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Institute
- Physik (3415) (remove)
Das Ziel dieser Masterarbeit ist die Auslegung des Kickers für den Bunch-Kompressor des FRANZ-Projektes. Anhand eines Modells wurden die verschiedenen Möglichkeiten der Einkopplung sowie das Feld zwischen den Kondensatorplatten bereits untersucht. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Kicker mit Hilfe des Programms CST Microwave Studio erstellt und optimiert, sodass er nach Abschluss der Untersuchungen in die Fertigung gehen kann. Dabei ist der erste Schwerpunkt der Untersuchungen die Auslegung und Optimierung der Kondensatorplatten, die für die Auslenkung der Mikro-Bunche im FRANZ-Projekt verantwortlich sind. Zu Beginn der Masterarbeit gab es gezielte Winkelverteilungen, die der Kicker im Rahmen des FRANZ-Projektes erreichen sollte. Nachdem ein Erreichen dieser Werte nur bedingt möglich war, wurden verschiedene Abschnitte des FRANZ-Projektes neu überdacht und die Anforderungen an den Kicker änderten sich dadurch grundlegend. Aus diesem Grund wurde der Kicker zu Beginn der Arbeit für eine Frequenz von 5 MHz ausgelegt, wohingegen er im Rahmen der neuen Anforderungen für eine Resonanzfrequenz von 2,57 MHz ausgelegt wurde. Die Untersuchung der optimalen Resonanzfrequenz für die Anforderungen des Kickers stellt den zweiten Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit dar.
Die vorliegende Arbeit handelt von der Entwicklung, dem Bau, den Zwischenmessungen sowie den abschließenden Tests unter kryogenen Bedingungen einer neuartigen, supraleitenden CH-Struktur für Strahlbetrieb mit hoher Strahllast. Diese Struktur setzt das Konzept des erfolgreich getesteten 19-zelligen 360 MHz CH-Prototypen fort, der einen weltweiten Spitzenwert in Bezug auf Beschleunigungsspannung im Niederenergiesegment erreichte, jedoch wurden einige Aspekte weiterentwickelt bzw. den neuen Rahmenbedingungen angepasst. Bei dem neuen Resonator wurde der Schwerpunkt auf ein kompaktes Design, effektives Tuning, leichte Präparationsmöglichkeiten und auf den Einsatz eines Leistungskopplers für Strahlbetrieb gelegt. Die Resonatorgeometrie besteht aus sieben Beschleunigungszellen, wird bei 325 MHz betrieben und das Geschwindigkeitsprofil ist auf eine Teilcheneingangsenergie von 11.4 MeV/u ausgelegt. Veränderungen liegen in der um 90° gedrehten Stützengeometrie vor, um Platz für Tuner und Kopplerflansche zu gewährleisten, und in der Verwendung von schrägen Stützen am Resonatorein- und ausgang zur Verkürzung der Tanklänge und Erzielung eines flachen Feldverlaufs. Weiterhin wurden pro Tankdeckel zwei zusätzliche Spülflansche für die chemische Präparation sowie für die Hochdruckspüle mit hochreinem Wasser hinzugefügt. Das Tuning der Kavität erfolgt über einen neuartigen Ansatz, indem zwei bewegliche Balgtuner in das Resonatorvolumen eingebracht werden und extern über eine Tunerstange ausgelenkt werden können. Der Antrieb der Stange soll im späteren Betrieb wahlweise über einen Schrittmotor oder einen Piezoaktor stattfinden. Für ein langsames/ statisches Tuning kann der Schrittmotor den Tuner im Bereich +/- 1 mm auslenken, um größeren Frequenzabweichungen in der Größenordnung 100 kHz nach dem Abkühlen entgegenzuwirken. Das schnelle Tuning im niedrigen kHz-Bereich wird von einem Piezoaktor übernommen, welcher den Balg um einige µm bewegen kann, um Microphonics oder Lorentz-Force-Detuning zu kompensieren. Der Resonator wird von einem aus Titan bestehendem Heliummantel umgeben, wodurch ein geschlossener Heliumkreislauf gebildet wird.
Derzeit befinden sich mehrere Projekte in der Planung bzw. im Bau, welche auf eine derartige Resonatorgeometrie zurückgreifen könnten. An der GSI basiert der Hauptteil des zukünftigen cw LINAC auf supraleitenden CH-Strukturen, um einen Strahl für die Synthese neuer, superschwerer Elemente zu liefern. Weiterhin könnte ein Upgrade des vorhandenen GSI UNILAC durch den Einsatz von supraleitenden CH-Resonatoren gestaltet werden. Zudem besteht die Möglichkeit, die bisherige Alvarez-Sektion des UNILAC alternativ durch eine kompakte, supraleitende CH-Sektion zu realisieren. Ebenfalls sollen die beiden parallelbetriebenen Injektorsektionen des MYRRHA-Projektes durch den Einsatz von supraleitenden CH-Strukturen erfolgen.
Die Coltrims-Methode hat sich seit den 1990er Jahren als gutes experimentelles Instrument in der Atomphysik und darüberhinaus etabliert. Sie beruht darauf, dass die bei einer Reaktion entstehenden Fragmente mit ortssensitiven Detektoren nachgewiesen werden. Die Signale der Detektoren wurden bisher mit einem analogen Vorverstärker verstärkt und dann mit Hilfe eines Constant Fraction Discriminators in digitale Signale umgewandelt. Die Zeitinformation der digitalen Signale wurden von Time to Digital Convertern aufgenommen und im Computer gespeichert. Mit dieser Form der Auslese und Analyse der von den Detektoren stammenden Signale können nur einige wenige Fragmente nachgewiesen werden. Die Lösung dieses Problems besteht also darin, eine neue Variante für die Auslese und Analyse der Signale zu finden. Diese wurde in der Verwendung eines Transientenrekorders gefunden. Anstatt nur die Zeitinformation zu speichern, nimmt dieser die gesamte Signalform der Detektoren auf. Die Aufgabe, die in dieser Arbeit bearbeitet werden sollte, bestand darin, eine Software zu entwickeln, mit deren Hilfe der Transientenrekorder gesteuert werden kann. Auch sollte ein Weg gefunden werden nur die für das Experiment notwendigen Informationen des aufgenommenen Zeitfensters zu speichern. Des Weiteren sollten Methoden aufgezeigt werden, wie die aufgenommen Signale untersucht und deren Parameter extrahiert werden können. Diese Methoden wurden dann an realen Signalen getestet. Nachdem im ersten Kapitel die Motivation zu dieser Arbeit und einige theoretische Hintergründe vorgestellt werden, wird im zweiten Kapitel auf verschiedene Methoden der Signalanalyse eingegangen. Der Augenmerk liegt dabei sowohl auf Einzel- sowie Doppelsignalanalyse. Die Güte der vorgestellten Algorithmen wird mit Hilfe von künstlichen Signalen ermittelt. Es zeigt sich, dass die beste Methode die zeitliche Position der Einzelsignale zu finden, der Pulsfit ist. Mit dieser Methode kann eine Auflösung von etwa 50 ps erzielt werden. Bei der Betrachtung der Doppelsignale stellt sich heraus, dass der minimale Abstand zwischen den Signalen 5 ns bis 7 ns betragen muss. Das dritte Kapitel zeigt eine Anwendung des neuen Aufnahmesystems. Dort werden die physikalischen Ergebnisse, die mit Hilfe des neuen Systems gewonnen werden konnten, mit einem herkömmlichen Aufnahmesystem verglichen. Aufgrund der geringeren Totzeit des neuen Aufnahmesystems konnte mehr Statistik gewonnen werden. Der dadurch gewonnene Vorteil zeigt sich deutlich in den Ergebnissen, bei denen eine vierfach Koinzidenz verlangt wird. Bei dem nächsten Kapitel beschriebenen Experiment mussten sehr viele Fragmente nachgewiesen werden. Hierzu wird ein weiteres Kriterium neben der Zeitsumme vorgestellt mit dem die Anodensignale einander zugewiesen werden können. Die in diesem Kapitel gezeigten physikalischen Ergebnisse zeigen die Impulsverteilungen für Neon und Helium für unterschiedliche Lichtintensitäten bzw. Ionisationsprozesse. Im darauf folgenden Kapitel wird beschrieben, wie die neue Aufnahmemethode dazu verwendet werden kann, die von den Detektoren kommenden Signale genauer zu analysieren. Die physikalische Reaktion führte dazu, dass von dem Detektor hauptsächlich Doppelsignale aufgenommen wurden. Dies erlaubt die Untersuchung der Doppelsignalalgorithmen an realen Signalen. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass die Totzeit bei realen Signalen vergleichbar mit der Totzeit bei künstlichen Signalen ist. Die Algorithmen können bei Abständen der Einzelsignale von weniger als 10 ns die Position der Signale nicht mehr genau bestimmen. Anhand der Pulshöhenverteilung kann gezeigt werden, dass der verwendete Detektor in der Mitte eine geringere Nachweiseffizienz hatte. Im letzten Kapitel wird die Güte der verschiedenen Methoden der Einzelsignalanalyse anhand von realen Signalen überprüft. Dabei wurden Signale desselben Detektors mit unterschiedlichen Vorverstärkern verstärkt. Die beiden Vorverstärker unterschieden sich in ihrer Bandbreitenbegrenzung. Die Daten wurden mit einem Transientenrekorder mit 2 GS aufgenommen. Es wird gezeigt wie diese Daten umgewandelt werden können, so dass sie einem System mit nur 1 GS entsprechen. Dies erlaubt es die Güte der Methoden für Signale eines Systems mit 2 GS mit denen eines Systems mit 1 GS zu vergleichen. Es zeigt sich in der Pulshöhenverteilung, dass die Signale des stärker bandbreitenbegrenzten Vorverstärkers vergleichbar mit den künstlichen Signalen sind. Die Signale des weniger stark bandbreitenbegrenzten Vorverstärkers weisen eine zu starke Abhängigkeit ihrer Breite von der Pulshöhe auf. Aus diesem Grund sind die Ergebnisse des letzt genannten Vorverstärkers abweichend von den Ergebnissen mit den künstlichen Signalen. Bei diesem Vorverstärker zeigte der einfache Constant Fraction Algorithmus die beste Auflösung.
In dieser Arbeit wurde die automatisierte Separation von Heliummono-, -di- und -trimeren beschrieben. Unter Nutzung ihrer unterschiedlichen De-Broglie-Wellenlängen wurden die verschiedenen Fraktionen mit einem Nanogitter getrennt. Zunächst wurden einige physikalische Grundlagen zu den genannten Atom- bzw. Molekülspezies, der hier auftretenden Bindungsform der Van-der-Waals-Bindung und insbesondere zur Materiewellenbeugung gelegt. Anschließend wurde der Versuchsaufbau dargestellt.
Bei der Durchführung wurden zunächst die drei jeweils vorhandenen Gitter und Spalte zu je einer Messung kombiniert und die beste Kombination für die weiteren Messungen ausgewählt. Das Experiment wurde weitergeführt, indem für verschiedene Temperaturen und Quelldrücke jeweils ein Beugungsspektrum von der für alle Heliumteilchen identischen nullten Ordnung bis zur ersten Ordnung der Heliummonomere aufgenommen wurde.
In der Auswertung wurde die Detektionswahrscheinlichkeit auf rund 37 % abgeschätzt. Weiterhin wurden die Ereignisse in den ersten Maxima der einzelnen Heliumfraktionen gezählt und so unter Verwendung der Detektionswahrscheinlichkeit molare Konzentrationen für das Heliumdi- und -trimer berechnet. Dabei wurden Anteile von bis zu 0,45 % für das Heliumdimer und 4,2 % für das Heliumtrimer erreicht. Diese Molanteile und ihre Abhängigkeit von Druck und Temperatur stimmen qualitativ gut mit der Literatur überein, quantitativ lassen sie sich u. a. wegen abweichender Nachweismethoden kaum vergleichen.
Anschließend wurde der Abstand von Düse und Skimmer variiert mit dem Ergebnis, daß eine Veränderung im betrachteten Bereich keinen nennenswerten Einfluß auf die Bildungsraten von Di- und Trimeren hat. Weiterhin wurde die auf zweierlei Weise bstimmbare Geschwindigkeit der Heliumteilchen im Gasjet ermittelt und verglichen.
Die beiden Geschwindigkeiten weichen lediglich im unteren Temperaturbereich signifikant voneinander ab, wofür plausible Erklärungsansätze dargelegt wurden.
Die Größe der Quellregion der betrachteten Heliumcluster wurde unter geometrischen Gesichtspunkten und unter Extrapolation der für verschiedene Spaltbreiten gemessenen Maximumsbreiten untersucht. Im Ergebnis wird die Quellbreite zu 58,5 μm abgeschätzt.
Die Automatisierung des Aufbaus erlaubte eine Vielzahl von systematischen Messungen, die ohne diese Automatisierung sehr zeitaufwendig gewesen wären. Insbesondere wurden in kurzer Zeit - wie zuvor geschildert - die Beugungsmuster von drei Gittern in Kombination mit je drei verschiedenen Kollimationspalten sowie die Abhängigkeit der Heliumdimer- und -trimerbildung von Temperatur, Druck und Abstand von Düse und Skimmer untersucht. Die Automatisierung erlaubt für zukünftige Messungen, z. B. in Strahlzeiten am Freien Elektronenlaser FLASH, jeweils in situ die Clusterbildung zu untersuchen. Möge das beschriebene Experiment nicht nur diese, sondern auch viele weitere Messungen beschleunigen helfen und so zum gesellschaftlichen Erkenntnisgewinn beitragen!
Due to the massive parallel operation modes at GSI accelerators, a lot of accelerator setup and re-adjustment has to be made by operators during a beam time. This is typically done manually using potentiometers and is very time-consuming. With the FAIR project the complexity of the accelerator facility increases further and for efficiency reasons it is recommended to establish a high level of automation for future operation. Modern Accelerator Control Systems allow a fast access to both, accelerator settings and beam diagnostics data. This provides the opportunity to implement algorithms for automated adjustment of e.g. magnet settings to maximize transmission and optimize required beam parameters. The fast-switching magnets in GSI-beamlines are an optimal basis for an automatic exploration of the parameter-space. The optimization of the parameters for the SIS18 multi-turn-injection using a genetic algorithm has already been simulated*. The first results of our automatized online parameter optimization at the CRYRING@ESR injector are presented here.
We present a model for the autonomous and simultaneous learning of active binocular and motion vision. The model is based on the Active Efficient Coding (AEC) framework, a recent generalization of classic efficient coding theories to active perception. The model learns how to efficiently encode the incoming visual signals generated by an object moving in 3-D through sparse coding. Simultaneously, it learns how to produce eye movements that further improve the efficiency of the sensory coding. This learning is driven by an intrinsic motivation to maximize the system's coding efficiency. We test our approach on the humanoid robot iCub using simulations. The model demonstrates self-calibration of accurate object fixation and tracking of moving objects. Our results show that the model keeps improving until it hits physical constraints such as camera or motor resolution, or limits on its internal coding capacity. Furthermore, we show that the emerging sensory tuning properties are in line with results on disparity, motion, and motion-in-depth tuning in the visual cortex of mammals. The model suggests that vergence and tracking eye movements can be viewed as fundamentally having the same objective of maximizing the coding efficiency of the visual system and that they can be learned and calibrated jointly through AEC.
We present measurements of the azimuthal dependence of charged jet production in central and semi-central sNN−−−√ = 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions with respect to the second harmonic event plane, quantified as vch jet2. Jet finding is performed employing the anti-kT algorithm with a resolution parameter R = 0.2 using charged tracks from the ALICE tracking system. The contribution of the azimuthal anisotropy of the underlying event is taken into account event-by-event. The remaining (statistical) region-to-region fluctuations are removed on an ensemble basis by unfolding the jet spectra for different event plane orientations independently. Significant non-zero vch jet2 is observed in semi-central collisions (30-50\% centrality) for 20 < pch jetT < 90 GeV/c. The azimuthal dependence of the charged jet production is similar to the dependence observed for jets comprising both charged and neutral fragments, and compatible with measurements of the v2 of single charged particles at high pT. Good agreement between the data and predictions from JEWEL, an event generator simulating parton shower evolution in the presence of a dense QCD medium, is found in semi-central collisions.
We present measurements of the azimuthal dependence of charged jet production in central and semi-central sNN−−−√ = 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions with respect to the second harmonic event plane, quantified as vch jet2. Jet finding is performed employing the anti-kT algorithm with a resolution parameter R = 0.2 using charged tracks from the ALICE tracking system. The contribution of the azimuthal anisotropy of the underlying event is taken into account event-by-event. The remaining (statistical) region-to-region fluctuations are removed on an ensemble basis by unfolding the jet spectra for different event plane orientations independently. Significant non-zero vch jet2 is observed in semi-central collisions (30-50\% centrality) for 20 < pch jetT < 90 GeV/c. The azimuthal dependence of the charged jet production is similar to the dependence observed for jets comprising both charged and neutral fragments, and compatible with measurements of the v2 of single charged particles at high pT. Good agreement between the data and predictions from JEWEL, an event generator simulating parton shower evolution in the presence of a dense QCD medium, is found in semi-central collisions.
We present measurements of the azimuthal dependence of charged jet production in central and semi-central √sNN=2.76 TeV Pb–Pb collisions with respect to the second harmonic event plane, quantified as v2ch jet. Jet finding is performed employing the anti-kT algorithm with a resolution parameter R=0.2 using charged tracks from the ALICE tracking system. The contribution of the azimuthal anisotropy of the underlying event is taken into account event-by-event. The remaining (statistical) region-to-region fluctuations are removed on an ensemble basis by unfolding the jet spectra for different event plane orientations independently. Significant non-zero v2ch jet is observed in semi-central collisions (30–50% centrality) for 20<pTch jet<90 GeV/c. The azimuthal dependence of the charged jet production is similar to the dependence observed for jets comprising both charged and neutral fragments, and compatible with measurements of the v2 of single charged particles at high pT. Good agreement between the data and predictions from JEWEL, an event generator simulating parton shower evolution in the presence of a dense QCD medium, is found in semi-central collisions.