts-Eigenschaften des stark wechselwirkenden QGP-Mediums nahe dem Phasenübergang unter extremen Bedingungen von hohen T und hohen Baryonendichten mit Hilfe der kinetischen Theorie im Rahmen von effektiven Modellen zu untersuchen. Wir werden zunächst die thermodynamischen und Transporteigenschaften des QGPs in der Nähe des Gleichgewichts auf der Basis des DQPM im Bereich moderater chemischer Baryonenpotentiale μB ≥ 0.5 GeV untersuchen. Insbesondere werden die EoS und die Schallgeschwindigkeit sowie die Transportkoeffizienten des QGP auf der Grundlage des DQPM bei endlichen T und μB berechnet. Transportkoeffizienten sind besonders interessant, da sie Informationen über die Wechselwirkungen im Medium erlauben, das im Gleichgewicht durch eine Temperatur T und ein chemisches Potential μB charakterisiert werden kann. Unter Berücksichtigung der Transportkoeffizienten und der EoS der QGP-Phase vergleichen wir unsere Ergebnisse mit verschiedenen Resultaten aus der Literatur, in denen Transportkoeffizienten des QGPs auf Basis von effektiven Modellen vorwiegend bei Null oder kleinem chemischen Potentialen untersucht wurden.
Darüber hinaus werden in Kapitel 3 die Gleichgewichtseigenschaften des QGPs und insbesondere die Auswirkungen der μB-Abhängigkeit der thermodynamischen und Transporteigenschaften des QGPs im Rahmen des erweiterten PHSD-Transportansatzes untersucht, der die vollständige Entwicklung des Systems einschließlich der partonischen Phase umfasst. Die Entwicklung des PHSD-Transportansatzes wird in der partonischen Phase erweitert, indem explizit die gesamt- und differentiellen partonischen Streuquerschnitte auf der Grundlage des DQPM berechnet und bei der tatsächlichen Temperatur T und dem baryonischen chemischen Potential μB in jeder einzelnen Raum-Zeit-Zelle, in der die partonische Streuung stattfindet, ausgewertet werden.
Um die Spuren der μB-Abhängigkeit des QGPs in den Observablen zu untersuchen, werden die Ergebnisse von PHSD5.0 (mit μB-Abhängigkeiten) mit den Ergebnissen von PHSD5.0 für μB = 0 sowie mit PHSD4.0, in dem die Massen/Breiten der Quarks und Gluonen sowie deren Wechselwirkungsquerschnitte nur von T abhängen, verglichen. Wir diskutieren die PHSD-Ergebnisse für verschiedene Observablen: (i) Rapiditäts- und pT -Verteilungen von identifizierten Hadronen für symmetrische Au+Au- und Pb+Pb- Kollisionen bei Energien von 30 AGeV (zukünftige NICA-Energie) sowie für die RHIC-Spitzenenergie von √sNN = 200 GeV; (ii) gerichteter Fluss v1 von identifizierten Hadronen für Au + Au bei invarianter Energie √sNN = 27 GeV und 200 GeV; (iii) elliptischer Fluss v2 der identifizierten Hadronen für Au+Au bei invarianten Energien √sNN = 27 und 200 GeV. Der Vergleich der "Bulk"-Observablen für Au+Au-Kollisionen innerhalb der drei PHSD-Einstellungen hat gezeigt, dass sie eine recht geringe Empfindlichkeit gegenüber den μB -Abhängigkeiten der Partoneigenschaften (Massen und Breiten) und ihrer Wechselwirkungsquerschnitte aufweisen, sodass die Ergebnisse von PHSD5.0 mit und ohne μB sehr nahe beieinander liegen. Nur im Fall von Kaonen, Antiprotonen ̄p und Antihyperonen ̄Λ + ̄Σ0 konnte ein kleiner Unterschied zwischen PHSD4.0 und PHSD5.0 bei den höchsten SPS- und RHIC-Energien festgestellt werden.
Wir finden nur geringe Unterschiede zwischen den Ergebnissen von PHSD4.0 und PHSD5.0 für die hier betrachteten hadronischen Observablen sowohl bei hohen als auch bei mittleren Energien. Dies hängt damit zusammen, dass bei hohen Energien, wo die Materie vom QGP dominiert wird, ein sehr kleines chemisches Baryonenpotential μB in zentralen Kollisionen bei mittlerer Rapidität gemessen wird, während mit abnehmender Energie und größerem μB der Anteil des QGPs rapide abnimmt, sodass die endgültigen Beobachtungswerte insgesamt von den Hadronen dominiert werden, die an der hadronischen Rückstreuung teilgenommen haben, und somit die Information über ihren QGP-Ursprung verwaschen oder verloren geht.
In Kapitel 4 betrachten wir die Transportkoeffizienten von QGP-Materie im erweiterten Polyakov-NJL-Modell entlang der Übergangslinie für moderate Werte des chemischen Baryonenpotenzials 0 ≤ μB ≤ 0.9 GeV sowie in der Nähe des kritischen Endpunkts(CEP) und bei großem chemischen Baryonenpotenzial μB = 1.2 GeV, wo ein Phasenübergang erster Ordnung stattfindet. Wir untersuchen, wie die Natur der Freiheitsgrade die Transporteigenschaften des QGPs beeinflusst. Darüber hinaus demonstrieren wir die Auswirkungen des Phasenübergangs erster Ordnung und des CEP auf die Transportkoeffizienten im dekonfinierten QCD-Medium.
Darüber hinaus wird in Kapitel 5 eine phänomenologische Erweiterung des DQPM auf große baryonchemische Potentiale μB einschließlich der Region mit einem möglichen CEP und späterem Phasenübergang erster Ordnung betrachtet. Eines der wichtigsten Merkmale des Modells ist das Auftreten einer ’kritischen‘ Skalierung in der Nähe des CEP. Das Hauptziel des vorgestellten Modells besteht darin, die mikroskopischen und makroskopischen Eigenschaften der partonischen Freiheitsgrade für den Bereich des Phasendiagramms bereitzustellen, der durch moderates T und moderates oder hohes μB gekennzeichnet ist.
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