Universitätspublikationen
Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (11005)
- Preprint (1737)
- Doctoral Thesis (1578)
- Working Paper (1441)
- Part of Periodical (570)
- Conference Proceeding (514)
- Report (299)
- Part of a Book (107)
- Review (92)
- Book (60)
Language
- English (17507) (remove)
Keywords
- inflammation (95)
- COVID-19 (91)
- SARS-CoV-2 (63)
- Financial Institutions (48)
- climate change (46)
- Germany (45)
- ECB (43)
- aging (43)
- apoptosis (42)
- cancer (42)
- crystal structure (41)
- autophagy (40)
- Inflammation (39)
- monetary policy (39)
- glioblastoma (38)
- Capital Markets Union (37)
- Financial Markets (35)
- mitochondria (34)
- Banking Union (32)
- Monetary Policy (31)
- Cancer (30)
- Deutschland (30)
- Banking Regulation (29)
- Household Finance (29)
- prostate cancer (29)
- ADHD (28)
- Europe (28)
- breast cancer (27)
- machine learning (27)
- biomarker (26)
- Depression (25)
- Machine learning (24)
- RNA (24)
- fMRI (24)
- global justice (24)
- pain (24)
- Apoptosis (23)
- EEG (23)
- Human behaviour (23)
- development (23)
- gender (23)
- immunotherapy (23)
- macrophage (23)
- migration (23)
- reactive oxygen species (23)
- Cell biology (22)
- Mitochondria (22)
- children (22)
- coronavirus (22)
- China (21)
- European Union (21)
- Heavy Ion Experiments (21)
- Research article (21)
- microRNA (21)
- quality of life (21)
- Banking Supervision (20)
- Biodiversity (20)
- Neuroscience (20)
- Quality of life (20)
- Regulation (20)
- Systemic Risk (20)
- depression (20)
- BESIII (19)
- Biomarker (19)
- Breast cancer (19)
- Epilepsy (19)
- Financial Stability (19)
- Genetics (19)
- Video (19)
- angiogenesis (19)
- chemotherapy (19)
- cognition (19)
- data science (19)
- democracy (19)
- epilepsy (19)
- hypoxia (19)
- regulation (19)
- Macro Finance (18)
- NMR spectroscopy (18)
- household finance (18)
- tumor microenvironment (18)
- Biochemistry (17)
- ESG (17)
- NMR (17)
- Podospora anserina (17)
- Stroke (17)
- Treatment (17)
- attention (17)
- proliferation (17)
- schizophrenia (17)
- Climate change (16)
- Covid-19 (16)
- endothelial cells (16)
- glioma (16)
- hippocampus (16)
- proteomics (16)
- ALICE (15)
- Biomarkers (15)
- Cirrhosis (15)
- Gene expression (15)
- Heavy-ion collisions (15)
- LHC (15)
- Liquidity (15)
- MRI (15)
- Magnetic resonance imaging (15)
- Surgery (15)
- X-ray crystallography (15)
- e +-e − Experiments (15)
- financial stability (15)
- prevention (15)
- radical prostatectomy (15)
- stroke (15)
- structural biology (15)
- terrorism (15)
- working memory (15)
- Angiogenesis (14)
- Cryoelectron microscopy (14)
- Financial Crisis (14)
- HIV (14)
- Immunology (14)
- Mortality (14)
- Oncology (14)
- Outcome (14)
- Radiotherapy (14)
- USA (14)
- artificial intelligence (14)
- asset pricing (14)
- cirrhosis (14)
- cytokines (14)
- extracellular matrix (14)
- financial crisis (14)
- human rights (14)
- miRNA (14)
- multiple sclerosis (14)
- obesity (14)
- oxidative stress (14)
- systemic risk (14)
- ubiquitination (14)
- uncertainty (14)
- Aging (13)
- BRRD (13)
- Children (13)
- Democracy (13)
- Epidemiology (13)
- Gender (13)
- Immunotherapy (13)
- Insurance (13)
- NADPH oxidase (13)
- Parkinson’s disease (13)
- Solvency II (13)
- bladder cancer (13)
- corporate governance (13)
- education (13)
- epigenetics (13)
- fiscal policy (13)
- inflation (13)
- islamic state (13)
- lung cancer (13)
- mTOR (13)
- macrophages (13)
- neurodegeneration (13)
- populism (13)
- survival (13)
- synaptic plasticity (13)
- Autophagy (12)
- Banking Resolution (12)
- Behavior (12)
- Bioenergetics (12)
- Biogeography (12)
- Branching fraction (12)
- Capsule endoscopy (12)
- Climate Change (12)
- Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments) (12)
- Internet (12)
- Invasive species (12)
- Lambda-Kalkül (12)
- Machine Learning (12)
- Proteomics (12)
- ROS (12)
- Relativistic heavy-ion collisions (12)
- Sustainable Finance (12)
- cell death (12)
- financial literacy (12)
- gene expression (12)
- metabolism (12)
- mouse (12)
- psoriasis (12)
- stress (12)
- targeted therapy (12)
- treatment (12)
- Asset Pricing (11)
- Cognition (11)
- Contagion (11)
- Coronavirus (11)
- ESMA (11)
- Ecology (11)
- Education (11)
- Endoscopy (11)
- Endothelial cells (11)
- Formale Semantik (11)
- Hadron-Hadron Scattering (11)
- Heart failure (11)
- Indonesia (11)
- Islam (11)
- Molecular biology (11)
- Psychology (11)
- VEGF (11)
- biodiversity (11)
- child (11)
- colorectal cancer (11)
- diagnosis (11)
- epidemiology (11)
- health (11)
- hepatitis C virus (11)
- human (11)
- hydrogen bonding (11)
- integrins (11)
- invasion (11)
- liquidity (11)
- macrophage polarization (11)
- mass spectrometry (11)
- memory (11)
- metastasis (11)
- model uncertainty (11)
- mortality (11)
- outcome (11)
- physical activity (11)
- prevalence (11)
- radiotherapy (11)
- risk factors (11)
- signal transduction (11)
- taxonomy (11)
- trauma (11)
- Alzheimer’s disease (10)
- Artificial Intelligence (10)
- Atrial fibrillation (10)
- Bail-in (10)
- COPD (10)
- Chemotherapy (10)
- Corporate Governance (10)
- Diagnostic markers (10)
- EGFR (10)
- Financial Literacy (10)
- German (10)
- HCV (10)
- Hepatocellular carcinoma (10)
- Inflation (10)
- Life Insurance (10)
- Medical research (10)
- Membrane proteins (10)
- NASH (10)
- Optogenetics (10)
- Phylogeny (10)
- Primary care (10)
- Prostate cancer (10)
- QCD (10)
- SSM (10)
- Schizophrenia (10)
- Suicide (10)
- Survival (10)
- capital regulation (10)
- climate (10)
- competition (10)
- curcumin (10)
- elderly (10)
- exercise (10)
- fungi (10)
- gene therapy (10)
- growth (10)
- inequality (10)
- infection (10)
- innate immunity (10)
- leukemia (10)
- magnetic resonance imaging (10)
- microbiome (10)
- neuroblastoma (10)
- neuropathic pain (10)
- oil price (10)
- p53 (10)
- photochemistry (10)
- real-time data (10)
- responsibility (10)
- surgery (10)
- validity (10)
- Adolescents (9)
- Bipolar disorder (9)
- Blood (9)
- Disclosure (9)
- Drug therapy (9)
- EBA (9)
- Egypt (9)
- Emotions (9)
- Federal Reserve (9)
- Fiscal Policy (9)
- Frankfurt School (9)
- General practice (9)
- Hemorrhage (9)
- Household finance (9)
- IS (9)
- Macrophages (9)
- Microbiology (9)
- Migration (9)
- PCR (9)
- Pain (9)
- Prediction (9)
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (9)
- Schätzung (9)
- Semantics (9)
- Small bowel (9)
- Solution-state NMR (9)
- Taxonomy (9)
- West Africa (9)
- adaptation (9)
- adhesion (9)
- adolescents (9)
- banking union (9)
- banks (9)
- biomarkers (9)
- brain metastases (9)
- complications (9)
- copyright (9)
- differentiation (9)
- drug resistance (9)
- evolution (9)
- fibrosis (9)
- globalization (9)
- graph theory (9)
- iron (9)
- justice (9)
- liver (9)
- membrane proteins (9)
- metabolomics (9)
- microglia (9)
- molecular dynamics (9)
- morphology (9)
- osteoarthritis (9)
- phylogeny (9)
- plasticity (9)
- portal hypertension (9)
- 5-lipoxygenase (8)
- ACLF (8)
- Acute myeloid leukemia (8)
- Artificial intelligence (8)
- Attention (8)
- Bayesian inference (8)
- Bitcoin (8)
- C. elegans (8)
- Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (8)
- Cell signalling (8)
- Consumption (8)
- Critical Theory (8)
- DNA methylation (8)
- DSGE (8)
- DSGE models (8)
- Diagnosis (8)
- European Central Bank (8)
- Eye movements (8)
- Geldpolitik (8)
- Haloferax volcanii (8)
- Health care (8)
- Heart (8)
- Heavy-ion collision (8)
- Hepatitis C virus (8)
- Hypoxia (8)
- Language (8)
- Law (8)
- Liver diseases (8)
- MEG (8)
- Malaria (8)
- Mass spectrometry (8)
- Membrane Proteins (8)
- Mental health and psychiatry (8)
- Multimorbidity (8)
- Osteoporosis (8)
- Oxidative stress (8)
- Particle and Resonance Production (8)
- Patients (8)
- Proteins (8)
- Quantitative Easing (8)
- Quarkonium (8)
- Risk factors (8)
- Russia (8)
- Screening (8)
- Seizure (8)
- Social System (8)
- Syria (8)
- TAVI (8)
- Trauma (8)
- anxiety (8)
- aortic stenosis (8)
- attachment (8)
- bail-in (8)
- banking (8)
- banking regulation (8)
- complexity (8)
- confirmatory factor analysis (8)
- deep learning (8)
- dentate gyrus (8)
- discrimination (8)
- drug discovery (8)
- efficacy (8)
- exosomes (8)
- flow cytometry (8)
- heat stress (8)
- heavy-ion collisions (8)
- hepatocellular carcinoma (8)
- hereditary angioedema (8)
- ideology (8)
- internet (8)
- leverage (8)
- liver transplantation (8)
- market discipline (8)
- monitoring (8)
- monocytes (8)
- periodontitis (8)
- polypharmacy (8)
- polytrauma (8)
- precipitation (8)
- pregnancy (8)
- public debt (8)
- regulatory arbitrage (8)
- renal cell carcinoma (8)
- semantics (8)
- sepsis (8)
- sleep (8)
- sphingosine-1-phosphate (8)
- therapy (8)
- toxicity (8)
- transcranial magnetic stimulation (8)
- ubiquitin (8)
- vaccination (8)
- welfare (8)
- wound healing (8)
- Archaea (7)
- Autism spectrum disorder (7)
- Bank Lending (7)
- Biophysical chemistry (7)
- Black holes (7)
- Borrelia (7)
- CRISPR/Cas9 (7)
- Cancer treatment (7)
- Classification (7)
- Colorectal cancer (7)
- Comments disabled (7)
- Community ecology (7)
- Competition (7)
- Computational models (7)
- Crustacea (7)
- Cryptocurrency (7)
- Culture (7)
- DNA (7)
- Data processing (7)
- Data science (7)
- Demography (7)
- Derivatives (7)
- Developmental biology (7)
- Diabetes mellitus (7)
- Diseases (7)
- EIOPA (7)
- EU (7)
- Equation of state (7)
- Evolution (7)
- Forensic entomology (7)
- Gene regulation (7)
- General Equilibrium (7)
- Greece (7)
- Guidelines (7)
- HDAC (7)
- HIV-1 (7)
- Herb induced liver injury (7)
- Hippocampus (7)
- India (7)
- Innovation (7)
- Japan (7)
- Lattice QCD (7)
- Learning (7)
- Legs (7)
- Mechanisms of disease (7)
- MiFID II (7)
- Molecular neuroscience (7)
- Multiple sclerosis (7)
- NK cells (7)
- Neurology (7)
- Neurons (7)
- Obesity (7)
- Open Science (7)
- PD-L1 (7)
- PTSD (7)
- Pathogenesis (7)
- Phosphorylation (7)
- Posttraumatic stress disorder (7)
- Postural control (7)
- Prevalence (7)
- Private Investment (7)
- Prognosis (7)
- QCD phase diagram (7)
- Quark-Gluon Plasma (7)
- Reaction time (7)
- Reactive oxygen species (7)
- Religion (7)
- Rheumatoid arthritis (7)
- Risk assessment (7)
- Saving (7)
- Sensory processing (7)
- Spectroscopy (7)
- Speech (7)
- Systemic risk (7)
- TLAC (7)
- TRAIL (7)
- Toxicity (7)
- Training (7)
- Twitter (7)
- Uncertainty (7)
- Venture Capital (7)
- Vision (7)
- Walter Eucken (7)
- ageing (7)
- ambiguity (7)
- antiviral therapy (7)
- atherosclerosis (7)
- autonomy (7)
- bacteria (7)
- bioinformatics (7)
- biophysics (7)
- bipolar disorder (7)
- cGMP (7)
- cholesterol (7)
- chronic kidney disease (7)
- conservation (7)
- credit risk (7)
- crisis (7)
- critical theory (7)
- cytotoxicity (7)
- decision making (7)
- density functional theory (7)
- diversity (7)
- electrophysiology (7)
- euro area (7)
- evaluation (7)
- forecasting (7)
- forensic entomology (7)
- forward guidance (7)
- heart failure (7)
- hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (7)
- homeostasis (7)
- insurance (7)
- islamism (7)
- law (7)
- liver cirrhosis (7)
- machine-learning (7)
- mathematical modeling (7)
- mental health (7)
- mice (7)
- multimorbidity (7)
- natural killer cells (7)
- natural resources (7)
- network analysis (7)
- networks (7)
- oligomerization (7)
- phosphorylation (7)
- political economy (7)
- predictive coding (7)
- primary care (7)
- prognosis (7)
- prudential supervision (7)
- qualitative research (7)
- racism (7)
- radiation (7)
- rat (7)
- refugees (7)
- resistance (7)
- risk (7)
- seizure (7)
- shadow banking (7)
- sphingolipids (7)
- sustainability (7)
- temperature (7)
- thrombosis (7)
- transparency (7)
- tumor-associated macrophages (7)
- visual cortex (7)
- water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) (7)
- 3D printing (6)
- 401(k) plan (6)
- AML (6)
- ATM (6)
- Acinetobacter baumannii (6)
- Adhesion (6)
- Antarctica (6)
- Antiviral therapy (6)
- Asset Allocation (6)
- BRD4 (6)
- Banks (6)
- Basel III (6)
- Bayesian estimation (6)
- Big Data (6)
- Brazil (6)
- C-reactive protein (6)
- COSMO-CLM (6)
- Calliphoridae (6)
- Charm Physics (6)
- Charmonium (6)
- Clearing (6)
- Clinical trial (6)
- Comorbidity (6)
- Complications (6)
- Cortex (6)
- Crohn’s disease (6)
- Cyanobacteria (6)
- Death rates (6)
- Decision making (6)
- Digitalisierung (6)
- Dopamine (6)
- E2 enzyme (6)
- Elderly (6)
- Electroencephalography (6)
- Entrepreneurship (6)
- Enzyme mechanisms (6)
- Epigenetics (6)
- Exercise (6)
- Extracellular matrix (6)
- Financial literacy (6)
- Finanzkrise (6)
- Fintech (6)
- Functional connectivity (6)
- Glioblastoma (6)
- Green Finance (6)
- HBV (6)
- Histology (6)
- Hypertension (6)
- Image processing (6)
- Immunohistochemistry (6)
- Incidence (6)
- Infection (6)
- Investor Protection (6)
- Liver transplantation (6)
- Low Interest Rates (6)
- MLL (6)
- MREL (6)
- Mammakarzinom (6)
- Memory (6)
- Metabolic engineering (6)
- Metabolism (6)
- Morbidity (6)
- Multivariate analysis (6)
- Musculoskeletal system (6)
- Namibia (6)
- Neural Networks (6)
- Nitric oxide (6)
- Numerical accuracy (6)
- OTC markets (6)
- Oral anticoagulation (6)
- Outcomes (6)
- PI3K (6)
- Palaeoclimate (6)
- Pandemic (6)
- Patient blood management (6)
- Pension Insurance (6)
- Physics (6)
- Physiology (6)
- Pneumonia (6)
- Portal hypertension (6)
- Pregnancy (6)
- Prevention (6)
- Psychiatric disorders (6)
- Quark-gluon plasma (6)
- RHIC (6)
- RNA sequencing (6)
- Randomized controlled trial (6)
- Rare diseases (6)
- Rectal cancer (6)
- Reproducibility (6)
- Retirement (6)
- Sensory perception (6)
- Signaling (6)
- Social Interaction (6)
- Solution methods (6)
- Species distribution modelling (6)
- Surgical and invasive medical procedures (6)
- Sustainability (6)
- Synapses (6)
- T cell (6)
- T cells (6)
- TRACT (6)
- Thailand (6)
- Trading (6)
- Transfusion (6)
- Translational research (6)
- Transparency (6)
- Trust (6)
- Ukraine (6)
- Viral load (6)
- acute lymphoblastic leukemia (6)
- acute myeloid leukemia (6)
- acute-on-chronic liver failure (6)
- antibiotic resistance (6)
- archaea (6)
- asthma (6)
- atrial fibrillation (6)
- bank regulation (6)
- bevacizumab (6)
- big data (6)
- cell biology (6)
- cochlear implant (6)
- communication (6)
- compensation (6)
- concurrency (6)
- conduct disorder (6)
- confinement (6)
- consumption (6)
- contagion (6)
- cooperation (6)
- cosmopolitanism (6)
- deliberative democracy (6)
- diabetes (6)
- diabetes mellitus (6)
- diffusion tensor imaging (6)
- dopamine (6)
- environmental tobacco smoke (6)
- episodic memory (6)
- equation of state (6)
- fibroblasts (6)
- financial regulation (6)
- fluorescence (6)
- focused electron beam induced deposition (6)
- functional programming (6)
- genomics (6)
- global change (6)
- human capital (6)
- immune response (6)
- immunity (6)
- information theory (6)
- integrin (6)
- investor protection (6)
- iron deficiency (6)
- leadership (6)
- learning (6)
- liver fibrosis (6)
- long non-coding RNA (6)
- melanoma (6)
- membrane protein (6)
- mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (6)
- modeling (6)
- modularity (6)
- neuroscience (6)
- ovarian cancer (6)
- pandemic (6)
- particulate matter (6)
- peer effects (6)
- perception (6)
- platelets (6)
- polymorphism (6)
- prefrontal cortex (6)
- private equity (6)
- prophylaxis (6)
- quality control (6)
- radiation-induced nanostructures (6)
- representation (6)
- resilience (6)
- rhabdomyosarcoma (6)
- screening (6)
- signaling (6)
- simulation (6)
- social media (6)
- social security (6)
- solid-state NMR (6)
- sphingosine 1-phosphate (6)
- systematic review (6)
- tracking (6)
- transcriptome (6)
- translation (6)
- ultrasound (6)
- unemployment (6)
- visual attention (6)
- vitamin D (6)
- wassergefiltertes Infrarot A (wIRA) (6)
- wealth inequality (6)
- ABS (5)
- ALICE experiment (5)
- Acoustics (5)
- Adaptation (5)
- Adenocarcinoma (5)
- Africa (5)
- Ageing (5)
- Anemia (5)
- Anticoagulation (5)
- Anxiety (5)
- Aortic stenosis (5)
- Ascomycota (5)
- Aspergillus (5)
- Atherosclerosis (5)
- Atmospheric chemistry (5)
- Attitude (5)
- Autism (5)
- Autopsy (5)
- B cells (5)
- Bacteria (5)
- Bacterial structural biology (5)
- Balloon enteroscopy (5)
- Banking (5)
- Biogeochemistry (5)
- Biophysics (5)
- Biophysics and structural biology (5)
- Blockchain (5)
- Brain (5)
- Brexit (5)
- Burkina Faso (5)
- COVID19-NMR (5)
- CXCR4 (5)
- Caenorhabditis elegans (5)
- Cardiovascular disease (5)
- Cardiovascular diseases (5)
- Cell staining (5)
- Cell therapy (5)
- Clinical trials (5)
- Cognitive behavioral therapy (5)
- Cognitive impairment (5)
- Cognitive neuroscience (5)
- Collective Flow (5)
- Computed tomography (5)
- Consensus (5)
- Conservation (5)
- Conservation biology (5)
- Corporate Bonds (5)
- Corporate Finance (5)
- Corporate Social Responsibility (5)
- Costs (5)
- Critical care (5)
- Crystal structure (5)
- Cytokines (5)
- DMEK (5)
- DNA damage (5)
- DNA-PAINT (5)
- Development (5)
- Dodd-Frank Act (5)
- Drug induced liver injury (5)
- Ecological modelling (5)
- Electron Transfer (5)
- Electronic properties and materials (5)
- Emotion (5)
- Enteroscopy (5)
- Entzündung (5)
- Environmental sciences (5)
- Euro (5)
- European Central Bank (ECB) (5)
- European Portuguese (5)
- Europäische Union (5)
- Evaluation (5)
- Ewing sarcoma (5)
- Experimental models of disease (5)
- Extracellular vesicles (5)
- FAIR (5)
- FEBID (5)
- Financial stability (5)
- Flow cytometry (5)
- Fragmentation (5)
- France (5)
- Fungi (5)
- GPCR (5)
- Geochemistry (5)
- Glioma (5)
- Globalization (5)
- Governance (5)
- Großbritannien (5)
- HADES (5)
- HNSCC (5)
- Hadronic decays (5)
- Hepatotoxicity (5)
- Herbal hepatotoxicity (5)
- High-throughput screening (5)
- Hodgkin lymphoma (5)
- Homeostasis (5)
- IL-6 (5)
- In vitro (5)
- Inequality (5)
- Infectious diseases (5)
- Innate immunity (5)
- Interest Rates (5)
- Italy (5)
- Jets (5)
- Justification (5)
- Kinases (5)
- Kinematic analysis (5)
- Kreditrisiko (5)
- Lebensversicherung (5)
- Machine-learning (5)
- Magnetic properties and materials (5)
- Market Efficiency (5)
- Melanoma (5)
- Mental health (5)
- Metabolomics (5)
- Michel Foucault (5)
- MicroRNAs (5)
- Mitochondrial dysfunction (5)
- Molecular medicine (5)
- Monte-Carlo-Simulation (5)
- Morphogenesis (5)
- Mouse models (5)
- NAFLD (5)
- NF-κB (5)
- NK cell (5)
- NK-92 (5)
- NKG2D (5)
- Neuer Markt (5)
- Non-coding RNA (5)
- Non-small cell lung cancer (5)
- Normative Orders (5)
- Omicron (5)
- Operationale Semantik (5)
- Ordoliberalism (5)
- PBPK (5)
- Palaeoceanography (5)
- Parkinson's disease (5)
- Pension (5)
- Perception (5)
- Persistence (5)
- Pharmacology (5)
- Photorhabdus (5)
- Photosynthesis (5)
- Physical activity (5)
- Plasticity (5)
- Platelet-rich fibrin (5)
- Poland (5)
- Polarization (5)
- Polypharmacy (5)
- Portfolio choice (5)
- Portfoliomanagement (5)
- Predictive markers (5)
- Privacy (5)
- Probability distribution (5)
- Programmiersprache (5)
- Protein Structure (5)
- Protein folding (5)
- Prävention (5)
- Psychological stress (5)
- Quantum chromodynamics (5)
- Questionnaires (5)
- RUCAM (5)
- Radiomics (5)
- Refugees (5)
- Rhabdomyosarcoma (5)
- Rule of Law (5)
- STAT3 (5)
- Safety (5)
- Salinity (5)
- Sepsis (5)
- Simulation (5)
- Smac (5)
- Stem cells (5)
- Streptomyces hydrogenans (5)
- Super-resolution microscopy (5)
- Surgical oncology (5)
- Synaptic plasticity (5)
- Syntax (5)
- Systematic review (5)
- TIPS (5)
- Targeted therapy (5)
- Transcription factors (5)
- Transcriptomics (5)
- Tumor microenvironment (5)
- Ubiquitination (5)
- Ultrasound (5)
- Vaccination (5)
- Validation (5)
- Verifikation (5)
- Walter Benjamin (5)
- Well-being (5)
- Working memory (5)
- XIAP (5)
- Zebrafish (5)
- acute coronary syndrome (5)
- additive manufacturing (5)
- adult neurogenesis (5)
- age (5)
- annuity (5)
- ataxia telangiectasia (5)
- auditory cortex (5)
- bank resolution (5)
- bats (5)
- biochemistry (5)
- bioenergetics (5)
- biogeography (5)
- capital requirements (5)
- capital structure (5)
- cardiac surgery (5)
- cardiovascular disease (5)
- cell migration (5)
- cell therapy (5)
- central bank independence (5)
- ceramides (5)
- cerebellum (5)
- chimeric antigen receptor (5)
- clinical trial (5)
- colon cancer (5)
- complement (5)
- computational modeling (5)
- computed tomography (5)
- connective tissue (5)
- connectivity (5)
- culture (5)
- debt sustainability (5)
- dental implant (5)
- dental implants (5)
- diagnostics (5)
- digital medicine (5)
- dynamics (5)
- endoplasmic reticulum (5)
- entropy (5)
- epigenetic (5)
- equality (5)
- everolimus (5)
- executive function (5)
- expectations (5)
- exploitation (5)
- extracellular vesicles (5)
- far right (5)
- fascism (5)
- fatigue (5)
- finance (5)
- financial markets (5)
- forecast combination (5)
- functional connectivity (5)
- functional magnetic resonance imaging (5)
- functional traits (5)
- gamma (5)
- guideline (5)
- higher education (5)
- histology (5)
- hybridization (5)
- hyperglycemia (5)
- imaging (5)
- immune system (5)
- immunohistochemistry (5)
- immunology (5)
- impulsivity (5)
- influenza (5)
- information (5)
- integration (5)
- intellectual property (5)
- international relations (5)
- journals (5)
- justification (5)
- lactate (5)
- lambda calculus (5)
- law and finance (5)
- legal pluralism (5)
- lipocalin-2 (5)
- liquidity risk (5)
- lncRNA (5)
- mRNA (5)
- mTORC1 (5)
- media (5)
- medical students (5)
- meningioma (5)
- metastases (5)
- mitophagy (5)
- model comparison (5)
- money (5)
- music (5)
- mutual information (5)
- nationalism (5)
- natural killer cell (5)
- neurocognition (5)
- nitric oxide (5)
- nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (5)
- oligonucleotides (5)
- optogenetics (5)
- outcomes (5)
- overall survival (5)
- pancreatic cancer (5)
- participation (5)
- patient blood management (5)
- patients (5)
- pension (5)
- phagocytosis (5)
- phase transition (5)
- pi-calculus (5)
- piracy (5)
- policy rules (5)
- portfolio choice (5)
- precision medicine (5)
- predictability (5)
- preeclampsia (5)
- prostaglandins (5)
- proteasome (5)
- protein degradation (5)
- psychotherapy (5)
- public health (5)
- publishing (5)
- quantitative MRI (5)
- questionnaire (5)
- rapamycin (5)
- regeneration (5)
- reliability (5)
- reproducibility (5)
- respiratory chain (5)
- retirement (5)
- risk assessment (5)
- risk-taking (5)
- safety (5)
- senescence (5)
- social interactions (5)
- solidarity (5)
- sovereign debt (5)
- sovereign risk (5)
- speciation (5)
- spinal cord (5)
- stability (5)
- stochastic volatility (5)
- sulforaphane (5)
- surveillance (5)
- sustainable finance (5)
- synchronization (5)
- tissue engineering (5)
- transcription (5)
- transcription factor (5)
- transcriptomics (5)
- vaccine (5)
- validation (5)
- valproic acid (5)
- vector (5)
- volatility (5)
- welfare state (5)
- zebrafish (5)
- zero lower bound (5)
- 177Lu-PSMA-617 (4)
- ABC Transporter (4)
- ABC transporter (4)
- ABCB1 (4)
- ADAM15 (4)
- ARDS (4)
- ATP (4)
- ATPases (4)
- Acetogenesis (4)
- Acute inflammation (4)
- Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (4)
- Adolescence (4)
- Adorno (4)
- Adverse Selection (4)
- AfD (4)
- Age groups (4)
- Alcohol (4)
- Algorithms (4)
- Amblyopia (4)
- Angiography (4)
- Animal models (4)
- Annuities (4)
- Antimicrobial resistance (4)
- Aortic valve (4)
- Arab Spring (4)
- Arabidopsis (4)
- Archaeology (4)
- Ascites (4)
- Aspergillus fumigatus (4)
- Asset pricing (4)
- Asymmetrische Information (4)
- Ataxia telangiectasia (4)
- Atomic and molecular interactions with photons (4)
- B-cell lymphoma (4)
- BMI (4)
- BRAF (4)
- Bacterial infection (4)
- Bank (4)
- Bank Resolution (4)
- Bank Restructuring (4)
- Batten disease (4)
- Behandlung (4)
- Big Five (4)
- Biopsy (4)
- Biosynthesis (4)
- Biotechnology (4)
- Birds (4)
- Bladder cancer (4)
- Blood pressure (4)
- Bone density (4)
- Bone marrow (4)
- Brain metastasis (4)
- Branching fractions (4)
- Burden of illness (4)
- Business Cycle (4)
- CBM (4)
- CBM experiment (4)
- CIK cells (4)
- COVID-19 pandemic (4)
- CT (4)
- Calcium (4)
- Cameroon (4)
- Canary Islands (4)
- Cancer genomics (4)
- Carbonate (4)
- Cardiology (4)
- Cell proliferation (4)
- Cellular microbiology (4)
- Cerebellum (4)
- Cesarean section (4)
- Charm physics (4)
- Charmed mesons (4)
- Child abuse (4)
- Chronic kidney disease (4)
- Clinical genetics (4)
- Cochlear implant (4)
- Cohort studies (4)
- Communication (4)
- Complex I (4)
- Complexity (4)
- Computer science (4)
- Conduct disorder (4)
- Conflict (4)
- Connectomics (4)
- Copyright (4)
- Corona (4)
- Counterparty Risk (4)
- Credit Risk (4)
- Crisis (4)
- Croatia (4)
- Cyprus (4)
- Cytoskeleton (4)
- DILI (4)
- DSGE model (4)
- Databases (4)
- Decorin (4)
- Deep learning (4)
- Denosumab (4)
- Density equalizing mapping (4)
- Deposit Insurance (4)
- Diagnostic medicine (4)
- Diffraction (4)
- Disposition Effect (4)
- Dravet syndrome (4)
- Drought (4)
- Drug discovery (4)
- Dynamical systems (4)
- Dyson–Schwinger equations (4)
- E. coli (4)
- EPR (4)
- ER stress (4)
- Economics (4)
- Efficiency (4)
- Einkommensverteilung (4)
- Electroencephalography – EEG (4)
- Electrophysiology (4)
- Electroweak interaction (4)
- Embryos (4)
- Emotion regulation (4)
- Endocrinology (4)
- Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (4)
- Endothelium (4)
- Enforcement (4)
- Europa (4)
- Everolimus (4)
- Evidence-based medicine (4)
- Exotics (4)
- Eyes (4)
- FPGA (4)
- Face (4)
- Familie (4)
- Feasibility (4)
- Feedback (4)
- Fibrosis (4)
- FinTech (4)
- Finance (4)
- Financial Crises (4)
- Financial Regulation (4)
- Fisher information (4)
- Fluctuations (4)
- Functional magnetic resonance imaging (4)
- G-quadruplexes (4)
- GDPR (4)
- Gastric cancer (4)
- Gene therapy (4)
- Genetic engineering (4)
- Genetics research (4)
- Giraffa (4)
- Globalisierung (4)
- Gross-Neveu model (4)
- HCC (4)
- Health (4)
- Healthcare worker (4)
- Heart transplantation (4)
- Heavy Ion Collisions (4)
- Heavy Ions (4)
- Heavy ion collisions (4)
- Hematology (4)
- Herding (4)
- Hereditary angioedema (4)
- High-Frequency Trading (4)
- Homeownership (4)
- Human Rights (4)
- IAP proteins (4)
- ISGylation (4)
- Identification (4)
- Idiosyncratic Risk (4)
- Indonesien (4)
- Infections (4)
- IntelliCage (4)
- Intensive care (4)
- Intensive care units (4)
- Interest Rate Risk (4)
- Interleukin-6 (4)
- Internationaler Vergleich (4)
- Inverse kinematics (4)
- Investor Sentiment (4)
- Iran (4)
- Ischemia (4)
- Islamischer Staat (4)
- Italien (4)
- Justice (4)
- Kalman filter (4)
- Kapitalmarkteffizienz (4)
- Kinetics (4)
- Knees (4)
- Knowledge (4)
- Kritik (4)
- LPS (4)
- Labor and delivery (4)
- Labor income risk (4)
- Learning analytics (4)
- Lebensqualität (4)
- Leistungsbilanz (4)
- Lepton colliders (4)
- Linear regression analysis (4)
- Liver cirrhosis (4)
- Liver fibrosis (4)
- Logik (4)
- Long non-coding RNAs (4)
- Luciferase (4)
- Lung failure (4)
- MRSA (4)
- MSD (4)
- MYC (4)
- Magnetoencephalography (4)
- Marcuse (4)
- Market Microstructure (4)
- Medical education (4)
- Medical risk factors (4)
- Membrane potential (4)
- Mesenchymal stem cells (4)
- Messenger RNA (4)
- Meta-analysis (4)
- Metaanalysis (4)
- Metastasen (4)
- MiFIR (4)
- Microbiome (4)
- Mitophagy (4)
- Mollusca (4)
- Monetary Union (4)
- Monetary policy (4)
- Monitoring (4)
- Moral Hazard (4)
- Morphology (4)
- Mouse (4)
- Multidetector computed tomography (4)
- Myanmar (4)
- Myocardial infarction (4)
- NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (4)
- NLP (4)
- NS5A (4)
- Natural Language Processing (4)
- Natural products (4)
- Nebenläufigkeit (4)
- Neoliberalism (4)
- Neonates (4)
- Nerve fibers (4)
- Neural circuits (4)
- Neural networks (4)
- Neurodegeneration (4)
- Neurophysiology (4)
- Neutropenia (4)
- Next-generation sequencing (4)
- Nigeria (4)
- Non-REM sleep (4)
- Nox4 (4)
- NoxO1 (4)
- Nrf2 (4)
- Nuclear Physics (4)
- Nuclear reactions (4)
- OSCE (4)
- Object vision (4)
- Older adults (4)
- Oxidoreductases (4)
- PELDOR (4)
- PSMA (4)
- Particle and resonance production (4)
- Patient safety (4)
- Pediatric (4)
- Permeation and transport (4)
- Permutation (4)
- Personalized medicine (4)
- Peru (4)
- Petri net (4)
- Phagocytosis (4)
- Phase transitions and critical phenomena (4)
- Phonology (4)
- Physicians (4)
- Portfolio optimization (4)
- Post-traumatic stress disorder (4)
- Preclinical research (4)
- Preventive medicine (4)
- Private equity (4)
- Proliferation (4)
- Prophylaxis (4)
- Protein Translocation (4)
- Protein translation (4)
- Psychometrics (4)
- Public health (4)
- Pulmonary embolism (4)
- QCD equation of state (4)
- Quantitative MRI (4)
- Quark–gluon plasma (4)
- Quasi-free scattering (4)
- RCT (4)
- REM sleep (4)
- RNA interference (4)
- Regeneration (4)
- Registry (4)
- Regression analysis (4)
- Relativistic kinetic theory (4)
- Respiration (4)
- Respiratory chain (4)
- Risiko (4)
- Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (4)
- SNP (4)
- STAR (4)
- Saudi Arabia (4)
- School of Salamanca (4)
- Senescence (4)
- Sensitivity (4)
- Sex (4)
- Sex differences (4)
- Single Supervisory Mechanism (4)
- Small molecules (4)
- Sociology (4)
- Solanum lycopersicum (4)
- Solution NMR spectroscopy (4)
- Solution NMR-spectroscopy (4)
- Southern Ocean (4)
- Sports and exercise medicine (4)
- Status epilepticus (4)
- Stem cell (4)
- Strength training (4)
- Stress (4)
- Structural biology (4)
- Surveillance (4)
- Sustainable Investments (4)
- Sweden (4)
- Synechococcus (4)
- Syrien (4)
- TARGET (4)
- TATD (4)
- TEPT (4)
- Tax (4)
- Thermophile (4)
- Thrombosis (4)
- Tissue engineering (4)
- Tools and resources (4)
- Translation (4)
- Transport (4)
- Turkey (4)
- Ubiquitin (4)
- Unconventional Monetary Policy (4)
- United States (4)
- Visual cortex (4)
- Volatility (4)
- Westafrika (4)
- Wnt (4)
- Women (4)
- Wood-Ljungdahl pathway (4)
- Word-of-Mouth (4)
- Xenorhabdus (4)
- Zika virus (4)
- acetaminophen (4)
- acetyl-CoA (4)
- acetylcholine (4)
- acute kidney injury (4)
- adequate translations (4)
- adverse events (4)
- aggression (4)
- al-Qaida (4)
- alcohol use disorder (4)
- alirocumab (4)
- alternative splicing (4)
- ambulatory assessment (4)
- anaemia (4)
- anemia (4)
- animal model (4)
- anthropology (4)
- antibodies (4)
- antioxidants (4)
- aptamer (4)
- asymmetric information (4)
- augmentation (4)
- authoritarianism (4)
- autobiographical reasoning (4)
- bailout (4)
- bank lending (4)
- behavior (4)
- bereavement (4)
- bibliometrics (4)
- bibliometry (4)
- bioacoustics (4)
- biofilm (4)
- brachytherapy (4)
- business cycles (4)
- cancer stem cells (4)
- capital markets (4)
- caspase-2 (4)
- cell cycle (4)
- cerebrospinal fluid (4)
- cervical cancer (4)
- chemoradiotherapy (4)
- chemoresistance (4)
- classical Hodgkin lymphoma (4)
- clinical study (4)
- cluster analysis (4)
- co-infection (4)
- collagen (4)
- colonialism (4)
- combination therapy (4)
- community ecology (4)
- computer vision (4)
- confidence (4)
- conflict (4)
- connection to nature (4)
- consciousness (4)
- consumer protection (4)
- consumption-portfolio choice (4)
- contextual equivalence (4)
- conversation analysis (4)
- cortisol (4)
- crises (4)
- critical care (4)
- crowdfunding (4)
- crude oil (4)
- cryo-EM (4)
- cystic fibrosis (4)
- cytomegalovirus (4)
- dendrite (4)
- dendritic cells (4)
- dentist (4)
- direct-acting antivirals (4)
- discourse (4)
- doxorubicin (4)
- ecosystem services (4)
- efficiency (4)
- electrolytic cleaning (4)
- elementary school (4)
- emotion regulation (4)
- endothelial cell (4)
- energy supply (4)
- ergonomics (4)
- ethics (4)
- external beam radiotherapy (4)
- facebook (4)
- fusion (4)
- gamma oscillations (4)
- gastric cancer (4)
- general practice (4)
- glucose (4)
- glycolysis (4)
- habit formation (4)
- haemophilia treatment (4)
- health-related quality of life (4)
- heart (4)
- hemorrhage (4)
- hepatitis C (4)
- heterogeneity (4)
- host specificity (4)
- identification (4)
- identity (4)
- idiosyncratic risk (4)
- immigration (4)
- immune evasion (4)
- in vitro (4)
- incentives (4)
- incomplete markets (4)
- inflammasome (4)
- inflammatory bowel disease (4)
- inhomogeneous phases (4)
- institutional investors (4)
- insulin resistance (4)
- intervention (4)
- investment (4)
- jihad (4)
- kidney (4)
- land use (4)
- leukocytes (4)
- leveraged buyouts (4)
- levetiracetam (4)
- lipid metabolism (4)
- lipidomics (4)
- lipoxygenase (4)
- literature (4)
- longevity (4)
- lung function (4)
- magnetoencephalography (4)
- matching (4)
- mean-field (4)
- membrane transport (4)
- mesenchymal stromal cells (4)
- metabolic syndrome (4)
- metastatic prostate cancer (4)
- methodology (4)
- microbial rhodopsin (4)
- mild cognitive impairment (4)
- mindfulness (4)
- missing data (4)
- mitosis (4)
- mobility (4)
- mobilization (4)
- motility (4)
- motor cortex (4)
- mouse model (4)
- multidrug resistance (4)
- musculoskeletal disorders (4)
- neural oscillations (4)
- neuroimaging (4)
- neuromodulation (4)
- next-generation sequencing (4)
- nociception (4)
- non-bank financial intermediation (4)
- nuclear receptor (4)
- observational study (4)
- open access (4)
- open science (4)
- oscillations (4)
- oxidative phosphorylation (4)
- oxygen supply (4)
- p21 (4)
- p63 (4)
- patient safety (4)
- paywalls (4)
- pediatric (4)
- periimplantitis (4)
- peripheral artery disease (4)
- persistence (4)
- personality (4)
- pharmacokinetics (4)
- phase diagram (4)
- photolabile protecting groups (4)
- phylogenomics (4)
- plasmid (4)
- polarization (4)
- polypharmacology (4)
- polyploidy (4)
- population genetics (4)
- portfolio allocation (4)
- positive psychological interventions (4)
- posttraumatic stress disorder (4)
- poverty (4)
- prediction (4)
- price stability (4)
- primary cilium (4)
- primary immunodeficiency (4)
- primary visual cortex (4)
- problem wounds (4)
- productivity (4)
- prostaglandin (4)
- protein structure (4)
- proteome (4)
- psoriatic arthritis (4)
- psychometric properties (4)
- public policy (4)
- public sphere (4)
- pulmonary hypertension (4)
- quantitative easing (4)
- quark-gluon plasma (4)
- reduction of pain (4)
- registry (4)
- replication (4)
- resting state (4)
- resveratrol (4)
- review (4)
- rheumatoid arthritis (4)
- rhodesain (4)
- rhodopsin (4)
- ribosome (4)
- risk premium (4)
- rna (4)
- savanna (4)
- saving (4)
- self-organization (4)
- sex (4)
- sex differences (4)
- simulation training (4)
- skeletal muscle (4)
- skin (4)
- smoking (4)
- social identity (4)
- social investment (4)
- social norms (4)
- social support (4)
- species distribution model (4)
- spectroscopy (4)
- spirochetes (4)
- stability analysis (4)
- status epilepticus (4)
- stockholding (4)
- strategy (4)
- strength training (4)
- stress response (4)
- structural equation modeling (4)
- structural reforms (4)
- subtomogram averaging (4)
- syria (4)
- systematics (4)
- systems biology (4)
- temozolomide (4)
- temporal lobe epilepsy (4)
- theory (4)
- thermotolerance (4)
- thrombolysis (4)
- thymus (4)
- tissue blood flow (4)
- tissue oxygen partial pressure (4)
- tissue temperature (4)
- tooth loss (4)
- training (4)
- transdisciplinarity (4)
- transfer (4)
- transfer entropy (4)
- transfusion (4)
- transnationalism (4)
- transplantation (4)
- transport (4)
- traumatic brain injury (4)
- treatment centres (4)
- tumor growth (4)
- tumor progression (4)
- tyrosine kinase inhibitors (4)
- venture capital (4)
- violence (4)
- virtual reality (4)
- von Willebrand factor (4)
- walking (4)
- wound infections (4)
- yeast (4)
- 创伤后应激障碍 (4)
- (surface) partial differential equations (3)
- 3D rapid prototyping (3)
- 5′-UTR (3)
- ABC transporters (3)
- AIDS (3)
- AMPK (3)
- Acetogen (3)
- Action potentials (3)
- Acute kidney injury (3)
- Adaptive Erwartung (3)
- Addiction (3)
- Adherence (3)
- Adults (3)
- Adverse events (3)
- Aedes aegypti (3)
- Aedes albopictus (3)
- Aesthetics (3)
- Afghanistan (3)
- Afrique de l'Ouest (3)
- Age (3)
- Allergy (3)
- Alzheimer (3)
- Alzheimer's disease (3)
- Annuity (3)
- Anthropology (3)
- Antibiotics (3)
- Antigen Processing (3)
- Antiretroviral therapy (3)
- Anura (3)
- Aortic valve replacement (3)
- Arbeitsloser (3)
- Arbeitslosigkeit (3)
- Armut (3)
- Asian bush mosquito (3)
- Ataxia-telangiectasia (3)
- Atomic force microscopy (3)
- Audition (3)
- Auditory system (3)
- Australia (3)
- Austria (3)
- Authoritarianism (3)
- Außenwirtschaftliches Gleichgewicht (3)
- Axons (3)
- BAG3 (3)
- BCR/ABL (3)
- BMC (3)
- Basidiomycota (3)
- Bayesian Estimation (3)
- Bayesian learning (3)
- Beam Energy Scan (3)
- Benin (3)
- Benthos (3)
- Bias (3)
- Bibliometrics (3)
- Biocatalysis (3)
- Biochemie (3)
- Biohydrogen (3)
- Bioinformatics (3)
- Blood-brain barrier (3)
- Board of Directors (3)
- Bone defect (3)
- Bone regeneration (3)
- Bone tissue engineering (3)
- Brownian motion (3)
- Business Cycles (3)
- Börsenkurs (3)
- C1 inhibitor (3)
- CAD/CAM (3)
- CAR (3)
- CD19 (3)
- CD36 (3)
- CDK4/6 (3)
- CDS (3)
- COMP (3)
- COVID 19 (3)
- CRM (3)
- CRP (3)
- CTGF (3)
- CXCL12 (3)
- Canada (3)
- Cancer chemotherapy (3)
- Cancer detection and diagnosis (3)
- Cancer genetics (3)
- Cancer models (3)
- Candida (3)
- Cannabis (3)
- Capital-Asset-Pricing-Modell (3)
- Cardiac surgery (3)
- Carlos Runcie Tanaka (3)
- Carotenoids (3)
- Case report (3)
- Catheter ablation (3)
- Cell Biology (3)
- Cell culture (3)
- Cell differentiation (3)
- Cell membranes (3)
- Cellular neuroscience (3)
- Central Clearing (3)
- Cerebral cortex (3)
- Cerebrospinal fluid (3)
- Chaperone (3)
- Chemical biology (3)
- Chemical communication (3)
- Chemistry (3)
- Chemoradiotherapy (3)
- Child (3)
- Chiral Magnetic Effect (3)
- Christianity (3)
- Chromatin (3)
- Chromatin accessibility (3)
- Chronic depression (3)
- Chronic hepatitis C (3)
- Citation analysis (3)
- Clausius–Clapeyron scaling (3)
- Climate (3)
- Clinical Trials and Observations (3)
- Clinical decision support systems (3)
- Clustering (3)
- Collagen (3)
- Compact stars (3)
- Comparative genomics (3)
- Complex II (3)
- Complex networks (3)
- Computational biology and bioinformatics (3)
- Computational biophysics (3)
- Computational chemistry (3)
- Computational neuroscience (3)
- Computer software (3)
- Computer-assisted diagnosis (3)
- Connective tissue (3)
- Connectivity (3)
- Consolidation (3)
- Consumers (3)
- Coordination (3)
- Coping (3)
- Coronary heart disease (3)
- Cortisol (3)
- Covid19-NMR (3)
- Credit Spread (3)
- Critique (3)
- Cross section (3)
- Cryo-electron microscopy (3)
- Cryptocurrencies (3)
- Crystal Structure (3)
- Cyber Security (3)
- Cyber War (3)
- Cyberwar (3)
- D-wave (3)
- DAA (3)
- DFT (3)
- DNA barcoding (3)
- DNA damage response (3)
- DNA mismatch repair (3)
- DNase1-seq (3)
- DTI (3)
- Decision (3)
- Decision trees (3)
- Deep brain stimulation (3)
- Degradation (3)
- Dental implant (3)
- Dental students (3)
- Diabetes (3)
- Dicer (3)
- Digitalization (3)
- Discourse (3)
- Discretion (3)
- Disintegration (3)
- Distress (3)
- Distribution (3)
- Dose response (3)
- Downy mildew (3)
- Drosophila melanogaster (3)
- Drug hepatotoxicity (3)
- Drug resistance (3)
- Dynamisches Gleichgewicht (3)
- ECMO (3)
- EEG microstates (3)
- EEG-fMRI (3)
- ERP (3)
- ESM (3)
- ETFs (3)
- Eastern Europe (3)
- Eccentric fixation (3)
- Ecological speciation (3)
- Economic and Monetary Union (3)
- Ecosystem services (3)
- Edema (3)
- Ejection fraction (3)
- Elastic scattering (3)
- Electron microscopy (3)
- Eligibility premium (3)
- Elliptic flow (3)
- Endoplasmic reticulum (3)
- Energiebereitstellung (3)
- Energy system design (3)
- Entomology (3)
- Environment (3)
- EphB4 (3)
- Episodic memory (3)
- Equality (3)
- Equator Principles (3)
- Erwartungsbildung (3)
- Escola de Frankfurt (3)
- European Banking Authority (EBA) (3)
- European Monetary Union (3)
- European integration (3)
- Eurozone (3)
- Event Study (3)
- Evolutionary biology (3)
- Exosomes (3)
- Expectations (3)
- Experiment (3)
- Experimental nuclear physics (3)
- Experimental particle physics (3)
- Extra dimensions (3)
- FFLU (3)
- FGFR (3)
- FOS: Physical sciences (3)
- FTY720 (3)
- Fair value accounting (3)
- Fasting (3)
- Fibronectin (3)
- FinTechs (3)
- Financial Distress (3)
- Financial Knowledge (3)
- Financial crisis (3)
- Fingolimod (3)
- Finite Volumes (3)
- Fire Sales (3)
- Fistula (3)
- Flow (3)
- Foucault (3)
- Fourier analysis (3)
- Frankreich (3)
- Freshwater (3)
- Functional clustering (3)
- Funktionale Programmierung (3)
- Funktionelle NMR-Tomographie (3)
- G protein-coupled receptors (3)
- G-CSF (3)
- Gait analysis (3)
- Gene Regulation (3)
- Gene fusion (3)
- General relativity (3)
- Genome-wide association studies (3)
- German people (3)
- Gewebedurchblutung (3)
- Gewebetemperatur (3)
- Global South (3)
- Global health (3)
- Global warming (3)
- Glucose (3)
- Going Public (3)
- Granger Causality (3)
- Graph theory (3)
- Great Recession (3)
- Green bonds (3)
- Greenbook (3)
- Greenium (3)
- Groundwater (3)
- Growth (3)
- Großhirnrinde (3)
- Guided waves (3)
- HAE (3)
- HBT (3)
- HER2 (3)
- HER2/neu (3)
- HPV (3)
- HSCT (3)
- Habermas (3)
- Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (3)
- Head and neck cancer (3)
- Health shocks (3)
- Healthcare costs (3)
- Healthy adults (3)
- Heavy Quark Production (3)
- Hebbian learning (3)
- Hepatitis C (3)
- Heranwachsender (3)
- Heterogeneous Agents (3)
- High-pressure (3)
- Higher education (3)
- History (3)
- HoLEP (3)
- Horkheimer (3)
- Hospitals (3)
- Household income (3)
- Human genetics (3)
- Hungary (3)
- Hybridization (3)
- Hydrodynamic models (3)
- Hydrogen-dependent CO2 reductase (3)
- Hydrogenase (3)
- I-wave (3)
- IAPs (3)
- IBD (3)
- ICU (3)
- IFRS 9 (3)
- IL-1β (3)
- ISA (3)
- Identität (3)
- Immigration (3)
- Immobilienfonds (3)
- Immune cells (3)
- Immunity (3)
- Induction chemotherapy (3)
- Inflammatory bowel disease (3)
- Inflammatory diseases (3)
- Influenza (3)
- Initial state radiation (3)
- Injury (3)
- Inside Debt (3)
- Intelligence (3)
- Interaction (3)
- Interconnectedness (3)
- Interleukin (3)
- Interleukin-22 (3)
- Internal Controls (3)
- International Law (3)
- Interview (3)
- Invertebrates (3)
- Investments (3)
- Ion transport (3)
- Iraq (3)
- Ireland (3)
- Ixodes ricinus (3)
- Jets and Jet Substructure (3)
- Jumps (3)
- Kidney transplantation (3)
- Kirche (3)
- Klimawandel (3)
- Konjunktur (3)
- Kreditmarkt (3)
- Kreditwesen (3)
- LILBID-MS (3)
- LTP (3)
- Langerhans cell histiocytosis (3)
- Lehm (3)
- Lesions (3)
- Leukemia (3)
- Leukotriene (3)
- LibGen (3)
- Light-sheet microscopy (3)
- Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition (3)
- Liquidity Provision (3)
- Liquidity Risk (3)
- Liver Transplantation (3)
- LncRNA (3)
- Long-term care (3)
- Loss Sharing (3)
- Low back pain (3)
- Lumbar spine (3)
- Lyme disease (3)
- MCAK (3)
- MET (3)
- MET receptor (3)
- MHC (3)
- MICOS (3)
- Macrophage polarization (3)
- Magnetic compass (3)
- Magnetic field (3)
- Major depressive disorder (3)
- Mali (3)
- Marine Diatoms (3)
- Marine biology (3)
- Markteffizienz (3)
- Masquelet technique (3)
- Mathematik (3)
- Maxent (3)
- Membrane Transport (3)
- Membrane protein (3)
- Mental imagery (3)
- Metabolic diseases (3)
- Metabolic syndrome (3)
- Metalloenzymes (3)
- Microplastic (3)
- Microscopy (3)
- Microwave ablation (3)
- Mindfulness (3)
- Mitosis (3)
- Mixed methods (3)
- Mobility (3)
- Model (3)
- Model Uncertainty (3)
- Modification (3)
- Monetary policy transmission (3)
- Monte Carlo simulations (3)
- Moran model (3)
- Motivation (3)
- Motor control (3)
- Multianalyte detection (3)
- Musculoskeletal disorder (3)
- Music (3)
- Music perception (3)
- Myalgia (3)
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (3)
- NATO (3)
- NIRS (3)
- NSCLC (3)
- Named entity recognition (3)
- Nature (3)
- Neuer Markt <Börse> (3)
- Neuroinflammation (3)
- Neuronal dendrites (3)
- Neuronal plasticity (3)
- Neurotoxicity (3)
- Neurotransmitter (3)
- Neutron star (3)
- Neutron stars (3)
- New Economy (3)
- Nivolumab (3)
- Nok Culture (3)
- Non-structural protein (3)
- Nonperturbative methods (3)
- Normal distribution (3)
- Nox (3)
- OMT (3)
- OXA-48 (3)
- Oaks (3)
- Observational study (3)
- Occlusion treatment (3)
- Offene Volkswirtschaft (3)
- Oomycetes (3)
- Optimal policy (3)
- Optionspreistheorie (3)
- Oxidative phosphorylation (3)
- PARK2 (3)
- PD1/PDL1 (3)
- PDGFRβ (3)
- PISA (3)
- PROTAC (3)
- Pain management (3)
- Parkinson disease (3)
- Participation (3)
- Particle decays (3)
- Particulate matter (3)
- Pediatric patients (3)
- Pegida (3)
- Penile carcinomas (3)
- Peri-implantitis (3)
- Personality traits (3)
- Petrology (3)
- Phase Diagram of QCD (3)
- Philosophy (3)
- Photooxidation (3)
- Photosystem II (3)
- Phylogenetics (3)
- Phylogeography (3)
- Pierre Bourdieu (3)
- Pigmentation (3)
- Plants (3)
- Plastics (3)
- Platelets (3)
- Policy Center (3)
- Polymers (3)
- Portal veins (3)
- Portfolio allocation (3)
- Positive selection (3)
- Poverty (3)
- Power (3)
- Pre-analytics (3)
- Precautionary Saving (3)
- Predictive coding (3)
- Preterm birth (3)
- Price Efficiency (3)
- Primary health care (3)
- Private Equity (3)
- Probability density (3)
- Problemwunden (3)
- Produktivität (3)
- Prognostic markers (3)
- Programming (3)
- Progranulin (3)
- Progressive Taxation (3)
- Prolonged grief disorder (3)
- Protease inhibitor therapy (3)
- Proteostasis (3)
- Proton (3)
- Publizitätspflicht (3)
- Pulmonary hypertension (3)
- Quantum field theory (3)
- Quantum gravity (3)
- Quark-Gluon-Plasma (3)
- Questionnaire (3)
- Quinones (3)
- R (3)
- RITA (3)
- RNA processing (3)
- RNA structures (3)
- RNA therapeutics (3)
- RNA therapy (3)
- RNA-binding protein (3)
- Radiative capture (3)
- Random Graph (3)
- Real Effects (3)
- Recognition (3)
- Recursive Preferences (3)
- Registries (3)
- Regulierung (3)
- Rehabilitation (3)
- Relaxometry (3)
- Reliability (3)
- Renal cell carcinoma (3)
- Replication (3)
- Research Article (3)
- Retail investors (3)
- Return Predictability (3)
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (3)
- Risikokapital (3)
- Risk (3)
- Running (3)
- S1P (3)
- SF-36 (3)
- SRM (3)
- SUMO (3)
- Saccharomyces (3)
- Sarcoma (3)
- Sauerstoffpartialdruck im Gewebe (3)
- Sauerstoffversorgung (3)
- Savanne (3)
- Schiff bases (3)
- Schmerzminderung (3)
- Schweden (3)
- Sci-Hub (3)
- Scrum (3)
- Secondary metabolites (3)
- Secretion (3)
- Security (3)
- Sehrinde (3)
- Self-control (3)
- Sequence analysis (3)
- Shear viscosity (3)
- Simulated patients (3)
- Single-molecule biophysics (3)
- Sleep (3)
- Social Media (3)
- Social Security (3)
- Social anxiety disorder (3)
- Social media (3)
- Solvency (3)
- Southeast Asia (3)
- Sovereign Debt (3)
- Sovereign debt (3)
- Spectroscopic factors (3)
- Speculation (3)
- Speech signal processing (3)
- Sphingolipids (3)
- Spine (3)
- Sport (3)
- Sports (3)
- Squamous cell carcinoma (3)
- Standardization (3)
- Start-ups (3)
- Statistical data (3)
- Stereotactic body radiation therapy (3)
- Strangeness (3)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (3)
- Stress Test (3)
- Studien (3)
- Sudden cardiac death (3)
- Superconducting properties and materials (3)
- Surgeons (3)
- Symbiosis (3)
- Systematic Risk (3)
- Systematic reviews (3)
- TGF-β (3)
- TGFβ (3)
- TKI (3)
- Tacrolimus (3)
- Target identification (3)
- Target validation (3)
- Teeth (3)
- Telemedicine (3)
- Temozolomide (3)
- Tensiomyography (3)
- Terrorism (3)
- Testosterone (3)
- Textual Analysis (3)
- Theft (3)
- Therapy (3)
- Thermoanaerobacter kivui (3)
- Thermophiles (3)
- Thermoregulation (3)
- Thermus thermophilus (3)
- Thoracic trauma (3)
- Tomography (3)
- Tontines (3)
- Torque (3)
- Tracking (3)
- Tradition (3)
- Transarterial chemoembolization (3)
- Transcriptome (3)
- Transcriptome analysis (3)
- Transformation (3)
- Transition risk (3)
- Transport affordability (3)
- Transport-related social exclusion (3)
- Transportation (3)
- Treatment outcome (3)
- Trichoptera (3)
- Trump (3)
- Trypanosoma cruzi (3)
- Type 2 diabetes (3)
- U-Pb dating (3)
- UAV (3)
- UK (3)
- USP28 (3)
- Umfrage (3)
- Undergraduate medical education (3)
- Unemployment (3)
- Uniform Sampling (3)
- Upper body posture (3)
- Values (3)
- Variant histology (3)
- Venture capital (3)
- Verification (3)
- Versicherungen (3)
- Vesicles (3)
- Viral infection (3)
- Vitamin D (3)
- Vocational education (3)
- Vulnerability (3)
- Wealth (3)
- Welfare (3)
- Wirecard (3)
- Wirtschaftswachstum (3)
- Wood–Ljungdahl pathway (3)
- Wound healing (3)
- Wundheilung (3)
- Wundinfektionen (3)
- X-ray powder diffraction (3)
- Yarrowia lipolytica (3)
- Yeast (3)
- Zahlungsbilanzausgleich (3)
- Zahlungsbilanzungleichgewicht (3)
- Zero Lower Bound (3)
- Zoonosis (3)
- abundance (3)
- accountability (3)
- acculturation (3)
- actin (3)
- active perception (3)
- active shareholders (3)
- acute coronary syndromes (3)
- acute decompensation (3)
- acute wounds (3)
- additives (3)
- adenosine (3)
- adjuvant chemotherapy (3)
- adolescence (3)
- advertising (3)
- aesthetic liking (3)
- aesthetics (3)
- aged (3)
- agency (3)
- aggregate risk (3)
- agriculture (3)
- albumin (3)
- alcohol (3)
- algorithms (3)
- allogeneic stem cell transplantation (3)
- allostery (3)
- alveolar ridge augmentation (3)
- amino acids (3)
- amplicon sequencing (3)
- amyloid precursor protein (3)
- anal cancer (3)
- ancestral selection graph (3)
- animacy (3)
- animal (3)
- animal models (3)
- anti-angiogenic therapy (3)
- antigen presentation (3)
- antiviral (3)
- aroma (3)
- arousal (3)
- art (3)
- arteriogenesis (3)
- ascites (3)
- asset purchases (3)
- astrocytes (3)
- asymmetry (3)
- attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (3)
- attitudes (3)
- autism spectrum disorder (3)
- automation (3)
- banking separation proposals (3)
- banking supervision (3)
- banknotes (3)
- beliefs (3)
- benzoxazines (3)
- bid-ask spread (3)
- bioequivalence (3)
- biosynthesis (3)
- birds (3)
- bleeding (3)
- blockchain (3)
- blood (3)
- blood transfusion (3)
- body mass index (3)
- bone (3)
- bone regeneration (3)
- bortezomib (3)
- brain cancer (3)
- brain metastasis (3)
- brain networks (3)
- brain stimulation (3)
- brainstem (3)
- bubbles (3)
- bulk viscosity (3)
- burden of illness (3)
- burnout (3)
- business cycle (3)
- cAMP (3)
- calcitriol (3)
- callous-unemotional traits (3)
- calretinin (3)
- cancer immunotherapy (3)
- capture (3)
- carbapenemases (3)
- cardiac (3)
- cardiolipin (3)
- care (3)
- caregivers (3)
- carotenoid biosynthesis (3)
- cartilage (3)
- case study (3)
- caspase-8 (3)
- catheter ablation (3)
- cell proliferation (3)
- channelrhodopsin (3)
- chemokines (3)
- chemotaxis (3)
- childcare (3)
- children and adolescents (3)
- chronic myeloid leukemia (3)
- chronic venous stasis ulcers of the lower legs (3)
- circadian rhythm (3)
- cisplatin (3)
- citation (3)
- click chemistry (3)
- clinical research (3)
- clinical trials (3)
- clock genes (3)
- clumped isotopes (3)
- co-crystalline adducts (3)
- coercion (3)
- collateral (3)
- common ownership (3)
- community composition (3)
- comorbidities (3)
- comorbidity (3)
- comparability (3)
- comparative analysis (3)
- compartmental neuron model (3)
- compatible solutes (3)
- complex I (3)
- complex systems (3)
- complexome profiling (3)
- computational chemistry (3)
- computational model (3)
- computational virology (3)
- constitutionalism (3)
- continuous performance test (3)
- contraction method (3)
- convective storms (3)
- convergence (3)
- coordination (3)
- coping (3)
- corporate finance (3)
- corporate social responsibility (3)
- corpus callosum (3)
- correlated electrons (3)
- correlations (3)
- cortex (3)
- cosmological constant (3)
- costs (3)
- credit constraints (3)
- credit supply (3)
- cristae (3)
- crowding out (3)
- cyberpeace (3)
- cybersecurity (3)
- cycling (3)
- cytokine-induced killer cells (3)
- dark energy (3)
- data (3)
- data assimilation (3)
- data structures (3)
- data-science (3)
- database (3)
- decision-making (3)
- decolonization (3)
- decomposition (3)
- degradation (3)
- delirium (3)
- dementia (3)
- density forecasts (3)
- dental education (3)
- dental profession (3)
- desiccation (3)
- detector (3)
- dexamethasone (3)
- diabetic nephropathy (3)
- diagnostic algorithm (3)
- diet (3)
- discretion (3)
- disintegration (3)
- disorder (3)
- dispersal (3)
- dissolution (3)
- distress (3)
- distributive justice (3)
- domination (3)
- dorsal root ganglia (3)
- drug design (3)
- drug induced liver injury (3)
- drug release (3)
- dual task (3)
- e+-e− Experiments (3)
- echocardiography (3)
- economic competence (3)
- economics (3)
- educational freedom (3)
- efficient coding (3)
- elections (3)
- electroencephalography (3)
- electron beam induced deposition (3)
- electronic band structure (3)
- elevational gradient (3)
- elliptic flow (3)
- embodiment (3)
- emotions (3)
- endemism (3)
- endocannabinoids (3)
- endothelium (3)
- energy (3)
- entry (3)
- environmental education (3)
- ephrinB2 (3)
- epidermal growth factor (3)
- epidermal growth factor receptor (3)
- epileptogenesis (3)
- equity (3)
- equity premium (3)
- ethnomethodology (3)
- euro (3)
- event-related potentials (3)
- extreme value theory (3)
- eye tracking (3)
- eye-tracking (3)
- fNIRS (3)
- faculty development (3)
- fairness (3)
- fascia (3)
- feminism (3)
- fenfluramine (3)
- fermentation (3)
- financial distress (3)
- financial frictions (3)
- financial innovation (3)
- financial services (3)
- financing policy (3)
- fintech (3)
- fiscal reaction function (3)
- fitness (3)
- fixed-links modeling (3)
- fluorine (3)
- focal adhesion (3)
- follow-up (3)
- framing (3)
- freedom (3)
- frontal cortex (3)
- functional outcome (3)
- fungal pathogens (3)
- game theory (3)
- gasoline price (3)
- gender differences (3)
- gene flow (3)
- gene regulation (3)
- general equilibrium (3)
- genetic diversity (3)
- genetics (3)
- giraffe (3)
- gravitational waves (3)
- growth inhibition (3)
- guidelines (3)
- haemophilia care (3)
- head and neck cancer (3)
- healthcare worker (3)
- heart rate (3)
- heavy ion collisions (3)
- heavy ions (3)
- hematopoiesis (3)
- hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (3)
- hemodialysis (3)
- hepatitis B (3)
- hepatitis C virus (HCV) (3)
- herb induced liver injury (3)
- heritage speakers (3)
- hermeneutics (3)
- heterogeneous agents (3)
- high pressure (3)
- high temperature (3)
- histone acetylation (3)
- histone modifications (3)
- history (3)
- homeostatic plasticity (3)
- homeschooling (3)
- household debt (3)
- housing (3)
- hybrid (3)
- hydrogen bond (3)
- hydrogen storage (3)
- hyperactivity (3)
- hyperons (3)
- iCLIP (3)
- immune cells (3)
- immune checkpoint inhibitors (3)
- immune escape (3)
- immune reconstitution (3)
- improvement (3)
- individual differences (3)
- inertial motion capture (3)
- infection defense (3)
- infectious diseases (3)
- injury (3)
- innovation (3)
- institutions (3)
- interest rate risk (3)
- interest rates (3)
- interference (3)
- intergenerational justice (3)
- intergenerational persistence (3)
- interleukin-22 (3)
- invasive fungal disease (3)
- invasive fungal infection (3)
- investment decisions (3)
- iraq (3)
- iron metabolism (3)
- irradiation (3)
- jurisprudence (3)
- kidney transplantation (3)
- kinematics (3)
- kinetics (3)
- knowledge (3)
- labor supply (3)
- laboratory experiments (3)
- land degradation (3)
- language production (3)
- lattice QCD (3)
- legitimacy (3)
- leptin (3)
- letrec (3)
- leukotriene (3)
- limited attention (3)
- limits to arbitrage (3)
- lipids (3)
- liposomes (3)
- liver injury (3)
- lockdown (3)
- long-run risk (3)
- long-term potentiation (3)
- long-term prophylaxis (3)
- longevity risk (3)
- loss (3)
- loss function (3)
- lyme disease (3)
- lymphoma (3)
- macroeconomic models (3)
- maladaptation (3)
- mammals (3)
- management (3)
- managerial incentives (3)
- massively parallel multigrid solvers (3)
- mathematics (3)
- mathematics education (3)
- measurement (3)
- membrane protein complex (3)
- membrane structure (3)
- meta-analysis (3)
- metformin (3)
- miR-181 (3)
- miRNAs (3)
- microdialysis (3)
- microtubule-targeting agents (3)
- microwave ablation (3)
- minerals (3)
- mitochondrial disease (3)
- mitochondrial dysfunction (3)
- mitochondrial respiration (3)
- moat regime (3)
- modeling and simulation (3)
- modernity (3)
- molecular docking (3)
- molecular phylogenetics (3)
- monetary transmission (3)
- monetary transmission mechanism (3)
- money creation (3)
- money market funds (3)
- mood (3)
- moral hazard (3)
- morphogenesis (3)
- morphometry (3)
- mortgages (3)
- movement (3)
- mtDNA (3)
- multi-scale modeling (3)
- multilingualism (3)
- multiple myeloma (3)
- musculoskeletal (3)
- mycophenolic acid (3)
- nanofabrication (3)
- nanoparticles (3)
- natural products (3)
- natural scenes (3)
- necroptosis (3)
- neoadjuvant therapy (3)
- neonate (3)
- neoplasms (3)
- network topology (3)
- neural network (3)
- neural networks (3)
- neurobiology (3)
- neurocritical care (3)
- neuron (3)
- neurophysiology (3)
- neutralization (3)
- neutralizing antibodies (3)
- neutron stars (3)
- new species (3)
- new taxa (3)
- next generation sequencing (3)
- niche (3)
- noise (3)
- non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (3)
- non-coding RNA (3)
- non-domination (3)
- nucleosynthesis (3)
- objective functions (3)
- oncology (3)
- osteoporosis (3)
- overweight (3)
- p47phox (3)
- panel VAR (3)
- participatory governance (3)
- pedagogy (3)
- pediatric patients (3)
- pentose phosphate pathway (3)
- perforant path transection (3)
- perfusion (3)
- peri-implantitis (3)
- pharmacogenetics (3)
- phase transitions (3)
- phenolic resins (3)
- photosynthesis (3)
- plant functional traits (3)
- pluralism (3)
- pneumonia (3)
- political economy of bureaucracy (3)
- political psychology (3)
- polyketide synthase (3)
- population genomics (3)
- portfolio optimization (3)
- positive psychological coaching (3)
- positive psychology (3)
- postoperative complications (3)
- postoperative pain (3)
- postural control (3)
- pp collisions (3)
- price discovery (3)
- pricing (3)
- primary health care (3)
- primary prostate cancer (3)
- privacy (3)
- privacy concerns (3)
- processing fluency (3)
- processing speed (3)
- prolonged grief disorder (3)
- proprietary trading (3)
- prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind studies (3)
- protein folding (3)
- protein phosphorylation (3)
- protein synthesis (3)
- proteins (3)
- proteoglycan (3)
- proteostasis (3)
- psychology (3)
- psychosis (3)
- public opinion (3)
- quality assurance (3)
- quantum chromodynamics (3)
- radical prostatecomy (3)
- radicalization (3)
- randomized controlled trial (3)
- reading (3)
- reading comprehension (3)
- realistic geometries (3)
- receptor (3)
- receptor tyrosine kinases (3)
- recovery (3)
- recursive utility (3)
- refugee crisis (3)
- regulatory capture (3)
- relapse (3)
- relativistic heavy-ion collisions (3)
- relaxometry (3)
- remodelling (3)
- renal cell cancer (3)
- reparations (3)
- representative claim (3)
- republicanism (3)
- research (3)
- reservoir computing (3)
- resistance mutation (3)
- resolution (3)
- respiratory complex I (3)
- resting-state (3)
- retirement age (3)
- retirement income (3)
- reward (3)
- right-wing extremism (3)
- risk management (3)
- risk taking (3)
- rituximab (3)
- roots (3)
- runs of homozygosity (3)
- s-process (3)
- salvage therapy (3)
- savane (3)
- school closures (3)
- scientometrics (3)
- security (3)
- seizures (3)
- selection (3)
- selective attention (3)
- self-determination (3)
- self-regulation (3)
- serum (3)
- severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (3)
- siRNA (3)
- silicon (3)
- simulations (3)
- single-particle tracking (3)
- small protein (3)
- smut fungi (3)
- social identification (3)
- social justice (3)
- social movements (3)
- social preferences (3)
- social sciences (3)
- sociology (3)
- soft tissue sarcoma (3)
- soil degradation (3)
- soil erosion (3)
- soluble epoxide hydrolase (3)
- solvate (3)
- sovereignty (3)
- sparse coding (3)
- species richness (3)
- speech perception (3)
- sphingolipid (3)
- spike train (3)
- squamous cell carcinoma (3)
- stabilization (3)
- stem cell transplantation (3)
- stochastic differential utility (3)
- stock returns (3)
- strain (3)
- strangeness (3)
- structure elucidation (3)
- structure–activity relationships (3)
- super-resolution microscopy (3)
- supportive periodontal therapy (3)
- surgical procedures (3)
- survey (3)
- survival rate (3)
- sustainable development (3)
- synapse (3)
- synaptic scaling (3)
- synchrony (3)
- systematic biopsy (3)
- systemic antibiotics (3)
- target (3)
- taxes (3)
- terahertz (3)
- tetracycline (3)
- text analysis (3)
- therapeutics (3)
- thermal and non-thermal effects (3)
- thermic and non-thermic effects (3)
- time-resolved spectroscopy (3)
- tobacco prevention (3)
- toll-like receptor (3)
- trade (3)
- trading behavior (3)
- trafficking (3)
- traits (3)
- transcription factors (3)
- transient elastography (3)
- transition (3)
- transmission (3)
- transnational constitutionalism (3)
- transport coefficients (3)
- transport theory (3)
- trust (3)
- tryptophan (3)
- tumor angiogenesis (3)
- two-point function (3)
- type 1 diabetes (3)
- tyrosine kinase inhibitor (3)
- ultra-peripheral collision (3)
- unconventional monetary policy (3)
- universalism (3)
- university students (3)
- vector meson production (3)
- vemurafenib (3)
- verification (3)
- viral dynamics (3)
- virus (3)
- viruses (3)
- vision (3)
- visual search (3)
- vocalization (3)
- vocational training (3)
- volatile organic compounds (3)
- wave-function renormalization (3)
- wealth (3)
- web archiving (3)
- weight reduction (3)
- welfare state reform (3)
- whole-genome sequencing (3)
- word order (3)
- working conditions (3)
- wound exudation (3)
- Ökonomische Bildung (3)
- α-RuCl3 (3)
- (De-)stabilisation (2)
- 140Ce (2)
- 14CO2 Fixation (2)
- 17-AAG (2)
- 1968 (2)
- 2-aminobenzimidazole (2)
- 20β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (2)
- 3D reconstruction and image processing (2)
- 3D spatio-temporal resolved mathematical models (2)
- 6-shogaol (2)
- A. thaliana (2)
- A/D transition (2)
- ABCC1 (2)
- ABCG2 (2)
- AChE (2)
- AEC syndrome (2)
- AF4 (2)
- AI borrower classification (2)
- AI enabled credit scoring (2)
- AJAP1 (2)
- AKI (2)
- AKT (2)
- ALK (2)
- ALL (2)
- AMPA receptors (2)
- API (2)
- APP processing (2)
- ATP synthase (2)
- ATP-citrate lyase (2)
- ATR-FTIR (2)
- Ab initio calculations (2)
- Abort (2)
- Absolute branching fraction (2)
- Absorption (2)
- Abundance (2)
- Academic medicine (2)
- Accelerators & Beams (2)
- Access (2)
- Accidental reaction (2)
- Accounting (2)
- Acculturation (2)
- Aceh (2)
- Acetobacterium woodii (2)
- Acetogenic bacteria (2)
- Acinetobacter (2)
- Acoustic signals (2)
- Acquisitions (2)
- Acridine Orange (2)
- Actin (2)
- Activation (2)
- Active investors (2)
- Activism (2)
- Activities of daily living (2)
- Acuris (2)
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) (2)
- Acute decompensation (2)
- Acute leukemia (2)
- Acute lymphocytic leukaemia (2)
- Acute myeloid leukaemia (2)
- Acute-on-chronic liver failure (2)
- AdS-CFT Correspondence (2)
- Addison’s disease (2)
- Adipose tissue (2)
- Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (2)
- Adjudication (2)
- Adult neurogenesis (2)
- Adverse Selection Risk (2)
- Affect (2)
- African Sleeping Sickness (2)
- Age estimation (2)
- Agent-based modeling (2)
- Aggregate outcomes (2)
- Aggression (2)
- Agile methods (2)
- Agroecology (2)
- Akaike information criterion (AIC) (2)
- Aktienkurs (2)
- Al-Sisi (2)
- Albania (2)
- Alcohol consumption (2)
- Alcoholic liver disease (2)
- Alcohols (2)
- Algorithmic Discrimination (2)
- Alignment (2)
- Alleles (2)
- Allergen avoidance (2)
- Allergic asthma (2)
- Allergie (2)
- Allosteric inhibition (2)
- Aloe (2)
- Alpha-synuclein (2)
- Alternative investments (2)
- Alternative splicing (2)
- Altruism (2)
- Amino Acid Pools (2)
- Anaemia (2)
- Anaerobes (2)
- Analog Circuits (2)
- Analyst Behaviour (2)
- Analytical chemistry (2)
- Anandamide (2)
- Anatomy (2)
- Anchoring (2)
- Animal flight (2)
- Animal model (2)
- Animal personality (2)
- Annual General Meeting (2)
- Anthropocene (2)
- Anti-IgE (2)
- Antibiotic Resistance (2)
- Antibodies (2)
- Anticoagulant therapy (2)
- Antigens (2)
- Antimicrobial treatment (2)
- Antioxidants (2)
- Antiretrovirals (2)
- Antitrust (2)
- Aortic dissection (2)
- Apheresis (2)
- Apixaban (2)
- Apomixis (2)
- Appraisal rights (2)
- Arabidopsis thaliana (2)
- Arbeitsgedächtnis (2)
- Arbitrage (2)
- Archaeobotany (2)
- Architecture (2)
- Arctic Ocean (2)
- Aristotle (2)
- Arms (2)
- Arrhythmia (2)
- Art. 7 EU (2)
- Arzneimitteldesign (2)
- Asian tiger mosquito (2)
- Asphodelaceae (2)
- Asphyxia (2)
- Assessment (2)
- Asset Quality Review (2)
- Asset allocation (2)
- Associative memory (2)
- Asymmetric Information (2)
- Ataxia (2)
- Atmosphere (2)
- Atmospheric science (2)
- Atomic and Molecular Physics (2)
- Atomic, Molecular & Optical (2)
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2)
- Audio signal processing (2)
- Auditing (2)
- Auditory cortex (2)
- Aufsatzsammlung (2)
- Aurora A (2)
- Aurora kinase (2)
- Autoimmunity (2)
- Autologous biomaterial (2)
- Automation (2)
- B-slope (2)
- BA.1 (2)
- BCL2 (2)
- BCL6 (2)
- BCOR (2)
- BCX7353 (2)
- BDNF (2)
- BFR training (2)
- BMNC (2)
- BNT162b2 (2)
- BPH (2)
- BRCA1 (2)
- BRCA2 (2)
- Babesia divergens (2)
- Babesia microti (2)
- Bacterial biofilms (2)
- Bacterial meningitis (2)
- Bacterial physiology (2)
- Bailout (2)
- Baird's rule (2)
- Balance (2)
- Bali (2)
- Baltic age spectra (2)
- Bank Capitalization (2)
- Bank regulation (2)
- Bankenunion (2)
- Banking Stability (2)
- Banking crisis (2)
- Banking stability (2)
- Bartonella henselae (2)
- Basel regulation (2)
- Basidiomycetes (2)
- Bayesian (2)
- Bayesian Analysis (2)
- Bayesian VAR (2)
- Bayesian network (2)
- Beauty production (2)
- Behaviour (2)
- Behavioural ecology (2)
- Beliefs (2)
- Benefit (2)
- Beschleuniger (2)
- Bethe–Salpeter equation (2)
- Bevacizumab (2)
- Bewässerung (2)
- Bhabha (2)
- Bibliothek (2)
- Biceps brachii (2)
- Biglycan (2)
- Bile duct stone (2)
- BioCreative V.5 (2)
- BioNLP (2)
- Bioaccumulation (2)
- Bioacoustics (2)
- Bioequivalence (2)
- Biofilm (2)
- Biofuel (2)
- Biomedical engineering (2)
- Biomedical informatics (2)
- Biomonitoring (2)
- Biophysical models (2)
- Biorecognition strategies (2)
- Biosynthetic mesh (2)
- Biowaiver (2)
- Bird flight (2)
- Birth weight (2)
- Black hole (2)
- Blasphemy Law (2)
- Bleaching Herbicides (2)
- Bleeding (2)
- Blood groups (2)
- Blood loss (2)
- Blood loss estimation (2)
- Blood plasma (2)
- Bloodstream infections (2)
- Blow flies (2)
- Body mass index (2)
- Body modification (2)
- Boltzmann equation (2)
- Bond Markets (2)
- Bone marrow aspiration (2)
- Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (2)
- Borderline personality disorder (2)
- Borrelia burgdorferi (2)
- Brain structure (2)
- Brain tumor (2)
- Brasilien (2)
- Brazilian Legal System (2)
- Breast neoplasms (2)
- Breast tumors (2)
- Brent (2)
- Brownian dynamics simulation (2)
- Brussels (2)
- Built environment (2)
- Bulgaria (2)
- Bungarus niger (2)
- Burden of disease (2)
- Business Sentiment (2)
- Business lending (2)
- Bénin (2)
- Börse (2)
- Börsenzulassung (2)
- CAM (2)
- CBA (2)
- CBDC (2)
- CBM Experiment (2)
- CC16 (2)
- CCL2 (2)
- CD14 (2)
- CD16 (2)
- CD4 binding site (2)
- CD44 (2)
- CDK9 (2)
- CDKN1A (2)
- CES-Funktion (2)
- CIE-11 (2)
- CIOMS (2)
- CLN3 (2)
- CLP (2)
- CMDI (2)
- CMR (2)
- CNN (2)
- CNS cancer (2)
- COI (2)
- COII (2)
- COVID-19 news (2)
- COVID-19 surveillance (2)
- CPE (2)
- CRISPR/Cas (2)
- CSM (2)
- CSR (2)
- CTLA-4 (2)
- CUELA (2)
- CV9202 (2)
- CXCL13 (2)
- CXCR3 (2)
- Caco-2 cells (2)
- Calcite (2)
- Call-Option (2)
- Callous-unemotional traits (2)
- Calpain (2)
- Cancer cell migration (2)
- Cancer epidemiology (2)
- Cancer stem cells (2)
- Cancer therapy (2)
- Cancer-specific mortality (2)
- Canis lupus (2)
- Cannabidiol (2)
- Cannings model (2)
- Canonical suppression (2)
- Capecitabine (2)
- Car Loans (2)
- Car-reduced neighborhood (2)
- Carbohydrates (2)
- Carbon capture (2)
- Carbonates (2)
- Cardiac arrest (2)
- Cardiac hypertrophy (2)
- Cardiac magnetic resonance (2)
- Cardioprotection (2)
- Cardiovascular biology (2)
- Carl Schmitt (2)
- Carnivores (2)
- CasaPound (2)
- Case management (2)
- Case-based learning (2)
- Cash (2)
- Cashflow (2)
- Casimir effect (2)
- Catherine Lu (2)
- Causality assessment (2)
- Celiac disease (2)
- Cell Surface Receptor (2)
- Cell adhesion (2)
- Cell binding (2)
- Cell cycle (2)
- Cell death (2)
- Cell death and immune response (2)
- Cell division (2)
- Cell migration (2)
- Cell motility (2)
- Cell salvage (2)
- Cellular Automaton (2)
- Cellular Immune Response (2)
- Central America (2)
- Central Bank (2)
- Central Bank Communication (2)
- Central Banking (2)
- Central Counterparties (2)
- Central Europe (2)
- Cezanne (2)
- Chaperones (2)
- Checkpoint inhibitor (2)
- Chemical modification (2)
- Chemical physics (2)
- Chemical tools (2)
- Chemicals of emerging concern (2)
- Chemiluminescence (2)
- Chemokines (2)
- Chikungunya (2)
- Childhood (2)
- Childhood abuse (2)
- Chiral Symmetry (2)
- Chiral phase transition (2)
- Chiral symmetry (2)
- Chiral symmetry restoration (2)
- Chironomus riparius (2)
- Chlorides (2)
- Chlorophyll (2)
- Chloroplast (2)
- Cholangiography (2)
- Cholangiopancreatography (2)
- Cholesterin (2)
- Chondrocytes (2)
- Choquet expected utility (2)
- Christentum (2)
- Chronic disease (2)
- Chronic hepatitis (2)
- Chronic inflammation (2)
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2)
- Circuit Breaker (2)
- Citizenship (2)
- Civil War (2)
- Classroom management (2)
- Climate sciences (2)
- Climate variability (2)
- Climate-change ecology (2)
- Clinical Global Impression of Change (2)
- Clinical presentation (2)
- Clinical studies (2)
- Clinical study (2)
- Closure (2)
- Co-residence (2)
- Cocaine (2)
- Cochlear implantation (2)
- Coco bonds (2)
- Coenzyme A (2)
- Coevolution (2)
- Cognitive (2)
- Cognitive archeology (2)
- Cognitive control (2)
- Cognitive evolution (2)
- Cognitive linguistics (2)
- Cognitive psychology (2)
- Cognitive science (2)
- Cohort study (2)
- Collagens (2)
- Collateral (2)
- Collateral Policy (2)
- Collectivity (2)
- Colloids (2)
- Colonialism (2)
- Colonoscopy (2)
- Color superconductivity (2)
- Commodities (2)
- Community based intervention (2)
- Community health services (2)
- Comorbidities (2)
- Comparative analysis (2)
- Compensation Structure (2)
- Complexome profiling (2)
- Compliance (2)
- Complication management (2)
- Computational model (2)
- Computational science (2)
- Computed Tomography (2)
- Computer Vision (2)
- Computer hardware (2)
- Conditionality (2)
- Conference (2)
- Conformal Field Theory (2)
- Consciousness (2)
- Conserved charge fluctuations (2)
- Constitution (2)
- Constitutional Economics (2)
- Consumer Welfare (2)
- Consumer financial protection (2)
- Control System (2)
- Convection-permitting climate model (2)
- Coral reefs (2)
- Coronary artery disease (2)
- Corporate Debt Structure (2)
- Corporate bonds (2)
- Corporate governance (2)
- Corporate law (2)
- Correlation (2)
- Cosmology (2)
- Cost-effectiveness (2)
- Covid pandemic (2)
- Cre-recombinase (2)
- Credit (2)
- Crime (2)
- Criminal Law (2)
- Critical theory (2)
- Crohn's disease (2)
- Cross-national (2)
- Crowdfunding (2)
- Crude oil (2)
- Crusades (2)
- Cryo-em (2)
- Cryoelectron tomography (2)
- Cryptochrome 1a (2)
- CspZ (2)
- Cuela (2)
- Cumulative prospect theory (2)
- Current Account (2)
- CyberKnife robotic radiosurgery (2)
- Cybersecurity (2)
- CysLTR1 (2)
- Cystic fibrosis (2)
- Cytochrome Oxidase (2)
- Cytochrome P450 (2)
- Cytogenetics (2)
- Cytoskeletal proteins (2)
- DCC-GARCH (2)
- DDR (2)
- DMARDs (biologic) (2)
- DNA Transformation (2)
- DNA repair (2)
- DNA transporter (2)
- DNA uptake (2)
- DOMS (2)
- DSGE Estimation (2)
- DSM (2)
- DYRK1A (2)
- Damascus (2)
- Daptomycin (2)
- Dark Pools (2)
- Dark Trading (2)
- Data protection (2)
- Data quality (2)
- Data visualization (2)
- Database searching (2)
- Deep Learning (2)
- Degree Sequence (2)
- Delegated portfolio management (2)
- Dementia (2)
- Demographic Change (2)
- Demokratie (2)
- Dendritic structure (2)
- Dengue (2)
- Dengue virus (2)
- Density-equalizing mapping (2)
- Dental implants (2)
- Dentist (2)
- Dentistry (2)
- Dentition (2)
- Depolarization (2)
- Depth (2)
- Desiccation resistance (2)
- Detrital zircons (2)
- Deutsche Bank (2)
- Developmental Biology (2)
- Devonian (2)
- Diagnose (2)
- Diagnostic algorithm (2)
- Diagnostic imaging (2)
- Diagnostic test (2)
- Dicarboxylic acids (2)
- Differential diagnosis (2)
- Differential equations (2)
- Differentiation (2)
- Diffusion (2)
- Digestive system procedures (2)
- Digital (2)
- Digital Finance (2)
- Digital Services Act (2)
- Digital libraries (2)
- Dioscorea (2)
- Diptera (2)
- Direct current electrical stimulation (2)
- Directly acting antiviral agent (2)
- Disadvantages (2)
- Disc herniation (2)
- Discovery (2)
- Disease Activity (2)
- Disposition (2)
- Dissemination (2)
- Dissertation (2)
- Distance to water (2)
- Docetaxel (2)
- Domestic animals (2)
- Double-balloon enteroscopy (2)
- Drag-along rights (2)
- Drosophila (2)
- Drug development (2)
- Drugs (2)
- Dschihadismus (2)
- Duality (2)
- Dworkin (2)
- Dynamic Duration Models (2)
- Dynamic MRI (2)
- Dynamic inconsistency (2)
- Dynamical chiral symmetry breaking (2)
- Dynamics (2)
- Dyslexia (2)
- Dänemark (2)
- E-Learning (2)
- E-cadherin (2)
- E-democracy (2)
- E2F-1 (2)
- E3 ligase (2)
- EDIS (2)
- EET (2)
- EGC (2)
- ELISA (2)
- EMIR (2)
- EMT (2)
- EMU (2)
- ENCODE-DREAM in vivo Transcription Factor binding site prediction challenge (2)
- EPICS (2)
- EPR spectroscopy (2)
- EQ-5D (2)
- ER (2)
- ERAD (2)
- EROD (2)
- ESBL (2)
- ESG Rating Agencies (2)
- ESR Spectra (2)
- EU economic and financial services legislation (2)
- EU rule of law framework (2)
- EWSR1 (2)
- Ears (2)
- Earthworms (2)
- East Africa (2)
- Ebola virus (2)
- Ech (2)
- Ecological momentary assessment (2)
- Ecological networks (2)
- Economic Governance (2)
- Economic Reforms (2)
- Ecophysiology (2)
- Ecosystem ecology (2)
- Ecosystems (2)
- Ecotoxicogenomics (2)
- Ecotoxicology (2)
- Ectoparasites (2)
- Edoxaban (2)
- Effective Field Theories of QCD (2)
- Efficacy (2)
- Elasticity (2)
- Electrical stimulation (2)
- Electrode potentials (2)
- Electromagnetic probes (2)
- Electron Bifurcation (2)
- Electron Transport (2)
- Electron transport chain (2)
- Electronic structure of atoms and molecules (2)
- Electroweak Interaction (2)
- Elevation (2)
- Emad al-Dīn Zingy (2)
- Embryo toxicity (2)
- Empathy (2)
- Empirical Asset Pricing (2)
- Employment (2)
- Encephalopathy (2)
- EndMT (2)
- Endocannabinoid (2)
- Endocannabinoids (2)
- Endocrine disruption (2)
- Endogenous Growth (2)
- Endogenous growth (2)
- Endometriosis (2)
- Endoscopic retrograde (2)
- Endoscopic ultrasound (2)
- Endosomes (2)
- Endothelial permeability (2)
- Energiepolitik (2)
- Energy (2)
- Energy Conservation (2)
- Energy Efficiency (2)
- Energy Metabolism (2)
- Energy conservation (2)
- Engineering (2)
- England (2)
- Ensemble learning (2)
- Enterobacteriaceae (2)
- Enterscopy (2)
- Entrepreneurial finance (2)
- Entry and exit (2)
- Entscheidungsassistenz (2)
- Entwicklung (2)
- Environment perception (2)
- Environmental (2)
- Environmental impact (2)
- Environmental policy (2)
- Environmental support (2)
- Enzyme Induction (2)
- Enzyme Mechanisms (2)
- Enzyme-linked immunoassays (2)
- Eocene (2)
- Epicutaneous immunotherapy (2)
- Epidemiology and End Results (2)
- Epidermal growth factor receptor (2)
- Epileptic seizures (2)
- Epileptische Anfälle (2)
- Epstein-Barr virus (2)
- Equator Principles Association (2)
- Equity (2)
- Equity Crowdfunding (2)
- Equity Premium (2)
- Ergonomics (2)
- Erzgebirge (2)
- Escuela de Frankfurt (2)
- Esters (2)
- Estudios organizacionales (2)
- Estudos organizacionais (2)
- Ethiopia (2)
- Etiology (2)
- Euro Area (2)
- European Banking Union (2)
- European Commission (2)
- European Court of Human Rights (2)
- European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR) (2)
- European Parliament (2)
- European Stability Mechanism (2)
- European Supervisory Architecture (2)
- European beech (2)
- Eurosystem (2)
- Eutheria (2)
- Event-by-event fluctuations (2)
- Evidence-based dentistry (2)
- Evil (2)
- Evolutionary ecology (2)
- Executive Compensation (2)
- Exotic options (2)
- Expectation Formation (2)
- Expected Returns (2)
- Expected credit losses (2)
- Experience (2)
- Exposure (2)
- Extended donor criteria (2)
- Extinction (2)
- Extracellular matrix proteins (2)
- Extremes (2)
- F.4.1 (2)
- F1Fo-ATP-synthase (2)
- FBSDE (2)
- FEV1 (2)
- FFPE (2)
- FHIR (2)
- FOMC (2)
- Factor analysis (2)
- Fair value (2)
- Family practice (2)
- Fascia (2)
- Fatty liver (2)
- Ferroptosis (2)
- Feuer (2)
- Fibroblast growth factor (2)
- Fibroblasts (2)
- Field study (2)
- Financial Advice (2)
- Financial Decisions (2)
- Financial Frictions (2)
- Financial Reporting (2)
- Financial advice (2)
- Financial distress (2)
- Finanzintermediäre (2)
- Finanzmärkte (2)
- Finanzwirtschaft (2)
- Finite Temperature or Finite Density (2)
- Finite elements (2)
- Finite temperature field theory (2)
- Finitely many measurements (2)
- Finland (2)
- Fire (2)
- Fiscal Consolidation (2)
- Fiscal policy (2)
- Flaps (2)
- Flavoproteins (2)
- Flavour Physics (2)
- Flexibility (2)
- Flotation Costs (2)
- Fluorescence (2)
- Fluorescence imaging (2)
- Foam rolling (2)
- Forbearance (2)
- Forecasting (2)
- Forensic medicine (2)
- Forest ecology (2)
- Formate dehydrogenase (2)
- Forschung (2)
- Forward Guidance (2)
- Fractional Laplacian (2)
- Frailty (2)
- Frankfurt am Main (2)
- Frankfurt school (2)
- Franz L. Neumann (2)
- Fraud (2)
- Free energy (2)
- Freshwater ecology (2)
- Friedrich August von Hayek (2)
- Frühgeburt (2)
- Fuchs endothelial dystrophy (2)
- Fukushima (2)
- Functional Renormalization Group (2)
- Functional characterization (2)
- Functional electrical stimulation (2)
- Functional genomics (2)
- Functional renormalization group (2)
- Functional traits (2)
- Fund Flows (2)
- Fusarium (2)
- Fusion (2)
- G-Quadruplex (2)
- G-SIB (2)
- G-SIFIs (2)
- G-protein-coupled receptors (2)
- G2A (2)
- GABA (2)
- GABARAP (2)
- GEMs (2)
- GFAP (2)
- GIS (2)
- GMYC (2)
- GPGPU (2)
- GRACE (2)
- GRIP1 (2)
- GSI (2)
- GWAS (2)
- Gabor lens (2)
- Gadobutrol (2)
- Gammaspektroskopie (2)
- Gastritis (2)
- Gastrointestinal bleeding (2)
- Gauge-gravity correspondence (2)
- Gehirn (2)
- Gender gap (2)
- Gene (2)
- Gene flow (2)
- Gene ontology (2)
- Gene prediction (2)
- General practitioners (2)
- Genetic testing (2)
- Genetic variation (2)
- Genome (2)
- Genome annotation (2)
- Geographic variation (2)
- Geographically weighted regression (GWR) (2)
- Geography (2)
- Geopolitik (2)
- Gerechtigkeit (2)
- Geriatric patients (2)
- German Banking System (2)
- German Neoliberalism (2)
- German banks (2)
- German financial system (2)
- German reunification (2)
- German-Jewish history (2)
- Geschichte 2007-2010 (2)
- Geschlecht (2)
- Gesundheit (2)
- Giorgio Agamben (2)
- Glaucoma (2)
- Gleason score (2)
- Global Governance (2)
- Global Justice (2)
- Glucose metabolism (2)
- Gluons (2)
- Glycolysis (2)
- Gläubiger (2)
- Golden Dawn (2)
- Golgi (2)
- Government Debt (2)
- Grafts (2)
- Granger causality (2)
- Graph Neural Networks (2)
- Gravitational waves (2)
- Greek (2)
- Greek economic crisis (2)
- Green Bonds (2)
- Green chemistry (2)
- Greenwashing (2)
- Growth factors (2)
- Guideline (2)
- Gütefunktion (2)
- H1N1 (2)
- HCMV (2)
- HDACi (2)
- HGF (2)
- HIF (2)
- HIV protease inhibitors (2)
- HL7 FHIR (2)
- HLA class I (2)
- HLT (2)
- HOD (2)
- HPC (2)
- HSV (2)
- HSV-1 (2)
- HUVEC (2)
- Hadron (2)
- Hadron-hadron interactions (2)
- Hadronic cross section (2)
- Hadronization (2)
- Handwerk (2)
- Hannah Arendt (2)
- Hans Kelsen (2)
- Happiness (2)
- Hate (2)
- Hawkes processes (2)
- HeLa cells (2)
- Health care workers (2)
- Health economics (2)
- Health policy (2)
- Health services (2)
- Health services research (2)
- Healthcare resource utilization (2)
- Heart rate (2)
- Heavy Ion Phenomenology (2)
- Heavy baryons (2)
- Heavy flavor (2)
- Heavy-Ion Collision (2)
- Heavy-flavour production (2)
- Heavy-ion (2)
- Heavy-ion Collisions (2)
- Hebron (2)
- Hegel (2)
- Hematologic malignancies (2)
- Heme (2)
- Hemodynamics (2)
- HepG2 (2)
- Hepatitis (2)
- Hepatitis B (2)
- Hepatitis B virus (2)
- Hepatocytes (2)
- Herstellung (2)
- Heterogeneity (2)
- Heterogeneous innovation (2)
- High energy physics (2)
- High oblique sagittal osteotomy (2)
- High-Frequency Traders (HFTs) (2)
- High-density lipoprotein (2)
- Hinduism (2)
- Hirnforschung (2)
- Holmes tremor (2)
- Holy Cross Mountains (2)
- Home ownership (2)
- Homestead exemptions (2)
- Hominins (2)
- Homology (2)
- Honey bees (2)
- Hong Kong (2)
- Hope (2)
- Hospital (2)
- Host-biofilm interactions (2)
- Host-parasite interaction (2)
- Hostile emotions (2)
- House prices (2)
- Household Crisis Barometer (2)
- Hsp70 (2)
- Hubbard model (2)
- Human (2)
- Human Capital (2)
- Human Right (2)
- Human capital (2)
- Human well-being (2)
- Humphrey II (2)
- Hybrid mesons (2)
- Hydrogen production (2)
- Hydrogen storage (2)
- Hypernuclei (2)
- Hyperons (2)
- Hypertext (2)
- IAP (2)
- IAS (2)
- ICD (2)
- ICD-11 (2)
- ICT (2)
- ICT4D (2)
- IDH mutation (2)
- IHC (2)
- IKZF1 (2)
- IL-10 (2)
- IL-33 (2)
- ILO (2)
- INS (2)
- IPS (2)
- IR (2)
- IR-A (2)
- ISGlyation (2)
- ISR (2)
- Iceland (2)
- Identifikation (2)
- Ideology (2)
- Image analysis (2)
- Immune Response (2)
- Immune suppression (2)
- Immune system (2)
- Immunogenicity (2)
- Immunologie (2)
- Immunosuppression (2)
- Immunsystem (2)
- Implementation (2)
- Implicit (2)
- In vivo (2)
- Incidence rate (2)
- Incisional hernia (2)
- Income and Wealth Inequality (2)
- Incomplete Markets (2)
- Incomplete markets (2)
- Index (2)
- Indirect-binding (2)
- Individual Ethics (2)
- Individual differences (2)
- Indoles (2)
- Induced pluripotent stem cells (2)
- Inert knowledge (2)
- Infection control (2)
- Infektionsabwehr (2)
- Information (2)
- Information Acquisition (2)
- Information Retrieval (2)
- Information theory (2)
- Infrastructure (2)
- Injuries (2)
- Innate Immunity (2)
- Innate immune response (2)
- Insects (2)
- Insider Trading (2)
- Insidergeschäft (2)
- Institution building (2)
- Insulin (2)
- Insulin signalling (2)
- Insurance Activities (2)
- Insurance Companies (2)
- Insurance Markets (2)
- Integral Geometry (2)
- Integration (2)
- Integrin (2)
- Integrins (2)
- Intensive care treatment (2)
- Interbank Market (2)
- Interest Rate Guarantees (2)
- Interferon (2)
- Interleukin-1 (2)
- International Accounting (2)
- International Accounting Standards (2)
- International Finance (2)
- International Financial Reporting Standards (2)
- International Macroeconomics (2)
- Internationale Konferenz (2)
- Internationaler Wettbewerb (2)
- Internet use disorders (2)
- Interpretation (2)
- Intersubjectivity (2)
- Intervention (2)
- Introgression (2)
- Investor behavior (2)
- Irak (2)
- Iris Marion Young (2)
- Irland (2)
- Iron (2)
- Iron deficiency (2)
- Iron deficiency anemia (2)
- Iron-Sulfur Protein (2)
- Ischemia/reperfusion injury (2)
- Java (2)
- Jaw (2)
- Jews (2)
- Jihadi (2)
- Jihadism (2)
- Joint loading (2)
- Jumping (2)
- Jürgen Habermas (2)
- KGF (2)
- Kalman Filter (2)
- Kant (2)
- Kaons (2)
- Kapitalallokation (2)
- Kapitalanlage (2)
- Kapitalismus (2)
- Kapitalmarkt (2)
- Ketogenic diet (2)
- Ki-67 (2)
- Kinase (2)
- Kinase inhibitors (2)
- Kind (2)
- Kinect (2)
- Kingdom of Jerusalem (2)
- Kirchengeschichte (2)
- Klebsiella pneumoniae (2)
- Knee joint (2)
- Konfliktlösung (2)
- Konstitutionalismus (2)
- Kontextuelle Gleichheit (2)
- L-DOPA (2)
- LC3 (2)
- LCMV (2)
- LILBID (2)
- LINE-1 (2)
- LSCC (2)
- LVAD (2)
- Ladder-RFQ (2)
- Land cover (2)
- Language Critique (2)
- Large-scale integration of renewable power generation (2)
- Laser-produced plasmas (2)
- Lasers (2)
- Latin America (2)
- Latin East (2)
- Lattice Quantum Field Theory (2)
- Lattice field theory (2)
- Law and economics (2)
- Law and finance (2)
- Learning and memory (2)
- Left hemisphere (2)
- Legitimacy (2)
- Lending (2)
- Lepidoptera (2)
- Leptin (2)
- Lepton-Nucleon Scattering (experiments) (2)
- Leptonic, semileptonic & radiative decays (2)
- Lernen (2)
- Leukemias (2)
- Leukocytes (2)
- Libya (2)
- Life Insurance Surrender (2)
- Life Insurers (2)
- Life cycle saving (2)
- Life insurance (2)
- Life insurance companies (2)
- Life-Cycle Model (2)
- Life-history evolution (2)
- Light (2)
- Light sheet-based fluorescence microscopy (2)
- Liikanen Commission (2)
- Linked Data (2)
- Lipid signalling (2)
- Lipidomics (2)
- Liposomes (2)
- Liquidity provision (2)
- Liquiditätsrisiko (2)
- Liver (2)
- Liver cancer (2)
- Liver injury (2)
- Livestock (2)
- Loan loss accounting (2)
- Loans (2)
- Local adaptation (2)
- Local climate (2)
- Local therapy (2)
- Locomotion (2)
- Logic in computer science (2)
- Logics (2)
- Loneliness (2)
- Long-run Risk (2)
- Long-term memory (2)
- Long-term potentiation (2)
- Longitudinal (2)
- Longitudinal analysis (2)
- Lottery stocks (2)
- Low-molecular-weight heparin (2)
- Low-virulent infection (2)
- Lucilia sericata (2)
- Lung cancer (2)
- Lyme borreliosis (2)
- Lymph nodes (2)
- Lymphectasia (2)
- Lymphocytes (2)
- Lymphoma (2)
- Lysophosphatidic acids (2)
- Lysosome (2)
- Lysozyme (2)
- MALAT1 (2)
- MAPS (2)
- MCAO (2)
- MCI (2)
- MENA (2)
- MICA (2)
- MIRCA2000 (2)
- MLH1 (2)
- MLKL (2)
- MLL-r leukemia (2)
- MMP9 (2)
- MO Calculations (2)
- MR spectroscopy (2)
- MRP4 (2)
- MTT assay (2)
- MVPA (2)
- Macaronesia (2)
- Macroautophagy (2)
- Macrotermes (2)
- Madagascar (2)
- Magnetic resonance (2)
- Magnetoencephalographie (2)
- Makrophagen (2)
- Makroökonomie (2)
- Malaria prevalence (2)
- Malaysia (2)
- Malpighiales (2)
- Mammals (2)
- Management (2)
- Many-core computer architectures (2)
- Marburg virus (2)
- Margin (2)
- Marginal Propensity to Consume (2)
- Marine chemistry (2)
- Market Design (2)
- Market Fragmentation (2)
- Market Liquidity (2)
- Market Quality (2)
- Market efficiency (2)
- Marketplace lending (2)
- Markov model (2)
- Markovianity (2)
- Marktdisziplin (2)
- Marsupials (2)
- Materials science (2)
- Mathematical models (2)
- Max Weber (2)
- Maxillary sinus (2)
- Measurement (2)
- Mediation (2)
- Medical consultation (2)
- Medical diagnostics (2)
- Medication Appropriateness Index (2)
- Medicinal chemistry (2)
- Medicine (2)
- Mediterranean (2)
- Medizinstudenten (2)
- Meldepflicht (2)
- Membrane (2)
- Membrane Biogenesis (2)
- Membrane Protein (2)
- Membrane biophysics (2)
- Membrane fusion (2)
- Membranes (2)
- Memory consolidation (2)
- Mental health therapies (2)
- Mergers and Acquisitions (2)
- Mesh (2)
- Metabolic Engineering (2)
- Metacognition (2)
- Metastasis (2)
- Metastatic (2)
- Metastatic breast cancer (2)
- Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (2)
- Metazoan parasite fauna (2)
- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (2)
- Methylation (2)
- Methylorubrum extorquens (2)
- Methylorubrum extorquens AM1 (2)
- Metta (2)
- Mice (2)
- Microarray (2)
- Microbial ecology (2)
- Microbialite (2)
- Microbiota (2)
- Microplastics (2)
- Micropollutants (2)
- Microsurgery (2)
- Mid-German Crystalline Zone (2)
- Middle East (2)
- Migrants (2)
- Mineralogy (2)
- Minimal length (2)
- Minimal residual disease (2)
- Mistral (2)
- Mitochondrial ROS (2)
- Mitochondrial Transport (2)
- Mitochondrial complex I (2)
- MitraClip (2)
- Mobilization (2)
- Model evaluation (2)
- Model uncertainty (2)
- Model validation (2)
- Modernity (2)
- Molecular Biology (2)
- Molecular autopsy (2)
- Molecular conformation (2)
- Molecular dynamics simulation (2)
- Molecular profiling (2)
- Molecular subtypes (2)
- Monocytes (2)
- Monopoly (2)
- Monte Carlo (2)
- Monte Carlo method (2)
- Monte Carlo simulation (2)
- Morphologie (2)
- Morphometry (2)
- Mortality risk (2)
- Mortgages (2)
- Motherhood (2)
- Motor neurons (2)
- Mountain (2)
- Multidrug Transporters (2)
- Multidrug resistance (2)
- Multimodal Learning Analytics (2)
- Multiphoton microscopy (2)
- Multiple chronic conditions (2)
- Multiple stressors (2)
- Multivariable analysis (2)
- Muon anomaly (2)
- Muslim Brotherhood (2)
- Muslims (2)
- Mutation (2)
- Mutations (2)
- Mutual Fund Managers (2)
- Myeloid Neoplasia (2)
- Myocardial perfusion (2)
- Myocarditis (2)
- NA61/SHINE (2)
- NADH dehydrogenase (2)
- NCCN (2)
- NCoR1 (2)
- NF-κB pathway (2)
- NFκB (2)
- NGO (2)
- NGS (2)
- NHC (2)
- NK cells (2)
- NMR Spectroscopy (2)
- NO (2)
- NOTCH1 (2)
- NR4A2 (2)
- NS3 (2)
- NTFPs (2)
- Na+ transport (2)
- NanoBRET (2)
- Nanodisc (2)
- Nanoscale biophysics (2)
- Nanoscale materials (2)
- National Competent Authorities (2)
- Necrotizing enterocolitis (2)
- Neoplasms (2)
- Neotropics (2)
- Nepal (2)
- Nephrectomy (2)
- Nephrons (2)
- Nerve regeneration (2)
- Network analysis (2)
- Network model (2)
- Network models (2)
- Networks (2)
- Neural Network (2)
- Neural stem cells (2)
- Neuroimaging (2)
- Neuron (2)
- Neuronal morphology (2)
- Neuropathic pain (2)
- Neutron Star (2)
- New Keynesian model (2)
- New species (2)
- News and Business Cycles (2)
- Niche (2)
- Niche construction (2)
- Nicotine (2)
- Non-interventional study (2)
- Non-invasive sampling (2)
- Non-performing Loans (2)
- Notch signaling (2)
- Notverkäufe (2)
- Nour al- al-Dīn Zingy (2)
- Nox1 (2)
- Nuclear astrophysics (2)
- Nuclear matter (2)
- Nuclear modification factor (2)
- Nuclear resonance fluorescence (2)
- Nucleic acid biomarkers (2)
- Nucleon induced nuclear reactions (2)
- Nucleus–nucleus collisions (2)
- Numerical Relativity (2)
- Numerical simulation (2)
- Numismatics (2)
- Nutrition (2)
- OCT (2)
- Object recognition (2)
- Observational (2)
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder (2)
- Obstetrics and gynecology (2)
- Occupational health (2)
- Oceans (2)
- Odenwald (2)
- Odra (2)
- Olfactory system (2)
- Olpidiopsis (2)
- Omics (2)
- Open Access (2)
- Open Economy DSGE Models (2)
- Open science (2)
- Operons (2)
- Ophthalmology (2)
- Opioids (2)
- Opportunistic infections (2)
- Optical phenomena (2)
- Optionsgeschäft (2)
- Optionshandel (2)
- Optionsmarkt (2)
- Oqaluttuaq (2)
- Oral immunotherapy (2)
- Oral surgery (2)
- Ordinary least squares (OLS) (2)
- Ordoliberalismus (2)
- Organ dysfunction (2)
- Organ dysfunctions (2)
- Organ preservation (2)
- Organic electrochemistry (2)
- Organic micropollutants (2)
- Organoids (2)
- Oroantral (2)
- Orthognathic surgery (2)
- Oscillations (2)
- Osteoarthritis (2)
- Osteogenic differentiation (2)
- Osteoporotic fractures (2)
- Outcome assessment (2)
- Outcomes research (2)
- Outpatients (2)
- Ovarian cancer (2)
- Ovary (2)
- Over-Allotment Option (2)
- Overall survival (2)
- Overlapping Generations (2)
- Overlapping generations (2)
- Own Risk and Solvency Assessment (2)
- OxyELITE Pro (2)
- Oxygen (2)
- P2P lending (2)
- P2X7 receptor (2)
- PAD4 (2)
- PC12 cells (2)
- PCA (2)
- PCAOB (2)
- PD-1 (2)
- PELDOR/DEER spectroscopy (2)
- PGE2 (2)
- PINK1 (2)
- PML (2)
- PPARγ (2)
- PRNT (2)
- PSA (2)
- PTEN (2)
- Pacemaker (2)
- Paging (2)
- Pain sensation (2)
- Pakistan (2)
- Palaeontology (2)
- Palliative care (2)
- Palliative care [MeSH] (2)
- Panama (2)
- Panic disorder (2)
- Pantothenate (2)
- Parallel and SIMD calculations (2)
- Parameter Elicitation (2)
- Parametertest (2)
- Parasites (2)
- Parasitic infection (2)
- Parenteral nutrition (2)
- Parkin (2)
- Parmeliaceae (2)
- Particle Correlations and Fluctuations (2)
- Particle correlations and fluctuations (2)
- Patents (2)
- Pathologic complete response (2)
- Pathology (2)
- Patient manikins (2)
- Patient needs (2)
- Patient preference (2)
- Patient reported outcomes (2)
- Patientenbedürfnisse (2)
- Paycheck Protection Program (2)
- Pb–Pb (2)
- Pb–Pb collisions (2)
- Pediatric infections (2)
- Pelargonium sidoides (2)
- Penile cancer (2)
- Peptides and proteins (2)
- Percutaneous coronary intervention (2)
- Perfectionism (2)
- Performance (2)
- Periodontal treatment (2)
- Periodontitis (2)
- Peritonitis (2)
- Peronosporaceae (2)
- Persistent depressive disorder (2)
- Persistent organic pollutants (2)
- Persistent wound infections (2)
- Person-Umwelt-Passung (2)
- Person-environment fit (2)
- Personal bankruptcy (2)
- Personality (2)
- Pesticides (2)
- Petrov-Galerkin finite volumes (2)
- Phase Transitions (2)
- Phase transitions (2)
- Philadelphia chromosome (2)
- Philippines (2)
- Phospholipids (2)
- Photodynamic Effect (2)
- Photoreduction (2)
- Photosynthese (2)
- Photosynthetic Reaction Center (2)
- Phycocyanin-Free Lamellae (2)
- Phylogenetic analysis (2)
- Phylogenomics (2)
- Physical environment (2)
- Physical fitness (2)
- Physical oceanography (2)
- Pion form factor (2)
- Planning (2)
- Plasma (2)
- Plasma Physics (2)
- Plasma-based accelerators (2)
- Plasmodium (2)
- Plastic pollution (2)
- Pleasure (2)
- Plerixafor (2)
- Plk1 inhibitors (2)
- Pneumocystis jirovecii (2)
- Poecilia (2)
- Point-of-care testing (2)
- Pokémon Go (2)
- Policy Rules (2)
- Political Economy (2)
- Politischer Wandel (2)
- Polypeptides (2)
- Polytrauma (2)
- Population (2)
- Population dynamics (2)
- Population genetics (2)
- Population genomics (2)
- Portfolio Choice (2)
- Positive polynomials (2)
- Positron emission tomography (2)
- Post-mortem interval (2)
- Post-translational modifications (2)
- Postoperative radiochemotherapy (2)
- Posture analysis (2)
- Potassium channels (2)
- Practical skills (2)
- Practice theory (2)
- Pre-service teachers (2)
- Precipitation (2)
- Precipitation inhibition (2)
- Predation (2)
- Predominant polarity (2)
- Preeclampsia (2)
- Price Discovery (2)
- Price Formation (2)
- Price Impact of Trades (2)
- Primary cilium (2)
- Principal component analysis (2)
- Principle of Proportionality (2)
- Prisoners (2)
- Prisons (2)
- Privacy concerns (2)
- Private Information (2)
- Private ordering (2)
- Product Design (2)
- Product Market Competition (2)
- Productivity (2)
- Professionalism (2)
- Prognostic (2)
- Prognostic tool (2)
- Promoters (2)
- Propensity score matching (2)
- Prostatic neoplasms (2)
- Proteasome (2)
- Protein Domains (2)
- Protein Dynamics (2)
- Protein biomarkers (2)
- Protein degradation (2)
- Protein domains (2)
- Protein drugability (2)
- Protein synthesis (2)
- Protein-Protein Interactions (2)
- Proteine (2)
- Protest (2)
- Prototypes (2)
- Prudential oversight (2)
- Pseudomonas (2)
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2)
- Psoriasis (2)
- Psychedelics (2)
- Psychopathology (2)
- Public Administration (2)
- Public Private Partnership (2)
- Pulmonary veins (2)
- Put-Option (2)
- Putin (2)
- Python (2)
- QCD Phenomenology (2)
- QCD phase transition (2)
- QGP (2)
- Qualitative research (2)
- Quality control (2)
- Quality of care (2)
- Quantenchromodynamik (2)
- Quantitative easing (2)
- Quarantine (2)
- Quark deconfinement (2)
- Quinine (2)
- R software (2)
- R&D (2)
- RBFOX1 (2)
- RDoC (2)
- RFQ (2)
- RIPK3 (2)
- RNA binding proteins (2)
- RNA interference (RNAi) (2)
- RNA isolation (2)
- RNA modification (2)
- RNA polymerase (2)
- RNA stability (2)
- RNA structure (2)
- RNA-binding proteins (2)
- RNA-sequencing (2)
- RNAseq (2)
- RND (2)
- RNF4 (2)
- Rab7 (2)
- Radiation (2)
- Radiative decay (2)
- Radical prostatectomy (2)
- Radio Frequenz Quadrupol (2)
- Radiochemotherapy (2)
- Rain (2)
- Rainfall (2)
- Random forest (2)
- Randomised controlled trial (2)
- Randomized controlled trials (2)
- Rapid rotation (2)
- Rating Agencies (2)
- Real-time Data (2)
- Real-world data (2)
- Reallocation (2)
- Reasoning (2)
- Reasons (2)
- Reconhecimento (2)
- Recurrence (2)
- Red blood cell transfusion (2)
- Redoxin (2)
- Reef (2)
- Reefs (2)
- Referral to the ECJ (2)
- Refractory ALL (2)
- Regret (2)
- Regulatory Ethics (2)
- Reinforcement Learning (2)
- Religiöser Konflikt (2)
- Religiöser Pluralismus (2)
- Remission (2)
- Renal system (2)
- Rendite (2)
- Replication crisis (2)
- Representation (2)
- Representative survey (2)
- Reproduction (2)
- Reptilia (2)
- Rescue medication (2)
- Research architecture (2)
- Research design (2)
- Research validity (2)
- Reservoir (2)
- Resolution (2)
- Resonances (2)
- Respiratory distress syndrome (2)
- Restenosis (2)
- Resting state (2)
- Resting-state (2)
- Restrukturierung (2)
- Retail Investor (2)
- Retina (2)
- Retirement Welfare (2)
- Return to play (2)
- Review (2)
- Reward (2)
- Ribavirin (2)
- Rietveld refinement (2)
- Risikokommunikation (2)
- Risk Assessment (2)
- Risk Attitudes (2)
- Risk Management (2)
- Risk Preferences (2)
- Risk aggregation (2)
- Risk communication (2)
- Risk factor (2)
- Risk stratification (2)
- Risk-Taking (2)
- Rivaroxaban (2)
- Robotics (2)
- Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) (2)
- Ruhestand (2)
- Rural area (2)
- S. cerevisiae (2)
- S1P lyase (2)
- S1P receptors (2)
- SAMHD1 (2)
- SARS-CoV-2 monitoring (2)
- SARS-CoV-2 testing (2)
- SARS‐CoV‐2 (2)
- SCC (2)
- SCCHN (2)
- SD-OCT (2)
- SEC (2)
- SENP (2)
- SFAP (2)
- SFDR (2)
- SILAC (2)
- SINE (2)
- SIRT1 (2)
- SKAP1 (2)
- SL1 (2)
- SMAD (2)
- SOD (2)
- SPAD (2)
- SPM (2)
- SPTAN1 (2)
- SR proteins (2)
- SRSF3 (2)
- SRSF7 (2)
- STAT1 (2)
- STAT5 (2)
- STDP (2)
- STING (2)
- SUMOylation (2)
- SV2A (2)
- SVAR (2)
- SVR (2)
- SWIFT (2)
- Sahel (2)
- Sanctions (2)
- Savings Banks (2)
- Saward (2)
- Scalp (2)
- Scheimpflug imaging (2)
- Schizophrenie (2)
- Schwerionenphysik (2)
- Scientists (2)
- Sea water (2)
- Secondary metabolism (2)
- Secretin (2)
- Seizures (2)
- Self-esteem (2)
- Self-renewal (2)
- Semantik (2)
- Semidefinite Programming (2)
- Semiquinone (2)
- Sensorimotor processing (2)
- Sentiment (2)
- Sequence alignment (2)
- Sequence motif analysis (2)
- Sequencing (2)
- Serbia (2)
- Serum (2)
- Sestrin 2 (2)
- Shakespeare (2)
- Shell model (2)
- Sholl analysis (2)
- Short bowel syndrome (2)
- SiGe alloys (2)
- Sigmund Freud (2)
- Sign Restrictions (2)
- Signal Transduction (2)
- Signal transduction (2)
- Signifikanzniveau (2)
- Silicon (2)
- Similarity (2)
- Simulation and modeling (2)
- Simulation training (2)
- Single Resolution Mechanism (2)
- Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) (2)
- Single electrons (2)
- Single molecule force spectroscopy (2)
- Single-particle states (2)
- Singlet Oxygen (2)
- Skewness (2)
- Skills (2)
- Smac mimetic (2)
- Smoking habits (2)
- Snakebite (2)
- Social Conditioning (2)
- Social Justice (2)
- Social Networks (2)
- Social behaviour (2)
- Social epidemiology (2)
- Social health determinants (2)
- Social identity (2)
- Social networks (2)
- Social neuroscience (2)
- Social participation (2)
- Social phobia (2)
- Social practice theory (2)
- Social sciences (2)
- Social support (2)
- Social systems (2)
- Societal constitutionalism (2)
- Society (2)
- Socio-economic analysis (2)
- Socioeconomic status (2)
- Solid Earth sciences (2)
- Solid-state NMR (2)
- Solid-state chemistry (2)
- Solidarität (2)
- Sonication (2)
- Sorafenib (2)
- South-Eastern Europe (2)
- Sovereign Risk (2)
- Sovereign default (2)
- Space-Time Symmetries (2)
- Special issue (2)
- Speciation (2)
- Specificity (2)
- Spectral functions (2)
- Spinal cord (2)
- Spirochetes (2)
- Sponge (2)
- Sponges (2)
- Spread Decomposition Models (2)
- Squamata (2)
- Stability (2)
- Stability and Growth Pact (2)
- Stablecoins (2)
- Standard endoscopy (2)
- Standard value (2)
- State (2)
- Statistical analysis (2)
- Statistical distributions (2)
- Statistischer Test (2)
- Stem-cell therapies (2)
- Sterols (2)
- Stochastic mortality risk (2)
- Stock Market (2)
- Stock market (2)
- Stockholding (2)
- Stoffwechsel (2)
- Stone-Geary preferences (2)
- Stress response (2)
- Striatum (2)
- Strong interaction (2)
- Structural plasticity (2)
- Student Movement (2)
- Students (2)
- Study protocol (2)
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage (2)
- Subjectivation (2)
- Sudden death (2)
- Suicidality (2)
- Sumatra (2)
- Sums of arithmetic-geometric exponentials (2)
- Sunitinib (2)
- Superficial vein thrombosis (2)
- Superoxide (2)
- Supersaturation (2)
- Supply Chain (2)
- Supported decision making (2)
- Survey Indicator (2)
- Surveys (2)
- Survival analysis (2)
- Survivin (2)
- Sustainable Development Goals (2)
- Sustainable Investing (2)
- Swimming (2)
- Switching Algorithm (2)
- Switzerland (2)
- Syllables (2)
- Synaptic transmission (2)
- Synchron Cultures (2)
- Synovial sarcoma (2)
- Synthesis gas (2)
- Systemic inflammation (2)
- Systemic therapy (2)
- Systemically Important Financial Institutions (2)
- Südostasien (2)
- T-cell (2)
- T-cell development (2)
- T-cell receptor (2)
- T-cell targeting (2)
- T-cells (2)
- TACE (2)
- TBK1 (2)
- TBSS (2)
- TEPT complejo (2)
- TF-complexes (2)
- TGF-β1 (2)
- TLR (2)
- TMT (2)
- TPACK (2)
- TPDL conference (2)
- TRPA1 (2)
- TRPV4 (2)
- TSC (2)
- Tail Risk (2)
- Tail risk (2)
- Targeted therapies (2)
- Task performance (2)
- Task-switching (2)
- Tasmanian devil (2)
- Taxation of Capital (2)
- Taylor rule (2)
- Teaching (2)
- Technologie (2)
- Technology (2)
- Telecommuting (2)
- Telework (2)
- Temporal Graph (2)
- Teoria crítica (2)
- TeraFET (2)
- Terbium (2)
- Term Structure of Interest Rates (2)
- Term life insurance (2)
- Terpenes (2)
- Terrorismus (2)
- Testing (2)
- Testtheorie (2)
- Theodor Adorno (2)
- Theory–practice gap (2)
- Thermal & statistical models (2)
- Thermalization (2)
- Thermus (2)
- Thomas Pogge (2)
- Thomism (2)
- Thromboembolism (2)
- Thrombolysis (2)
- Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (2)
- Thyroid (2)
- Tibnīn (2)
- Tick (2)
- Tick-borne diseases (2)
- Tight junctions (2)
- Time Inconsistency (2)
- Time Preferences (2)
- TolC (2)
- Toll-like receptor (2)
- Toll-like receptors (2)
- Tomography (x-ray computed) (2)
- Ton (2)
- Tools and ressources (2)
- Tooth loss (2)
- Top Income Taxation (2)
- Topology (2)
- Toron (2)
- Trade sales (2)
- Trading Intensity (2)
- Traditional medicine (2)
- Tramontane (2)
- Transcription (2)
- Transcription Factors (2)
- Transfer Learning (2)
- Transfer learning (2)
- Transgender (2)
- Translation initiation (2)
- Transmission (2)
- Transnationaler Konstitutionalismus (2)
- Transparenz (2)
- Transport poverty (2)
- Transport properties (2)
- Transporters (2)
- Trastorno de estrés postraumático (2)
- Traumatic brain injury (2)
- Traumatic injury (2)
- Travel behavior (2)
- Treg cell (2)
- Trend Growth (2)
- Triatominae (2)
- Tribolium castaneum (2)
- Trifluoromethylation (2)
- Tropical geometry (2)
- Troponin (2)
- Trust Game (2)
- Trustworthiness (2)
- Trypanosoma brucei (2)
- Tuberculosis (2)
- Tumour immunology (2)
- Tunisia (2)
- Two-dimensional materials (2)
- Tyre (2)
- UBA5 (2)
- UFM1 (2)
- UGCG (2)
- US GAAP (2)
- UV-B Stress (2)
- Ubihydrochinon-Cytochrom-c-Reductase (2)
- Ubiquitin Ligase (2)
- Ubiquitylation (2)
- Ulcerative colitis (2)
- Ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions (2)
- Ultrasonography (2)
- Underwriter Fee (2)
- United Nations (2)
- Unternehmensanleihen (2)
- Unternehmensfinanzierung (2)
- Unterstützung der Umwelt (2)
- UrQMD (2)
- Urban (2)
- Urethral cancer (2)
- Urology (2)
- Ursidae (2)
- Ursus arctos (2)
- Usability (2)
- Ustilaginomycotina (2)
- Uteroglobin (2)
- U–Pb ages (2)
- V4 (2)
- VDR (2)
- VEGF receptors (2)
- VIGALL (2)
- VRE (2)
- Vaccine (2)
- Vaccine uptake rate (2)
- Valuation Theory (2)
- Value (2)
- Value-at-Risk (2)
- Value-at-risk (2)
- Variscides (2)
- Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (2)
- Vascularization (2)
- Vasculitis (2)
- Veins (2)
- Vemurafenib (2)
- Vergleich (2)
- Verkehr (2)
- Vertex Detector (2)
- Vertrauen (2)
- Virtual reality (2)
- Virulence (2)
- Visual acuity (2)
- Visual estimation (2)
- Visual quality (2)
- Visuelle Wahrnehmung (2)
- Vitamin D deficiency (2)
- Vmem (2)
- Volatility Interruption (2)
- Volume therapy (2)
- Voluntariness (2)
- Vowels (2)
- Voxel-based morphometry (2)
- WAF (2)
- WTI (2)
- WTO (2)
- Warburg effect (2)
- WaterGAP (2)
- Wearable cardioverter-defibrillator (2)
- Web 2.0 (2)
- Weight loss (2)
- Weltpolitik (2)
- Weltwirtschaft (2)
- Wertpapieremission (2)
- Western Kenya (2)
- Western blot (2)
- White blood cells (2)
- Work engagement (2)
- Working Memory (2)
- Wounds (2)
- Wundsekretion (2)
- X-ray (2)
- X-ray Crystallography (2)
- X-ray diffraction (2)
- X-ray structure analysis (2)
- Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (2)
- Xetra-Handelssystem (2)
- Zea mays (2)
- Zero lower bound (2)
- Zero nominal interest rate bound (2)
- Zika fever (2)
- Zingiber officinale Roscoe (2)
- Zinssätze (2)
- Zoonotic diseases (2)
- Zoopotentation (2)
- Zooprophylaxis (2)
- Zustandsgleichung (2)
- aDGVM (2)
- ablation (2)
- abortion (2)
- absent expenditure of material (2)
- abuse (2)
- academic development (2)
- accelerometry (2)
- accessibility switch (2)
- accident (2)
- acclimation (2)
- acetogen (2)
- acetogenic bacteria (2)
- acetogens (2)
- action-effect association (2)
- active aging (2)
- acute leukemia (2)
- acute lung injury (2)
- acute myeloid leukaemia (2)
- acute respiratory distress syndrome (2)
- adalimumab (2)
- adaptations to microgravity (2)
- adaptive immunity (2)
- added value (2)
- adenovirus (2)
- adenylyl cyclases (2)
- adherence (2)
- adipocytes (2)
- adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (2)
- adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (2)
- adjuvant therapy (2)
- adjuvante Therapie (2)
- adolescent (2)
- adolescentes (2)
- adoptive cancer immunotherapy (2)
- adult (2)
- advanced care planning (2)
- adverse reaction (2)
- affect (2)
- affective disorder (2)
- age differences (2)
- age of onset (2)
- age-related macular degeneration (2)
- agent-based modeling (2)
- air flow (2)
- akute Wunden (2)
- alcoholic liver disease (2)
- algorithm (2)
- allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (2)
- alpha band (2)
- alpha power (2)
- alpha-synuclein (2)
- alzheimer’s disease (2)
- aminal structure (2)
- amphiregulin (2)
- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (2)
- analgesia (2)
- analgesics (2)
- analysis (2)
- anaplastic large cell lymphoma (2)
- anger (2)
- angiography (2)
- animal experiment (2)
- animal experiments (2)
- animal welfare (2)
- anisotropic azimuthal correlation (2)
- ankyrin (2)
- anorexia nervosa (2)
- antibacterial activity (2)
- antibiotic therapy (2)
- antibiotics (2)
- anticipation (2)
- anticoagulants (2)
- anticoagulation (2)
- anticonvulsants (2)
- antiepileptic drug (2)
- antiepileptic drugs (2)
- antifungal therapy (2)
- antigen processing (2)
- antioxidant (2)
- antiseizure medication (2)
- antisocial behavior (2)
- antiviral drugs (2)
- aortic valve stenosis (2)
- approximate number system (2)
- aptamers (2)
- arachidonic acid (2)
- architecture (2)
- argumentation (2)
- art criticism (2)
- art market (2)
- arthritis (2)
- aspect (2)
- aspirin (2)
- assembly (2)
- asset valuation (2)
- asset-backed securities (2)
- astrocytoma (2)
- asymptotic giant branch stars (2)
- atezolizumab (2)
- atheism (2)
- athletes (2)
- atmospheric boundary layer (2)
- atomic force microscopy (2)
- attachment loss (2)
- attack (2)
- attractiveness (2)
- auctions (2)
- audiovisual (2)
- auditor liability (2)
- augmented reality (2)
- austerity (2)
- authenticity (2)
- autism (2)
- autoantibodies (2)
- autoimmune diabetes (2)
- autoimmunity (2)
- autoinhibition (2)
- autologous stem cell transplantation (2)
- avian magnetic compass (2)
- axon bifurcation (2)
- azo compounds (2)
- baicalein (2)
- bailouts (2)
- ban (2)
- bank deposits (2)
- bank filtration (2)
- bank risk (2)
- bank runs (2)
- banking separation (2)
- base pairing (2)
- behavioral economics (2)
- behavioral finance (2)
- belonging (2)
- benchmarking (2)
- betulinic acid (2)
- bibliometric analysis (2)
- biliary stricture (2)
- bilingualism (2)
- binary neutron star merger (2)
- binary neutron star mergers (2)
- binocular rivalry (2)
- binocular vision (2)
- bio imaging (2)
- bio-enabling formulations (2)
- bioassays (2)
- bioavailability (2)
- biocompatibility (2)
- biodiversity conservation (2)
- biodiversity protection (2)
- biodiversity research (2)
- bioethics (2)
- biofuel (2)
- biofuels (2)
- biographical research (2)
- biologicals (2)
- biologics (2)
- bioluminescence (2)
- biopolitics (2)
- biopsy (2)
- biopsy cores (2)
- biorelevant dissolution (2)
- biospeleology (2)
- black holes (2)
- blood coagulation (2)
- blood flow restriction (2)
- blood pressure (2)
- blood-brain barrier (2)
- blood–brain barrier (2)
- body plethysmography (2)
- bone healing (2)
- bone marrow microenvironment (2)
- bone metabolism (2)
- bone metastasis (2)
- border control (2)
- border effects (2)
- boron (2)
- borrelia (2)
- borrowing constraints (2)
- boryl anions (2)
- boswellic acids (2)
- bounded rationality (2)
- brain function (2)
- brain imaging (2)
- brain states (2)
- brain tumor (2)
- brain-derived neurotrophic factor (2)
- branches (2)
- brightness (2)
- broadly neutralizing antibodies (2)
- broker (2)
- bromodomains (2)
- brown-spinning (2)
- bulimia nervosa (2)
- business equity (2)
- c-MYC (2)
- cART (2)
- cabozantinib (2)
- call-by-need (2)
- calprotectin (2)
- campesterol (2)
- cancer cell metabolism (2)
- cancer specific survival (2)
- cancer therapy (2)
- cancer treatment (2)
- cancer-associated fibroblasts (2)
- cancer-specific mortality (2)
- cancer-specific survival (2)
- candidate genes (2)
- capitalism (2)
- capsaicin (2)
- carbapenem resistance (2)
- carbapenemase (2)
- carbon capture (2)
- carbonates (2)
- cardiovascular (2)
- cardiovascular diseases (2)
- case-referent study (2)
- caspase-1 (2)
- cataract surgery (2)
- causality (2)
- cell differentiation (2)
- cell motility (2)
- cell-free expression (2)
- cells (2)
- center embedding (2)
- central bank communication (2)
- central banking (2)
- central banks (2)
- central nervous system (2)
- ceramide (2)
- cerebral hemorrhage (2)
- cerebral ischemia (2)
- cerebral venous thrombosis (2)
- cerebrovascular disease (2)
- cesarean section (2)
- challenges (2)
- chaperones (2)
- checklist (2)
- chemically peculiar stars (2)
- chemotherapy resistance (2)
- chest trauma (2)
- childhood (2)
- childhood acute myeloid leukemia (2)
- childhood cancer (2)
- chiral symmetry (2)
- chiral symmetry restoration (2)
- chloroplasts (2)
- cholangiocarcinoma (2)
- cholestanol (2)
- cholesterol absorption (2)
- cholesterol synthesis (2)
- chromatin (2)
- chronic granulomatous disease (2)
- chronic hepatitis C (2)
- chronic inflammation (2)
- chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (2)
- chronische venöse Unterschenkel-Ulzera (2)
- chronobiology (2)
- chronotype (2)
- cigarette (2)
- circadian (2)
- circadian rhythms (2)
- circuit analysis (2)
- circular RNA (2)
- circular dichroism (2)
- circumstellar dust (2)
- cisplatin resistance (2)
- citizen engagement (2)
- citizenship (2)
- citrullination (2)
- classification (2)
- cleaning (2)
- clinical benefit (2)
- clinical immunology (2)
- clinical isolates (2)
- clinical studies (2)
- clinically important restrictions and symptoms (2)
- cluster compounds (2)
- clustering (2)
- co-crystalline adduct (2)
- co-presence (2)
- coagulopathy (2)
- coal (2)
- coalescence (2)
- coalescent (2)
- cochlea (2)
- cognitive decline (2)
- cognitive development (2)
- cognitive flexibility (2)
- cognitive load (2)
- cognitive training (2)
- collaboration (2)
- collaboration script (2)
- collective action (2)
- collective litigation (2)
- colon (2)
- colon carcinoma cells (2)
- color (2)
- colorectal cancer (CRC) (2)
- colorectal carcinoma (2)
- comics and memory (2)
- communion (2)
- community assembly (2)
- comparative genomics (2)
- comparison (2)
- compensation design (2)
- complementary and alternative medicine (2)
- complementary medicine (2)
- complex PTSD (2)
- compliance (2)
- complication (2)
- composite structures (2)
- compulsory education (2)
- computational biology (2)
- computational neuroscience (2)
- computer-assisted (2)
- concordance (2)
- conditionality (2)
- conflict resolution (2)
- conformational dynamics (2)
- congenital diaphragmatic hernia (2)
- connectedness to nature (2)
- consensus (2)
- conservation funding (2)
- conservation genetics (2)
- conservation planning (2)
- consolidating supervision (2)
- constipation (2)
- constructivist turn (2)
- consumer behavior (2)
- consumer credit (2)
- consumption hump (2)
- contact-free method (2)
- contamination (2)
- contemporary (2)
- content analysis (2)
- contentious politics (2)
- context (2)
- context lemma (2)
- continuation vote (2)
- continuum model (2)
- contract design (2)
- controlled diffusions and jump processes (2)
- convection-permitting simulation (2)
- convulsive seizures (2)
- core (2)
- corn (2)
- corneal edema (2)
- corneal transplantation (2)
- corona (2)
- corona virus (2)
- coronary artery bypass graft surgery (2)
- coronary artery disease (2)
- corporate bond market (2)
- corporate restructuring (2)
- correlation functions (2)
- cost-effective (2)
- counterfactual analysis (2)
- coupling (2)
- cox2 (2)
- cpDNA (2)
- credit funds (2)
- credit rationing (2)
- credit scoring (2)
- credit scoring methodology (2)
- credit scoring regulation (2)
- critical gerontology (2)
- critical realist democratic theory (2)
- critical size defect (2)
- criticality (2)
- critically ill patients (2)
- critique (2)
- cropland (2)
- cross-border banking (2)
- cross-frequency coupling (2)
- cross-national comparison (2)
- cross-section (2)
- crowdinvesting (2)
- cryo-electron microscopy (2)
- cryo-electron tomography (2)
- cryoballoon (2)
- cryopreservation (2)
- cryptochrome (2)
- cryptochrome 1a (2)
- cryptocurrencies (2)
- cultural capital (2)
- cultural heritage (2)
- cultural memory of Greenland (2)
- cultural memory studies (2)
- cuticular hydrocarbons (2)
- cyber peace (2)
- cycle flows (2)
- cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (2)
- cyclical liabilities (2)
- cycloaddition (2)
- cyclooxygenase (2)
- cyclosporin A (2)
- cytochrome P450 2E1 (2)
- cytokine (2)
- cytotoxic T cells (2)
- dabrafenib (2)
- dance (2)
- data analysis (2)
- data protection (2)
- data quality (2)
- de novo design (2)
- deafness (2)
- debt maturity (2)
- debt restructuring (2)
- decays (2)
- decision theory (2)
- decompensated liver cirrhosis (2)
- dedifferentiation (2)
- delay (2)
- delayed claiming (2)
- delayed retirement (2)
- deletion mutant (2)
- deliberation (2)
- deliberative systems (2)
- democratic backsliding (2)
- democratic boundary problem (2)
- democratic innovation (2)
- democratic theory (2)
- demographic change (2)
- demography (2)
- denervation (2)
- dental assistant (2)
- dental assistants (2)
- dentists (2)
- dentoalveolar surgery (2)
- deposit insurance (2)
- depressive symptoms (2)
- derivatives (2)
- desensitization (2)
- determinism (2)
- detoxification (2)
- deubiquitinase (DUB) (2)
- dialectics (2)
- dialysis (2)
- diesel (2)
- dietary supplements (2)
- diffusion model (2)
- digital divide (2)
- digital heritage (2)
- dignity (2)
- dihydroceramide (2)
- direct democracy (2)
- directed flow (2)
- disaster risk (2)
- discount (2)
- discourse analysis (2)
- discretionary decisions (2)
- disease burden (2)
- disease models (2)
- disease progression (2)
- disequilibrium (2)
- dislocation (2)
- distance (2)
- distance learning (2)
- distribution (2)
- diurnal cycle (2)
- docetaxel (2)
- docking domains (2)
- documentary (2)
- downside risk (2)
- doxycycline (2)
- drought (2)
- drug-induced liver injury (2)
- duality (2)
- dynamic portfolio choice (2)
- dysphagia (2)
- e-learning (2)
- early breast cancer (2)
- early childhood (2)
- early retirement (2)
- early second language acquisition (2)
- eating disorders (2)
- economic and monetary union (2)
- economic burden (2)
- economic crisis (2)
- economic governance (2)
- economic growth (2)
- economy (2)
- effective connectivity (2)
- effectiveness (2)
- eicosanoid (2)
- eicosanoids (2)
- elasticity of intertemporal substitution (2)
- elderly patients (2)
- electrical stimulation (2)
- electricity (2)
- electrocardiography (2)
- electroencephalography (EEG) (2)
- electromagnetic probes (2)
- electron cryo-microscopy (2)
- electron cryo-tomography (2)
- electron crystallography (2)
- electron transfer (2)
- electron transfer chain (2)
- electron transport (2)
- electron transport chain (2)
- electronic transport (2)
- elite athletes (2)
- emancipation (2)
- emergence (2)
- emergency care (2)
- emotion (2)
- emotional competence (2)
- emotional exhaustion (2)
- employees (2)
- enamides (2)
- encoding (2)
- endogenous growth (2)
- endophytes (2)
- endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (2)
- endothelial (2)
- endovascular treatment (2)
- energy system design (2)
- engagement (2)
- enrichment (2)
- entorhinal cortex lesion (2)
- entrepreneurial finance (2)
- entrepreneurship (2)
- environmental DNA (2)
- environmental attitudes (2)
- environmental behavior (2)
- environmental knowledge (2)
- enzyme kinetics (2)
- epidemics (2)
- epidermis (2)
- epigenome (2)
- epileptic encephalopathy (2)
- epithelial cells (2)
- epithelial to mesenchymal transition (2)
- equity options (2)
- erastin (2)
- erectile dysfunction (2)
- erythrocyte (2)
- esophageal cancer (2)
- estimation risk (2)
- ethanol (2)
- euro crisis (2)
- euthymic (2)
- everyday life (2)
- evolutionary biology (2)
- exchange rate (2)
- excited state aromaticity (2)
- executive compensation (2)
- executive functions (2)
- exercise countermeasure (2)
- exhaustion (2)
- expectation formation (2)
- experience (2)
- experiment (2)
- experimental asset markets (2)
- expertise (2)
- experts (2)
- exploratory structural equation modeling (2)
- exposure (2)
- extended Einstein gravity (2)
- extraversion (2)
- extremophile (2)
- eye movements (2)
- face perception (2)
- facilitation (2)
- factor H (2)
- fair trade (2)
- fall (2)
- far-right politics (2)
- farnesoid X receptor (2)
- fasting (2)
- fat-free-mass (2)
- fatty acid synthesis (2)
- fear conditioning (2)
- feasibility (2)
- feedback (2)
- female subjects (2)
- feminist epistemology (2)
- femoral artery ligation (2)
- ferric carboxymaltose (2)
- ferroptosis (2)
- fertility (2)
- fibrinolysis (2)
- field-effect transistor (2)
- financial advice (2)
- financial institutions (2)
- financial intermediation (2)
- financial privacy (2)
- financing decisions (2)
- firm heterogeneity (2)
- fixation probability (2)
- fluctuations (2)
- fluid intelligence (2)
- fluorescent probes (2)
- focal therapy (2)
- foraging (2)
- forecasts (2)
- forensic aesthetics (2)
- forest management (2)
- fractionation (2)
- fracture (2)
- fragment screening (2)
- frankincense (2)
- free will (2)
- frühes Mammakarzinom (2)
- functional genetics (2)
- functional genomics (2)
- functional programming languages (2)
- fundamental rights (2)
- furcation involvement class III (2)
- fusion biopsy (2)
- futures (2)
- gait analysis (2)
- gallbladder cancer (2)
- gallbladder cancer xenografts (2)
- gaming disorder (2)
- gangliosides (2)
- gasoline (2)
- gauge theory (2)
- gaze-contingent protocol (2)
- gender equality (2)
- gender inequality (2)
- gene conversion (2)
- gene expression profiling (2)
- gene signature (2)
- genealogy (2)
- general cognitive ability (2)
- generating functionals (2)
- genes (2)
- genetic algorithm (2)
- genetic engineering (2)
- genetic markers (2)
- genetic predisposition (2)
- genome (2)
- genome editing (2)
- genotype (2)
- geology (2)
- germanium (2)
- glecaprevir (2)
- global (2)
- global banks (2)
- global commons (2)
- global democracy (2)
- global governance (2)
- global health (2)
- global inequality (2)
- global jets (2)
- global real activity (2)
- global warming (2)
- global water model (2)
- glucose metabolism (2)
- glycoproteins (2)
- gold (2)
- goods market integration (2)
- governance (2)
- government bonds (2)
- graphene (2)
- gravitation (2)
- gravitational wave (2)
- green finance (2)
- grit (2)
- grounded theory (2)
- growth factor (2)
- guanidine analogs (2)
- guanylyl cyclases (2)
- guided bone regeneration (2)
- hadron gas (2)
- haemophilia (2)
- haemophilia A (2)
- halogen bonding (2)
- happiness (2)
- haptic memory (2)
- hate crimes (2)
- hate speech (2)
- head and neck neoplasms (2)
- head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (2)
- health care (2)
- health information exchange (2)
- healthcare (2)
- healthcare personnel (2)
- healthcare workers (2)
- hearing loss (2)
- heat (2)
- heat shock protein (2)
- hedge funds (2)
- hedgehog signaling (2)
- helical magnetic fields (2)
- hematological (2)
- hematopoietic stem cells (2)
- hemolysis (2)
- hemorrhagic transformation (2)
- hepatic encephalopathy (2)
- hepatitis B virus (2)
- hepatotoxicity (2)
- herbal hepatotoxicity (2)
- heteronuclear detection (2)
- heterostructures (2)
- hierarchical models (2)
- high energy physics (2)
- high throughput (2)
- high-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction (2)
- high-throughput sequencing (2)
- hippocampal sclerosis (2)
- histamine (2)
- histological validation (2)
- histone deacetylase (2)
- histone deacetylase inhibitor (2)
- historical statistics (2)
- home education (2)
- homeostatic adaption (2)
- homogeneity (2)
- hot spots (2)
- household portfolios (2)
- household survey (2)
- household-portfolio shares (2)
- human biology and medicine (2)
- human cytomegalovirus (2)
- human genomics (2)
- human immunodeficiency virus (2)
- human resource management (2)
- human space flight (2)
- humans (2)
- hydrocarbons (2)
- hydrodynamics (2)
- hydrogen bonds (2)
- hydrogen-dependent CO2 reductase (2)
- hydrology (2)
- hydrothermal fluids (2)
- hyperalgesia (2)
- hyperhomocysteinemia (2)
- hypertrophy (2)
- iCBT (2)
- iDILI (2)
- iPS (2)
- ideology critique (2)
- idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (2)
- imitation (2)
- immune therapy (2)
- immunocytochemistry (2)
- immunomodulatory effects (2)
- immunosuppression (2)
- impact factor (2)
- implied correlation (2)
- implied volatility (2)
- implied volatility skew (2)
- impostor phenomenon (2)
- impulse response (2)
- in vitro model (2)
- incidence (2)
- inclination compass (2)
- inclusion (2)
- indigenous peoples (2)
- indirect inference estimation (2)
- individual investor (2)
- individual investors (2)
- individual responsibility (2)
- induced membrane (2)
- induction chemotherapy (2)
- infancy (2)
- infections (2)
- infectious disease (2)
- infectivity (2)
- infiltration (2)
- influenza vaccination (2)
- information asymmetry (2)
- information flow (2)
- information processing (2)
- information processing theory (2)
- information transfer (2)
- infrared thermography (2)
- infrared-A radiation (2)
- inhibition (2)
- inhibitor (2)
- inhibitors (2)
- inhibitory control (2)
- initial state (2)
- injection (2)
- inner ear (2)
- input (2)
- insect (2)
- insider trading (2)
- insulin (2)
- integrate-and-fire (2)
- integrated stress response (2)
- integrative medicine (2)
- intelligence (2)
- interbank network (2)
- interbank networks (2)
- interdisciplinarity (2)
- interdisciplinary (2)
- interest (2)
- interferon (2)
- interferon gamma (2)
- intergenerational transmission (2)
- interleukin-4 (2)
- interleukins (2)
- intermediate risk (2)
- internal ratings (2)
- internalin B (2)
- international law (2)
- international relations theory (2)
- interpersonal closeness (2)
- intervention study (2)
- intracranial hemorrhage (2)
- intrinsic motivation (2)
- intrinsic plasticity (2)
- intrinsically disordered protein (2)
- invariance testing (2)
- investments (2)
- inward proton pump (2)
- ion (2)
- irritable bowel syndrome (2)
- isis (2)
- islam (2)
- island (2)
- isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) (2)
- isotope labeling (2)
- jihadism (2)
- job-exposure matrix (2)
- joint contact forces (2)
- joint inference (2)
- jumps (2)
- keratinized mucosa (2)
- keratinocytes (2)
- kidney cancer (2)
- kidney function (2)
- kinase inhibitor (2)
- kinase regulation (2)
- kinematic analysis (2)
- kinesin (2)
- kink-like instability (2)
- knowledge discovery (2)
- laboratory experiment (2)
- land-use change (2)
- language communities (2)
- lapatinib (2)
- large eddy simulation (2)
- latent class analysis (2)
- latent factors (2)
- lathosterol (2)
- lattice (2)
- layer-specificity (2)
- leader self-awareness (2)
- leader self-efficacy (2)
- leadership emergence (2)
- learning about jumps (2)
- legal culture (2)
- legal theory (2)
- legislation (2)
- leisure time activity (2)
- lenalidomide (2)
- leukodystrophy (2)
- leukopenia (2)
- lexical aspect (2)
- lexical tone (2)
- liability (2)
- liberalism (2)
- life cycle saving (2)
- life insurance (2)
- life plans (2)
- life satisfaction (2)
- life trajectories (2)
- life-cycle (2)
- lifespan (2)
- lifestyle intervention (2)
- lifetime income (2)
- ligand binding (2)
- limit order book (2)
- linguistic rhythm (2)
- liquidity premium (2)
- liquidity provision (2)
- literature review (2)
- live-cell imaging (2)
- livelihood (2)
- liver cancer (2)
- liver damage (2)
- liver disease (2)
- liver metastases (2)
- living will (2)
- loan officer (2)
- loan origination (2)
- loanable funds (2)
- local control (2)
- local field potential (2)
- local information dynamics (2)
- local recurrence (2)
- local-field potentials (2)
- localized prostate cancer (2)
- log data (2)
- long-term depression (2)
- long-term outcome (2)
- long-term success (2)
- long-term survival (2)
- long-term tooth survival (2)
- longitudinal invariance (2)
- longitudinal study (2)
- low molecular weight heparin (2)
- low-glycaemic meal replacement (2)
- lump sum (2)
- lung development (2)
- lymph node dissection (2)
- lymphocytes (2)
- lysosome (2)
- lysosomes (2)
- mHealth (2)
- mRNA stability (2)
- mTOR inhibitor (2)
- macro-prudential supervision (2)
- macrohabitat (2)
- macroprudential supervision (2)
- magnetic compass (2)
- magnetic fields (2)
- magnetic frustration (2)
- magnetic susceptibility (2)
- maintenance (2)
- major depression (2)
- major depressive disorder (2)
- malaria (2)
- malignancies (2)
- malignancy (2)
- malignant melanoma (2)
- mammary carcinoma (2)
- mandatory reporting (2)
- manganese (2)
- mannitol (2)
- marginal bone loss (2)
- marginal propensity to consume (2)
- market making (2)
- market supervision (2)
- markups (2)
- mast cells (2)
- mathematical and relativistic aspects of cosmology (2)
- mathematical models of viral RNA cycle (2)
- matrix (2)
- maturity (2)
- meaning (2)
- medical education (2)
- medication management (2)
- medication review (2)
- medicinal chemistry (2)
- medulloblastoma (2)
- melatonin (2)
- memantine (2)
- membrane (2)
- membrane fluidity (2)
- membrane potential (2)
- memory consolidation (2)
- mesenchymal stromal cell (2)
- metabarcoding (2)
- metals (2)
- metasomatism (2)
- metastatic (2)
- metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (2)
- methylprednisolone (2)
- methyltransferase (2)
- miR (2)
- miR-21 (2)
- micro-prudential supervision (2)
- microbes (2)
- microdosing (2)
- microenvironment (2)
- microgastropods (2)
- microplastics (2)
- microsatellites (2)
- microscopy (2)
- microsurgery (2)
- microvesicles (2)
- middle childhood (2)
- middle east (2)
- migrants (2)
- military (2)
- minipublics (2)
- mitochondrial dynamics (2)
- mitogen-activated protein kinase (2)
- model (2)
- model of measurement (2)
- molecular identification (2)
- molecular machines (2)
- molecular marker (2)
- molecular mechanisms (2)
- molecular modeling (2)
- molecular typing (2)
- monetary policy rule (2)
- monetary policy strategy (2)
- monetary policy transmission (2)
- money in the utility function (2)
- monoclonal antibody (2)
- morbidity (2)
- motivation (2)
- motor control (2)
- mountain (2)
- mouse models (2)
- mucormycetes (2)
- multi-objective optimization (2)
- multi-tasking (2)
- multicentre study (2)
- multidetector computed tomography (2)
- multienzyme (2)
- multinational companies/business and human rights (2)
- multinucleated giant cells (2)
- multipolarity (2)
- multisensory integration (2)
- muscle quality (2)
- musculoskeletal modeling (2)
- muslims (2)
- mutation (2)
- mycorrhiza (2)
- myelin (2)
- myelodysplastic syndrome (2)
- myocardial infarction (2)
- nanoparticle (2)
- nanotechnology (2)
- narrative (2)
- natural experiment (2)
- natural gas (2)
- natural product (2)
- ncRNA (2)
- negative priming (2)
- neo-fascism (2)
- neoadjuvant chemotherapy (2)
- neocortical circuits (2)
- nerve injury (2)
- net zero transition (2)
- network (2)
- network dynamics (2)
- network model (2)
- neural computation (2)
- neurocognitive (2)
- neurodegenerative diseases (2)
- neurodevelopment (2)
- neuroendocrine (2)
- neuroethology (2)
- neurogenesis (2)
- neuroinflammation (2)
- neuroinformatics (2)
- neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (2)
- neuronal populations (2)
- neurons (2)
- neurooncology (2)
- neuropathy (2)
- neuroprotection (2)
- neuropsychology (2)
- neurosciences (2)
- neuroticism (2)
- neutropenia (2)
- neutrophils (2)
- newborn (2)
- newly founded firms (2)
- next generation sequencing (NGS) (2)
- nivolumab (2)
- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (2)
- non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (2)
- non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (2)
- non-small cell lung cancer (2)
- non-small-cell lung cancer (2)
- non-structural proteins (2)
- nonlinear dynamical systems (2)
- nouvelle droite (2)
- nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2)
- nuclear modification (2)
- nuclear parton modification (2)
- nucleolus (2)
- null subjects (2)
- nursery schools (2)
- nutlin-3 (2)
- object-based classification (2)
- objects (2)
- observational semantics (2)
- occupational exposure (2)
- occupational health (2)
- occupational infections (2)
- oceanic islands (2)
- oil (2)
- oil inventories (2)
- oil market (2)
- olfaction (2)
- oligarchy (2)
- oligomerisation (2)
- oligonucleotide (2)
- omega-3 fatty acids (2)
- omissions (2)
- oncogene (2)
- oncomodulation (2)
- one new species (2)
- online advertising (2)
- online learning (2)
- online survey (2)
- ontology (2)
- oomycetes (2)
- open content (2)
- open-access (2)
- operational performance (2)
- optimal investment (2)
- optimal monetary policy (2)
- option prices (2)
- option-implied distribution (2)
- oral and maxillofacial surgery (2)
- organic charge-transfer salts (2)
- organisational psychology (2)
- organizational identification (2)
- organoids (2)
- organotypic slice cultures (2)
- orthology (2)
- oscillation (2)
- oscillators (2)
- osteoclasts (2)
- osteogenesis (2)
- other-cause mortality (2)
- out-patient paediatrics (2)
- overlapping generations (2)
- oxygen isotopes (2)
- p-Kerne (2)
- p-n junction (2)
- p16 (2)
- p38 (2)
- p73 (2)
- pH (2)
- paclitaxel (2)
- pain management (2)
- pain therapy (2)
- paired associative stimulation (2)
- palatal tremor (2)
- paleoaltimetry (2)
- paleoanthropology (2)
- paleoecology (2)
- pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (2)
- pandemic insurance (2)
- pandemics (2)
- paper-based assessment (2)
- parameter estimation (2)
- parental autonomy (2)
- parietal cortex (2)
- partial compliance (2)
- partial information decomposition (2)
- particle physics (2)
- particle-in-cell simulations (2)
- partisanship (2)
- pass-through (2)
- passive smoke (2)
- patents (2)
- pathogenicity (2)
- pathology (2)
- patient (2)
- patient and public involvement (2)
- patient centered care (2)
- patient preferences (2)
- patient triage (2)
- patient-reported outcomes (2)
- pattern (2)
- payout policy (2)
- pediatric surgery (2)
- pelvic packing (2)
- penile cancer (2)
- pension reform (2)
- pensions (2)
- peptide aptamer (PA) (2)
- peptide-loading complex (2)
- peptides (2)
- perceptual closure (2)
- perceptual-cognitive expertise (2)
- performance evaluation (2)
- performativity (2)
- peri-implant diseases (2)
- pericytes (2)
- periodontal diseases (2)
- periodontitis stage III and IV (2)
- peri‐implantitis (2)
- peroxisomes (2)
- persecution (2)
- personalized medicine (2)
- personalized oncology (2)
- pertussis (2)
- phage display (2)
- phagocytes (2)
- pharmaceutical industry (2)
- pharmacodynamics (2)
- pharmacoresistance (2)
- pharmacovigilance (2)
- phase noise (2)
- phase separation (2)
- phenomenology (2)
- phenotype (2)
- phenotypic screening (2)
- phosphate (2)
- phosphorus (2)
- photoaging (2)
- photocycle (2)
- photodynamic therapy (2)
- photoelectron spectroscopy (2)
- photogrammetry (2)
- photoisomerization (2)
- photopharmacology (2)
- photoswitches (2)
- phylogenetic network (2)
- phylogenetic signal (2)
- phylogeography (2)
- physiotherapy (2)
- pibrentasvir (2)
- plasma (2)
- plasma membrane (2)
- plasmid copy number (2)
- plastic (2)
- platelet-rich fibrin (2)
- platinum (2)
- pleasure (2)
- poetry (2)
- point process (2)
- policy (2)
- policy evaluation (2)
- policy robustness (2)
- political epistemology (2)
- political participation (2)
- political realism (2)
- political science (2)
- political trust (2)
- politics (2)
- polo-like kinase 1 (2)
- poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) (2)
- polygenic risk score (2)
- polyketide synthases (2)
- polymerase chain reaction (2)
- polymers (2)
- population aging (2)
- population dynamics (2)
- population structure (2)
- pore-forming toxin (2)
- portfolio management (2)
- post-2020 biodiversity targets (2)
- post-transcriptional regulation (2)
- post-translational modifications (2)
- post-truth (2)
- postcolonial memory (2)
- postcolonial studies (2)
- power (2)
- power transmission (2)
- practice theories (2)
- pre-mRNA (2)
- preclinical (2)
- predation (2)
- predator recognition (2)
- prediction error (2)
- predictive (2)
- predictive modelling (2)
- predictive processing (2)
- predictor (2)
- preschool (2)
- pressure (2)
- presynaptic active zone (2)
- preterm birth (2)
- price elasticity (2)
- primary motor cortex (2)
- primary sclerosing cholangitis (2)
- principal-agent models (2)
- principles-based regulation (2)
- private companies (2)
- probability of default (2)
- process evaluation (2)
- processing style (2)
- professional networks (2)
- prognostic (2)
- prognostic factors (2)
- prognostic value (2)
- program transformation (2)
- progranulin (2)
- prohibition of proprietary trading (2)
- project finance (2)
- property rights (2)
- prosocial behavior (2)
- prospective memory (2)
- prostaglandin E (2)
- prostate carcinoma cells (2)
- proteasome inhibitor (2)
- protein aggregation (2)
- protein assembly (2)
- protein denaturation (2)
- protein engineering (2)
- protein evolution (2)
- protein kinase (2)
- protein kinase inhibitor (2)
- protein quality control (2)
- protein stability (2)
- protein targeting (2)
- protein turnover (2)
- protein-protein interaction (2)
- protein-protein interactions (2)
- protein-rich (2)
- protein–protein interaction (2)
- proteolysis (2)
- proteolysis systems (2)
- proto-oncogene proteins c-akt (2)
- proton transfer (2)
- proximal tubule (2)
- pseudosymmetry (2)
- pseudouridylation (2)
- psychiatric comorbidity (2)
- psychiatric disorders (2)
- psychoanalysis (2)
- public participation (2)
- pulmonary embolism (2)
- pulmonary vein isolation (2)
- pupillometry (2)
- qPCR (2)
- qRT-PCR (2)
- quadratic-linear gravity (2)
- qualia (2)
- quality (2)
- quantitative methods (2)
- quantitative proteomics (2)
- quantum gravity (2)
- quantum mechanics (2)
- quark gluon plasma (2)
- quercetin (2)
- quorum sensing (2)
- rRNA (2)
- race (2)
- radical cystectomy (2)
- radicalisation (2)
- radioimmunotherapy (2)
- randomized (2)
- range expansion (2)
- rare disease (2)
- rare diseases (2)
- rat model (2)
- rational learning (2)
- re-osseointegration (2)
- real estate lending (2)
- real world (2)
- real-time NMR spectroscopy (2)
- real-world (2)
- real-world data (2)
- reale Auswirkungen (2)
- rearrangements (2)
- recapitalization (2)
- reception (2)
- receptor tyrosine kinase (2)
- recession (2)
- reciprocity (2)
- recognition (2)
- recollimation shocks (2)
- recommendations (2)
- reconstruction (2)
- recruitment (2)
- redistribution (2)
- reductases (2)
- reference values (2)
- referential communication (2)
- reflexivity (2)
- refractory (2)
- regenerative medicine (2)
- regulatory T cell (2)
- rehabilitation (2)
- reinforcement learning (2)
- reintroduction (2)
- relationality (2)
- relationship lending (2)
- relative clauses (2)
- relativistic hydrodynamics (2)
- relativistic jets (2)
- relaxation (2)
- religion (2)
- religious freedom (2)
- remodeling (2)
- remote sensing (2)
- renal failure (2)
- renal function (2)
- renal tubular epithelial cells (2)
- repeated games (2)
- representative claims (2)
- reproductive isolation (2)
- reptiles (2)
- repurchases (2)
- reputational risk (2)
- requirements analysis (2)
- research funding (2)
- residual myometrial thickness (2)
- resistance training (2)
- resistant cell lines (2)
- resolution of inflammation (2)
- resonance (2)
- resonances (2)
- respiratory failure (2)
- respiratory tract infection (2)
- response inhibition (2)
- responsible lending (2)
- resting-state fMRI (2)
- retrotransposition (2)
- return predictability (2)
- revision surgery (2)
- rhythm (2)
- ribavirin (2)
- ribosome biogenesis (2)
- risk aversion (2)
- risk culture (2)
- risk group (2)
- risk prediction (2)
- risk premia (2)
- robotics (2)
- robustness (2)
- rule (2)
- running (2)
- sRNA (2)
- safe assets (2)
- salinity (2)
- saliva (2)
- sanitation (2)
- sarcoma (2)
- scaffold (2)
- scalar implicature (2)
- scale development (2)
- scaling (2)
- scanning tunneling microscopy (2)
- school-based prevention (2)
- schooling (2)
- sci-hub (2)
- scientometry (2)
- scoping review (2)
- seasonal forecasting (2)
- seasonality (2)
- second-hand smoke (2)
- second-line (2)
- secondary data analysis (2)
- secondary transport (2)
- secretion (2)
- secretome (2)
- secukinumab (2)
- securities regulation (2)
- self-assembled monolayers (2)
- self-control (2)
- self-leadership (2)
- semi-arid (2)
- sensory neurons (2)
- sensory neuropathy (2)
- sentiment (2)
- septic shock (2)
- sequence alignment (2)
- sequence analysis (2)
- serine protease (NS3-4A) (2)
- serotonin (2)
- sexuality (2)
- shareholder activism (2)
- shareholder recovery (2)
- shell variability (2)
- shia (2)
- shipping (2)
- short contacts (2)
- short-term memory (2)
- shunt (2)
- signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5) (2)
- signature (2)
- similarity measures (2)
- simulated method of moments (2)
- single-molecule FRET (2)
- single-molecule localization microscopy (2)
- single-sided deafness (2)
- site-directed mutagenesis (2)
- sitosterol (2)
- situation (2)
- skewness (2)
- skin infection model (2)
- sleep quality (2)
- small and medium enterprises (2)
- small proteins (2)
- smoking cessation (2)
- smooth muscle cell (2)
- smooth muscle cells (2)
- soccer (2)
- social (2)
- social anxiety (2)
- social cognitive theory (2)
- social comparison (2)
- social dilemmas (2)
- social identity approach (2)
- social inequality (2)
- social isolation (2)
- social networks (2)
- social rights (2)
- sodium-proton exchange (2)
- soft power (2)
- soft tissue (2)
- solid-state NMR spectroscopy (2)
- soluble MICA (2)
- sorting (2)
- sound localization (2)
- sound-induced flash illusion (2)
- sovereign debt crisis (2)
- sovereign debt restructuring (2)
- sovereign exposures (2)
- space (2)
- space adaptations (2)
- special rights (2)
- species delimitation (2)
- species distribution modeling (2)
- species turnover (2)
- speech acts (2)
- speed bump (2)
- sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor (2)
- sphingosine kinase (2)
- spiking neural networks (2)
- spillover effects (2)
- spinal dural leaks (2)
- spine head (2)
- splicing (2)
- sport (2)
- sports medicine (2)
- sports nutrition (2)
- spreadsheet (2)
- stage (2)
- stakeholder analysis (2)
- standard value (2)
- standardization (2)
- starvation (2)
- state-owned enterprises (2)
- statin (2)
- stationarity (2)
- statistical discrimination (2)
- statistical operator (2)
- statistics (2)
- steatosis (2)
- stellar abundances (2)
- stem cells (2)
- stereoselective synthesis (2)
- stereotactic radiosurgery (2)
- stimulus encoding (2)
- stochastic control (2)
- stock demand (2)
- stock market (2)
- stock market participation (2)
- storage (2)
- storage rings (2)
- strategic site selection (2)
- stress granules (2)
- string fragmentation (2)
- structural VAR (2)
- structural biology and molecular biophysics (2)
- structural change (2)
- structural health monitoring (2)
- structural injustice (2)
- structural validity (2)
- structure determination (2)
- structured finance (2)
- structured products (2)
- sub-Saharan Africa (2)
- sub-lineage (2)
- subchondral bone (2)
- subjective well-being (2)
- subjectivity (2)
- subsidiaries (2)
- subsistence consumption (2)
- substituent effects (2)
- subvalent compounds (2)
- sunni (2)
- superficial siderosis (2)
- supersaturation (2)
- supervision (2)
- supervisory arbitrage (2)
- supervisory board (2)
- surfactant (2)
- surround suppression (2)
- survivin (2)
- sustainable investments (2)
- swarming (2)
- symbiosis (2)
- sympathetic nervous system (2)
- symptoms (2)
- synaptopodin (2)
- syndicated loans (2)
- synergy (2)
- synesthesia (2)
- synovium (2)
- syntax (2)
- syntax-phonology interface (2)
- system analysis and design (2)
- systemisches Risiko (2)
- systems theory (2)
- tDCS (2)
- tRNA splicing (2)
- tail measure (2)
- task performance (2)
- tatonnement (2)
- tax (2)
- tax sheltering (2)
- taxation (2)
- teaching skills (2)
- team identification (2)
- technocracy (2)
- technological change (2)
- technology (2)
- telemedicine (2)
- temperaturabhängige und temperaturunabhängige Effekte (2)
- temporality (2)
- temsirolimus (2)
- test cases (2)
- testosterone (2)
- tetraether lipid (2)
- tetrahydrobiopterin (2)
- tetrahydrocannabinol (2)
- textual analysis (2)
- theory of mind (2)
- therapy monitoring (2)
- therapy resistance (2)
- thermische und nicht-thermische Effekte (2)
- thermographic image analysis (2)
- thrombin (2)
- thromboxane (2)
- time-lapse imaging (2)
- time-varying risk premia (2)
- timing (2)
- tissue Doppler imaging (2)
- tobacco (2)
- tobacco smoke (2)
- tolerability (2)
- tooth transplantation (2)
- topology (2)
- torsion (2)
- total hip replacement (2)
- trace elements (2)
- trading strategies (2)
- tragedy of the commons (2)
- trajectories (2)
- trans-sequential analysis (2)
- transcriptome analysis (2)
- transcultural memory (2)
- transforming growth factor-β (2)
- transgenic mice (2)
- transition-metal oxides (2)
- translanguaging (2)
- translation initiation (2)
- trastorno de estrés postraumático (2)
- trastuzumab (2)
- travel (2)
- treatment preference (2)
- trehalose (2)
- trials (2)
- triathlon (2)
- triglycerides (2)
- triple-negative breast cancer (2)
- trophoblast (2)
- trophoblasts (2)
- tropics (2)
- trustworthy AI (2)
- truth (2)
- tuberous sclerosis complex (2)
- tumor (2)
- tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (2)
- tumor necrosis factor (2)
- tumor stroma (2)
- tumor suppressor (2)
- tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (2)
- two-asset portfolio (2)
- type 2 diabetes (2)
- typology (2)
- ultrafast spectroscopy (2)
- unconventional oil (2)
- understanding (2)
- unilateral hip osteoarthritis (2)
- university (2)
- unsupervised learning (2)
- upgrading (2)
- urbanization (2)
- urethral stricture (2)
- urethroplasty (2)
- urinary incontinence (2)
- urological cancer (2)
- ursodeoxycholic acid (2)
- ustekinumab (2)
- uteroglobin (2)
- vaccination rates (2)
- valley winds (2)
- valuation (2)
- value (2)
- value creation (2)
- vanadium (2)
- variability (2)
- variance risk premium (2)
- vascular biology (2)
- vascular disease (2)
- vascular endothelial cells (2)
- vasodilation (2)
- ventral striatum (2)
- vergence (2)
- very high risk (2)
- videos (2)
- virulence factor (2)
- visual analogue scales (VAS) (2)
- visual perception (2)
- visual system (2)
- visual working memory (2)
- visuelle Analogskalen (VAS) (2)
- vitamin B deficiency (2)
- von Willebrand disease (2)
- vulnerability (2)
- waiting time (2)
- water use (2)
- wealth distribution (2)
- weight loss (2)
- welfare loss (2)
- white matter hyperintensity (2)
- wine (2)
- within-host viral modelling (2)
- women (2)
- work engagement (2)
- work-life balance (2)
- workflow (2)
- working memory capacity (2)
- x-ray crystallography (2)
- xenograft (2)
- yellow flags (2)
- young people (2)
- zero-energy universe (2)
- zinc (2)
- zoo education (2)
- zymogen (2)
- µ-protein (2)
- Ärztliche Aufklärung (2)
- Öffentliche Ordnung (2)
- Λ−coalescent (2)
- Υ suppression (2)
- β-catenin (2)
- 复杂性PTSD (2)
- "Critical Race Theory” (1)
- "Event Study" (1)
- "magnet effect" (1)
- #isa2015 (1)
- (2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)methyl (1)
- (Anti-)(Hyper-)Nuclei (1)
- (F)EBID (1)
- (cardiac) surgery (1)
- (lyso)phospholipids (1)
- (mobile) Internet (1)
- (n (1)
- (non-)gradable predicate (1)
- (novel) brominated flame retardants ((N)BFR) (1)
- (re-)openings (1)
- (self-)representation (1)
- (sub-) luxation (1)
- *ABA (1)
- *BEAST (1)
- -MS) (1)
- 1 new taxon (1)
- 1,2,3 triazole (1)
- 1,2,3-Triazoles (1)
- 1,2,3-bis-triazoles (1)
- 1,2,3-triazole-acyclonucleosides (1)
- 1,2,4-thiadiazoles (1)
- 1,2-D ioxetanes (1)
- 1,2-dichloroethane (1)
- 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (1)
- 1,3-bis(2,6-di-methylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (1)
- 1,3-diamine (1)
- 1,3-diazinane (1)
- 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (1)
- 1,4-dioxane (1)
- 1,4-naphthoquinone (1)
- 1-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)thiourea (1)
- 1-octanol (1)
- 1-propanol (1)
- 1/c 2 electronic Hamiltonian (1)
- 10 new taxa (1)
- 11N45 (1)
- 11th September (1)
- 124Sn (1)
- 13F filings (1)
- 14-3-3 gene family (1)
- 14C- and 15N-Assimilation (1)
- 14C-Labeled Terpenoids (1)
- 14N10 (secondary) (1)
- 15-PGDH (1)
- 15N-Labelled Amino Acids (1)
- 16 segment AHA model (1)
- 16S barcodes (1)
- 16S rRNA gene (1)
- 16S rRNA sequencing (1)
- 16p11.2 (1)
- 16th century (1)
- 17a-ethinylestradiol (1)
- 17th century (1)
- 17‐OH itraconazole (1)
- 18S rRNA gene (1)
- 1969 (1)
- 19F (1)
- 19F MR spectroscopy (1)
- 19F NMR shifts for fluoroarenes (1)
- 1H MR spectroscopy (1)
- 1H NMR; Conformational Properties (1)
- 1H and 13C NMR Spectroscopy (1)
- 1st order liquid–gas phase transition (1)
- 1α,25(OH)2D3 (1)
- 2 + 1-dimensional field theories (1)
- 2'-deoxyguanosine riboswitch (1)
- 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol (1)
- 2-AG (1)
- 2-Arachidonoyl glycerol (1)
- 2-Oxoglutarate oxygenases (1)
- 2-SAT (1)
- 2-Sector Model (1)
- 2-deoxy-d-glucose (1)
- 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) (1)
- 2-hydroxyglutarate (1)
- 20 β-Activity (1)
- 2016 US Presidential Election (1)
- 2019 (1)
- 2019-nCoV (1)
- 2030 (1)
- 2030 Agenda (1)
- 21st Century Skills (1)
- 21st century skills (1)
- 223Radium-dichloride (1)
- 26 LncRNA (1)
- 2D NMR spectroscopy (1)
- 2D cellular structures (1)
- 2D materials (1)
- 2D vdW magnets (1)
- 2cpsdummy′-O-ribose-methylation (1)
- 2‑methoxyestradiol (1)
- 2′,3′-cGAMP (1)
- 2′-O-methylation (1)
- 3 mm RAS instruments (1)
- 3 mm instruments (1)
- 3' UTR (1)
- 3,17 β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (1)
- 3,30′-ethane-1,2-diyl-bis-1,3,5-triazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane (1)
- 3,4-Benzopyrene (1)
- 3,4-DCA; biotransformation (1)
- 3-Hydroxybutyric acid (1)
- 3-MA (1)
- 3-alkylphenols (1)
- 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (1)
- 3-hydroxyisovaleryl carnitine (1)
- 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (1)
- 3-year survival (1)
- 30F30 (1)
- 32D progenitor cells (1)
- 32G15 (primary) (1)
- 3C protease(3Cpro) (1)
- 3Cs technology (1)
- 3D EM (1)
- 3D acquisition (1)
- 3D cell culture (1)
- 3D culture (1)
- 3D electron diffraction (1)
- 3D gait analysis (1)
- 3D image analysis (1)
- 3D laparoscopy (1)
- 3D modeling (1)
- 3D orientation pattern of ciliary bundles (1)
- 3D printed cell-free scaffold (1)
- 3D printed stamp (1)
- 3D printing using composite resin (1)
- 3D printing using zirconia (1)
- 3D spatiotemporal resolved mathematical models (1)
- 3D tissue models (1)
- 3D-models (1)
- 3D-printing (1)
- 3T3-L1 mouse fibroblasts (1)
- 3years (1)
- 3´-5´ phosphodiesterases (1)
- 3‐D inversion (1)
- 3′UTR length (1)
- 4,4’-Disubstituted 2,2’-Bipyridines (1)
- 4,4’-dihydroxy-nostoxanthin (1)
- 4,4’-diketo-nostoxanthin (1)
- 4-1BB (1)
- 4-FA (1)
- 4-ROD RFQ (1)
- 4-fluoroamphetamine (1)
- 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide (1)
- 48Ca (1)
- 5 lipoxygenase (1)
- 5' UTR (1)
- 5'-UTR (1)
- 5-Hydroxyaloin A (1)
- 5-Lipoxygenase (1)
- 5-Lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP) (1)
- 5-lipoxygenase; (1)
- 505 (1)
- 5_SL4 (1)
- 6-Methylsalicylic acid decarboxylase (1)
- 6-Methylsalicylic acid synthase (1)
- 6-Schritt-Methode (1)
- 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase (1)
- 600-700 (1)
- 8 weeks (1)
- 9-Euro-Ticket (1)
- 9-HODE (1)
- 9-aminoacridine (1)
- 9-borafluorene (1)
- 90% or more improvement in baseline Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (1)
- 900 GeV (1)
- 99mTc-MIBI (1)
- 99mTc-pertechnetate (1)
- A-Discriminant (1)
- A-FFIP (1)
- A-PRF+ (1)
- A2BP1 (1)
- A375 human melanoma cell line (1)
- A375 human melanoma cells (1)
- A498 cells (1)
- A549 (1)
- AA-amylodosis (1)
- AAA (1)
- AAA+ disaggregase (1)
- AB-serum (1)
- ABC proteins (1)
- ABC proteins, ribosome recycling (1)
- ABCB5 (1)
- ABCE1 (1)
- ABE fermentation (1)
- ABR (1)
- ABT-737 (1)
- ACE inhibitor (1)
- ACE-inhibitor (1)
- ACKR (1)
- ACL (1)
- ACL rupture (1)
- ACPM (1)
- ACT-777991 (1)
- ACTH (1)
- ACURATE neo (1)
- AChE inhibition (1)
- ADAM-17 (1)
- ADAM10 (1)
- ADAMTS-13 (1)
- ADAMTS13 (1)
- ADAR (1)
- ADCC (1)
- ADCD (1)
- ADGRE1 (1)
- ADHD differential diagnosis (1)
- ADHS (1)
- ADL (1)
- ADP (1)
- ADR (1)
- AF4–MLL (1)
- AFLP (1)
- AGB star (1)
- AGC kinase (1)
- AGMO (1)
- AGN host galaxies (1)
- AGN jets (1)
- AI (1)
- AI Act (1)
- AI Safety (1)
- AI fairness (1)
- AICAR (1)
- AIFMD (1)
- AIH immunopathogenesis (1)
- AIS (1)
- AIWG (1)
- AKP (1)
- AKT signaling (1)
- AKT-mTOR pathway (1)
- ALD (1)
- ALDH2 (1)
- ALE (1)
- ALF (1)
- ALICE detector (1)
- ALICE upgrade (1)
- ALICE, Teilchendetektor (1)
- ALK gene (1)
- ALK-rearranged NSCLC (1)
- AM-PM noise conversion (1)
- AMD3100 (1)
- AML – acute myeloid leukemia (1)
- AMP-activated kinase (1)
- AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) (1)
- AMPK, nuclear receptors, PPAR, LXR, fatty acid oxidation, ABCA1, human macrophages (1)
- ANOSIM (1)
- ANOVA (1)
- AO-PCCF (1)
- AOSpine (1)
- AOSpine injury score (1)
- APA (1)
- APCO (1)
- APM (1)
- APMPPE - acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (1)
- APP (1)
- APRI (1)
- APT-CEST (1)
- ARA (1)
- ARID5B (1)
- ARMA (1)
- ART (1)
- ASA404 (1)
- ASAP (1)
- ASCT (1)
- ASD-specific (1)
- ASO (1)
- ASPA (1)
- ASPECTS (1)
- AT-101 (1)
- AT1 receptor antagonist (1)
- ATAD2 (1)
- ATG24 (1)
- ATG3 (1)
- ATG4 (1)
- ATG8 (1)
- ATO (1)
- ATP binding (1)
- ATP synthesis (1)
- ATPase (1)
- ATTO 390 (1)
- ATXN2 (1)
- AU-rich element (1)
- AVM hemorrhage (1)
- AZD7762 (1)
- Abatacept (1)
- Abbau (1)
- Abdominal infections (1)
- Abdominal surgery (1)
- Abdominal trauma (1)
- Abductor pollicis longus (1)
- Abfrageverarbeitung (1)
- Abgabe (1)
- Abiraterone acetate (1)
- Abl kinase inhibitors (1)
- Ablation (1)
- Ablation Techniques (1)
- Abnormal Returns (1)
- Abnormal Use (1)
- Abraham b. Azriel (1)
- Abrasion (1)
- Abronia graminea (1)
- Abronia lythrochila (1)
- Absenteeism (1)
- Absolute Level (1)
- Absolute quantification (1)
- Absorption Spectra (1)
- Absorption modeling (1)
- Absorptionsspektroskopie (1)
- Abstraction (1)
- Abstrakter Automat (1)
- Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (1)
- Abundanz (1)
- Abuse (1)
- Abusive head trauma (AHT) (1)
- Abuso infantil (1)
- Abyssal (1)
- Academic Publishing (1)
- Academic faculties (1)
- Academic health centres (1)
- Academic publishing (1)
- Academics (1)
- Acanthocephalan parasites (1)
- Accelerator (1)
- Accelerators & storage rings (1)
- Accelerometry (1)
- Acceptability (1)
- Accessibility (1)
- Accession Protocol (1)
- Accessories in carbonatites (1)
- Accessory olfactory system (1)
- Accidents (1)
- Accounting research (1)
- Accreting black holes (1)
- Accumulated degree days (1)
- Acellular dermis (1)
- Acer platanoides (1)
- Acetobacterium (1)
- Acetogenic metabolism (1)
- Acetyl-CoA (1)
- Acetylating acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (1)
- Acid ceramiase (1)
- Acid transporters (1)
- Acidic Amino Acids (1)
- Ackerbau (1)
- Acquired drug resistance (1)
- Acquired resistance (1)
- Actaea cimicifuga (1)
- Actinomycin D (1)
- Action Plan for Medication Safety (1)
- Action potential (1)
- Actions in mathematical learning (1)
- Activated Cry1a (1)
- Activated partial thromboplastin time (1)
- Activation experiment (1)
- Active Particles (1)
- Active learning (1)
- Active middle ear implants (1)
- Activin (1)
- Activist Hedge Fund (1)
- Activity (1)
- Activity control (1)
- Activity-silent (1)
- Actuators (1)
- Aculifera (1)
- Acupuncture (1)
- Acute (1)
- Acute HIV infection (1)
- Acute Hemiparesis (1)
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia (1)
- Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (1)
- Acute appendicitis (1)
- Acute bronchitis (1)
- Acute calcolous cholecystitis (1)
- Acute coronary syndrome (1)
- Acute cough (1)
- Acute elbow dislocation (1)
- Acute heart failure (1)
- Acute hospital (1)
- Acute kidney failure (1)
- Acute leukemia, chromosomal translocation, MLL, KMT2A, AF4-MLL, reciprocal fusion protein, MLL-r leukemia, (1)
- Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (1)
- Acute respiratory distress syndrom (1)
- Acute toxicity (1)
- Acute-on-chronic subdural hematoma (1)
- Adam (1)
- Adam Smith (1)
- Adaptive Prediction (1)
- Adaptive control (1)
- Adaptive dynamics (1)
- Adaptive immunity (1)
- Adaptive process control (1)
- Adaptive sequence evolution (1)
- Adenin (1)
- Adeno associated virus (1)
- Adeno-associated virus vector (1)
- Adenosine (1)
- Adenosine A1 receptor (1)
- Adenylyl cyclase (1)
- Adherence junctions (1)
- Adherencia terapéutica (1)
- Adherens junctions (1)
- Adhesins (1)
- Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (1)
- Adiposity (1)
- Adjective (1)
- Adjektiv (1)
- Adjustment of dosage at steady state (1)
- Adjuvant therapies (1)
- Administered World (1)
- Administrative claims data (1)
- Adoption (1)
- Adorno Theodor (1)
- Adult (1)
- Adult T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (1)
- Adult-onset ADHD (1)
- Advanced biliary tract cancer (1)
- Advanced breast cancer (1)
- Advanced glycation endproducts (1)
- Advanced stage (1)
- Advanced treatment technologies (1)
- Adverse Selection Costs (1)
- Adverse drug reaction (1)
- Adverse effects (1)
- Advertisement disclosure (1)
- Advertising (1)
- Advertising performance (1)
- Aedes (1)
- Aerobic exercise training (1)
- Aeroplysinin-1 (1)
- Aerosol (1)
- Aesthetic Liking (1)
- Aesthetic Objectivity (1)
- Aesthetic Subjectivity (1)
- Aesthetic responsiveness (1)
- Affective Misattribution Procedure (1)
- Affective disorders (1)
- Affektive Entwicklung (1)
- Affinity Chromatography (1)
- Affinity Labeling (1)
- Affirmative action (1)
- Affordability crisis (1)
- African Agency (1)
- African fountain grass (1)
- African philosophy (1)
- African plum (1)
- African studies (1)
- Afrika (1)
- Afrikanistik/Afrikaforschung (1)
- Afrique de l’Ouest (1)
- Afrique subsaharienne (1)
- Afrotheria (1)
- Ag-RDT (1)
- Agamben (1)
- Aganglionosis (1)
- Agapetes (1)
- Agaricales (1)
- Agaricomycotina (1)
- Age determination (1)
- Age determination by skeleton (1)
- Age-structure (1)
- Agency (1)
- Agency costs (1)
- Agent <Künstliche Intelligenz> (1)
- Agent-Based Modelling (1)
- Agenten (1)
- Agents (1)
- Agglomerationseffekt (1)
- Aggressive periodontitis (1)
- Agile Methods (1)
- Agile work (1)
- Aging Phenomenon (1)
- Aging Society (1)
- Aging society (1)
- Agonist selection (1)
- Agoraphobia (1)
- Agreement (1)
- Agreement attraction (1)
- Agriculture (1)
- Agyriales (1)
- Aichi targets (1)
- Aid (1)
- Aiolochroia crassa (1)
- Air Pollutants (1)
- Air traffic (1)
- Airport emissions (1)
- Airport-related emissions (1)
- Airways (1)
- Akaike information criterion (1)
- Akkadian language (1)
- Akkadische Sprache (1)
- Akkulturation (1)
- Akt-mTOR pathway (1)
- Akt-mTOR signaling (1)
- Aktie (1)
- Aktienmarkt (1)
- Aktienoption (1)
- Aktienoptionshandel (1)
- Aktienoptionsplan (1)
- Aktionär (1)
- Aktivierte partielle Thromboplastinzeit (1)
- Aktivierungsmethode (1)
- Akute lymphoblastische Leukämie (1)
- Akutes Koronarsyndrom (1)
- Alain de Benoist (1)
- Alarm substance (1)
- Alaska (1)
- Albanija (1)
- Albertine rift (1)
- Albumin (1)
- Albumin ratio (1)
- Alburnoides bipunctatus (1)
- Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2 (1)
- Alcohol dehydrogenase (1)
- Alcyonacea (1)
- Aldehyde:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (1)
- Aldehydes (1)
- Alevis (1)
- Alexandrian commentaries (1)
- Alexy (1)
- Alfred Schütz (1)
- Algebraic Hodge polynomial (1)
- Algebraic number theory (1)
- Algorithmic Feedback Loops (1)
- Algorithmic Trading (1)
- Algorithmic fairness (1)
- Algorithmic transparency (1)
- Alien species (1)
- AlignMe (1)
- Alignment <Biochemie> (1)
- Alignment parameter (1)
- Alignmentparameter (1)
- Aliphatic halogenated hydrocarbons (1)
- Alisertib (1)
- Alkylating Agents (1)
- Alkylation of RNA (1)
- All oral (1)
- All-oral therapy (1)
- All-trans retinoic acid (1)
- Allemagne (1)
- Allergen immunotherapy (1)
- Allergic rhinitis (1)
- Allergoid (1)
- Allgemeines Gleichgewichtsmodell (1)
- Allgemeinmedizin (1)
- Allocative Effciency (1)
- Allochromatium vinosum (1)
- Allogeneic (1)
- Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (SCT) (1)
- Allogeneic hematopoietic stem (1)
- Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (1)
- Allograft bone block (1)
- Allohormone pheromones (1)
- Allopatric diversification (1)
- Alloy (1)
- Alpelisib (1)
- Alpha equivalence (1)
- Alpha oscillations (1)
- Alpha power (1)
- Alpha rhythm (1)
- Alpha-V integrin (1)
- Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (1)
- Alpha-synuclein deficiency (1)
- Alphaproteobacteria (1)
- Alpine orogeny (1)
- Altenberg–Teplice Volcanic Complex (1)
- Alter (1)
- Alter Orient (1)
- Alteration (1)
- Alternate hydrophobicity (1)
- Alternating Phase Focusing (1)
- Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) (1)
- Alternative oxidase (1)
- Altertum (1)
- Alterung (1)
- Alterungsgesellschaft (1)
- Altitude training (1)
- Altitudinal (1)
- Alu elements (1)
- Alveolar macrophages (1)
- Alveolar ridge augmentation (1)
- Alzheimer's Disease (1)
- Alzheimer-Krankheit (1)
- Alzheimer’s dementia (1)
- Ambient air (1)
- Ambroxol (1)
- Ambulatory Assessment (1)
- Ambulatory assessment (1)
- Ameloblastoma (1)
- American Empire (1)
- American Football (1)
- American crocodile (1)
- American legal paradigm (1)
- Amino Acids (1)
- Amino acid analysis (1)
- Amino acid pattern (1)
- Amino acids (1)
- Aminosäuremetabolismus (1)
- Aminosäuren (1)
- Aminotransferases (1)
- Amisulpride (1)
- Amitriptyline (1)
- Amizon (1)
- Ammonium Chloride (1)
- Amniotic fluid (1)
- Amoeba (1)
- Amortization payments (1)
- Amphetamine (1)
- Amphibia (1)
- Amphisphaeriales (1)
- Amplexus (1)
- Amplification (1)
- Amtsgerichte (1)
- Amygdala (1)
- Amyloid (1)
- Amyloid precursor protein (1)
- Amyloid proteins (1)
- Amyloid-beta (1)
- Amyloid-beta 42 (1)
- Amyloidkern (1)
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (1)
- América Central (1)
- AnaCredit (1)
- Anabaena flos-aquae (1)
- Anabelian Geometry (1)
- Anabolism (1)
- Anacystis (1)
- Anaerobic bacteria (1)
- Anaesthesia (1)
- Anahuasca (1)
- Anakinra (1)
- Anal cancer (1)
- Analgesia (1)
- Analog (1)
- Analog Verification (1)
- Analoges System (1)
- Analogschaltungen (1)
- Analogue modelling (1)
- Analyse (1)
- Analyse der Körperzusammensetzung (1)
- Analysis tool (1)
- Analytical model (1)
- Anamorphic fungi (1)
- Anaplastic astrocytoma (1)
- Anatomic competence (1)
- Anbauflächen (1)
- Ancestral selection graph (1)
- Ancient DNA sensu lato (1)
- Ancient Near Eastern International Law (1)
- Ancient Near Eastern law (1)
- Ancient near east (1)
- Andean compression (1)
- Andersen-Tawil syndrome (1)
- Anderson Impurity model (1)
- Anderson-Modell (1)
- Anderson–Fabry (1)
- Andes (1)
- Andesites (1)
- Andexanet alpha (1)
- Androgen (1)
- Andropogon virginicus (1)
- Androst-4-en-3,17-dione (1)
- Anemia management (1)
- Anesthesia, Intravenous (1)
- Aneurysm (1)
- Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (1)
- Aneurysms (1)
- Angel (1)
- Angel Dzhambazki (1)
- Anger (1)
- Angiectasia (1)
- Angiodysplasia (1)
- Angioedema (1)
- Angiogenese (1)
- Angiogenèse (1)
- Angiomyolipoma (1)
- Angioplasty (1)
- Angola (1)
- Angolan giraffe (1)
- Angststörungen (1)
- Anguillicoloides crassus (1)
- Angular distribution (1)
- Animal Behavior (1)
- Animal Welfare Act (1)
- Animal behavior (1)
- Animal disease models (1)
- Animal experiment (1)
- Animal navigation (1)
- Animal phylogenetics (1)
- Animal physiology (1)
- Animal replacement (1)
- Animal rights (1)
- Animal sociality (1)
- Animal wings (1)
- Anion Transport System (1)
- Anion and Zwitterion Transport (1)
- Anionic boranes (1)
- Aniridia (1)
- Anisakid nematodes (1)
- Anisakidae (1)
- Anisotropic Norm (1)
- Anisotropic flow (1)
- Anisotropie (1)
- Anisotropy (1)
- Ankle arthrometer (1)
- Anlageverhalten (1)
- Annelida (1)
- Annihilation (1)
- Annotation (1)
- Annual density fluctuation (1)
- Annual general meeting (1)
- Anodic oxidation (1)
- Anomalous venous atrial connections (1)
- Anonymity (1)
- Anonymity Services (1)
- Anopheles (1)
- Anorexia Nervosa (1)
- Anosmia (1)
- Anpassung (1)
- Anregung (1)
- Anreizsystem (1)
- Anschlussheilbehandlung (1)
- Ansteckungsperiode (1)
- Anstrengung (1)
- Antarctic marine sponges (1)
- Antarctic parasites (1)
- Anteilseigner (1)
- Anterior cingulate cortex (1)
- Anterior cruciate ligament (1)
- Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (1)
- Anthraquinones (1)
- Anthropogene Klimaänderung (1)
- Anthropologie (1)
- Anti de Sitter space (1)
- Anti platelet therapy (1)
- Anti-CMV IgG (1)
- Anti-Semitism (1)
- Anti-TNF (1)
- Anti-Terror (1)
- Anti-inflammatory (1)
- Anti-kaon–nucleon physics (1)
- Anti-nuclei (1)
- Anti-predator (1)
- Anti-rheumatic agents (1)
- Anti-seizure medication (1)
- Anti-tumor immunity (1)
- Anti-viral activity (1)
- Antiangiogenesis (1)
- Antibiotic (1)
- Antibiotic generic drugs (1)
- Antibiotic resistance (1)
- Antibiotic steward-ship (1)
- Antibiotic stewardship (1)
- Antibiotic therapy (1)
- Antibiotics and Metabolite Export (1)
- Antibody avidity (1)
- Antibody isotypes (1)
- Antibody therapy (1)
- Antibody-mediated rejection (1)
- Anticancer therapy (1)
- Anticholinergic (1)
- Anticipated Inflation (1)
- Anticoagulant (1)
- Anticoagulants (1)
- Anticoagulants [MeSH] (1)
- Anticonvulsant (1)
- Anticonvulsant activity (1)
- Anticonvulsants (1)
- Antidepressant (1)
- Antifungal agents (1)
- Antigen carrier (1)
- Antigen processing and presentation (1)
- Antigen test (1)
- Antigen-presenting cells (1)
- Antigennachweis (1)
- Antigens/Peptides/Epitopes (1)
- Antihormone therapy (1)
- Antimatter (1)
- Antineoplastic agents (1)
- Antioxidant (1)
- Antiplatelet therapy (1)
- Antiproliferative (1)
- Antireflux surgery (1)
- Antirheumatic agents (1)
- Antisemitismus (1)
- Antisense RNA (1)
- Antisense agents (1)
- Antithrombotic therapy (1)
- Antivenom (1)
- Antiviral activity (1)
- Antiviral agents (1)
- Antiviral immune response (1)
- Antiviral response (1)
- Ants (1)
- Anwendbarkeit (1)
- Anxiety disorders (1)
- Anxiety sensitivity (1)
- Anxiolytic pharmacological therapy (1)
- Aortic Valve Replacement (1)
- Aortic aneurysm (1)
- Aortic arch replacement (1)
- Aortic debranching (1)
- Aortic input function (1)
- Aortic stiffness (1)
- Aortic valve sparing (1)
- Apache Spark (1)
- Aperiodic (1)
- Apes (1)
- Aphakia (1)
- Aphanomyces astaci (1)
- Aphantasia (1)
- Apical Vesicular Transport (1)
- Apis mellifera (1)
- ApoER2 (1)
- Aposematism (1)
- App (1)
- App Tracking Transparency Framework (1)
- App ecosystem (1)
- Appendectomy (1)
- Apple (1)
- Applied immunology (1)
- Applied microbiology (1)
- Approximation Algorithms (1)
- Aquaporin (1)
- Aquaporins (1)
- Aquatic invasion (1)
- Aquatic invertebrates (1)
- Aquilegia (1)
- Aquinas (1)
- Ara h2-specific IgE (1)
- Arab Awakening (1)
- Arab spring (1)
- Arabic-Islamic authors (1)
- Arabidopsis thaliana metabolism (1)
- Arabin pessary (1)
- Arabin-Pessar (1)
- Arabinogalactan-proteins (1)
- Arachidonic acid cascade (1)
- Araneae (1)
- Araneomorphae (1)
- Arbeitsangebot (1)
- Arbeitsbedingungen muslimischen Personals (1)
- Arbeitslosenversicherung (1)
- Arbeitsplatzkonflikt (1)
- Arbeitsproduktivität (1)
- Arbeitsteilung (1)
- Arbeitswelt (1)
- Arboviruses (1)
- Arc discharges (1)
- Arc protein (1)
- ArchT (1)
- Archaebacterial Lipids (1)
- Archaeogeophysics (1)
- Archaeological Method (1)
- Archaeology of Knowledge (1)
- Archaeometry (1)
- Archebacterial Lipids (1)
- Archeology (1)
- Archery (1)
- Architekturtheorie (1)
- Archäologie (1)
- Archäologiegeschichte (1)
- Arduengo-type carbene (1)
- Area deprivation (1)
- Areas of Interest (1)
- Arendt, Hannah (1)
- Argentina (1)
- Arginine (1)
- Argumentative theory of reasoning (1)
- Aristòtil (1)
- Aristóteles (1)
- Arithmetic-geometric exponentials (1)
- Armadillo repeat protein (1)
- Armstrong (1)
- Armutszuwanderung (1)
- Arm’s Length Debt (1)
- Aromatase Inhibitors (1)
- Aromatase inhibitors (1)
- Arousal (1)
- Array seismology (1)
- Arrhythmia syndromes (1)
- Arrhythmia/all (1)
- Arriaga (1)
- Arrow (1)
- Art (1)
- Art interventions (1)
- Art investment (1)
- Art market (1)
- Art price index (1)
- Art. 2 EU (1)
- Artemether-lumefantrine (1)
- Artemisinin-combination-therapy (1)
- Artenrückgang (1)
- Artenschutz (1)
- Arteria ophthalmica (1)
- Arteriogenesis (1)
- Arteriovenous malformation (1)
- Artesunate (1)
- Arthroplasty (1)
- Arthropoda (1)
- Arthroscopy (1)
- Article 7 (1)
- Artificial Intelligence; (1)
- Artificial feeding bioassays (1)
- Artificial iris (1)
- Artificial neural networks (1)
- Arugat ha-Bosem (1)
- Asia (1)
- Asian American (1)
- Asparaginase (1)
- Aspergillosis (1)
- Aspergillus nidulans (1)
- Aspergillus species (1)
- Aspiration (1)
- Aspirin (1)
- Assault (1)
- Assay variation (1)
- Asses (1)
- Assessment of care (1)
- Asset Allocation, Contagion (1)
- Asset Concentration Risk (1)
- Asset Liquidation (1)
- Asset Management Companies (1)
- Asset Price Bubbles (1)
- Asset Prices (1)
- Asset Purchase Programme (1)
- Asset prices (1)
- Assignment (1)
- Assimilation of 15N-Nitrate (1)
- Assistive technology (1)
- Assortative mating (1)
- Astaxanthin Synthase (1)
- Asthma (1)
- Asthma and allergic disorders (1)
- Astrocytoma (1)
- Astrocytoma grades (1)
- Astronomical masses & mass distributions (1)
- Astrophysics (1)
- Asylum seekers (1)
- Asymmetric Tax Regimes (1)
- Asymmetric response (1)
- Asymmetrie Reconstitution (1)
- Asymmetry (1)
- Asymptotically Even Nonlinearity (1)
- Asynchronous evolution (1)
- Atakora mountain chain (1)
- Ataxia score (1)
- Atazanavir (1)
- Atelopus carbonerensis (1)
- Atelopus mucubajiensis (1)
- Atelopus tamaense (1)
- Atemwege (1)
- Atezolizumab (1)
- Atg8 (1)
- Athena SWAN (1)
- Athlete (1)
- Athletes (1)
- Atividades extra-curriculares (1)
- Atm (1)
- Atmospheric boundary layer (1)
- Atmospheric modeling (1)
- Atmospheric transport (1)
- Atmosphärischer Transport (1)
- Atomic & molecular beams (1)
- Atomic nuclei (1)
- Atomoxetine (1)
- Atoms (1)
- Atrazine (1)
- Atrial Fibrillation (1)
- Atrial appendage occlusion (1)
- Atrial fibrillation classification (1)
- Atrial function (1)
- Atrocity Prevention (1)
- Attack (1)
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (1)
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (1)
- Attention deficit (1)
- Attention mechanism (1)
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (1)
- Attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (1)
- Attentional bias (1)
- Attentional set (1)
- Attenuated Total Reflection (1)
- Attitudes (1)
- Attosecond science (1)
- Attrition (1)
- Atxn2 (1)
- Auction (1)
- Auctions (1)
- Audience Segments (1)
- Audio equipment (1)
- Audiology (1)
- Audit fees (1)
- Audit partner style (1)
- Audit partner tenure (1)
- Audit quality (1)
- Auditor rotation (1)
- Auditory (1)
- Auditory midbrain (1)
- Auditory rehabilitation (1)
- Auferstehung (1)
- Aufgabenteilung (1)
- Aufholprozess (1)
- Aufreinigung (1)
- Aufstand/Revolte (1)
- Auftragsabwicklung (1)
- Aufwandsschätzung (1)
- Augmented reality (1)
- Auktionstheorie (1)
- Aung San Suu Kyi (1)
- Auric nanoparticles (1)
- Aurora (1)
- Aurora Ax (1)
- Aurora kinase inhibitor (1)
- Ausbildung (1)
- Ausbildung religiöses Personal (1)
- Ausländerbehörde (1)
- Ausschüsse für Politik und Recht (1)
- Ausstellung (1)
- Austen Jane (1)
- Austerity Measures (1)
- Austin (1)
- Australian marsupials (1)
- Australian/New Zealand families (1)
- Auswahlprozess (1)
- Autecology (1)
- Authorship (1)
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (1)
- Autism Spectrum disorder (1)
- Autism spectrum disorders (1)
- Autistic Behavior (1)
- Autistic disorder (1)
- Auto transfusion (1)
- Auto-ML (1)
- Autogenous bone block (1)
- Autographisches Gedächtnis (1)
- Autoimmune encephalomyelitis (1)
- Autoimmune response (1)
- Autoimmune vasculopathy (1)
- Autoinducer-2 (1)
- Autologous stem cell transplantation (1)
- Automata theory (1)
- Automated Feedback (1)
- Automated Tube Potential Selection (1)
- Automated sRNA analysis (1)
- Automatic (1)
- Automatic Environmental Tobacco Smoke Emitter (1)
- Automatization (1)
- Automobile Exhaust (1)
- Autonomic nervous system (1)
- Autonomous Driving (1)
- Autonomous Learning (1)
- Autonomy (1)
- Autophagic cell death (1)
- Autoritarismus (1)
- Autorrespeito (1)
- Autosomal recessive cutis laxa type 1C (1)
- Avian Clock gene (1)
- Awareness (1)
- Axel Honneth (1)
- Axiography (1)
- Axon (1)
- Axonal tracing (1)
- Ayahuasca (1)
- Aymara (1)
- Ayurveda (1)
- Ayurvedic herbal products (1)
- Azacitidine (1)
- Azan (1)
- Azan trichrome stain (1)
- Azathioprine (1)
- Azerbaijan (1)
- Azidothymidine (1)
- Azobenzene (1)
- Ação afirmativa (1)
- Aβ oligomers (1)
- B and Sr isotopes (1)
- B cell cancer (1)
- B cell differentiation (1)
- B cell malignancies (1)
- B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (1)
- B cell receptor (1)
- B cell subpopulations (1)
- B chromosome (1)
- B-cell (1)
- B-cell antigen receptor (1)
- B-cell immunology (1)
- B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (1)
- B-cell receptor (1)
- B-cell transcription factors (1)
- B-factor (1)
- B. subtilis (1)
- B.1.1.529 (1)
- B.1.1.7 (1)
- B.1.617.1 (1)
- B.1.617.2 (1)
- B16 cells (1)
- B3GNT2 (1)
- BA.4 (1)
- BA.5 (1)
- BACE1 (1)
- BATF3 (1)
- BBB (1)
- BCBS (1)
- BCL-2 (1)
- BCL11b (1)
- BCORL1 (1)
- BCR signaling (1)
- BCR-ABL (1)
- BCS phase (1)
- BEACOPP (1)
- BESIII detector (1)
- BET inhibitor (1)
- BET inhibitors (1)
- BET proteins (1)
- BEZ235 (1)
- BFIS (1)
- BFR (1)
- BG-index (1)
- BH3 mimetics (1)
- BI1361849 (1)
- BIAM switch assay (1)
- BIAM-switch (1)
- BIOfid (1)
- BIRC5 (1)
- BISA (1)
- BK channel (1)
- BMAC (1)
- BMP signaling (1)
- BMP4 (1)
- BMR (1)
- BMSC (1)
- BNC2 (1)
- BNE (1)
- BNT2b2 (1)
- BPD (1)
- BPDCN (1)
- BPO (1)
- BPTF (1)
- BPTI (1)
- BRAF V600E (1)
- BRAF inhibitors (1)
- BRAF mutation (1)
- BRD2 (1)
- BRD4-NUT (1)
- BRG1 (1)
- BRIC (1)
- BROMO-10 (1)
- BRUCE (1)
- BRVO (1)
- BSRN (1)
- BTC (1)
- BTK (1)
- BV6 (1)
- BVerfG (1)
- Babesia venatorum (1)
- Bacillariaphyceae (1)
- Bacillus (1)
- Bacillus subtilis (1)
- Back pain (1)
- Back scan (1)
- Background expression (1)
- Background work (1)
- Backpropagating action potential (1)
- Backscattering (1)
- Backward error (1)
- Bacteraemia (1)
- Bacteria-host interaction (1)
- Bacterial Metabolism (1)
- Bacterial Protein Kinases (1)
- Bacterial Protein Phosphatases (1)
- Bacterial Signal Transduction (1)
- Bacterial abundance (1)
- Bacterial adhesion (1)
- Bacterial biofilm (1)
- Bacterial genes (1)
- Bacterial genetics (1)
- Bacterial genomics (1)
- Bacterial leakage (1)
- Bacterial pathogenesis (1)
- Bacterial pathogens (1)
- Bacteriology (1)
- Bacteriophages (1)
- BadA, (1)
- Badges (1)
- Bag6 (1)
- Bailin (1)
- Baleen whales (1)
- Ballet (1)
- Ballon-assisted enteroscopy (1)
- Balloon-expandable TAVI (1)
- Baltic Sea (1)
- Bamlanivimab (1)
- Banach spaces (1)
- Band 3 Protein (1)
- Bandpass filters (1)
- Bangkok (1)
- Bank Accounting (1)
- Bank Acquisition (1)
- Bank Bailout (1)
- Bank Capital (1)
- Bank Capital Structure (1)
- Bank Corporate Governance (1)
- Bank Credit (1)
- Bank Defaults (1)
- Bank Deregulation (1)
- Bank Financing (1)
- Bank Incentives (1)
- Bank Pool (1)
- Bank Recapitalization (1)
- Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD) (1)
- Bank Supervision (1)
- Bank affiliation (1)
- Bank lending standards (1)
- Bank of Japan (1)
- Bank's Balance Sheets (1)
- Banker's pay (1)
- Banking Competition (1)
- Banking Crisis (1)
- Banking Separation (1)
- Banking Supervision, (1)
- Banking union (1)
- Bankkredit (1)
- Bankruptcy (1)
- Bantu (1)
- Bantu expansion (1)
- Barcelona (1)
- Barclays (1)
- Barclays Bank (1)
- Bare Life (1)
- Bargaining (1)
- Bariatric surgery (1)
- Barlow disease (1)
- Barrel Bombs (1)
- Barrier (1)
- Bartolomé de Las Casas (1)
- Bartonella (1)
- Bartonella adhesin A (1)
- Bartonella grahamii (1)
- Bartonella schoenbuchensis (1)
- Baryon number susceptibilities (1)
- Baryonic resonances (1)
- Basal Ganglia (1)
- Basal ganglia (1)
- Base Catalysis (1)
- Base metal sulphides (1)
- Baseline toxicity (1)
- Batch Learning (1)
- Bathydraconinae (1)
- Bathyergidae (1)
- Batrachochytrium dentrobatidis (Bd) (1)
- Bats (1)
- Bayes-Lernen (1)
- Bayes-Regel (1)
- Bayesian Inference (1)
- Bayesian Network (1)
- Bayesian Persuasion (1)
- Bayesian Statistics (1)
- Bayesian analysis (1)
- Bayesian information criterion (1)
- Bayesian model (1)
- Bayesian model averaging (1)
- Bayesian multiple regression (1)
- Bayesian time-varying parameter estimation (1)
- Bayesianische Schätzung (1)
- Baylisascaris procyonis (1)
- Bcl-2 (1)
- Bcr-Abl (1)
- Beam dynamics simulation (1)
- Beam energy scan (1)
- Beam loss (1)
- Beam techniques (1)
- Bears (1)
- Beck Depression Inventory (1)
- Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (1)
- Becton Dickinson (1)
- Bee venom allergy (1)
- Beer (1)
- Beginners (1)
- Behandlungspfad (1)
- Behavior change (1)
- Behavior problems (1)
- Behavioral Agency Model (1)
- Behavioral Finance (1)
- Behavioral Insurance (1)
- Behavioral Measurement (1)
- Behavioral analysis (1)
- Behavioral disorders (1)
- Behavioral ecology (1)
- Behavioral experiment (1)
- Behavioral finance (1)
- Behavioral reaction norms (1)
- Behavioral specialization (1)
- Behavioral syndromes (1)
- Behavioral tests (1)
- Behavioral type (1)
- Behavioural methods (1)
- Belgium (1)
- Belief Formation (1)
- Belief Propagation (1)
- Belief up-dating (1)
- Beliefs and Choice (1)
- Bell theorem (1)
- Bellman Equations (1)
- Belohnung (1)
- Belt and Road Initiative (1)
- Benchmark testing (1)
- Benchmarks (1)
- Benefits (1)
- Benign disorder (1)
- Benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces (BESS) (1)
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia (1)
- Bentall operation (1)
- Benthic environment (1)
- Beobachtungsdaten (1)
- Berci needle (1)
- Bereavement (1)
- Berkovich spaces (1)
- Berlin Affective Word List (BAWL) (1)
- Bernard Harcourt (1)
- Berne Convention (1)
- Berotralstat (1)
- Bertolt Brecht (1)
- Berufserfolg (1)
- Beryllium-7 (1)
- Beskid Niski Mts (1)
- Best practice (1)
- Best-practice model (1)
- Beta (1)
- Beta and return (1)
- Beta decay (1)
- Beta-diversity (1)
- Beta-sheet (1)
- Betafaktor (1)
- Betatrons (1)
- Bewegungserziehung (1)
- Bewertungseinheit (1)
- Beziehung zwischen Staat und muslimischen Gemeinden (1)
- Bias in medical research (1)
- Biased Beliefs (1)
- Bibliografie (1)
- Bibliography of Linguistic Literature (BLL) (1)
- Bibliometric analysis (1)
- Bibliotheksgeschichte (1)
- Bicycle use (1)
- Bidirectional connections (1)
- Bidirectional genes (1)
- Bielik-Robson (1)
- Bifurcation Theory (1)
- Big Data Benchmarks (1)
- Big Five Personality (1)
- Big Techs (1)
- Big Three (1)
- Big data (1)
- Big five (1)
- BigBench (1)
- Bilanzrecht (1)
- Bilateral cochlear implant (1)
- Bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (1)
- Bilaterales Monopol (1)
- Bilderkennung (1)
- Bildladung (1)
- Bildung (1)
- Bildung für nachhaltige Entwicklung (1)
- Bildungsforschung (1)
- Bildungsraum (1)
- Bildungsreise (1)
- Bile (1)
- Biliary physiology (1)
- Biliary tree (1)
- Biliary tree stones (1)
- Bilingualism (1)
- Bilirubin (1)
- Billroth II gastroenterostomy (1)
- Billroth papillotome (1)
- Billroth’s operation-II (1)
- Binary (1)
- Binary Neutron Star Mergers (1)
- Binary pulsars (1)
- Binding Kinetics (1)
- Binding analysis (1)
- Binding kinetic (1)
- Binnenwanderung (1)
- Binocular Rivalry (1)
- Binoculars (1)
- Bio safety (1)
- BioFrankfurt (1)
- BioID (1)
- Bioactivity-guided fractionation (1)
- Bioavailability (1)
- Bioavailability prediction (1)
- Biochemical simulations (1)
- Biochemistry and chemical biology (1)
- Biodiversity Data (1)
- Biodiversity conservation (1)
- Biodiversity loss (1)
- Biodiversity tools and pipelines (1)
- Bioenabling formulations (1)
- Bioenergetics/Electron Transfer Complex (1)
- Bioengineering (1)
- Bioethanol (1)
- Bioethics (1)
- Biofluids (1)
- Biofuels (1)
- Biogeographical representativeness (1)
- Biogeographie (1)
- Biogeography of disease (1)
- Biographie (1)
- Biologging (1)
- Biological (1)
- Biological Activity (1)
- Biological Sciences (1)
- Biological anthropology (1)
- Biological citizenship (1)
- Biological heart valves (1)
- Biological indicators (1)
- Biological invasion (1)
- Biological locomotion (1)
- Biological markers (1)
- Biological neural networks (1)
- Biological physics (1)
- Biological profile (1)
- Biological psychiatry (1)
- Biological sciences (1)
- Biological techniques (1)
- Biomarker Discovery Study (1)
- Biomarkers & Diagnostic Imaging (1)
- Biomass monitoring (1)
- Biomaterials – proteins (1)
- Biomechanical analysis (1)
- Biomedical named entity recognition (1)
- Biomes (1)
- Biomineralization (1)
- Biophysical Chemistry (1)
- Biophysik (1)
- Biopolitics (1)
- Biopolymers in vivo (1)
- Biopower (1)
- Bioprocess automation (1)
- Bioprosthesis (1)
- Biopsychosocial (1)
- Biopsychosocial model (1)
- Biopysikalische Chemie (1)
- Bioreactor (1)
- Biosecurity (1)
- Biota (1)
- Biotechnologische Industrie (1)
- Biotest (1)
- Biotic interactions (1)
- Biotic stress (1)
- Biotin (1)
- Biotransformation (1)
- Bipolar (1)
- Bipolar seesaw (1)
- Biradicals (1)
- Bird physiology (1)
- Birds of prey (1)
- Birkenpollen (1)
- Birth (1)
- Bis-azido-NAD+ Analog (1)
- Bispecific (1)
- Bisphenol A (1)
- Bisphosphonates (1)
- Bivalves (1)
- Bjorken flow (1)
- Black Holes (1)
- Black Lipid Membrane (1)
- Black Sea (1)
- Black and Scholes Option Price theory (1)
- Black cohosh (1)
- Black cohosh induced liver injury (1)
- Black mildews (1)
- Blanchot (1)
- Blankoverkauf (1)
- Blastocysts (1)
- Blech- und Metallwarenindustrie (1)
- Bleeding Risk (1)
- Blei (1)
- Blended learning (1)
- Blinatumomab (1)
- Blindness (1)
- Bloc Identitaire (1)
- Blocco Studentesco (1)
- Blockchain-based crowdfunding (1)
- Blocked occlusion (1)
- Blockplay (1)
- Blog (1)
- Blood brain barrier (1)
- Blood cells (1)
- Blood coagulation disorder (1)
- Blood flow (1)
- Blood flow restriction (1)
- Blood loss calculator (1)
- Blood loss formula (1)
- Blood management (1)
- Blood sample handling (1)
- Blood sampling (1)
- Blood transfusion (1)
- Bloodstream infection (1)
- Blow fly (1)
- Blow-up (1)
- Blowflies (1)
- Blue Chip (1)
- Blue Hole (1)
- BluePrint (1)
- Blurred vision (1)
- Blutgefäßsystem (1)
- Blutspenderscreening (1)
- Blutung (1)
- Blutungskontrolle (1)
- Blutübertragbare Virusinfektionen (1)
- Board Appointments (1)
- Board Oversight (1)
- Boards für Stadt-Entwicklung (1)
- Bodenbedingungen (1)
- Body Composition (1)
- Body burden (1)
- Body limbs (1)
- Body sway (1)
- Body temperature (1)
- Body-contouring surgery (1)
- Bogert’s rule (1)
- Bohmian mechanics (1)
- Bohrung (1)
- Boidae (1)
- Boko Haram (1)
- Bold fmri (1)
- Bolhmann bands (1)
- Bolivia (1)
- Bolshoy Khailyk placer (1)
- Boltzmann-Gleichung (1)
- Boltzmann-Vlasov equation (1)
- Bond risk premia (1)
- Bone and joint mechanics (1)
- Bone cancer (1)
- Bone cement implantation syndrome (1)
- Bone conduction devices (1)
- Bone disease (1)
- Bone diseases (1)
- Bone diseases, Metabolic (1)
- Bone dust (1)
- Bone marrow aspirate concentrate (1)
- Bone marrow cells (1)
- Bone marrow fibrosis (1)
- Bone marrow mononuclear cells (1)
- Bone metastases (1)
- Bone metastasis (1)
- Bone remodelling (1)
- Bone strength assessment (1)
- Bone substitute (1)
- Bone tumor (1)
- Book production (1)
- Boolean Lattice (1)
- Boosted Jets (1)
- Bora (1)
- Borate (1)
- Born cross section (1)
- Born cross section measurement (1)
- Borobudur (1)
- Boron isotopes (1)
- Borrelia miyamotoi (1)
- Bortezomib (1)
- Bos taurus (1)
- Bose-Einstein condensates (1)
- Bose–Einstein condensation (1)
- Bosnia and Herzegovina (1)
- Bosonisierung (1)
- Boswellia serrata (1)
- Boswellic acids (1)
- Botanical Collections (1)
- Botany (1)
- Botswana (1)
- Bottled water (1)
- Bottom-up (1)
- Bottomonium (1)
- Boundary (1)
- Boundary Value Problems (1)
- Boundary elements (1)
- Boundary-making practices (1)
- Bourdieu, Pierre (1)
- Bovidae (1)
- Bovine liver catalase (1)
- Bow (1)
- Bowel obstruction (1)
- Boycotts (1)
- Brachial artery (1)
- Brachiopoda (1)
- Brachiozoa (1)
- Brachytherapy (1)
- Bradycardia (1)
- Bradykinin (1)
- Bradyrhizobium (1)
- Brain DNA methylation (1)
- Brain Rhythms (1)
- Brain anatomy (1)
- Brain asymmetry (1)
- Brain damage (1)
- Brain development (1)
- Brain imaging (1)
- Brain injuries (1)
- Brain injury (1)
- Brain ischemia (1)
- Brain lesion (1)
- Brain networks (1)
- Brain repair (1)
- Brain size I (1)
- Brain tumor surgery (1)
- Brain tumors (1)
- Brain-stimulus synchrony (1)
- Branch and Bound (1)
- Branching fraction measurement (1)
- Branching process approximation (1)
- Brand focus (1)
- Brassicales (1)
- Brazil Current (1)
- Brazilian Federal Supreme Court (1)
- Brazilian Judiciary (1)
- Brazilian Law courses (1)
- Brazilian legal system (1)
- Breast cancer survivers (1)
- Breast conserving surgery (1)
- Breast neoplasm (1)
- Breast reconstruction (1)
- Breathing (1)
- Breech delivery (1)
- Breeding glands (1)
- Bridge International (1)
- Bright light therapy (1)
- Brij 35 (1)
- BrijL23 (1)
- Britain (1)
- British National Party (1)
- Brittany (1)
- Brms (1)
- Brodalumab (1)
- Broken symmetry (1)
- Broker (1)
- Broker Crossing Networks (1)
- Bromeliads (1)
- Bromine (1)
- Bromodomänen (1)
- Bronchial inflammation (1)
- Bronchitis severity scale (1)
- Bronchodilator agents (1)
- Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (1)
- Bronze Age (1)
- Browsertool (1)
- Brudenell River (1)
- Brush Border Formation (1)
- Brustkrebs (1)
- Bryozoa (1)
- Brønsted Acid (1)
- Bubble-like structure (1)
- Bubbles (1)
- Buckingham’s π-theorem (1)
- Buffer Stock Saving (1)
- Bufonidae (1)
- Building Societies (1)
- Bulbouncinula (1)
- Bulk viscosity (1)
- Bumble bees (1)
- Bunching (1)
- Bundesbank (1)
- Bundeswehr (1)
- Bungarus (1)
- Bungarus walli (1)
- Buoyancy (1)
- Buparlisib (1)
- Burglary (1)
- Burkholderia arboris (1)
- Burkitt’s lymphoma (1)
- Burma (1)
- Burns (1)
- Burschenschaften (1)
- Burst (1)
- Bush (1)
- Business Subsidies (1)
- Business psychology (1)
- Business strategy in drug development (1)
- Business subsidies (1)
- Butanol (1)
- Butterworth filters (1)
- Butyrate (1)
- Bypass liner (1)
- Bärnighausen tree (1)
- Börsenhändler (1)
- Börsenmakler (1)
- Bürgerbeteiligung / Bürger:innenbeteiligung (1)
- Bürgerwissenschaft (1)
- Büros für Wirtschafts-und Handelsbeziehungen (1)
- Büros für Wohnungsbau (1)
- B−B bonds (1)
- B−H bonds (1)
- C corporations (1)
- C++ (1)
- C-H...Br hydrogen bond (1)
- C-H...O interactions (1)
- C-H...O interactions (1)
- C-H...[pi] interactions (1)
- C-H...[pi] interactions (1)
- C-clamp (1)
- C-mannosylation (1)
- C-reactive proteins (1)
- C-value (1)
- C. grani (1)
- C. radiatus (1)
- C. wailesii (1)
- C1 esterase inhibitor (human) (1)
- C1-INH (C1 inhibitor, C1-esterase inhibitor) (1)
- C1-esterase inhibitor protein (1)
- C1-inhibitor (1)
- C1-inhibitor concentrate (1)
- C1-inhibitor deficiency (1)
- C19orf70 (1)
- C2 domain (1)
- C3M (1)
- C4M (1)
- C5 acylcarnitine (1)
- C57BL/6J mice (1)
- C57BL/6N mice (1)
- C6 ceramide (1)
- CA (1)
- CA-ID-TIMS zircon dating (1)
- CA1 (1)
- CABG (1)
- CABLE (1)
- CAC-DRS Score (1)
- CAD-CAM (1)
- CAD/ CAM crown (1)
- CAD/CAM crown (1)
- CAI-1 (1)
- CAKUT (1)
- CANCAP project (1)
- CAPM (1)
- CAPON (1)
- CAR T cells (1)
- CAR-NK cell (1)
- CAR-T cell (1)
- CAR-immunotherapy (1)
- CAT (1)
- CAZy (1)
- CBC (1)
- CBM detector (1)
- CBRT (1)
- CBT (1)
- CCC-2 (1)
- CCD Camera (1)
- CCN2 (1)
- CCP (1)
- CCPA (1)
- CCR5 (1)
- CCTT (1)
- CD137 (1)
- CD23 (1)
- CD271 (1)
- CD3 (1)
- CD3/19 depletion (1)
- CD3/CD19 depletion (1)
- CD34 (1)
- CD34 selection (1)
- CD34+ cell enumeration (1)
- CD34 + cells (1)
- CD4+ T cells (1)
- CD4+ T lymphocytes (1)
- CD40 (1)
- CD41 (1)
- CD44s (1)
- CD44v6 (1)
- CD45RA Depletion (1)
- CD45RA naïve lymphocytes (1)
- CD47 (1)
- CD49d (1)
- CD56 (1)
- CD62L (1)
- CD62P (1)
- CD62p+Exosomes (1)
- CD74 (1)
- CD8 (1)
- CD8+ T cell (1)
- CD8+ T cells (1)
- CD8+ T lymphocytes (1)
- CD8+ T-cell mediated tumor suppression (1)
- CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (1)
- CD95/Fas receptor (1)
- CDC-42 (1)
- CDH13 (1)
- CDI (1)
- CDK inhibitor (1)
- CDK-cyclin axis (1)
- CDK2 (1)
- CDK4/6 inhibitor (1)
- CDK4/6 inhibitors (1)
- CDK4/CDK6 (1)
- CDKN2A (1)
- CDS spreads (1)
- CEBPD (1)
- CEBPE (1)
- CECL (1)
- CEMP (1)
- CEO Speeches (1)
- CEO attractiveness (1)
- CEO speeches (1)
- CEP-1 (1)
- CEP68 (1)
- CERN (1)
- CERN PSB (1)
- CERN SPS (1)
- CES production functions (1)
- CEST (1)
- CEST EPI (1)
- CFIm (1)
- CGD (1)
- CHA2DS2-VASc-score (1)
- CHEMDNER (1)
- CHEPs (1)
- CHIP (1)
- CHRDL1 (1)
- CHRNA10 (1)
- CHRNA7 (1)
- CHRNA9 (1)
- CIK cell (1)
- CIM (1)
- CIRS (1)
- CJT formalism (1)
- CJT-Formalismus (1)
- CK2α (1)
- CLIF-C ACLF score (1)
- CLIF-C ACLF-R score (1)
- CLIL (1)
- CLIP (1)
- CLOCC (1)
- CLOUD experiment (1)
- CLP protease (1)
- CLPXP protease (1)
- CLVisc (1)
- CM SAF (1)
- CMIP5 climate scenarios (1)
- CMOS (1)
- CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (1)
- CMS (1)
- CMU (1)
- CMVepidemiology (1)
- CNC manufacturing (1)
- CNDAC (1)
- CNNs (1)
- CNS (1)
- CNS infection (1)
- CNS melanoma (1)
- CNS toxicity (1)
- CNS tumor (1)
- CNV 16p11.2 (1)
- CNVs (1)
- CO2 capture (1)
- CO2 emission (1)
- CO2 emission reduction targets (1)
- CO2 emissions intensity (1)
- CO2 fertilization (1)
- CO2 reduction (1)
- CO2-induced forced ventilation (1)
- COBAS Taqman (1)
- COBL (1)
- COD performance (1)
- COD tests (1)
- COGNIMUSE (1)
- COINS (1)
- COMT (1)
- COPD assessment test (1)
- COPD course and therapy (1)
- COVID (1)
- COVID 19 pandemic (1)
- COVID-19 Pandemic (1)
- COVID-19 epitope signatures (1)
- COVID-19 lockdown (1)
- COVID-19 regulations (1)
- COVID-19 vaccination (1)
- COVID-19, Primary care (1)
- COVID‐19 (1)
- CP violation (1)
- CPI (1)
- CPS (1)
- CPT1A (1)
- CPTAC (1)
- CPVT (1)
- CQL (1)
- CRA3 (1)
- CRBN (1)
- CRC65 (1)
- CRE-dependent transcription (1)
- CRE-luciferase (1)
- CREB inhibitor (1)
- CRF (1)
- CRISPR screen (1)
- CRISPR-Cas9 (1)
- CRISPR-Cas9 gene conversion (1)
- CRISPR/dCas9 (1)
- CRM1 (1)
- CRPC (1)
- CRT (1)
- CRT-D (1)
- CRVO (1)
- CSC marker (1)
- CSDP (1)
- CSO (1)
- CSPP (1)
- CSR Europe (1)
- CT dual-energy computed tomography (1)
- CT pulmonary angiography (1)
- CT radiation exposure (1)
- CT-guidance (1)
- CT-guided interventions (1)
- CTL (1)
- CTX (1)
- CUE domain (1)
- CUELA system (1)
- CUP (1)
- CVD (1)
- CVD biomarker (1)
- CVID (1)
- CWS Studiengruppe (1)
- CXCL10 (1)
- CXCL16 (1)
- CXCR3 antagonism (1)
- CXCR5 (1)
- CY-503 (1)
- CYBA/p22phox (1)
- CYP110 (1)
- CYP1A1 (1)
- CYP450 (1)
- Ca2+ imaging (1)
- CaChR1 (1)
- CaMPARI (1)
- Cabozantinib (1)
- Caco 2 cells/metabolism (1)
- Caco‐2 cells (1)
- Caddisfly (1)
- Caffeate Respiration (1)
- Caffeine (1)
- Calathea (1)
- Calcification (1)
- Calcite and dolomite cements (1)
- Calcium calmodulin kinase (1)
- Calcium gluconate (1)
- Calcium recordings (1)
- Calcium signalling (1)
- Calcium waves (1)
- Calderón operator (1)
- Calderón problem (1)
- Calibration (1)
- Call Markets (1)
- Call for action (1)
- Call options (1)
- Calliphora (1)
- Calmodulin (1)
- Calnexin (1)
- Calorimeter methods (1)
- Calorimeters (1)
- Calprotectin (1)
- Calstabin2/FKBP12.6 (1)
- Calycotome villosa (Poiret) Link Subsp. Intermedia (1)
- Cambio global (1)
- Cambodia (1)
- Camera trapping (1)
- Canadian foreign policy (1)
- Canary Current (1)
- Cancer Staging (1)
- Cancer detection (1)
- Cancer development (1)
- Cancer epigenetics (1)
- Cancer microenvironment (1)
- Cancer of unknown primary (1)
- Cancer progression (1)
- Cancer registries (1)
- Cancer risk factors (1)
- Cancer staging (1)
- Cancer survivors (1)
- Cancer therapeutic resistance (1)
- Cancer-specific survival (1)
- Candida spp (1)
- Canis lupus familiaris (1)
- Canopy height model (1)
- Capabilities (1)
- Cape Verde (1)
- Capital Asset Pricing Model (1)
- Capital Butgeting (1)
- Capital Inflows (1)
- Capital Market (1)
- Capital Markets (1)
- Capital Purchase Program (1)
- Capital allocation (1)
- Capital gains taxes (1)
- Capital requirements (1)
- Capital theory (1)
- Capital-labor substitution (1)
- Capitalism (1)
- Capitulation (1)
- Capnography (1)
- Capoeta damascina (1)
- Caprylic acid (1)
- Capsaicin (1)
- Capsule Synthesis (1)
- Capsule endoscopy, video (1)
- Car Sales (1)
- Car dependence (1)
- Car ownership (1)
- Car-free (1)
- Carapa procera (1)
- Carbanions (1)
- Carbapenem-resistente Gram-negative Bakterien (CRGN) (1)
- Carbapenemase (1)
- Carbapenemasen (1)
- Carbene Complexes (1)
- Carbohydrate active enzymes (1)
- Carbon Taxation (1)
- Carbon abatement (1)
- Carbon cycle (1)
- Carbon cycling (1)
- Carbon dioxide (1)
- Carbon tetrachloride (1)
- Carbonate geochemistry (1)
- Carbonated apatite (1)
- Carbonatite eruptions (1)
- Carboniferous volcanism (1)
- Carboxylic acid reductase (1)
- Carceral geography (1)
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast (1)
- Cardiac (1)
- Cardiac Fibrosis (1)
- Cardiac acoustic biomarkers (1)
- Cardiac biomarkers (1)
- Cardiac device therapy (1)
- Cardiac fibroblast (1)
- Cardiac function (1)
- Cardiac implantable electronic devices (1)
- Cardiac infarction (1)
- Cardiac masses (1)
- Cardiac monitoring (1)
- Cardiac necroenzymes (1)
- Cardiac output (1)
- Cardiac regeneration (1)
- Cardiac rehabilitation (1)
- Cardiac remodeling (1)
- Cardiac remodelling (1)
- Cardiac resynchronization therapy (1)
- Cardiac surgery patients (1)
- Cardiac troponin (1)
- Cardio-oncology (1)
- CardioMEMS™ HF system (1)
- Cardiogenic shock (1)
- Cardiolipin (1)
- Cardiomyocyte signaling pathways (1)
- Cardiomyopathy (1)
- Cardiopulmonary bypass (1)
- Cardiotoxicity (1)
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) (1)
- Cardiovascular disease risk (1)
- Cardiovascular epidemiology (1)
- Cardiovascular genetics (1)
- Cardiovascular mortality (1)
- Cardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen (1)
- Care home (1)
- Career promotion (1)
- Careers (1)
- Caregiver burden (1)
- Caribbean (1)
- Carnivora (1)
- Carotene Isomerase (1)
- Carotenoid Desaturation (1)
- Carotid injury (1)
- Carotinoide (1)
- Carrier-bound fibrin sealant (1)
- Cartilage (1)
- Cartilage Biology (1)
- Carychium (1)
- Cas9 inhibitor (1)
- Case management [MeSH] (1)
- Cash Flow Risk (1)
- Cash flow effect of monetary policy (1)
- Casirivimab (1)
- Caspase-8 (1)
- Caste (1)
- Castleman’s disease (1)
- Castor bean tick (1)
- Catalan number (1)
- Catalase (1)
- Catalogs (1)
- Catalysis (1)
- Catch-up validation study (1)
- Catchment hydrological models (1)
- Catheters (1)
- Catholic Church (1)
- Catholicism (1)
- Cation Proton Antiporter (1)
- Cats (1)
- Catumaxomab (1)
- Cauchy horizon (1)
- Caudate nucleus (1)
- Causal Machine Learning (1)
- Causal inferences (1)
- Causality (1)
- Causality assessment. (1)
- Cause of death (1)
- Cave animal, ecotone (1)
- Cave fish (1)
- Cave-dwelling species (1)
- Cdk1/cyclin B1 (1)
- Cell Adhesion (1)
- Cell Death (1)
- Cell Metabolism (1)
- Cell Migration (1)
- Cell Motility (1)
- Cell Signaling (1)
- Cell Wall (1)
- Cell assembly (1)
- Cell cortex (1)
- Cell cultures (1)
- Cell distribution (1)
- Cell metabolism (1)
- Cell plasticity (1)
- Cell processing (1)
- Cell surface proteoglycans (1)
- Cell-assisted lipotransfer (1)
- Cell-based Assays (1)
- Cell-based therapies (1)
- Cell-free Protein Expression (1)
- Cell-free Protein Synthesis (1)
- Cell-free expression (1)
- Cell-free protein synthesis (1)
- Cell-free synthetic biology (1)
- Cell-to-Cell Spread (1)
- Cellular (1)
- Cellular energy metabolism (1)
- Cellular imaging (1)
- Cellular inflammatory response (1)
- Cellular network formation (1)
- Cellular neural network (1)
- Cellular stress (1)
- Cellular stress responses (1)
- Cellular suicide switch (1)
- Cellulase gene expression (1)
- Cement gap (1)
- Cementation (1)
- Cenchrus americanus (1)
- Center-specific time in therapeutic range (cTTR) (1)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1)
- Central African rainforest (1)
- Central Asia (1)
- Central Bank Losses (1)
- Central Bank of Cyprus (1)
- Central Banks (1)
- Central Banks and Their Policies (1)
- Central Counterparty Clearing House (CCP) (1)
- Central Germany (1)
- Central Nigeria (1)
- Central Oman (1)
- Central and Northern Europe (1)
- Central bank liquidity (1)
- Central banks (1)
- Central counterparty clearing house (CCP) (1)
- Central nervous system (1)
- Central nervous system metastases (1)
- Centrality (1)
- Centrality Class (1)
- Centrality Selection (1)
- Centric diatom (1)
- Centrifugation (1)
- Centrifuge modeling (1)
- Cephalic sensory organs (1)
- Ceramic (1)
- Ceramide Synthase (1)
- Ceramides (1)
- Cerasorb (1)
- Cerclage (1)
- Cercospora (1)
- Cerebellar ataxia (1)
- Cerebral Vasospasm (1)
- Cerebral hypoperfusion (1)
- Cerebral ischemia (1)
- Cerebral nerves (1)
- Cerebral oxygen saturation (1)
- Cerebral toxoplasmosis HIV (1)
- Cerebral vasospasm (1)
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (1)
- Cerebrovascular (1)
- Cerebrovascular disorders (1)
- Cerrado (1)
- Certainty (1)
- Certainty in Law (1)
- Certification (1)
- Cervical (1)
- Cesarean delivery (1)
- Cestode community (1)
- Ceteris paribus laws (1)
- Cetraria aculeata (1)
- ChAdOx1-S (1)
- ChIP (1)
- ChIP-Seq (1)
- Chabad Lubavitch (1)
- Chaenodraco wilsoni (1)
- Chagas disease (1)
- Challenge and hindrance stressors (1)
- Champsocephalus gunnari (1)
- Change (1)
- Changes in labor markets (1)
- Channelrhodopsin (1)
- Channichthyidae (1)
- Chaostheorie (1)
- Chaperone Chaperonin (1)
- Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (1)
- Charge change (1)
- Charge fluctuations (1)
- Charge-transfer collisions (1)
- Charged-particle multiplicity (1)
- Charisma (1)
- Charitable trust (1)
- Charity (1)
- Charm quark spatial diffusion coefficient (1)
- Charm vector (1)
- Charmed baryon (1)
- Charmed meson production (1)
- Charmonia (1)
- Charmonium (-like) (1)
- Charmonium decays (1)
- Chatbot (1)
- CheF (1)
- CheY (1)
- Checkpoint Inhibitor (1)
- Checkpoint kinase (1)
- Checkpoints (1)
- Chelated Pentacoordinated Silicon (1)
- Chemical Physics (1)
- Chemical characterization (1)
- Chemical company (1)
- Chemical composition (1)
- Chemical contamination (1)
- Chemical dispersant (1)
- Chemical dispersants (1)
- Chemical ecology (1)
- Chemical labeling (1)
- Chemical pollution (1)
- Chemical preservatives (1)
- Chemical probes (1)
- Chemical recycling (1)
- Chemische Sonden (1)
- Chemische Verschiebung (1)
- Chemnitz (1)
- Chemobrain (1)
- Chemoembolization (1)
- Chemoinformatics (1)
- Chemokine CCL2 (1)
- Chemometry (1)
- Chemoprevention (1)
- Chemoradiation (1)
- Chemorefractory advanced gastric cancer (1)
- Chemosensitivity (1)
- Chemotaxonomy (1)
- Cherenkov counter: lead-glass (1)
- Chest pain unit (1)
- Chicken (1)
- Chicken embryo (1)
- Chickens (1)
- Chikungunya virus (1)
- Child adiposity (1)
- Child and adolescent psychotherapy (1)
- Child development (1)
- Child health (1)
- Child sexual abuse (1)
- Childhood mortality rates (1)
- Childhood sexual abuse (1)
- Childhood theory (1)
- Children and adolescents (1)
- Children’s agency (1)
- Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) (1)
- Chimerism (1)
- Chinese Communist Party (1)
- Chinese crocodile lizard (1)
- Chinese restaurant process (1)
- Chinese river basins, water withdrawals, dam construction, river flow alteration, flow indicators, fish species richness, fish catch, riparian vegetation cover, quantitative analysis (1)
- Chinese studies (1)
- Chiquitano Dry Forest (1)
- Chiral Lagrangian (1)
- Chiral Lagrangians (1)
- Chiral effective model (1)
- Chiral magnetic effect (1)
- Chiral perturbation theory (1)
- Chirale Symmetrie (1)
- Chironomidae (1)
- Chironomus piger (1)
- Chiton (1)
- Chiwondo Beds (1)
- Chlorierte Flammschutzmittel (1)
- Chloroform (1)
- Chlorophyll Fluorescence (1)
- Chlorophyll Formation (1)
- Chlorophyll fluorescence (1)
- Chlorophyll-a (1)
- Chlorosis (1)
- Chocó rainforest (1)
- Choice experiments (1)
- Choice under Risk (1)
- Choice-confirmation bias (1)
- Cholecystectomy (1)
- Cholesky decomposition (1)
- Cholesterin Biosyntheseweg (1)
- Cholesterol (1)
- Cholinergic (1)
- Chondral Lesion (1)
- Chondrocyte (1)
- Chondrocyte signalling (1)
- Chondrule formation (1)
- Chopper (1)
- Choquet (1)
- Chorion (1)
- Chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydratase (1)
- Chris Armstrong (1)
- Chritianity (1)
- Chrna7 knockout (1)
- Chromatin and Epigenetics (1)
- Chromatin conformation (1)
- Chromatography (1)
- Chromium (1)
- Chromodomains (1)
- Chromoendoscopy (1)
- Chromones (1)
- Chromosomal deletion (1)
- Chromosomal translocations (1)
- Chromosome number (1)
- Chromosomes and gene expression (1)
- Chronic Hepatitis C (1)
- Chronic ankle instability (1)
- Chronic care model (1)
- Chronic conditions (1)
- Chronic disease [MeSH] (1)
- Chronic diseases (1)
- Chronic health condition (1)
- Chronic heart failure (1)
- Chronic hepatitis C virus (1)
- Chronic illness (1)
- Chronic infection (1)
- Chronic intestinal failure (1)
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (1)
- Chronic medical conditions (1)
- Chronic obstructive airway disease (1)
- Chronic pain (1)
- Chronic pancreatitis (1)
- Chronic periodontiti (1)
- Chronification (1)
- Chronology (1)
- Chronology of disease (1)
- Chrysomya chani (1)
- Chrysomya megacephala (1)
- Chrysops (1)
- Church (1)
- Church Courts (1)
- Cicer arietinum (1)
- Cigarettes (1)
- Cima da Conegliano (1)
- Cimbrian (1)
- Cine (1)
- Cinnarizine (1)
- Cinryze® (1)
- Circadian (1)
- Circadian rhythms and sleep (1)
- Circuit (1)
- Circular accelerators (1)
- Circular dichroism (1)
- Circular economy (1)
- Circulating MiRNA (1)
- Circulating miRNA (1)
- Circulation (1)
- Circumplex Scales of Intergroup Goals (1)
- Cirugía (1)
- Citation (1)
- Citation Network Analysis (1)
- Citationrate (1)
- Cities (1)
- Citizen Participation (1)
- Ciudadanía (1)
- Civil Society (1)
- Civil and political rights (1)
- Civil liberties (1)
- Civil society (1)
- Cladium mariscus (1)
- Cladocera (1)
- Claims on land (1)
- Classroom Management (1)
- Claudin 5 (1)
- Clavien–Dindo classification (1)
- Cleanliness level (1)
- Cleft palate (1)
- Clement Méric (1)
- Click chemistry (1)
- Climate Behavior (1)
- Climate Policies (1)
- Climate Protection (1)
- Climate System, Climate Models, Information theory (1)
- Climate change adaptation (1)
- Climate change economics (1)
- Climate data (1)
- Climate finance (1)
- Climate forcing (1)
- Climate inequity (1)
- Climate justice (1)
- Climate-change impacts (1)
- Climatic conditions (1)
- Climatic habitat suitability (1)
- Clincial pharmacology (1)
- CliniMACS (1)
- Clinical (1)
- Clinical Skills (1)
- Clinical competence (1)
- Clinical effectiveness (1)
- Clinical efficacy (1)
- Clinical frailty scale (1)
- Clinical groups (1)
- Clinical management (1)
- Clinical neuropsychology (1)
- Clinical outcome (1)
- Clinical pathway (1)
- Clinical pathways (1)
- Clinical pharmacology (1)
- Clinical phenotype (1)
- Clinical practice guidelines (1)
- Clinical psychometry (1)
- Clinical relevant dissolution specification (1)
- Clinical skills (1)
- Clinical variation (1)
- Clinician-administered PTSD Scale PTSD (1)
- Clinton (1)
- Clip (1)
- Cln3 (1)
- Clonidine (1)
- Closed World Assumption (CWA) (1)
- Closed-end fund (1)
- Closed-end fund discount (1)
- Closed-end funds (1)
- Closely related fungal species (1)
- Clostridioides difficile (1)
- Clostridium (1)
- Cloud Computing (1)
- Cloud properties (1)
- ClpB (1)
- Clumped isotopes (1)
- Cluster (1)
- Cluster randomization (1)
- Clustering coefficients (1)
- Co-Creation (1)
- Co-culture (1)
- Co-morbidity (1)
- Co-production (1)
- Co-speciation (1)
- Co2(CO)8 (1)
- CoCo Bond (1)
- CoCo bonds (1)
- CoCos (1)
- CoVaR (1)
- Coaching Systems (1)
- Coagulation (1)
- Coagulopathy management (1)
- Coalescence (1)
- Coalitions (1)
- Coamoeba (1)
- Coase Theorem (1)
- Cochlea (1)
- Cochleaimplantation (1)
- Cochlear Implant (1)
- Code as Law (1)
- Code-based regulation (1)
- Coding Scheme (1)
- Codon models (1)
- Codon-optimization (1)
- Coefficient correction (1)
- Coenzyme Analogue (1)
- Coenzyme Binding (1)
- Coeval folding and boudinage (1)
- Coexistence (1)
- Cofactors (biochemistry) (1)
- Cofilin (1)
- Cognitive Abilities (1)
- Cognitive Interviews (1)
- Cognitive Load (1)
- Cognitive Maps (1)
- Cognitive Spatial Distortions (1)
- Cognitive ageing (1)
- Cognitive behavioural therapy (1)
- Cognitive dysfunction (1)
- Cognitive enhancers of exposure therapy (1)
- Cognitive lock-in (1)
- Cognitive neurology (1)
- Cognitive processing therapy (1)
- Cognitive training (1)
- Cognitive-motor interference (1)
- Coherent Infomax (1)
- Coherent infomax (1)
- Coin tossing (1)
- Coincidence measurement (1)
- Cointegration (1)
- Colchicum (1)
- Cold hardiness (1)
- Cold nuclear matter effects (1)
- Cold pain (1)
- Cold tolerance (1)
- Colitis assoziate colorectal cancer (1)
- Collaboration (1)
- Collaboration network (1)
- Collaboration types (1)
- Collagen Maps (1)
- Collagen antibody-induced arthritis (1)
- Collagen hemostat (1)
- Collagen type I (1)
- Collagen type III (1)
- Collagen-based biomaterial (1)
- Collateral Constraint (1)
- Collateral constraints (1)
- Collateral policy (1)
- Collective Action (1)
- Collective Action Problems (1)
- Collective Expulsion (1)
- Collective Flow, (1)
- Collective Memory (1)
- Collective Redress Recommendation (1)
- Collective cell migration (1)
- Collective flow (1)
- Collective human behavior (1)
- Collective quadrupole excitations (1)
- Collective resilience factor (1)
- College dropout risk (1)
- College premium (1)
- College wage premium (1)
- Collembola (1)
- Collision processes (1)
- Colocation (1)
- Cologne (1)
- Colombia (1)
- Colombian Andes (1)
- Colon cancer (1)
- Colon capsule endoscopy (1)
- Colonic neoplasms (1)
- Colonisation (1)
- Colony development (1)
- Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (1)
- Color Glass Condensate (1)
- Color screening (1)
- Colorectal Cancer (1)
- Colorimetric blood loss estimation (1)
- Combat 18 (1)
- Combined immune checkpoint blockade (1)
- Combined surgical therapy (1)
- Combo® DTS (1)
- Combustion (1)
- Commercial pesticide preparations (1)
- Commercial real estate (1)
- Commerzbank (1)
- Commitment (1)
- Common Agricultural Policy (1)
- Common Morality (1)
- Common humanity (1)
- Common ragweed (1)
- Communicable diseases (1)
- Communication center (1)
- Communication-through-coherence (CTC) (1)
- Communist Party of China (1)
- Community barcoding (1)
- Community dynamics (1)
- Comovements (1)
- Compact astrophysical objects (1)
- Compact binary stars (1)
- Compact objects (1)
- Companion-type robots (1)
- Company founders (1)
- Comparative (1)
- Comparative Accounting (1)
- Comparative Capitalism (1)
- Comparative Genomics (1)
- Comparative Political Economy (1)
- Comparative effectiveness research (1)
- Comparative politics (1)
- Comparative study (1)
- Comparators (1)
- Comparison with QCD (1)
- Compartmental modeling (1)
- Compartmentalization (1)
- Compassionate writing exercises (1)
- Competencies (1)
- Competition in Order Flow (1)
- Competition policy (1)
- Compilation (1)
- Complement cascade (1)
- Complement system (1)
- Complementary medicine (1)
- Complementary mobility services (1)
- Complementation rate (1)
- Complete heart block (1)
- Complete response (1)
- Completed suicide (1)
- Complex Financial Instruments (1)
- Complex Formation (1)
- Complex decongestive therapy (1)
- Complex elbow fractures (1)
- Complex hernia (1)
- Complex posttraumatic stress disorder (1)
- Complex problem solving (1)
- Complexe WAP (1)
- Complexin 1 (1)
- Complexin-1 (1)
- Complicated stage (1)
- Complication (1)
- Compositional bias (1)
- Comprehensive Assessment (1)
- Comprehensive cancer centers (1)
- Comprehensive complication index (1)
- Compressed Baryonic Matter (1)
- Compression stocking (1)
- Compton scattering (1)
- Computation (1)
- Computational Biology (1)
- Computational Data Analysis (1)
- Computational Humanities (1)
- Computational Methods (1)
- Computational Physics (1)
- Computational biology (1)
- Computational geometry (1)
- Computational modeling (1)
- Computational modelling (1)
- Computational sRNA analysis (1)
- Computed axial tomography (1)
- Computed tomography imaging (1)
- Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) (1)
- Computed tomography, X-ray (1)
- Computer Science (1)
- Computer simulation (1)
- Computer tomography (1)
- Computer vision (1)
- Computer-Assisted (1)
- Computer-aided drug design (1)
- Computer-based assessment (1)
- Computer-unterstützte (1)
- Computers (1)
- Computersimulation (1)
- Computerspiel (1)
- Comunicación (1)
- Comunicação (1)
- Con man (1)
- Concentration (1)
- Concept of person (1)
- Concordance (1)
- Concrete (1)
- Concurrent CNS diseases (1)
- Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (1)
- Condensed Matter, Materials & Applied Physics (1)
- Condition number (1)
- Conditional Forecasts (1)
- Conditional Pooling (1)
- Conditional gene trap (1)
- Conditional intensity (1)
- Conditional response (1)
- Conduct problems (1)
- Conduit function (1)
- Cone-beam computed tomography (1)
- Confinement (1)
- Confirmatory Bias (1)
- Conflict-driven memory enhancements (1)
- Conflicts (1)
- Confocal endomicroscopy (1)
- Conformational Dynamics (1)
- Conformational State (1)
- Conformational change (1)
- Conformational transitions (1)
- Conformational trapping (1)
- Confucianism legal system (1)
- Congenital (1)
- Congenital CMVinfection (1)
- Congenital anomalies (1)
- Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (1)
- Congenital duodenal obstruction (1)
- Congenital ocular motor apraxia (1)
- Congenitally blind (1)
- Coniosporium corticale (1)
- Conjoint Analysis (1)
- Connected Components (1)
- Conometric connection (1)
- Conscious perception (1)
- Consciousness of value (1)
- Consensus document (1)
- Consensus methods (1)
- Consensus statement (1)
- Conservation biogeography (1)
- Conservation science (1)
- Conservative (1)
- Conservative treatment (1)
- Consistency (1)
- Consistency of interest (1)
- Consortia (1)
- Constipation (1)
- Constitución del sujeto (1)
- Constituent moments (1)
- Constituent power (1)
- Constituição do sujeito (1)
- Constitution of India (1)
- Constitution of the subject (1)
- Constitutional Court (1)
- Constitutional Reform (1)
- Constitutionalism (1)
- Constitutions (1)
- Constrained posture (1)
- Constriction (1)
- Construct validity (1)
- Construction procurement (1)
- Consulting (1)
- Consumer Credit (1)
- Consumer Protection (1)
- Consumer confidence (1)
- Consumer credit (1)
- Consumer demand (1)
- Consummations of Legislation (1)
- Consumption hump (1)
- Consumption intensity (1)
- Consumption-investment Problems (1)
- Consumption-portfolio choice (1)
- Contact microradiography (1)
- Contact network (1)
- Contact precautions (1)
- Contagion Period (1)
- Container Trade (1)
- Containment (1)
- Contamination (1)
- Content analysis (1)
- Content and language integrated learning (1)
- Contestability (1)
- Context-sensitivity (1)
- Contingent Convertible Bonds (1)
- Contingent Convertible Capital (1)
- Contingent Negative Variation, CNV (1)
- Continual deep learning (1)
- Continuous Integration (1)
- Continuous Performance Test, CPT (1)
- Continuous Process Verification (1)
- Continuous renal replacement therapy (1)
- Continuous wave (1)
- Contra malos divites et usurarios (1)
- Contracaecum (1)
- Contract terms (1)
- Contractarian Model of Corporate Law (1)
- Contractile function (1)
- Contraction method (1)
- Contrast agent (1)
- Contrast-Enhancing Lesions (1)
- Contrast-enhanced (1)
- Contrast-medium, injection rate, iodine concentration, hepatic malignancy, multiphasic CT (1)
- Contrastive analysis (1)
- Contrastive linguistics (1)
- Control (1)
- Controlled freezing/thawing (1)
- Convection (1)
- Conventional Chemotherapeutic (1)
- Conventional T cell selection (1)
- Conventional and unconventional ubiquitination (1)
- Conventional dendritic cells (1)
- Conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (1)
- Convexity (1)
- Convolution quadrature (1)
- Convolutional (1)
- Convolutional Neural Networks (1)
- Cooperation (1)
- Coordination Of Control Modes (1)
- Coordination Risk (1)
- Coordinative Bonding (1)
- Coping capacity (1)
- Copper decoration (1)
- Copula (1)
- Copy number (1)
- Copy number variation (1)
- Corals (1)
- Cord blood transplantation (1)
- Core effectors (1)
- Core marking (1)
- Core needle biopsy (1)
- Core-component reuse (1)
- Cornea (1)
- Corneal tomography (1)
- Corneometrie (1)
- Corona Bonds (1)
- Corona pandemic (1)
- Corona virus (1)
- Corona-Pandemie (1)
- Coronaries (1)
- Coronary CT (1)
- Coronary Heart Disease (1)
- Coronary Plaque Burden (1)
- Coronary artery disease (CAD) (1)
- Coronary calcification (1)
- Coronary intervention (1)
- Coronaviruses (1)
- Corporate Announcements (1)
- Corporate Distress (1)
- Corporate Financing (1)
- Corporate Groups (1)
- Corporate Investment (1)
- Corporate Name Change (1)
- Corporate Quantitative Easing (1)
- Corporate concentration (1)
- Corporate deposits (1)
- Corporate financing (1)
- Corporate quantitative easing (1)
- Correctness (1)
- Correlated risk (1)
- Correlated risks (1)
- Correlated systems (1)
- Correlations (1)
- Correlative electron and light microscopy (1)
- Cortical circuit (1)
- Cortical column (1)
- Cortical degeneration (1)
- Cortical thickness (1)
- Cortisol secretion (1)
- Corucia zebrata (1)
- Corynebacterium glutamicum (1)
- Coscinodiscus concinnus (1)
- Cost And Quality Management (1)
- Cost estimation (1)
- Cost of Capital (1)
- Cost-effectiveness analysis (1)
- Cotton Genesis (1)
- Couch tracking (1)
- Coulombdissoziation (1)
- Coulombspaltung (1)
- Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (1)
- Counter-mapping (1)
- Counterparty Credit Limits (1)
- Counterterrorism (1)
- Course (1)
- Courts of Law (1)
- Covariance matrix (1)
- Covid (1)
- Covid-19 Pandemic (1)
- Covid-19-Crisis (1)
- Covid19-nmr (1)
- CoxVa (1)
- Coxsackievirus B3 (1)
- Cp (1)
- Cpk (1)
- Craniomaxillofacial injuries (1)
- Cratonic lithosphere (1)
- Cre-lox system (1)
- Creation (1)
- Creative Commons (1)
- Creative destruction (1)
- Credentialing (1)
- Credibility of Inflation Targets (1)
- Credit Default Swap (CDS) (1)
- Credit Default Swaps (1)
- Credit Rating Agencies (1)
- Credit Ratings (1)
- Credit Risk Transfer (1)
- Credit default swap (CDS) (1)
- Credit lines (1)
- Credit rating agencies (1)
- Credit supply (1)
- Creditor Protection (1)
- Creditor Rights (1)
- Cretaceous warming (1)
- Criminal Theory (1)
- Criminal law exceptionalism (1)
- Crises Forecasting (1)
- Crisis Management (1)
- Crisis contracts (1)
- Crispr/Cas (1)
- Criterio A (1)
- Criterion A (1)
- Critical Legal Studies (1)
- Critical Online Reasoning Assessment (1)
- Critical Theory of Society (1)
- Critical bleeding (1)
- Critical care and emergency medicine (1)
- Critical cartography (1)
- Critical haematocrit (1)
- Critical indices (1)
- Critical mass (1)
- Critical pathway (1)
- Critical phenomena (1)
- Critical point (1)
- Critical size (1)
- Croatian (1)
- Crocodylus acutus (1)
- Cross section measurements (1)
- Cross sections (1)
- Cross-Predictability (1)
- Cross-Section of Returns (1)
- Cross-border mobility (1)
- Cross-contamination (1)
- Cross-cultural Comparability (1)
- Cross-cutting topics (1)
- Cross-dialectal Diversity (1)
- Cross-frequency coupling (1)
- Cross-linking (1)
- Cross-section of expected returns (1)
- Cross-sectional (1)
- Cross-sectional study (1)
- Crosscorrelation (1)
- Crossmodal (1)
- Crowdsourcing (1)
- Cryo-EM (1)
- Cryo-concentration (1)
- Cryo-electron Tomography (1)
- Cryoablation (1)
- Cryoballoon (1)
- Cryptic Subtexts (1)
- Cryptic diversity (1)
- Cryptic species (1)
- Crypto-Assets (1)
- Cryptococcus (1)
- Cryptostroma corticale (1)
- Crystal and Molecular Structure (1)
- Crystallography (1)
- Crystals (1)
- CspA (1)
- Cuban literature in Paris (1)
- Cucumis sativus (Cucumber) (1)
- Cue-P3 (1)
- Cuidado em saúde (1)
- Cuidado en salud (1)
- Culex pipiens (1)
- Culex pipiens biotypes pipiens/molestus (1)
- Culicidae (1)
- Cultivation (1)
- Cultural Economics (1)
- Cultural Finance (1)
- Cultural Influences on Economic Behavior (1)
- Cultural Norms (1)
- Cultural Rights (1)
- Cultural capital (1)
- Cultural diversity of law (1)
- Cultural ecology (1)
- Cultural evolution (1)
- Cultural neuroscience (1)
- Cultural translation (1)
- Cultural trauma (1)
- Culture positive (1)
- Culturomics (1)
- Cumate (1)
- Cumulating survey data (1)
- Cumulative abnormal return (1)
- Cumulative dose (1)
- Cuneiform (1)
- Curcumin (1)
- Curcumin micelles (1)
- Curcuminoid concentrations (1)
- Curcumis sativus (1)
- Cure (1)
- Current-curent interaction (1)
- Curse of dimensionality (1)
- Curvature measure (1)
- Curvilinear dose response (1)
- Custom-made mouthguard (1)
- Customer Acquisition (1)
- Customer Management (1)
- Customer Referral Programs (1)
- Customer Value (1)
- Customer data sharing (1)
- Customer focus (1)
- Cuticular hydrocarbons (1)
- CuveWaters (1)
- Cy5.5 (1)
- Cyanoacrylate (1)
- Cyanobacterium (1)
- CyberKnife (1)
- Cybersicherhheit (1)
- Cybertaxonomy (1)
- Cycle Portfolio Choice (1)
- Cycle class (1)
- Cycle streets (1)
- Cyclic GMP (1)
- Cyclic Organosulfides (1)
- Cyclical Income Risk (1)
- Cyclin T1 (1)
- Cycling attitudes (1)
- Cycling infrastructure (1)
- Cycling network (1)
- Cyclization (1)
- Cyclopenten (1)
- Cyclophosphamide (1)
- Cyclosporin A (1)
- Cyp46a1 (1)
- Cyprinidae (1)
- Cystatin C (1)
- Cysteine‐Rich Domain (CRD) (1)
- Cytochrom c (1)
- Cytochrom-bc1-Komplex (1)
- Cytochrome P450 enzymes (1)
- Cytochrome bc1 complex (1)
- Cytochrome c Oxidase (1)
- Cytokine (1)
- Cytokines Induction (1)
- Cytological techniques (1)
- Cytologie (1)
- Cytology (1)
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (1)
- Cytoplasm (1)
- Cytoplasmic staining (1)
- Cytoreductive nephrectomy (1)
- Cytostatic Agents (1)
- Cytotoxic CD8+ T cell (1)
- Cytotoxicity (1)
- Czech Republic (1)
- Czochralski method (1)
- C‐reactive protein (1)
- C— H interactions (1)
- C— HCl contacts (1)
- C—H...π interactions (1)
- C—H⋯Br and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds (1)
- C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds (1)
- C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds (1)
- C—H⋯π interactions (1)
- C−H···F (1)
- D meson (1)
- D(iscourse)-Linking (1)
- D-Galacturonicacid (1)
- D-amino acid oxidase (1)
- D-dimer (1)
- D-xylose fermentation (1)
- D-xylose isomerase (1)
- D. Kahneman (1)
- D. magna (1)
- D. melanogaster (1)
- D0 and D+ mesons (1)
- D2-autoreceptor (1)
- DA (1)
- DAMP (1)
- DAMPs (1)
- DBH genotype (1)
- DBR (1)
- DBS (1)
- DBT (1)
- DBT-PTS (1)
- DBT-PTSD (1)
- DBTTSD (1)
- DC-NK cell interaction (1)
- DCCS (1)
- DCK (1)
- DCM (1)
- DCMU-Type Inhibitors (1)
- DCMU-Type Inhibitors Shade Adaptation (1)
- DDA (1)
- DDDPlus (1)
- DDIT4 (1)
- DEAD-Box Helicase (1)
- DECT (1)
- DEE (1)
- DEER (1)
- DEER or PELDOR (1)
- DEPDC5 (1)
- DFNB9 (1)
- DFT+MBD calculations (1)
- DFWM (1)
- DHA (1)
- DHS surveys (1)
- DILI database case quality (1)
- DIPSHIFT (1)
- DIRAS2 (1)
- DKK1 (1)
- DKTK-ROG (1)
- DLBCL (1)
- DLD (1)
- DLPFC (1)
- DMA (1)
- DMARDs (synthetic) (1)
- DME (1)
- DMXAA (1)
- DNA Adducts (1)
- DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (1)
- DNA Damage (1)
- DNA G-quadruplex (1)
- DNA conjugate (1)
- DNA double-strand break repair (1)
- DNA integrity (1)
- DNA metabarcoding (1)
- DNA nanopores (1)
- DNA nanostructures (1)
- DNA pulldown (1)
- DNA recognition (1)
- DNA replication (1)
- DNA sequence analysis (1)
- DNA sequencing (1)
- DNA-LNA mixmers (1)
- DNA-PK (1)
- DNA-Specific Labelling (1)
- DNA-based identification (1)
- DNA-based taxonomy (1)
- DNA-binding proteins (1)
- DNA-binding region (1)
- DNA-ligand complexes (1)
- DNA-protein crosslinks (1)
- DNA-protein-interactions (1)
- DNA/LNA mixmers (1)
- DNN Robustness (1)
- DNP (1)
- DNP in solids (1)
- DOK1 (1)
- DP-structure (1)
- DPPIV (1)
- DR5 (1)
- DSA (1)
- DSAEK (1)
- DSGE Model (1)
- DSGE Modell (1)
- DSGE modelling (1)
- DSM-5 (1)
- DSM5 (1)
- DSS /AOM (1)
- DST (1)
- DTHR (1)
- DUBs (1)
- DUF35 (1)
- DVI (1)
- DW Hamiltonian canonical transformation (1)
- DWI (1)
- DYT1 (1)
- Dabigatran (1)
- Dabiq (1)
- Daboia russelii (1)
- Daily diary (1)
- Daily flight activity (1)
- Daily travel (1)
- Dalit community (1)
- Dalitz decay (1)
- Damage-released alarm cue (1)
- Dancer (1)
- Dang Hyang Astapaka (1)
- Dang Hyang Nirartha (1)
- Dangerous Climate Change (1)
- Danube (1)
- Dark energy (1)
- Dark fermentation (1)
- Dark matter (1)
- Dark photon (1)
- Dark sector (1)
- Dark sides of criminal laws (1)
- Dark triad (1)
- Darmstadt (1)
- Darunavir (1)
- Das Kapital (1)
- Data Acquisition (1)
- Data Analysis (1)
- Data Analytics (1)
- Data Protection Directive (1)
- Data Standard (1)
- Data access (1)
- Data acquisition (1)
- Data exploration (1)
- Data loss prevention (1)
- Data management (1)
- Data mining (1)
- Data monitoring (1)
- Data portability (1)
- Data preprocessing (1)
- Data reduction (1)
- Data security (1)
- Data sharing (1)
- Data standard (1)
- Data standards (1)
- Data structure detection (1)
- Data validation (1)
- Database (1)
- Database linking (1)
- Dataflow Computing (1)
- Dataset bias (1)
- Datenanalyse (1)
- Datenarchivierung (1)
- Datenaustausch (1)
- Datenintegration (1)
- Datenqualität (1)
- Datong coalfield (1)
- Daubert criteria (1)
- David Hilbert (1)
- David Sciulli (1)
- David technique (1)
- Ddialectic behavioural therapy (1)
- De Donder-Weyl Hamiltonian formulation (1)
- De novo assembly (1)
- De-Novo-Synthese (1)
- De-isolation (1)
- Dead space (1)
- Death Sentence (1)
- Debatten (1)
- Debt Securities (1)
- Debt-equity swap (1)
- Debt-nature swap (1)
- Decision Confidence (1)
- Decision impact (1)
- Decision support (1)
- Decision under risk (1)
- Decision-making (1)
- Decolonization (1)
- Decomposition methods (1)
- Deconfinement (1)
- Decontamination (1)
- Deductive logic (1)
- Deductive reasoning (1)
- Deduktives Schlussfolgern (1)
- Deep neural network (1)
- Deep sea (1)
- Deep time (1)
- Deep vein thrombosis (1)
- Deep-sea ecosystems (1)
- Default (1)
- Default-mode network (1)
- Defect (1)
- Defibrillation (1)
- Deficient Inhibition (1)
- Deficit spending (1)
- Deformation (1)
- Deformation oblique layer (1)
- Degenerate Linear Part (1)
- Degrader design (1)
- Dehydration (medicine) (1)
- Dehydrogenase (1)
- Dehydrogenases (1)
- Deictic and iconic gestures (1)
- Delaunay Interpolation (1)
- Delaunay-Triangulierung (1)
- Delaware Incorporation (1)
- Delay of gratification (1)
- Delayed Cerebral Ischemia (1)
- Delayed Light Emission (1)
- Delayed union (1)
- Delegated Search (1)
- Deletion mutation (1)
- Delivery mode (1)
- Delivery quality assurance (1)
- Delphi Survey (1)
- Delphi consensus (1)
- Delphic forward guidance (1)
- Delta resonance (1)
- Demand estimation (1)
- Demersal fish (1)
- Democracy and government (1)
- Democracy, the Internet, Net, Disintermediation, Election (1)
- Democratic Backsliding (1)
- Democratic Legitimacy (1)
- Democratic Republic of the Congo (1)
- Democratic State of Law (1)
- Democratization (1)
- Demographic change (1)
- Demokratie <Motiv> (1)
- Demolition emissions (1)
- Demonstrationen (1)
- Demos (1)
- Demuškin groups (1)
- Dendritic Cells (1)
- Dendritic cells (1)
- Dendritic spines (1)
- Dendrobatidae (1)
- Denervation (1)
- Dengue fever (1)
- Dense matter (1)
- Dense nuclear matter (1)
- Density Functional Theory (1)
- Density equalizing (1)
- Density functional theory (1)
- Density-driven flow (1)
- Dental Tissues (1)
- Dental air (1)
- Dental casts (1)
- Dental education (1)
- Dental phobia (1)
- Dental practice (1)
- Dental training (1)
- Dentin (1)
- Dentists (1)
- Deontic Artifacts (1)
- Dependence (1)
- Depositional age model (1)
- Depreciation (1)
- Depression stigma (1)
- Der Muselmann (1)
- Deradicalisation (1)
- Deradicalization of Islamic Education (1)
- Deradikalisasi Pendidikan Islam (1)
- Deradikalisierung (1)
- Derivate (1)
- Dermal fat (1)
- Dermatitis (1)
- Dermatomyositis (1)
- Dermatopharmakokinetik (1)
- Dermis (1)
- Desalegn (1)
- Design Evaluation (1)
- Design Strategy (1)
- Design functions (1)
Institute
- Medizin (5160)
- Physik (3165)
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS) (1666)
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften (1654)
- Biowissenschaften (1417)
- Informatik (1262)
- Center for Financial Studies (CFS) (1139)
- Sustainable Architecture for Finance in Europe (SAFE) (1068)
- Biochemie und Chemie (858)
- House of Finance (HoF) (704)
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) involves spatially and temporally restricted molecular dynamics.
Although protein kinases and the actin cytoskeleton contribute to the process, whether and how
functions of kinases and actin are integrated remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that neural
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP) and protein kinase CK2 form a complex and localize on
clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs). N-WASP binds to and is phosphorylated by CK2, thereby reducing the
kinase activity of CK2. By contrast, N-WASP-promoted actin polymerization is decreased upon both
phosphorylation and binding of CK2. Knockdown of N-WASP and CK2, alone or in combination, results
in impaired endocytosis of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and increased cell-surface levels of EGF
receptor (EGFR). In order to rescue the phenotype of N-WASP-CK2 knockdown cells, both N-WASP and
CK2 activities and abilities to assemble in a complex are required. In summary, this study shows that the
N-WASP-CK2 complex integrates in a single circuit different activities contributing to CME of EGFR and
that the interplay between the two proteins optimizes this process.
Towards a THz Bloch laser
(2011)
The realisation of tunable THz laser sources working at room temperature would give
rise to further applications in this range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The THz
Bloch laser could therefore become the basis for a technological breakthrough. Beside
this practical relevance, the physics of the gain mechanism has been investigated
theoretically for a long time and the experimental implementation of a self-starting
laser still has not been achieved.
At the beginning of this thesis the basic principles of Bloch oscillations and the
related Bloch gain are described. The need of a superlattice structure to make Bloch
oscillations possible in a semiconductor material is discussed. In this context, the effect
of negative differential resistance and its influence on the field distribution due to Gunn
domains is explained. The latter lead to an inhomogeneous field which may suppress
the Bloch gain mechanism. The Krömer criterion is introduced and the concept of
field-pinning layers to improve the field homogeneity is deduced. Finally, the design of
the laser material is shown and different types of laser waveguides are compared.
In chapter 3 detailed recipes for the processing of samples are given. Different types of
contacts (ohmic and Schottky), the wafer bonding process required for double-metal
lasers and the application of different photoresists for different purposes are described.
An explanation of the formation of waveguides due to dry etching, wet etching
and ion implantation follows. Dry etching is an established technique in the field
of microstructure processing but the challenge of etching about 20 μm has led to
problems. The high etching depth also makes wet etching difficult but this method
could be improved due to a hard bake of the photoresist. The protection of critical
areas on the surface of the samples with photoresist during ion implantation was
increased by optimising the spin coating process. However, a full implantation of the
active layer between the waveguides was not achieved which was the reason for the
development of the hybrid technology. Here a prior wet etching of about 10 μm is
performed and the rest of the material is implanted.
The experimental setup is shown in chapter 4. An alternative method for the electrical
contacting with the help of a copper bar is introduced. This improves the current
distribution and the risk of an electrical breakdown during the measurements could
therefore be lowered. Devices for THz beam guidance and spectroscopic measurements
are shown and the method of biasing the samples with pulses below 100 ns and
determining the effective voltage applied to the sample is depicted. These short pulses
are required to prevent the samples heating up drastically due to high power.
Chapter 5 contains the current-voltage characterisation of several structures including
I-V-samples, Bloch laser samples and a quantum cascade laser. Different contacts
(ohmic and Schottky) and different techniques for the formation of the ridges have
been used in the processing of these samples (performed at the University of Frankfurt
in all cases) and their influence on the I-V-dependence is discussed. The properties of
the THz emission of the quantum cascade laser are in good agreement with published
results from lasers processed with the same material. Another important result of
this chapter is that the Bloch laser samples show unstable behaviour compared to the
quantum cascade structure even with short pulses (of about 10 ns) where the risk of an
electrical breakdown or the building of filaments is low. THz radiation emitted from
one of the Bloch laser samples could not be observed.
Two aspects that may have prevented the Bloch laser to emit are discussed in
chapter 6. The saturation of the gain for higher amplitudes of the THz wave is
investigated in single mode and multiple mode operation (the latter could occur due
to the Bloch gain being expected to be broadband). In both cases it is shown that
the saturation effect would limit the output power only to values clearly above the
detection limit. In the subsequent section the distribution of the electric field is
simulated with SILVACO software. Structures with transit layer lengths above the
Krömer criterion are compared with structures which include field-pinning layers. It is
shown that the latter are useful to avoid propagating Gunn domains as they build up
in similar structures without field-pinning layers. Nevertheless, the electric field inside
the superlattice regions is not stable. Beside spatial inhomogeneities also temporal
variations of the field magnitude are observed. The lack of a suitable field distribution
is expected to be the main reason for the samples not to work.
Introduction: Efficacy of currently approved anti-HIV drugs is hampered by mutations of the viral enzymes, leading invariably to drug resistance and chemotherapy failure. Recent data suggest that cellular co-factors also represent useful targets for anti-HIV therapy. We have recently provided evidence for the possibility to block HIV-1 replication by targeting its cellular cofactor DDX3.
Material and methods: Molecular modeling and in silico technologies were applied to rationally design small molecules specifically targeting the RNA binding site of human DDX3. Biochemical studies of mutated DDX3 enzymes were also used to identify additional potential drug binding sites.
Results
Optimization of compounds identified by application of a high-throughput docking approach afforded a promising lead compound which proved to inhibit both the helicase and ATPase activity of DDX3 and to reduce the viral load of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) infected with HIV-1. A novel interaction site has been also identified in DDX3, which, when blocked, can reduce viral replication, representing an additional target for small molecules inhibitors.
Conclusions: We have identified the first inhibitors of HIV-1 replication targeting the RNA binding site of the cellular cofactor human DDX3. These compounds may offer superior selectivity over the ATP-competitive inhibitors previously developed. In addition, a novel RNA interacting motif specific to DDX3 has been identified, opening new venues for HIV-1 drug development.
We have analysed the microseismic activity within the Rwenzori Mountains area in the western branch of the East African Rift. Seismogram recordings from a temporary array of up to 27 stations reveal approximately 800 events per month with local magnitudes ranging from –0.5 to 5.1. The earthquake distribution is highly heterogeneous. The majority of located events lie within faults zones to the East and West of the Rwenzoris with the highest seismic activity observed in the northeastern area, where the mountains are in contact with the rift shoulders. The hypocentral depth distribution exhibits a pronounced peak of seismic energy release at 15 km depth. The maximum extent of seismicity ranges from 20 to 32 km and correlates well with Moho depths that were derived from teleseismic receiver functions. We observe two general features: (i) beneath the rift shoulders seismicity extends from the surface down to ca. 30 km depth; (ii) beneath the rift valley seismicity is confined to depths greater than 10 km. From the observations there is no indication for a crustal root beneath the Rwenzori Mountains. The magnitude frequency distribution reveals a b-value of 1.1, which is consistent with the hypothesis that part of the seismicity is caused by magmatic processes within the crust. Fault plane solutions of 304 events were derived from P-polarities and SV/P amplitude ratios. More than 70 % of the source mechanisms exhibit pure or predominantly normal faulting. T-axis trends are highly uniform and oriented WNW-ESE, which is perpendicular to the rift axis and in good agreement with kinematic rift models. At the northernmost part of the region we observe a rotation of the T-axis trends to NEN-SWS, which may be indicative of a local perturbation of the regional stress field.
The neuroendocrine substance melatonin is a hormone synthesized rhythmically by the pineal gland under the influence of the circadian system and alternating light/dark cycles. Melatonin has been shown to have broad applications, and consequently becoming a molecule of great controversy. Undoubtedly, however, melatonin plays an important role as a time cue for the endogenous circadian system. This review focuses on melatonin as a regulator in the circadian modulation of memory processing. Memory processes (acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval) are modulated by the circadian system. However, the mechanism by which the biological clock is rhythmically influencing cognitive processes remains unknown. We also discuss, how the circadian system by generating cycling melatonin levels can implant information about daytime into memory processing, depicted as day and nighttime differences in acquisition, memory consolidation and/or retrieval.
Oncolytic effects of a novel Influenza A virus expressing Interleukin-15 from the NS reading frame
(2012)
Oncolytic influenza A viruses with deleted NS1 gene (delNS1) replicate selectively in tumour cells with defective interferon response and/or activated Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signalling pathway. To develop a delNS1 virus with specific immunostimulatory properties, we used an optimised technology to insert the interleukin-15 (IL-15) coding sequence into the viral NS gene segment (delNS1-IL-15). DelNS1 and delNS1-IL-15 exerted similar oncolytic effects. Both viruses replicated and caused caspase-dependent apoptosis in interferon-defective melanoma cells. Virus replication was required for their oncolytic activity. Cisplatin enhanced the oncolytic activity of delNS1 viruses. The cytotoxic drug increased delNS1 replication and delNS1-induced caspase-dependent apoptosis. Interference with MEK/ERK signalling by RNAi-mediated depletion or the MEK inhibitor U0126 did not affect the oncolytic effects of the delNS1 viruses. In oncolysis sensitive melanoma cells, delNS1-IL-15 (but not delNS1) infection resulted in the production of IL-15 levels ranging from 70 to 1140 pg/mL in the cell culture supernatants. The supernatants of delNS1-IL-15-infected (but not of delNS1-infected) melanoma cells induced primary human natural killer cell-mediated lysis of non-infected tumour cells. In conclusion, we constructed a novel oncolytic influenza virus that combines the oncolytic activity of delNS1 viruses with immunostimulatory properties through production of functional IL-15. Moreover, we showed that the oncolytic activity of delNS1 viruses can be enhanced in combination with cytotoxic anti-cancer drugs.
0 Home ; 1 Editorial ; 2 Do Information Rents in Loan Spreads Persist over the Business Cycle? ; 3 Regulation of Executive Pay in Germany - Perspectives of Optimal Contracting and Managerial Power ; 4 Linking Customer and Financial Metrics to Shareholder Value ; 5 Policy Platform: Recommendations for the Regulation of Shadow Banking ; 6 INTERVIEW – Lars-Hendrik Röller: "Theory Needs to Address the Right Kind of Policy Questions" ; 7 News ; 8 Selected Research and Policy Publications
CD95 co-stimulation blocks activation of naive T cells by inhibiting T cell receptor signaling
(2009)
CD95 is a multifunctional receptor that induces cell death or proliferation depending on the signal, cell type, and cellular context. Here, we describe a thus far unknown function of CD95 as a silencer of T cell activation. Naive human T cells triggered by antigen-presenting cells expressing a membrane-bound form of CD95 ligand (CD95L) or stimulated by anti-CD3 and -CD28 antibodies in the presence of recombinant CD95L had reduced activation and proliferation, whereas preactivated, CD95-sensitive T cells underwent apoptosis. Triggering of CD95 during T cell priming interfered with proximal T cell receptor signaling by inhibiting the recruitment of ζ-chain–associated protein of 70 kD, phospholipase-γ, and protein kinase C-θ into lipid rafts, thereby preventing their mutual tyrosine protein phosphorylation. Subsequently, Ca2+ mobilization and nuclear translocation of transcription factors NFAT, AP1, and NF-κB were strongly reduced, leading to impaired cytokine secretion. CD95-mediated inhibition of proliferation in naive T cells could not be reverted by the addition of exogenous interleukin-2 and T cells primed by CD95 co-stimulation remained partially unresponsive upon secondary T cell stimulation. HIV infection induced CD95L expression in primary human antigeen-presenting cells, and thereby suppressed T cell activation, suggesting that CD95/CD95L-mediated silencing of T cell activation represents a novel mechanism of immune evasion.
The apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is an established risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous work has shown that this allele is associated with functional (fMRI) changes as well structural grey matter (GM) changes in healthy young, middle-aged and older subjects. Here, we assess the diffusion characteristics and the white matter (WM) tracts of healthy young (20-38 years) ApoE4 carriers and non-carriers. No significant differences in diffusion indices were found between young carriers (ApoE4+) and non-carriers (ApoE4-). There were also no significant differences between the groups in terms of normalised GM or WM volume. A feature selection algorithm (ReliefF) was used to select the most salient voxels from the diffusion data for subsequent classification with support vector machines (SVMs). SVMs were capable of classifying ApoE4 carrier and non-carrier groups with an extremely high level of accuracy. The top 500 voxels selected by ReliefF were then used as seeds for tractography which identified a WM network that included regions of the parietal lobe, the cingulum bundle and the dorsolateral frontal lobe. There was a non-significant decrease in volume of this WM network in the ApoE4 carrier group. Our results indicate that there are subtle WM differences between healthy young ApoE4 carriers and non-carriers and that the WM network identified may be particularly vulnerable to further degeneration in ApoE4 carriers as they enter middle and old age.
Striatal dopamine transmission is subtly modified in human A53Tα-synuclein overexpressing mice
(2012)
Mutations in, or elevated dosage of, SNCA, the gene for α-synuclein (α-syn), cause familial Parkinson's disease (PD). Mouse lines overexpressing the mutant human A53Tα-syn may represent a model of early PD. They display progressive motor deficits, abnormal cellular accumulation of α-syn, and deficits in dopamine-dependent corticostriatal plasticity, which, in the absence of overt nigrostriatal degeneration, suggest there are age-related deficits in striatal dopamine (DA) signalling. In addition A53Tα-syn overexpression in cultured rodent neurons has been reported to inhibit transmitter release. Therefore here we have characterized for the first time DA release in the striatum of mice overexpressing human A53Tα-syn, and explored whether A53Tα-syn overexpression causes deficits in the release of DA. We used fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to detect DA release at carbon-fibre microelectrodes in acute striatal slices from two different lines of A53Tα-syn-overexpressing mice, at up to 24 months. In A53Tα-syn overexpressors, mean DA release evoked by a single stimulus pulse was not different from wild-types, in either dorsal striatum or nucleus accumbens. However the frequency responsiveness of DA release was slightly modified in A53Tα-syn overexpressors, and in particular showed slight deficiency when the confounding effects of striatal ACh acting at presynaptic nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) were antagonized. The re-release of DA was unmodified after single-pulse stimuli, but after prolonged stimulation trains, A53Tα-syn overexpressors showed enhanced recovery of DA release at old age, in keeping with elevated striatal DA content. In summary, A53Tα-syn overexpression in mice causes subtle changes in the regulation of DA release in the striatum. While modest, these modifications may indicate or contribute to striatal dysfunction.
The Alpine Region, constituting the Alps and the Dinaric Alps, has played a major role in the formation of current patterns of biodiversity either as a contact zone of postglacial expanding lineages or as the origin of genetic diversity. In our study, we tested these hypotheses for two widespread, sympatric microgastropod taxa - Carychium minimum O.F. Müller, 1774 and Carychium tridentatum (Risso, 1826) (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Carychiidae) - by using COI sequence data and species potential distribution models analyzed in a statistical phylogeographical framework. Additionally, we examined disjunct transatlantic populations of those taxa from the Azores and North America. In general, both Carychium taxa demonstrate a genetic structure composed of several differentiated haplotype lineages most likely resulting from allopatric diversification in isolated refugial areas during the Pleistocene glacial periods. However, the genetic structure of Carychium minimum is more pronounced, which can be attributed to ecological constraints relating to habitat proximity to permanent bodies of water. For most of the Carychium lineages, the broader Alpine Region was identified as the likely origin of genetic diversity. Several lineages are endemic to the broader Alpine Region whereas a single lineage per species underwent a postglacial expansion to (re)colonize previously unsuitable habitats, e.g. in Northern Europe. The source populations of those expanding lineages can be traced back to the Eastern and Western Alps. Consequently, we identify the Alpine Region as a significant 'hot-spot' for the formation of genetic diversity within European Carychium lineages. Passive dispersal via anthropogenic means best explains the presence of transatlantic European Carychium populations on the Azores and in North America. We conclude that passive (anthropogenic) transport could mislead the interpretation of observed phylogeographical patterns in general.
Resistance of rhabdomyosarcoma to current therapies remains one of the key issues in pediatric oncology. Since the success of most cytotoxic therapies in the treatment of cancer, for example, chemotherapy, depends on intact signaling pathways that mediate programmed cell death (apoptosis), defects in apoptosis programs in cancer cells may result in resistance. Evasion of apoptosis in rhabdomyosarcoma may be caused by defects in the expression or function of critical mediators of apoptosis or in aberrant expression of antiapoptotic proteins. Therefore, the identification of the molecular mechanisms that confer primary or acquired resistance to apoptosis in rhabdomyosarcoma presents a critical step for the rational development of molecular targeted drugs. This approach will likely open novel perspectives for the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma.
Betulinic acid is a natural product with a range of biological effects, for example potent antitumor activity. This anticancer property is linked to its ability to induce apoptotic cell death in cancer cells by triggering the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. In contrast to the cytotoxicity of betulinic acid against a variety of cancer types, normal cells and tissue are relatively resistant to betulinic acid, pointing to a therapeutic window. Compounds that exert a direct action on mitochondria present promising experimental cancer therapeutics, since they may trigger cell death under circumstances in which standard chemotherapeutics fail. Thus, mitochondrion-targeted agents such as betulinic acid hold great promise as a novel therapeutic strategy in the treatment of human cancers.
Keywords: apoptosis, cancer, betulinic acid, mitochondria
Keywords: AIF, apoptosis inducing factor; Apaf-1, Apoptotic protease activating factor-1; BA, betulinic acid; DIABLO, direct IAP Binding protein with Low PI; HtrA2, high temperature requirement protein A; IAPs, Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; MOMP, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization; ROS, reactive oxygen species; PARP, Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase; Smac, second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; zVAD.fmk, N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone
Cells can respond to stress in various ways ranging from the activation of survival pathways to the initiation of cell death that eventually eliminates damaged cells. Whether cells mount a protective or destructive stress response depends to a large extent on the nature and duration of the stress as well as the cell type. Also, there is often the interplay between these responses that ultimately determines the fate of the stressed cell. The mechanism by which a cell dies (i.e., apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis, or autophagic cell death) depends on various exogenous factors as well as the cell's ability to handle the stress to which it is exposed. The implications of cellular stress responses to human physiology and diseases are manifold and will be discussed in this review in the context of some major world health issues such as diabetes, Parkinson's disease, myocardial infarction, and cancer.
One of the hallmarks of human cancers is the intrinsic or acquired resistance to apoptosis. Evasion of apoptosis can be part of a cellular stress response to ensure the cell's survival upon exposure to stressful stimuli. Apoptosis resistance may contribute to carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and also treatment resistance, since most current anticancer therapies including chemotherapy as well as radio- and immunotherapies primarily act by activating cell death pathways including apoptosis in cancer cells. Hence, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms regarding how cellular stress stimuli trigger antiapoptotic mechanisms and how this contributes to tumor resistance to apoptotic cell death is expected to provide the basis for a rational approach to overcome apoptosis resistance mechanisms in cancers.
Autophagy has long been thought to be an essential but unselective bulk degradation pathway. However, increasing evidence suggests selective autophagosomal turnover of a broad range of substrates. Bifunctional autophagy receptors play a key role in selective autophagy by tethering cargo to the site of autophagosomal engulfment. While the identity of molecular components involved in selective autophagy has been revealed at least to some extent, we are only beginning to understand how selectivity is achieved in this process. Here, we summarize the mechanistic and structural basis of receptor-mediated selective autophagy.
For reconstructing environmental change in terrestrial realms the geochemistry of fossil bioapatite in bones and teeth is among the most promising applications. This study demonstrates that alkaline earth elements in enamel of Hippopotamids, in particular Ba and Sr are tracers for water provenance and hydrochemistry. The studied specimens are molar teeth from Hippopotamids found in modern and fossil lacustrine settings of the Western Branch of the East African Rift system (Lake Kikorongo, Lake Albert, and Lake Malawi) and from modern fluvial environments of the Nile River.
Concentrations in enamel vary by ca. two orders of magnitude for Ba (120–9336 μg g−1) as well as for Sr (9–2150 μg g−1). Concentration variations in enamel are partly induced during post-mortem alteration and during amelogenesis, but the major contribution originates from the variable water chemistry in the habitats of the Hippopotamids which is dominated by the lithologies and weathering processes in the watershed areas. Amelogenesis causes a distinct distribution of Ba and Sr in modern and fossil enamel, in that element concentrations increase along profiles from the outer rim towards the enamel-dentin junction by a factor of 1.3–1.5. These elements are well correlated with MgO and Na2O in single specimens, thus suggesting that their distribution is determined by a common, single process. Presuming that the shape of the tooth is established at the end of the secretion process and apatite composition is in equilibrium with the enamel fluid, the maturation process can be modeled by closed system Rayleigh crystallization.
Enamel from many Hippopotamid specimens has Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca which are typical for herbivores, but the compositions extend well into the levels of plants and carnivores. Within enamel from single specimens these element ratios covary and provide a specific fingerprint of the Hippopotamid habitat. All specimens together, however, define subparallel trends with different Ba/Sr ranging from 0.1 to 3. This ratio varies on spatial and temporal scales and traces provenance signals as well as the fractionation of the elements in the hydrological cycle. Thus, Sr concentrations and Ba/Sr in enamel differentiate between habitats having basaltic or Archean crustal rocks as the ultimate sources of Sr and Ba. The provenance signal is modulated by climate change. In Miocene to Pleistocene enamel from the Lake Albert region, Ba/Sr decreases systematically with time from about 2 to 0.5. This trend can be correlated with changes in climate from humid to arid in vegetation from C3 to C4 biomass as well as with increasing evaporation of the lake water. The most plausible explanation is that with time, Ba mobility decreased relative to that of Sr. This can arise if preferential adsorption of Ba to clay and Fe-oxide-hydroxide is related to increasing aridification. Additionally, weathering solutions and lake water can become increasingly alkaline and barite becomes stable. In this case, Ba will be preferentially deposited on the watershed of Lake Albert and rivers with low Ba/Sr will feed the habitats of the Hippopotamids.
Spatial variations of nitrogen trace gas emissions from tropical mountain forests in Nyungwe, Rwanda
(2012)
Globally, tropical forest soils represent the second largest source of N2O and NO. However, there is still considerable uncertainty on the spatial variability and soil properties controlling N trace gas emission. Therefore, we carried out an incubation experiment with soils from 31 locations in the Nyungwe tropical mountain forest in southwestern Rwanda. All soils were incubated at three different moisture levels (50, 70 and 90 % water filled pore space (WFPS)) at 17 °C. Nitrous oxide emission varied between 4.5 and 400 μg N m−2 h−1, while NO emission varied from 6.6 to 265 μg N m−2 h−1. Mean N2O emission at different moisture levels was 46.5 ± 11.1 (50 %WFPS), 71.7 ± 11.5 (70 %WFPS) and 98.8 ± 16.4 (90 %WFPS) μg N m−2 h−1, while mean NO emission was 69.3 ± 9.3 (50 %WFPS), 47.1 ± 5.8 (70 %WFPS) and 36.1 ± 4.2 (90 %WFPS) μg N m−2 h−1. The latter suggests that climate (i.e. dry vs. wet season) controls N2O and NO emissions. Positive correlations with soil carbon and nitrogen indicate a biological control over N2O and NO production. But interestingly N2O and NO emissions also showed a positive correlation with free iron and a negative correlation with soil pH (only N2O). The latter suggest that chemo-denitrification might, at least for N2O, be an important production pathway. In conclusion improved understanding and process based modeling of N trace gas emission from tropical forests will benefit from spatially explicit trace gas emission estimates linked to basic soil property data and differentiating between biological and chemical pathways for N trace gas formation.
Orangutans (Pongo) are the only great ape genus with a substantial Pleistocene and Holocene fossil record, demonstrating a much larger geographic range than extant populations. In addition to having an extensive fossil record, Pongo shows several convergent morphological similarities with Homo, including a trend of dental reduction during the past million years. While studies have documented variation in dental tissue proportions among species of Homo, little is known about variation in enamel thickness within fossil orangutans. Here we assess dental tissue proportions, including conventional enamel thickness indices, in a large sample of fossil orangutan postcanine teeth from mainland Asia and Indonesia. We find few differences between regions, except for significantly lower average enamel thickness (AET) values in Indonesian mandibular first molars. Differences between fossil and extant orangutans are more marked, with fossil Pongo showing higher AET in most postcanine teeth. These differences are significant for maxillary and mandibular first molars. Fossil orangutans show higher AET than extant Pongo due to greater enamel cap areas, which exceed increases in enamel-dentine junction length (due to geometric scaling of areas and lengths for the AET index calculation). We also find greater dentine areas in fossil orangutans, but relative enamel thickness indices do not differ between fossil and extant taxa. When changes in dental tissue proportions between fossil and extant orangutans are compared with fossil and recent Homo sapiens, Pongo appears to show isometric reduction in enamel and dentine, while crown reduction in H. sapiens appears to be due to preferential loss of dentine. Disparate selective pressures or developmental constraints may underlie these patterns. Finally, the finding of moderately thick molar enamel in fossil orangutans may represent an additional convergent dental similarity with Homo erectus, complicating attempts to distinguish these taxa in mixed Asian faunas.
Background: Mammalian fossils from the Eppelsheim Formation (Dinotheriensande) have been a benchmark for Neogene vertebrate palaeontology since 200 years. Worldwide famous sites like Eppelsheim serve as key localities for biochronologic, palaeobiologic, environmental, and mammal community studies. So far the formation is considered to be of early Late Miocene age (~9.5 Ma, Vallesian), representing the oldest sediments of the Rhine River. The stratigraphic unity of the formation and of its fossil content was disputed at times, but persists unresolved.
Principal Findings: Here we investigate a new fossil sample from Sprendlingen, composed by over 300 mammalian specimens and silicified wood. The mammals comprise entirely Middle Miocene species, like cervids Dicrocerus elegans, Paradicrocerus elegantulus, and deinotheres Deinotherium bavaricum and D. levius. A stratigraphic evaluation of Miocene Central European deer and deinothere species proof the stratigraphic inhomogenity of the sample, and suggest late Middle Miocene (~12.5 Ma) reworking of early Middle Miocene (~15 Ma) sediments. This results agree with taxonomic and palaeoclimatic analysis of plant fossils from above and within the mammalian assemblage. Based on the new fossil sample and published data three biochronologic levels within the Dinotheriensand fauna can be differentiated, corresponding to early Middle Miocene (late Orleanian to early Astaracian), late Middle Miocene (late Astaracian), and early Late Miocene (Vallesian) ages.
Conclusions/Significance: This study documents complex faunal mixing of classical Dinotheriensand fauna, covering at least six million years, during a time of low subsidence in the Mainz Basin and shifts back the origination of the Rhine River by some five million years. Our results have severe implications for biostratigraphy and palaeobiology of the Middle to Late Miocene. They suggest that turnover events may be obliterated and challenge the proposed ‘supersaturated’ biodiversity, caused by Middle Miocene superstites, of Vallesian ecosystems in Central Europe.
NF-κB is involved in immune responses, inflammation, oncogenesis, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Even though NF-κB can be activated by DNA damage via Ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) signalling, little was known about an involvement in DNA repair. In this work, we dissected distinct DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair mechanisms revealing a stimulatory role of NF-κB in homologous recombination (HR). This effect was independent of chromatin context, cell cycle distribution or cross-talk with p53. It was not mediated by the transcriptional NF-κB targets Bcl2, BAX or Ku70, known for their dual roles in apoptosis and DSB repair. A contribution by Bcl-xL was abrogated when caspases were inhibited. Notably, HR induction by NF-κB required the targets ATM and BRCA2. Additionally, we provide evidence that NF-κB interacts with CtIP-BRCA1 complexes and promotes BRCA1 stabilization, and thereby contributes to HR induction. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed accelerated formation of replication protein A (RPA) and Rad51 foci upon NF-κB activation indicating HR stimulation through DSB resection by the interacting CtIP-BRCA1 complex and Rad51 filament formation. Taken together, these results define multiple NF-κB-dependent mechanisms regulating HR induction, and thereby providing a novel intriguing explanation for both NF-κB-mediated resistance to chemo- and radiotherapies as well as for the sensitization by pharmaceutical intervention of NF-κB activation
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) has become an important treatment modality for patients with high-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and is also under investigation for soft tissue sarcomas. The therapeutic success is still limited by minimal residual disease (MRD) status ultimately leading to patients’ relapse. Adoptive donor lymphocyte infusions based on MRD status using IL-15-expanded cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells may prevent relapse without causing graft-versus-host-disease (GvHD). To generate preclinical data we developed mouse models to study anti-leukemic- and anti-tumor-potential of CIK cells in vivo. Immunodeficient mice (NOD/SCID/IL-2Rγc−, NSG) were injected intravenously with human leukemic cell lines THP-1, SH-2 and with human rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) cell lines RH41 and RH30 at minimal doses required for leukemia or tumor engraftment. Mice transplanted with THP-1 or RH41 cells were randomly assigned for analysis of CIK cell treatment. Organs of mice were analyzed by flow cytometry as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction for engraftment of malignant cells and CIK cells. Potential of CIK cells to induce GvHD was determined by histological analysis. Tissues of the highest degree of THP-1 cell expansion included bone marrow followed by liver, lung, spleen, peripheral blood (PB), and brain. RH30 and RH41 engraftment mainly took place in liver and lung, but was also detectable in spleen and PB. In spite of delayed CIK cell expansion compared with malignant cells, CIK cells injected at equal amounts were sufficient for significant reduction of RH41 cells, whereas against fast-expanding THP-1 cells 250 times more CIK than THP-1 cells were needed to achieve comparable results. Our preclinical in vivo mouse models showed a reliable 100% engraftment of malignant cells which is essential for analysis of anti-cancer therapy. Furthermore our data demonstrated that IL-15-activated CIK cells have potent cytotoxic capacity against AML and RMS cells without causing GvHD.
The correction of hypovolemia with acellular fluids results in acute normovolemic anemia. Whether the choice of the infusion fluid has an impact on the maintenance of oxygen (O2) supply during acute normovolemic anemia has not been investigated so far.
Methods:
Thirty-six anesthetized and mechanically ventilated pigs were hemodiluted to their physiological limit of anemia tolerance, reflected by the individual critical hemoglobin concentration (Hbcrit). Hbcrit was defined as the Hb-concentration corresponding with the onset of supply-dependency of total body O2-consumption (VO2). The hemodilution protocol was randomly performed with either Tetrastarch (6% HES 130/0.4, TS-group, n=9), Gelatin (3.5% urea-crosslinked polygeline, GEL-group, n=9), Hetastarch (6% HES 450/0.7, HS-group, n=9) or Ringer's solution (RS-group, n=9). The primary endpoint was the dimension of Hbcrit, secondary endpoints were parameters of central hemodynamics, O2-transport and tissue oxygenation.
Results:
In each animal, normovolemia was maintained throughout the protocol. Hbcrit was met at 3.7+/-0.6 g/dl (RS), 3.0+/-0.6 g/dl (HS P<0.05 vs. RS), 2.7+/-0.6 g/dl (GEL, P<0.05 vs. RS) and 2.1+/-0.4 g/dl (TS, P<0.05 vs. GEL, HS and RS). Hemodilution with RS resulted in a significant increase of extravascular lung water index (EVLWI) and a decrease of arterial oxygen partial pressure (paO2), O2-extraction ratio was increased, when animals of the TS-, GEL- and HS-groups met their individual Hbcrit.
Conclusions:
The choice of the intravenous (i.v) fluid has an impact on the tolerance of acute normovolemic anemia induced by acellular volume replacement. Third-generation Tetrastarch preparations (e.g., HES 130/0.4) appear most advantageous regarding maintenance of tissue oxygenation during progressive anemia. The underlying mechanism includes a lower degree of extravasation and favourable effects on microcirculatory function.
Background: 15-20% of all patients initially diagnosed with colorectal cancer develop metastatic disease and surgical resection remains the only potentially curative treatment available. Current 5-year survival following R0-resection of liver metastases is 28-39%, but recurrence eventually occurs in up to 70%. To date, adjuvant chemotherapy has not improved clinical outcomes significantly. The primary objective of the ongoing LICC trial (L-BLP25 In Colorectal Cancer) is to determine whether L-BLP25, an active cancer immunotherapy, extends recurrence-free survival (RFS) time over placebo in colorectal cancer patients following R0/R1 resection of hepatic metastases. L-BLP25 targets MUC1 glycoprotein, which is highly expressed in hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. In a phase IIB trial, L-BLP25 has shown acceptable tolerability and a trend towards longer survival in patients with stage IIIB locoregional NSCLC.
Methods: This is a multinational, phase II, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with a sample size of 159 patients from 20 centers in 3 countries. Patients with stage IV colorectal adenocarcinoma limited to liver metastases are included. Following curative-intent complete resection of the primary tumor and of all synchronous/metachronous metastases, eligible patients are randomized 2:1 to receive either L-BLP25 or placebo. Those allocated to L-BLP25 receive a single dose of 300 mg/m2 cyclophosphamide (CP) 3 days before first L-BLP25 dose, then primary treatment with s.c. L-BLP25 930 mug once weekly for 8 weeks, followed by s.c. L-BLP25 930 mug maintenance doses at 6-week (years 1&2) and 12-week (year 3) intervals unless recurrence occurs. In the control arm, CP is replaced by saline solution and L-BLP25 by placebo. Primary endpoint is the comparison of recurrence-free survival (RFS) time between groups. Secondary endpoints are overall survival (OS) time, safety, tolerability, RFS/OS in MUC-1 positive cancers. Exploratory immune response analyses are planned. The primary endpoint will be assessed in Q3 2016. Follow-up will end Q3 2017. Interim analyses are not planned.
Discussion: The design and implementation of such a vaccination study in colorectal cancer is feasible. The study will provide recurrence-free and overall survival rates of groups in an unbiased fashion. Trial Registration EudraCT Number 2011-000218-20
Background: Multimorbidity is a phenomenon with high burden and high prevalence in the elderly. Our previous research has shown that multimorbidity can be divided into the multimorbidity patterns of 1) anxiety, depression, somatoform disorders (ADS) and pain, and 2) cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. However, it is not yet known, how these patterns are influenced by patient characteristics. The objective of this paper is to analyze the association of socio-demographic variables, and especially socio-economic status with multimorbidity in general and with each multimorbidity pattern.
Methods: The MultiCare Cohort Study is a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study of 3.189 multimorbid patients aged 65+ randomly selected from 158 GP practices. Data were collected in GP interviews and comprehensive patient interviews. Missing values have been imputed by hot deck imputation based on Gower distance in morbidity and other variables. The association of patient characteristics with the number of chronic conditions is analysed by multilevel mixed-effects linear regression analyses.
Results: Multimorbidity in general is associated with age (+0.07 chronic conditions per year), gender (-0.27 conditions for female), education (-0.26 conditions for medium and -0.29 conditions for high level vs. low level) and income (-0.27 conditions per logarithmic unit). The pattern of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders shows comparable associations with a higher coefficient for gender (-1.29 conditions for female), while multimorbidity within the pattern of ADS and pain correlates with gender (+0.79 conditions for female), but not with age or socioeconomic status.
Conclusions: Our study confirms that the morbidity load of multimorbid patients is associated with age, gender and the socioeconomic status of the patients, but there were no effects of living arrangements and marital status. We could also show that the influence of patient characteristics is dependent on the multimorbidity pattern concerned, i.e. there seem to be at least two types of elderly multimorbid patients. First, there are patients with mainly cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, who are more often male, have an older age and a lower socio-economic status. Second, there are patients mainly with ADS and pain-related morbidity, who are more often female and equally distributed across age and socio-economic groups.
Because of the imbalance in the supply and demand of red blood cells (RBCs), especially for alloimmunized patients or patients with rare blood phenotypes, extensive research has been done to generate therapeutic quantities of mature RBCs from hematopoietic stem cells of various sources, such as bone marrow, peripheral blood, and cord blood. Since human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be maintained indefinitely in vitro, they represent potentially inexhaustible sources of donor-free RBCs. In contrast to other ex vivo stem-cell-derived cellular therapeutics, tumorigenesis is not a concern, as RBCs can be irradiated without marked adverse effects on in vivo function. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the recent publications relevant to the generation and characterization of hESC- and iPSC-derived erythroid cells and discuss challenges to be met before the eventual realization of clinical usage of these cells.
Adipose tissue as a stem cell source is ubiquitously available and has several advantages compared to other sources. It is easily accessible in large quantities with minimal invasive harvesting procedure, and isolation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (ASCs) yields a high amount of stem cells, which is essential for stem-cell-based therapies and tissue engineering. Several studies have provided evidence that ASCs in situ reside in a perivascular niche, whereas the exact localization of ASCs in native adipose tissue is still under debate. ASCs are isolated by their capacity to adhere to plastic. Nevertheless, recent isolation and culture techniques lack standardization. Cultured cells are characterized by their expression of characteristic markers and their capacity to differentiate into cells from meso-, ecto-, and entodermal lineages. ASCs possess a high plasticity and differentiate into various cell types, including adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, hepatocytes, neural cells, and endothelial and epithelial cells. Nevertheless, recent studies suggest that ASCs are a heterogeneous mixture of cells containing subpopulations of stem and more committed progenitor cells. This paper summarizes and discusses the current knowledge of the tissue localization of ASCs in situ, their characterization and heterogeneity in vitro, and the lack of standardization in isolation and culture methods.
Within the last twenty years, the contraction method has turned out to be a fruitful approach to distributional convergence of sequences of random variables which obey additive recurrences. It was mainly invented for applications in the real-valued framework; however, in recent years, more complex state spaces such as Hilbert spaces have been under consideration. Based upon the family of Zolotarev metrics which were introduced in the late seventies, we develop the method in the context of Banach spaces and work it out in detail in the case of continuous resp. cadlag functions on the unit interval. We formulate sufficient conditions for both the sequence under consideration and its possible limit which satisfies a stochastic fixed-point equation, that allow to deduce functional limit theorems in applications. As a first application we present a new and considerably short proof of the classical invariance principle due to Donsker. It is based on a recursive decomposition. Moreover, we apply the method in the analysis of the complexity of partial match queries in two-dimensional search trees such as quadtrees and 2-d trees. These important data structures have been under heavy investigation since their invention in the seventies. Our results give answers to problems that have been left open in the pioneering work of Flajolet et al. in the eighties and nineties. We expect that the functional contraction method will significantly contribute to solutions for similar problems involving additive recursions in the following years.
European pea crabs - taxonomy, morphology, and host-ecology (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae)
(2010)
Pinnotherids are small crabs symbiotic to a variety of invertebrates. The European species infest bivalves and sea squirts. Their way of life is parasitic and poses a threat to commercially exploited bivalves. While juveniles of both sexes still look very similar - being agile swimmers and partially free living - a metamorphosis takes place in the female after mating and results in a conspicuous sexual dimorphism. Thereafter, the female settles in its host definitely and is morphologically strongly adapted to the parasitic life phase. A very high reproductive output was demonstrated among several pea crab species infesting bivalves. Despite from that, hardly any information is present in the literature on the pinnotherids’ reproductive biology and the underlying morphology.
Due to their cryptic way of life, the sexual dimorphism, and the different morphotypes of the female, the taxonomy of the Pinnotheridae is a serious challenge. Two widely accepted species are recognized on European coasts: Pinnotheres pisum and Nepinnotheres pinnotheres. Pinnotheres pectunculi was so far only known from the bivalve Glycymeris glycymeris in its type locality Roscoff (France), while Pinnotheres ascidicola and Pinnotheres marioni were described as living exclusively in ascidians without careful comparison with the previously described species. In order to produce standardized comparative descriptions, pea crabs were collected and studied from different hosts and localities in the Northeast Atlantic and in the Mediterranean. Nepinnotheres pinnotheres and Pinnotheres pisum were redescribed with consideration to characters of female and male. According to our morphological analysis, Pinnotheres ascidicola and Pinnotheres marioni are junior synonyms of Nepinnotheres pinnotheres, whereas the status of Pinnotheres pectunculi as a valid species was ascertained. Important characters are the mouthparts, the male gonopods, and especially chelipeds that showed consistent characteristics among different crab stages of both sexes.
Based on our sampling, we estimated the host-range of the European species. Nepinnotheres pinnotheres lives in ascidians and in the pen shell Pinna nobilis. Pinnotheres pisum infests numerous bivalve species - Pinna nobilis included. For Pinnotheres pectunculi novel host records are presented, all from the bivalve family Veneridae. Furthermore, feeding of the Pinnotheres-species was observed. They use a setae comb ventrally on the claw to brush mucus (and the accumulated food particles) from the bivalve gills. Feeding strategies and host-ecology will be thoroughly discussed in consideration to other Pinnotheridae.
We investigated the reproductive systems of European pinnotherids by histological methods, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy.
The Eubrachyura have internal fertilization: paired vaginas enlarge into storage structures, the spermathecae, which are connected to the ovaries by oviducts. Sperm is stored until the oocytes are mature and transported into the spermathecae, where fertilization takes place. In the investigated pinnotherids, the vagina is of the ‘concave pattern’. Musculature is attached alongside flexible parts of the vagina-wall to control the dimension of its lumen. The genital opening is closed by a muscular mobile operculum.
The spermatheca can be divided into two distinct regions by function and morphology. The ventral part includes the connection with vagina and oviduct and is regarded as the zone where fertilization takes place. It is lined with cuticle except where the oviduct enters the spermatheca by the ‘holocrine transfer tissue’. At ovulation, the oocytes have to pass through this multi-layered glandular epithelium, which has a holocrine mode secretion. The dorsal part of the spermatheca is lined by a highly secretory apocrine glandular epithelium, which was to date only found in fiddler crabs of the genus Uca.
The male internal reproductive system consists of paired testes and corresponding vasa deferentia. The sperm morphology of pinnotherids conforms to other thoracotremes, with slight differences between Nepinnotheres pinnotheres and Pinnotheres pisum. Spermatozoa become enveloped into spermatophores in the secretory proximal vas deferens. The medial vas deferens is strongly enlarged and stores spermatophores embedded in seminal plasma. The distal vas deferens holds tubular appendices, which extend into the ventral cephalothorax and slightly into the pleon. These appendices produce and store vast quantities of seminal plasma. The copulatory system of the Brachyura is formed by paired penes and two pairs of gonopods, which function in sperm transfer. In pinnotherids, the long first gonopods transfers the sperm mass to the female. It holds the ejaculatory canal inside, which opens proximally and distally. The second gonopod is solid, short and conical. During copulation, the penis and the second gonopod are inserted into the base of the tubular first gonopod. The second gonopod functions in the transport of the sperm mass inside the ejaculatory canal towards its distal opening. The specific shape of the second gonopod is strongly adapted for a sealing of the tubular first gonopod with longitudinal cuticle foldings that interlock inside the first gonopod. The presented results are discussed concerning their function in reproduction and in respect of the systematic account.
The role of secretion in sperm transfer, storage and fertilization among the Brachyura is still under debate. It is notable that structure and function of secretion are more complex in pinnotherids and probably more efficient than in other brachyuran crabs, which will be discussed, in view of the parasitic way of life and the high fecundity of pinnotherids.
Das geographische Verbreitungsgebiet von Arten ist ein fundamentales Struktur gebendes Merkmal der biologischen Welt. Warum Arten so verteilt sind, wie sie sind ist seit langem eine der zentralen Fragen in Ökologie, Biogeographie und Evolution. Gegenwärtig verändern sich, im Wesentlichen als unbeabsichtigtes Nebenprodukt menschlicher ökonomischen Aktivitäten und Populationsdynamik, die geographischen Verbreitungsgebiete von Arten mit entscheidender Bedeutung für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, als Krankheitsvektoren oder als Teil der biologischen Systeme, die Ökosystemfunktionen bereitstellen. Daher ist es dringend notwendig, dass wir unser Verständnis über die Dynamiken, aus denen die geographische Verbreitung von Arten erwachsen, verbessern. Mit dieser Doktorarbeit versuche ich, in drei Untersuchungen zur Dynamik der Verbreitungsgebiete von Singvögeln einen Beitrag zu unserem in Entwicklung begriffenen Verständnis der multiplen Faktoren die Artverbreitungsgebiete beeinflussen, zu leisten.
1) Zu einem mechanistischeren Verständnis von Artmerkmalen und Verbreitungsgebietsgrößen: Ein wichtiger, ungelöster Fragenkomplex in der Makroökologie ist, die immense interspezifische Variation in der Größe geographischer Verbreitungsgebiete zu verstehen. Während man davon ausgeht, dass Artmerkmale wie Fekundität und Körpergröße einen Effekt auf Verbreitungsgebietsgrößen haben, fehlt ein allgemeines Verständnis davon, wie Verbreitungsgebietsgrößen von mehreren Merkmalen gemeinsam beeinflusst werden. Hier beurteilen wir den Effekt von Lebensgeschichtsmerkmalen (Fekundität, Ausbreitungsfähigkeit), ökologischen Merkmalen (Habitatnische, Nahrungsnische, Zugverhalten, Flexibilität im Zugverhalten) und morphologischen Merkmalen (Körpergröße) auf die globale Verbreitungsgebietsgröße von 165 europäischen Singvögeln. Wir identifizieren Hypothesen zur Beziehung von Artmerkmalen und Verbreitungsgebietsgrößen aus der Literatur und verwenden die Methodik der Pfadanalyse, um sie zu testen. Die Größe der globalen geographischen Verbreitungsgebiete europäischer Singvögel wurde von Lebensgeschichtsmerkmalen (Fekundidtät und Ausbreitungsfähigkeit), ökologischen Merkmalen (Habitatnischenbreite, Nahrungsnischenposition und Zugverhalten) und von Körpergröße beeinflusst. Artmerkmale beeinflussten Verbreitungsgebietsgrößen auf direktem und indirektem Weg. Insbesondere der Einfluss von Körpergröße war komplex mit positiven und negativen Effekten über verschiedene Pfade. Die Größe von Verbreitungsgebieten ist sehr wahrscheinlich auch von anderen Faktoren als von Artmerkmalen abhängig. Wir zeigen, dass es notwendig ist, den direkten und indirekten Einfluss einer Vielzahl von Merkmalen zu entwirren, um die Mechanismen, die makroökologische Beziehungen generieren, aufzuklären.
2) Konkurrenz und Ausbreitungsfähigkeit interagieren bei der Bestimmung der geographischen Verbreitung von Vögeln: Es ist weiterhin eine Herausforderung für Ökologie und Evolutionsbiologie, die Faktoren zu verstehen , die die geographische Verbreitung von Arten beeinflussen. Wir untersuchen wie Konkurrenz, Ausbreitungsfähigkeit, das Alter eines Taxons und Habitatverschiebungen seit dem letzten glazialen Maximum das Ausmaß beeinflussen, in dem Arten der Vogelgattung Sylvia in allen Gegenden mit geeigneten Umweltbedingungen vorkommen (d.h. range filling).
Wir haben range filling in der Vogelgattung Sylvia (Grasmücken) unter Verwendung von Boosted Regression Trees und Ridge-Regression quantifiziert. Mittels multipler Regression haben wir für die Effekte von intragenerischer Konkurrenz, Ausbreitungfähigkeit, Alter des Taxons und Habitatverschiebung seit dem letzten glazialen Maximum auf range filling getestet.
Grasmücken mit hoher Ausbreitungsfähigkeit zeigten höheres range filling, aber nur wenn Konkurrenz in Gebieten mit weniger geeignetem Habitat innerhalb ihres potentiellen Verbreitungsgebietes niedrig war. Das Alter eines Taxon und Habitatverschiebung seit dem letzten glazialen Maximum hatten keinen konsistenten Effekt. Wir zeigen, dass die Verbreitungsgebiete von Grasmücken mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit durch den simultanen, interaktiven Effekt von Konkurrenz und Ausbreitungsfähigkeit geformt werden. Wenn biotische Interaktionen wie Konkurrenz generell die Fähigkeit von Arten beeinflussen auf der kontinentalen Skala neue Gebiete zu kolonisieren, wird es eine Herausforderung sein, den Effekt von Klimawandel auf Biodiversität vorherzusagen.
3) Nischenverfügbarkeit in Zeit und Raum: Vogelzug der Grasmücken: Im Kontext neuer Fortschritte in der ökologischen Nischenmodellierung sind sowohl die Umwelt als auch die ökologische Nische einer Art als statische Entitäten behandelt und quantifiziert worden. In der Realität sind aber die Umwelt und die Nischenanforderungen einer Art auf einer Vielzahl von Skalen dynamisch. Wir schlagen ein konzeptionelles System vor das berücksichtigt, wie die realisierte Nische und geographische Verbreitung von Arten durch die entkoppelte raumzeitliche Verfügbarkeit unterschiedlicher Umweltbedingungen und durch Veränderungen der Nischenanforderungen über die Lebenszeit eines Organismus geformt werden. Das Testen von aus dem konzeptionellen System abgeleiteten Vorhersagen am Beispiel des Vogelzugs der Grasmücken ergab neue Erkenntnisse: Das Verfolgen der Klimanische im geographischen Raum war höchstwahrscheinlich nicht die treibende Kraft für Migration in der Gattung und steht potentiell im Konflikt mit dem Verfolgen der Landnutzungsnische. Die Nischen der Grasmücken waren während der Brutsaison schmaler, was zeigt, dass Nischenanforderungen zeitlich dynamisch sein können. Wir legen nahe, dass die Berücksichtigung dynamischer Umwelten und Nischenanforderungen zu einer entscheidenden Verbessserung unseres Verständnisses der treibenden Faktoren hinter der Bewegung von Organismen im Raum und der Dynamik ihrer Nischen und Verbreitungsgebiete führt.
The subject of this thesis aimed at a better understanding of the spectacular X-ray burst. The most likely astrophysical site is a very dense neutron star, which accretes H/He-rich matter from a close companion. While falling towards the neutron star, the matter is heated up and a thermonuclear runaway is ignited. The exact description of this process is dominated by the properties of a few proton-rich radioactive isotopes, which have a low interaction probability, hence a high abundance.
The topic of this thesis was therefore an investigation of the short-lived, proton-rich isotopes 31Cl and 32Ar. The Coulomb dissociation method is the modern technique of choice. Excitations with energies up to 20 MeV can be induced by the Lorentz contracted Coulomb field of a lead target. At the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH in Darmstadt, Germany, a Ar beam was accelerated to an energy of 825 AMeV and fragmented in a beryllium target. The fragment separator was used to select the desired isotopes with a remaining energy of 650 AMeV. They were subsequently directed onto a 208 Pb target in the ALAND/LAND setup. The measurement was performed in inverse kinematics. All reaction products were detected and inclusive and exclusive measurements of the respective Coulomb dissociation cross sections were possible.
During the analysis of the experiment, it was possible to extract the energy-differential excitation spectrum of 31Cl, and to constrain astrophysically important parameters for the time-reversed 30S(p,γ)31Cl reaction. A single resonance at 0.443(37) MeV dominates the stellar reaction rate, which was also deduced and compared to previous calculations.
The integrated Coulomb dissociation cross section of this resonance was determined to 15(6) mb. The astrophysically important one- and two-proton emission channels were analyzed for 32Ar and energy-differential excitation spectra could be derived. The integrated Coulomb dissociation cross section for two proton emission were determined with two different techniques. The inclusive measurement yields a cross section of 214(29stat)(20sys) mb, whereas the exclusive reconstruction results in a cross section of 226(14stat)(23sys) mb. Both results are in very good agreement. The Coulomb dissociation cross section for the one-proton emission channel is extracted solely from the exclusive measurement and is 54(8stat)(6sys) mb.
Furthermore, the development of the Low Energy Neutron detector Array (LENA) for the upcoming R3B setup is described. The detector will be utilized in charge-exchange reactions to detect the low-energy recoil neutrons from (p,n)-type reactions. These reaction studies are of particular importance in the astrophysical context and can be used to constrain half lifes under stellar conditions. In the frame of this work, prototypes of the detector were built and successfully commissioned in several international laboratories.
The analysis was supported by detailed simulations of the detection characteristics.
In this thesis I use effective models to investigate the properties of QCD-like theories at nonzero temperature and baryon chemical potential. First I construct a PNJL model using a lattice spin model with nearestneighbor interactions for the gauge sector and four-fermion interactions for the quarks in (pseudo)real representations of the gauge group. Calculating the phase diagram in the plane of temperature and quark chemical potential in QCD with adjoint quarks, it is qualitatively confirmed that the critical temperature of the chiral phase transition is much higher than the deconfinement transition temperature. At a chemical potential equal to half of the diquark mass in the vacuum, a diquark Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) phase transition occurs. In the two-color case, a Ginzburg–Landau expansion is used to study the tetracritical behavior around the intersection point of the deconfinement and BEC transition lines which are both of second order. A compact expression for the expectation value of the Polyakov loop in an arbitrary representation of the gauge group is obtained for any number of colors, which allows us to study Casimir scaling at both nonzero temperature and chemical potential. Subsequently I study the thermodynamics of two-color QCD (QC2D) at high temperature and/or density using ZQCD, a dimensionally reduced superrenormalizable effective theory, formulated in terms of a coarse grained Wilson line. In the absence of quarks, the theory is required to respect the Z2 center symmetry, while the effects of quarks of arbitrary masses and chemical potentials are introduced via soft Z2 breaking operators. Perturbative matching of the effective theory parameters to the full theory is carried out explicitly, and it is argued how the new theory can be used to explore the phase diagram of two-color QCD.
Axonal growth is essential for establishing neuronal circuits during brain development and for regenerative processes in the adult brain. Unfortunately, the extracellular signals controlling axonal growth are poorly understood. Here we report that a reduction in extracellular ATP levels by tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is essential for the development of neuritic processes by cultured hippocampal neurons. Selective blockade of TNAP activity with levamisole or specific TNAP knockdown with short hairpin RNA interference inhibited the growth and branching of principal axons, whereas addition of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) promoted axonal growth. Neither activation nor inhibition of adenosine receptors affected the axonal growth, excluding the contribution of extracellular adenosine as a potential hydrolysis product of extracellular ATP to the TNAP-mediated effects. TNAP was colocalized at axonal growth cones with ionotropic ATP receptors (P2X7 receptor), whose activation inhibited axonal growth. Additional analyses suggested a close functional interrelation of TNAP and P2X7 receptors whereby TNAP prevents P2X7 receptor activation by hydrolyzing ATP in the immediate environment of the receptor. Furthermore inhibition of P2X7 receptor reduced TNAP expression, whereas addition of ALP enhanced P2X7 receptor expression. Our results demonstrate that TNAP, regulating both ligand availability and protein expression of P2X7 receptor, is essential for axonal development.
We propose a model of the dynamics of organizational communication. Our model specifies the mechanics by which communication impact is fed back to communication inputs and closes the gap between sender and receiver of messages. We draw on language critique, a branch of language philosophy, and derive joint linguistic actions of interlocutors to explain the emergence and adaptation of communication on the group level. The model is framed by Te'eni's cognitive-affective model of organizational communication.
An information system is more than just the information technology; it is the system that emerges from the complex interactions and relationships between the information technology and the organization. However, what impact information technology has on an organization and how organizational structures and organizational change influence information technology remains an open question. We propose a theory to explain how communication structures emerge and adapt to environmental changes. We operationalize the interplay of information technology and organization as language communities whose members use and develop domain-specific languages for communication. Our theory is anchored in the philosophy of language. In developing it as an emergent perspective, we argue that information systems are self-organizing and that control of this ability is disseminated throughout the system itself, to the members of the language community. Information technology influences the dynamics of this adaptation process as a fundamental constraint leading to perturbations for the information system. We demonstrate how this view is separated from the entanglement in practice perspective and show that this understanding has far-reaching consequences for developing, managing, and examining information systems.
Theory building is not only underdeveloped in IT services management research, but in
general in IS. Given the paradigm shift that comes from the development away from a
networked economy towards a network economy, the lack of spending enough attention to
theorizing in IS becomes even more obvious. In the light of other "megatrends" in IS
research, such as the increasing professionalization and use of statistical methods and the
exploitation of extremely large sets of data (often harvested from social media sites), we
might lose interest in theorizing in the presence of the tremendous amount of available
empirical data. In this position paper, the author advocates that services science researchers
should focus on rigor and relevance in their research approaches.
Splicing of pre-mRNA is a critical step in mRNA maturation and disturbances cause several genetic disorders. We apply the synthetic tetracycline (tc)-binding riboswitch to establish a gene expression system for conditional tc-dependent control of pre-mRNA splicing in yeast. Efficient regulation is obtained when the aptamer is inserted close to the 5′splice site (SS) with the consensus sequence of the SS located within the aptamer stem. Structural probing indicates limited spontaneous cleavage within this stem in the absence of the ligand. Addition of tc leads to tightening of the stem and the whole aptamer structure which probably prevents recognition of the 5′SS. Combination of more then one aptamer-regulated intron increases the extent of regulation leading to highly efficient conditional gene expression systems. Our findings highlight the potential of direct RNA–ligand interaction for regulation of gene expression.
The impacts of human activities, notably the conversion of tropical forests into farmland habitat, has profound impacts on biological diversity and ecosystem functions (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005). It is widely debated to what extent human modified landscapes can maintain tropical biodiversity and their ecosystem functionality (e.g. Waltert et al. 2004, Sekercioglu et al. 2007). In this thesis, I have used a huge and temporarily replicated dataset to assess the value of different habitat types differing in land-use intensities for bird communities in tropical East Africa. I investigated bird abundance and species richness along a forest-farmland habitat gradient and assessed spatial and temporal fluctuations of bird assemblages and their food resources.
I could show that forest and farmland habitats harbor distinct bird communities. Moreover, the protection of natural forests merits the highest priority for conserving the high diversity of forest-dependent bird species. My study, however, also shows that farmland habitats in the proximity of natural forest can support a high bird diversity. High bird diversity in tropical farmlands depends on a high structural complexity, such as in small-scale subsistence farmlands. From my findings, I conclude that the conversion of forest to farmland leads to substantial losses in bird diversity, in particular in specialized feeding guilds such as insectivores, while the conversion of structurally heterogeneous subsistence farmlands to sugarcane plantation causes erosion of bird diversity in agricultural ecosystems. Both findings are important for conservation planning in times when tropical forests and agroecosystems are under constantly high pressure due to increasing human population numbers and global demands for biofuel crops (Gibbs et al. 2008). From an ecosystem function perspective, my study demonstrates the potential of agroecosystems in supporting important ecosystem functions, such as seed dispersal by frugivorous birds and pest control by insectivorous birds. I could show that bird abundances in both frugivorous and insectivorous guilds were strongly predicted by their respective food resources, implying that seasonal shifts in fruit and invertebrate abundance at Kakamega forest and surrounding farmlands affect community dynamics and appear to influence local movement patterns of birds. The most interesting finding of this study was that feeding guilds responded idiosyncratically to resource fluctuations. Frugivore richness fluctuated asynchronously in forest and farmland habitats, suggesting foraging movements and fruit tracking across habitat borders. In contrast, I found that insectivores fluctuated synchronously in the two habitat types, suggesting a lack of inter-habitat movements. I therefore predict that insectivorous bird communities in this forest-farmland landscape may be more susceptible to the combined effects of land-use and climate change, due to their narrow habitat niche and limited capacity to track their resources.
The fact that a number of bird species regularly moved across the landscape mosaic in my study system implies that birds are able to provide long-distance seed dispersal across habitat borders. Thus, birds may enhance forest regeneration in human-modified landscapes, such as those in most parts of tropical Africa, given that forest remnants are protected within an agricultural habitat matrix. In order to effectively conserve tropical biodiversity within forest-farmland mosaics, this study advocates for conservation strategies that go beyond forest protection and explicitly integrate farmlands into forest management plans and policies. This should emphasize the retention of keystone habitat elements within tropical farmland landscapes, such as indigenous trees, forest galleries and hedgerows, whose presence enhance species diversity. Such grassroot-level approaches can be operationalized for instance through providing incentives to farmers to maintain their traditional subsistence land-use practices and through community-based livelihood projects aiming at enhancing local habitat heterogeneity and inter-habitat connectivity.
Thermal expansion measurements provide a sensitive tool for exploring a material's thermodynamic
properties in condensed matter physics as they provide useful information
on the electronic, magnetic and lattice properties of a material. In this thesis, thermal
expansion measurements have been carried out both at ambient-pressure and under hydrostatic
pressure conditions. From the materials point of view, the spin-liquid candidate
Kappa-(BEDT-TTF) 2 Cu 2(CN)3 has been studied extensively as a function of temperature and
magnetic field. Azurite, Cu 3 (CO 3) 2 (OH) 2 - a realization of a one-dimensional distorted
Heisenberg chain is also studied both at ambient and hydrostatic pressure to demonstrate
the proper functioning of the newly built setup "thermal expansion under pressure". ...
Seit Anbeginn der Festkörperphysik ist die Frage, warum manche Materialien metallisch sind, andere dagegen isolierend, von zentraler Bedeutung. Eine erste Erklärung wurde durch die Bändertheorie [23, 44] gegeben. Die Elektronen sind dem periodischen Potential der Rumpfatome ausgesetzt, wodurch ein Energiespektrum bestehend aus Bändern erzeugt wird und die Füllung dieser Bänder bestimmt die Leitungseigenschaften des Festkörpers. ...
For millennia, rural West African communities living in or adjacent of savanna ecosystems have been collecting components of local plant species (e.g. fruits, leaves, bark) in order to fulfil essential household subsistence needs (alimentation, medical care, energy demand etc.), to generate cash income and to overcome times of (financial) crisis. Thus, these non-timber forest products (NTFPs) make a considerable contribution to the well-being of local households. However, climate and land use change severely impact West African savanna ecosystems and, consequently, the safe-guarding of dependent rural livelihoods. The conversion of savanna area into cultivated land for subsistence farming owing to the ongoing population growth, as well as the progressive promotion of cash crops (e.g. cotton) is ever-increasing. As a consequence, present land-use management in West Africa has to cope with serious trade-offs. Within this decision-making NTFPs have been constantly understated due to a lack of appropriate economic figures to use within common cost-benefit analysis, and, thus, have been frequently outcompeted by seemingly more profitable land-use options. Therefore, it is crucial to provide appropriate economic data for NTFPs in order to create positive incentives for both decision-makers and NTFP beneficiaries to conserve NTFP-providing trees. The key finding of this analysis is that income from NTFPs accounts for 39 % on average of an annual total household income in Northern Benin, representing the second largest income share next to crop income and proving the respective households to be economically heavily dependent on NTFPs. Thereby, socio-economic characteristics of NTFP users tremendously shape their preferences for woody species. Particularly ethnicity has a major impact on the species used and the economic return obtained by them. Moreover, the study investigated the impacts of climate and land use change on the economic benefits derived from the three economically most important tree species in the region Vitellaria paradoxa, Parkia biglobosa and Adansonia digitata in 2050: Environmental changes will have primarily negative effects on the economic returns from all the three species. At large, the study underpins the economic relevance of NTFPs for rural communities in West African savannas and, consequently, the necessity to appropriately sustain them in order to safe-guard local livelihoods. Providing key figures on the current and future economic benefits obtained from NTFPs can augment common cost-benefit analysis, and, delivering detailed information about peoples’ use preferences for local species, this study clearly contributes to improve the basis of decision-making with reference to local land-use policies.
Interacting ultracold gases in optical lattices: non-equilibrium dynamics and effects of disorder
(2012)
This dissertation aims at giving a theoretical description of various applications of ultracold gases. A particular focus is cast upon the dynamical evolution of bosonic condensates in non-equilibrium by means of the time-dependent Gutzwiller method. Ground state properties of strongly interacting fermionic atoms in box and speckle disordered lattices are investigated via real-space dynamical mean-field theory. ...
The first measurement of the fluctuation of the kaon-to-proton ratio in relativistic heavy-ion collisions is presented. This thesis details the analysis procedure for identifying kaons and protons using the NA49 experiment at CERN-SPS and discusses the results in the context of the current state of the field.
Background: Many disabling human retinal disorders involve the central retina, particularly the macula. However, the commonly used rodent models in research, mouse and rat, do not possess a macula. The purpose of this study was to identify small laboratory rodents with a significant central region as potential new models for macular research.
Methodology/Principal Findings: Gerbillus perpallidus, Meriones unguiculatus and Phodopus campbelli, laboratory rodents less commonly used in retinal research, were subjected to confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO), fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) using standard equipment (Heidelberg Engineering HRA1 and Spectralis™) adapted to small rodent eyes. The existence of a visual streak-like pattern was assessed on the basis of vascular topography, retinal thickness, and the topography of retinal ganglion cells and cone photoreceptors. All three species examined showed evidence of a significant horizontal streak-like specialization. cSLO angiography and retinal wholemounts revealed that superficial retinal blood vessels typically ramify and narrow into a sparse capillary net at the border of the respective area located dorsal to the optic nerve. Similar to the macular region, there was an absence of larger blood vessels in the streak region. Furthermore, the thickness of the photoreceptor layer and the population density of neurons in the ganglion cell layer were markedly increased in the visual streak region.
Conclusions/Significance: The retinal specializations of Gerbillus perpallidus, Meriones unguiculatus and Phodopus campbelli resemble features of the primate macula. Hence, the rodents reported here may serve to study aspects of macular development and diseases like age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema, and the preclinical assessment of therapeutic strategies.
Background: Human primary monocytes are refractory to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) or transduction with HIV-1-derived vectors. In contrast, efficient single round transduction of monocytes is mediated by vectors derived from simian immunodeficiency virus of sooty mangabeys (SIVsmmPBj), depending on the presence of the viral accessory protein Vpx.
Methods and Findings: Here we analyzed whether Vpx of SIVsmmPBj is sufficient for transduction of primary monocytes by HIV-1-derived vectors. To enable incorporation of PBj Vpx into HIV-1 vector particles, a HA-Vpr/Vpx fusion protein was generated. Supplementation of HIV-1 vector particles with this fusion protein was not sufficient to facilitate transduction of human monocytes. However, monocyte transduction with HIV-1-derived vectors was significantly enhanced after delivery of Vpx proteins by virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from SIVsmmPBj. Moreover, pre-incubation with Vpx-containing VLPs restored replication capacity of infectious HIV-1 in human monocytes. In monocytes of non-human primates, single-round transduction with HIV-1 vectors was enabled.
Conclusion: Vpx enhances transduction of primary human and even non-human monocytes with HIV-1-derived vectors, only if delivered in the background of SIVsmmPBj-derived virus-like particles. Thus, for accurate Vpx function the presence of SIVsmmPBj capsid proteins might be required. Vpx is essential to overcome a block of early infection steps in primary monocytes.
Aim: Cellular CD81 is a well characterized hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry factor, while the relevance of soluble exosomal CD81 in HCV pathogenesis is poorly defined. We performed a case-control study to investigate whether soluble CD81 in the exosomal serum fraction is associated with HCV replication and inflammatory activity.
Patients and Methods: Four cohorts were investigated, patients with chronic hepatitis C (n = 37), patients with chronic HCV infection and persistently normal ALT levels (n = 24), patients with long term sustained virologic response (SVR, n = 7), and healthy volunteers (n = 23). Concentration of soluble CD81 was assessed semi-quantitatively after differential centrifugation ranging from 200 g to 100,000 g in the fifth centrifugation fraction by immunoblotting and densitometry.
Results: Soluble CD81 was increased in patients with chronic hepatitis C compared to healthy subjects (p = 0.03) and cured patients (p = 0.017). Patients with chronic HCV infection and persistently normal ALT levels and patients with long term SVR had similar soluble CD81 levels as healthy controls (p>0.2). Overall, soluble CD81 levels were associated with ALT levels (r = 0.334, p = 0.016) and severe liver fibrosis (p = 0.027).
Conclusion: CD81 is increased in the exosomal serum fraction in patients with chronic hepatitis C and appears to be associated with inflammatory activity and severity of fibrosis.
Synthesis of acetate from carbon dioxide and molecular hydrogen is considered to be the first carbon assimilation pathway on earth. It combines carbon dioxide fixation into acetyl-CoA with the production of ATP via an energized cell membrane. How the pathway is coupled with the net synthesis of ATP has been an enigma. The anaerobic, acetogenic bacterium Acetobacterium woodii uses an ancient version of this pathway without cytochromes and quinones. It generates a sodium ion potential across the cell membrane by the sodium-motive ferredoxin:NAD oxidoreductase (Rnf). The genome sequence of A. woodii solves the enigma: it uncovers Rnf as the only ion-motive enzyme coupled to the pathway and unravels a metabolism designed to produce reduced ferredoxin and overcome energetic barriers by virtue of electron-bifurcating, soluble enzymes.
Activation of Notch1 signaling in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) induces self-renewal and inhibits neurogenesis. Upon neuronal differentiation, NPCs overcome this inhibition, express proneural genes to induce Notch ligands, and activate Notch1 in neighboring NPCs. The molecular mechanism that coordinates Notch1 inactivation with initiation of neurogenesis remains elusive. Here, we provide evidence that Prox1, a transcription repressor and downstream target of proneural genes, counteracts Notch1 signaling via direct suppression of Notch1 gene expression. By expression studies in the developing spinal cord of chick and mouse embryo, we showed that Prox1 is limited to neuronal precursors residing between the Notch1+ NPCs and post-mitotic neurons. Physiological levels of Prox1 in this tissue are sufficient to allow binding at Notch1 promoter and they are critical for proper Notch1 transcriptional regulation in vivo. Gain-of-function studies in the chick neural tube and mouse NPCs suggest that Prox1-mediated suppression of Notch1 relieves its inhibition on neurogenesis and allows NPCs to exit the cell cycle and differentiate. Moreover, loss-of-function in the chick neural tube shows that Prox1 is necessary for suppression of Notch1 outside the ventricular zone, inhibition of active Notch signaling, down-regulation of NPC markers, and completion of neuronal differentiation program. Together these data suggest that Prox1 inhibits Notch1 gene expression to control the balance between NPC self-renewal and neuronal differentiation.
TRPC channels are a family of nonselective cation channels that regulate ion homeostasis and intracellular Ca2+ signaling in numerous cell types. Important physiological functions such as vasoregulation, neuronal growth, and pheromone recognition have been assigned to this class of ion channels. Despite their physiological relevance, few selective pharmacological tools are available to study TRPC channel function. We, therefore, screened a selection of pharmacologically active compounds for TRPC modulating activity. We found that the synthetic gestagen norgestimate inhibited diacylglycerol-sensitive TRPC3 and TRPC6 with IC50s of 3–5 µM, while half-maximal inhibition of TRPC5 required significantly higher compound concentrations (>10 µM). Norgestimate blocked TRPC-mediated vasopressin-induced cation currents in A7r5 smooth muscle cells and caused vasorelaxation of isolated rat aorta, indicating that norgestimate could be an interesting tool for the investigation of TRP channel function in native cells and tissues. The steroid hormone progesterone, which is structurally related to norgestimate, also inhibited TRPC channel activity with IC50s ranging from 6 to 18 µM but showed little subtype selectivity. Thus, TRPC channel inhibition by high gestational levels of progesterone may contribute to the physiological decrease of uterine contractility and immunosuppression during pregnancy.
Our large brain, long life span and high fertility are key elements of human evolutionary success and are often thought to have evolved in interplay with tool use, carnivory and hunting. However, the specific impact of carnivory on human evolution, life history and development remains controversial. Here we show in quantitative terms that dietary profile is a key factor influencing time to weaning across a wide taxonomic range of mammals, including humans. In a model encompassing a total of 67 species and genera from 12 mammalian orders, adult brain mass and two dichotomous variables reflecting species differences regarding limb biomechanics and dietary profile, accounted for 75.5%, 10.3% and 3.4% of variance in time to weaning, respectively, together capturing 89.2% of total variance. Crucially, carnivory predicted the time point of early weaning in humans with remarkable precision, yielding a prediction error of less than 5% with a sample of forty-six human natural fertility societies as reference. Hence, carnivory appears to provide both a necessary and sufficient explanation as to why humans wean so much earlier than the great apes. While early weaning is regarded as essentially differentiating the genus Homo from the great apes, its timing seems to be determined by the same limited set of factors in humans as in mammals in general, despite some 90 million years of evolution. Our analysis emphasizes the high degree of similarity of relative time scales in mammalian development and life history across 67 genera from 12 mammalian orders and shows that the impact of carnivory on time to weaning in humans is quantifiable, and critical. Since early weaning yields shorter interbirth intervals and higher rates of reproduction, with profound effects on population dynamics, our findings highlight the emergence of carnivory as a process fundamentally determining human evolution.
Feedforward inhibition and synaptic scaling are important adaptive processes that control the total input a neuron can receive from its afferents. While often studied in isolation, the two have been reported to co-occur in various brain regions. The functional implications of their interactions remain unclear, however. Based on a probabilistic modeling approach, we show here that fast feedforward inhibition and synaptic scaling interact synergistically during unsupervised learning. In technical terms, we model the input to a neural circuit using a normalized mixture model with Poisson noise. We demonstrate analytically and numerically that, in the presence of lateral inhibition introducing competition between different neurons, Hebbian plasticity and synaptic scaling approximate the optimal maximum likelihood solutions for this model. Our results suggest that, beyond its conventional use as a mechanism to remove undesired pattern variations, input normalization can make typical neural interaction and learning rules optimal on the stimulus subspace defined through feedforward inhibition. Furthermore, learning within this subspace is more efficient in practice, as it helps avoid locally optimal solutions. Our results suggest a close connection between feedforward inhibition and synaptic scaling which may have important functional implications for general cortical processing.
The Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS) is held alternately in France and in Germany. The conference of February 26-28, 2009, held in Freiburg, is the 26th in this series. Previous meetings took place in Paris (1984), Saarbr¨ucken (1985), Orsay (1986), Passau (1987), Bordeaux (1988), Paderborn (1989), Rouen (1990), Hamburg (1991), Cachan (1992), W¨urzburg (1993), Caen (1994), M¨unchen (1995), Grenoble (1996), L¨ubeck (1997), Paris (1998), Trier (1999), Lille (2000), Dresden (2001), Antibes (2002), Berlin (2003), Montpellier (2004), Stuttgart (2005), Marseille (2006), Aachen (2007), and Bordeaux (2008). ...
Background: Liver fibrosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals is mostly attributable to co-infection with hepatitis B or C. The impact of other risk factors, including prolonged exposure to combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) is poorly understood. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of liver fibrosis and associated risk factors in HIV-infected individuals based on non-invasive fibrosis assessment using transient elastography (TE) and serum biomarkers (Fibrotest [FT]).
Methods: In 202 consecutive HIV-infected individuals (159 men; mean age 47 ± 9 years; 35 with hepatitis-C-virus [HCV] co-infection), TE and FT were performed. Repeat TE examinations were conducted 1 and 2 years after study inclusion.
Results: Significant liver fibrosis was present in 16% and 29% of patients, respectively, when assessed by TE (≥ 7.1 kPa) and FT (> 0.48). A combination of TE and FT predicted significant fibrosis in 8% of all patients (31% in HIV/HCV co-infected and 3% in HIV mono-infected individuals). Chronic ALT, AST and γ-GT elevation was present in 29%, 20% and 51% of all cART-exposed patients and in 19%, 8% and 45.5% of HIV mono-infected individuals. Overall, factors independently associated with significant fibrosis as assessed by TE (OR, 95% CI) were co-infection with HCV (7.29, 1.95-27.34), chronic AST (6.58, 1.30-33.25) and γ-GT (5.17, 1.56-17.08) elevation and time on dideoxynucleoside therapy (1.01, 1.00-1.02). In 68 HIV mono-infected individuals who had repeat TE examinations, TE values did not differ significantly during a median follow-up time of 24 months (median intra-patient changes at last TE examination relative to baseline: -0.2 kPa, p = 0.20).
Conclusions: Chronic elevation of liver enzymes was observed in up to 45.5% of HIV mono-infected patients on cART. However, only a small subset had significant fibrosis as predicted by TE and FT. There was no evidence for fibrosis progression during follow-up TE examinations.
This report describes the clinical courses of two acute myeloid leukemia patients. Both had MLL translocations, the first a t(10;11)(p11.2;q23) with MLL-AF10 and the second a t(11;19)(q23;p13.1) with MLL-ELL fusion. They achieved a clinical remission under conventional chemotherapy but relapsed shortly after end of therapy. Both had a history of invasive mycoses (one had possible pulmonary mycosis, one systemic candidiasis). Because no HLA-identical donor was available, a haploidentical transplantation was performed in both cases. Using a specially designed PCR method for the assessment of minimal residual disease (MRD), based on the quantitative detection of the individual chromosomal breakpoint in the MLL gene, all patients achieved complete and persistent molecular remission after transplantation. The immune reconstitution after transplantation is described in terms of total CD3+/CD4+, CD3+/CD8+, CD19+, and CD16+/CD56+ cell numbers over time. The KIR and HLA genotypes of donors and recipients are reported and the possibility of a KIR-mediated alloreactivity is discussed. This report illustrates that haploidentical transplantation may offer a chance of cure without chronic graft-versus-host disease in situations where no suitable HLA-identical donor is available even in a high-risk setting and shows the value of MRD monitoring in the pre- and posttransplant setting.
The decision in September 2011 in the UK to accept blood donations from non-practicing men who have sex with men (MSM) has received significant public attention. Will this rule change substantially boost the number of blood donations or will it make our blood less safe? Clearly, most European countries have a blood procurement problem. Fewer young people are donating, while the population is aging and more invasive therapies are requiring more blood. Yet if that was the reason for allowing non-practicing MSM to donate, clearly re-admission of some other, much larger populations that are currently deferred from donation should likewise be considered. As far as risks for blood safety are concerned, evidence has been provided that the current quality of infectious disease marker testing significantly mitigates against, although does not completely eradicate, risks associated with admission of donors with a high risk of carrying certain blood-transmissible agents. However, it could be argued that more effective recruitment of the non-donor pool, which is substantially larger than the group of currently ineligible donors, would be a better strategy. Recruitment of this group will benefit the availability of blood without jeopardizing the current excellent safety profile of blood.
Background: To improve and assess the effectiveness of disease management programs (DMPs), it is critical to understand how many people drop out of disease management programs and why.
Methods: We used routine data provided by a statutory health insurance fund from the regions North Rhine, North Wurttemberg and Hesse. As part of the German DMP for type 2 diabetes, the insurance fund received regular documentation of all members participating in the program. We followed 10,989 patients who enrolled in the DMP between July 2004 and December 2005 until the end of 2007 to study how many patients dropped out of the program. Dropout was defined based on the discontinuation of program documentation on a particular patient, excluding situations in which the patient died or left the insurance fund. Predictors of dropout, assessed at the time of program enrolment, were explored using logistic regression analysis.
Results: 5.5% of the patients dropped out of the disease management program within the observation period. Predictors of dropout at the time of enrolment were: region; retirement status; the number of secondary diseases; presence of a disabling secondary disease; doctors recommendations to stop smoking or to seek nutritional counselling; and the completion and outcome of the routine foot and eye exams. Different trends of dropout were observed among retired and employed patients: retired patients of old age, who possibly drop out of the program due to other health care priorities and employed people of younger age who have not yet developed many secondary diseases, but were recommended to change their lifestyle.
Conclusions: Overall, dropout rates for the German disease management programs for type 2 diabetes were low compared to other studies. Factors assessed at the time of program enrolment were predictive of later dropout and should be further studied to provide information for future program improvements.
The Late Miocene (11.6–5.3 Ma) is a crucial period in the history of the Asian monsoon. Significant changes in the Asian climate regime have been documented for this period, which saw the formation of the modern Asian monsoon system. However, the spatiotemporal structure of these changes is still ambiguous, and the associated mechanisms are debated. Here, we present a simulation of the average state of the Asian monsoon climate for the Tortonian (11–7 Ma) using the regional climate model CCLM3.2. We employ relatively high spatial resolution (1° × 1°) and adapt the physical boundary conditions such as topography, land-sea distribution and vegetation in the regional model to represent the Late Miocene. As climatological forcing, the output of a Tortonian run with a fully-coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model is used. Our regional Tortonian run shows a stronger-than-present East Asian winter monsoon wind as a result of the enhanced mid-latitude westerly wind of our global forcing and the lowered present-day northern Tibetan Plateau in the regional model. The summer monsoon circulation is generally weakened in our regional Tortonian run compared to today. However, the changes of summer monsoon precipitation exhibit major regional differences. Precipitation decreases in northern China and northern India, but increases in southern China, the western coast and the southern tip of India. This can be attributed to the changes in both the regional topography (e.g. the lower northern Tibetan Plateau) and the global climate conditions (e.g. the higher sea surface temperature). The spread of dry summer conditions over northern China and northern Pakistan in our Tortonian run further implies that the monsoonal climate may not have been fully established in these regions in the Tortonian. Compared with the global model, the high resolution regional model highlights the spatial differences of the Asian monsoon climate in the Tortonian, and better characterizes the convective activity and its response to regional topographical changes. It therefore provides a useful and compared to global models, a complementary tool to improve our understanding of the Asian monsoon evolution in the Late Miocene.
Water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA), as a special form of heat radiation with a high tissue penetration and a low thermal load to the skin surface, can improve the healing of acute and chronic wounds both by thermal and thermic as well as by non-thermal and non-thermic effects. wIRA increases tissue temperature (+2.7°C at a tissue depth of 2 cm), tissue oxygen partial pressure (+32% at a tissue depth of 2 cm) and tissue perfusion. These three factors are decisive for a sufficient supply of tissue with energy and oxygen and consequently also for wound healing and infection defense.
wIRA can considerably alleviate pain (without any exception during 230 irradiations) with substantially less need for analgesics (52–69% less in the groups with wIRA compared to the control groups). It also diminishes exudation and inflammation and can show positive immunomodulatory effects. The overall evaluation of the effect of irradiation as well as the wound healing and the cosmetic result (assessed on visual analogue scales) were markedly better in the group with wIRA compared to the control group. wIRA can advance wound healing (median reduction of wound size of 90% in severely burned children already after 9 days in the group with wIRA compared to 13 days in the control group; on average 18 versus 42 days until complete wound closure in chronic venous stasis ulcers) or improve an impaired wound healing (reaching wound closure and normalization of the thermographic image in otherwise recalcitrant chronic venous stasis ulcers) both in acute and in chronic wounds including infected wounds. After major abdominal surgery there was a trend in favor of the wIRA group to a lower rate of total wound infections (7% versus 15%) including late infections following discharge from hospital (0% versus 8%) and a trend towards a shorter postoperative hospital stay (9 versus 11 days).
Even the normal wound healing process can be improved.
The mentioned effects have been proven in six prospective studies, with most of the effects having an evidence level of Ia/Ib.
wIRA represents a valuable therapy option and can generally be recommended for use in the treatment of acute as well as of chronic wounds.
Aim of the study: Investigation, whether water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) irradiation during moderate bicycle ergometer endurance exercise has effects especially on local fat reduction and on weight reduction beyond the effects of ergometer exercise alone.
Methods: Randomised controlled study with 40 obese females (BMI 30-40 (median: 34.5), body weight 76-125 (median: 94.9) kg, age 20-40 (median: 35.5) years, isocaloric nutrition), 20 in the wIRA group and 20 in the control group. In both groups each participant performed 3 times per week over 4 weeks for 45 minutes bicycle ergometer endurance exercise with a constant load according to a lactate level of 2 mmol/l (aerobic endurance load, as determined before the intervention period). In the wIRA group in addition large parts of the body (including waist, hip, and thighs) were irradiated during all ergometries of the intervention period with visible light and a predominant part of water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA), using the irradiation unit “Hydrosun® 6000” with 10 wIRA radiators (Hydrosun® Medizintechnik, Müllheim, Germany, radiator type 500, 4 mm water cuvette, yellow filter, water-filtered spectrum 500-1400 nm) around a speed independent bicycle ergometer.
Main variable of interest: change of “the sum of circumferences of waist, hip, and both thighs of each patient” over the intervention period (4 weeks). Additional variables of interest: body weight, body mass index BMI, body fat percentage, fat mass, fat-free mass, water mass (analysis of body composition by tetrapolar bioimpedance analysis), assessment of an arteriosclerotic risk profile by blood investigation of variables of lipid metabolism (cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoproteins HDL, low density lipoproteins LDL, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B), clinical chemistry (fasting glucose, alanin-aminotransferase ALT (= glutamyl pyruvic transaminase GPT), gamma-glutamyl-transferase GGT, creatinine, albumin), endocrinology (leptin, adiponectin (= adipo Q), homocysteine, insulin). All variables were at least measured before and after the intervention period. Ergometry (ECG, blood pressure behaviour, lactate curve with power at 2, 3 and 4 mmol/l) before the intervention period. In addition: nutrition training ahead of and during the intervention period with a nutrition protocol over one week for assessment of the daily energy intake; calculation of basic metabolic rate and total energy requirement. Assessment of undesired effects.
Only methods of non-parametric statistics were used, both descriptive (median, percentiles of 25 and 75 (= interquartile range), minimum, maximum) and confirmatory (two-sided Mann-Whitney U test for unpaired samples for the only one main variable of interest). Total error probability: .05 (5%). An intention to treat analysis ITT with last observed carry forward method was used preferably (presented results) and in addition an on treatment analysis OT. Only 2 (treatment group) and 4 (control group) drop-outs occurred (mostly due to lack of time).
Results: The “sum of circumferences of waist, hip, and both thighs of each patient” decreased during the 4 weeks significantly more (p<.001) in the wIRA group than in the control group: medians and interquartile ranges: -8.0 cm (-10.5 cm/-4.1 cm) vs. -1.8 cm (-4.4 cm/0.0 cm).
As well “body weight of each patient” decreased during the 4 weeks markedly more in the wIRA group than in the control group: medians and interquartile ranges: -1.9 kg (-4.0 kg/0.0 kg) vs. 0.0 kg (-1.5 kg/+0.4 kg); median of body weight changed from 99.3 kg to 95.6 kg (wIRA) vs. 89.9 kg to 89.6 kg (control). A similar effect showed the body mass index BMI.
Blood variables of interest remained unchanged or showed some slight improvements during the treatment period, concerning most variables with no obvious differences between the two groups; insulin showed a slight trend to decrease in the wIRA group and to increase in the control group.
Undesired effects of the treatment were not seen.
Discussion: The results of the study suggest, that wIRA – during moderate bicycle ergometer endurance exercise as lipolytic stimulus – increases local lipolysis with a local fat reduction (thighs) in the otherwise bradytrophic fatty tissue. The presumably underlying mechanisms of wIRA have already been proven: wIRA acts both by thermal effects and by non-thermal effects. Thermal effects of wIRA are the generation of a therapeutic field of warmth with the increase of tissue temperature, tissue oxygen partial pressure, and tissue blood flow, and by this regional metabolism. As fatty tissue normally has a slow metabolism (bradytrophic and hypothermic tissue) with a low rate of lipolysis, wIRA can increase lipolysis in fatty tissue and the mobilized fats are burned in musculature during the ergometer exercise.
Conclusion: The results of the study indicate, that wIRA irradiation during moderate ergometer endurance exercise can be used – in combination with an appropriate nutrition – to improve body composition, especially local fat distribution, and the reduction of fat and body weight in obese persons.
Keywords: water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA), weight reduction, local fat reduction, bicycle ergometer endurance exercise, lipolysis, randomised controlled study, intervention trial, body weight, body mass index BMI, analysis of body composition, tetrapolar bioimpedance analysis, lactate, lipid metabolism, cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoproteins HDL, low density lipoproteins LDL
Water-filtered infrared-A radiation (wIRA) is not implicated in cellular degeneration of human skin
(2007)
Background: Excessive exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation is involved in the complex biologic process of cutaneous aging. Wavelengths in the ultraviolet-A and -B range (UV-A and UV-B) have been shown to be responsible for the induction of proteases, e. g. the collagenase matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), which are related to cell aging. As devices emitting longer wavelengths are widely used in therapeutic and cosmetic interventions and as the induction of MMP-1 by water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) had been discussed, it was of interest to assess effects of wIRA on the cellular and molecular level known to be possibly involved in cutaneous degeneration.
Objectives: Investigation of the biological implications of widely used water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) radiators for clinical use on human skin fibroblasts assessed by MMP-1 gene expression (MMP-1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression).
Methods: Human skin fibroblasts were irradiated with approximately 88% wIRA (780-1400 nm) and 12% red light (RL, 665-780 nm) with 380 mW/cm² wIRA(+RL) (333 mW/cm² wIRA) on the one hand and for comparison with UV-A (330-400 nm, mainly UV-A1) and a small amount of blue light (BL, 400-450 nm) with 28 mW/cm² UV-A(+BL) on the other hand. Survival curves were established by colony forming ability after single exposures between 15 minutes and 8 hours to wIRA(+RL) (340-10880 J/cm² wIRA(+RL), 300-9600 J/cm² wIRA) or 15-45 minutes to UV-A(+BL) (25-75 J/cm² UV-A(+BL)). Both conventional Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative real-time RT-PCR techniques were used to determine the induction of MMP-1 mRNA at two physiologic temperatures for skin fibroblasts (30°C and 37°C) in single exposure regimens (15-60 minutes wIRA(+RL), 340-1360 J/cm² wIRA(+RL), 300-1200 J/cm² wIRA; 30 minutes UV-A(+BL), 50 J/cm² UV-A(+BL)) and in addition at 30°C in a repeated exposure protocol (up to 10 times 15 minutes wIRA(+RL) with 340 J/cm² wIRA(+RL), 300 J/cm² wIRA at each time).
Results: Single exposure of cultured human dermal fibroblasts to UV-A(+BL) radiation yielded a very high increase in MMP-1 mRNA expression (11 ±1 fold expression for RT-PCR and 76 ±2 fold expression for real-time RT-PCR both at 30°C, 75 ±1 fold expression for real-time RT-PCR at 37°C) and a dose-dependent decrease in cell survival. In contrast, wIRA(+RL) did not produce cell death and did not induce a systematic increase in MMP-1 mRNA expression (less than twofold expression, within the laboratory range of fluctuation) detectable with the sensitive methods applied. Additionally, repeated exposure of human skin fibroblasts to wIRA(+RL) did not induce MMP-1 mRNA expression systematically (less than twofold expression by up to 10 consecutive wIRA(+RL) exposures and analysis with real-time RT-PCR).
Conclusions: wIRA(+RL) even at the investigated disproportionally high irradiances does not induce cell death or a systematic increase of MMP-1 mRNA expression, both of which can be easily induced by UV-A radiation. Furthermore, these results support previous findings of in vivo investigations on collagenase induction by UV-A but not wIRA and show that infrared-A with appropriate irradiances does not seem to be involved in MMP-1 mediated photoaging of the skin. As suggested by previously published studies wIRA could even be implicated in a protective manner.
Water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) can act as a penetration enhancer for topically applied substances
(2008)
Background: Water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) irradiation has been shown to enhance penetration of clinically used topically applied substances in humans through investigation of functional effects of penetrated substances like vasoconstriction by cortisone.
Aim of the study: Investigation of the influence of wIRA irradiation on the dermatopharmacokinetics of topically applied substances by use of optical methods, especially to localize penetrating substances, in a prospective randomised controlled study in humans.
Methods: The penetration profiles of the hydrophilic dye fluorescein and the lipophilic dye curcumin in separate standard water-in-oil emulsions were determined on the inner forearm of test persons by tape stripping in combination with spectroscopic measurements. Additionally, the penetration was investigated in vivo by laser scanning microscopy. Transepidermal water loss, hydration of the epidermis, and surface temperature were determined. Three different procedures (modes A, B, C) were used in a randomised order on three separate days of investigation in each of 12 test persons. In mode A, the two dyes were applied on different skin areas without water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) irradiation. In mode B, the skin surface was irradiated with wIRA over 30 min before application of the two dyes (Hydrosun® radiator type 501, 10 mm water cuvette, orange filter OG590, water-filtered spectrum: 590–1400 nm with dominant amount of wIRA). In mode C, the two dyes were applied and immediately afterwards the skin was irradiated with wIRA over 30 min. In all modes, tape stripping started 30 min after application of the formulations. Main variable of interest was the ratio of the amount of the dye in the deeper (second) 10% of the stratum corneum to the amount of the dye in the upper 10% of the stratum corneum.
Results: The penetration profiles of the hydrophilic fluorescein showed in case of pretreatment or treatment with wIRA (modes B and C) an increased penetration depth compared to the non-irradiated skin (mode A): The ratio of the amount of the dye in the deeper (second) 10% of the stratum corneum to the amount of the dye in the upper 10% of the stratum corneum showed medians and interquartile ranges for mode A of 0.017 (0.007/0.050), for mode B of 0.084 (0.021/0.106), for mode C of 0.104 (0.069/0.192) (difference between modes: p=0.0112, significant; comparison mode A with mode C: p<0.01, significant). In contrast to fluorescein, the lipophilic curcumin showed no differences in the penetration kinetics, in reference to whether the skin was irradiated with wIRA or not. These effects were confirmed by laser scanning microscopy. Water-filtered infrared-A irradiation increased the hydration of the stratum corneum: transepidermal water loss rose from approximately 8.8 g m-2 h-1 before wIRA irradiation to 14.2 g m-2 h-1 after wIRA irradiation and skin hydration rose from 67 to 87 relative units. Skin surface temperature increased from 32.8°C before wIRA to 36.4°C after wIRA irradiation.
Discussion: The better penetration of the hydrophilic dye fluorescein after or during skin irradiation (modes B and C) can be explained by increased hydration of the stratum corneum by irradiation with wIRA.
Conclusions: As most topically applied substances for the treatment of patients are mainly hydrophilic, wIRA can be used to improve the penetration of substances before or after application of substances – in the first case even of thermolabile substances – with a broad clinical relevance as a contact free alternative to an occlusive dressing.
Background: Water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) is a special form of heat radiation with a high tissue-penetration and with a low thermal burden to the surface of the skin. wIRA is able to improve essential and energetically meaningful factors of wound healing by thermal and non-thermal effects.
Aim of the study: prospective study (primarily planned randomised, controlled, blinded, de facto with one exception only one cohort possible) using wIRA in the treatment of patients with recalcitrant chronic venous stasis ulcers of the lower legs with thermographic follow-up.
Methods: 10 patients (5 males, 5 females, median age 62 years) with 11 recalcitrant chronic venous stasis ulcers of the lower legs were treated with water-filtered infrared-A and visible light irradiation (wIRA(+VIS), Hydrosun® radiator type 501, 10 mm water cuvette, water-filtered spectrum 550–1400 nm) or visible light irradiation (VIS; only possible in one patient). The uncovered wounds of the patients were irradiated two to five times per week for 30 minutes at a standard distance of 25 cm (approximately 140 mW/cm2 wIRA and approximately 45 mW/cm2 VIS). Treatment continued for a period of up to 2 months (typically until closure or nearly closure of the ulcer). The main variable of interest was “percent change of ulcer size over time” including complete wound closure. Additional variables of interest were thermographic image analysis, patient’s feeling of pain in the wound, amount of pain medication, assessment of the effect of the irradiation (by patient and by clinical investigator), assessment of feeling of the wound area (by patient), assessment of wound healing (by clinical investigator) and assessment of the cosmetic state (by patient and by clinical investigator). For these assessments visual analogue scales (VAS) were used.
Results: The study showed a complete or nearly complete healing of lower leg ulcers in 7 patients and a clear reduction of ulcer size in another 2 of 10 patients, a clear reduction of pain and pain medication consumption (e.g. from 15 to 0 pain tablets per day), and a normalization of the thermographic image (before the beginning of the therapy typically hyperthermic rim of the ulcer with relative hypothermic ulcer base, up to 4.5°C temperature difference). In one patient the therapy of an ulcer of one leg was performed with the fully active radiator (wIRA(+VIS)), while the therapy of an ulcer of the other leg was made with a control group radiator (only VIS without wIRA), showing a clear difference in favour of the wIRA treatment. All mentioned VAS ratings improved remarkably during the period of irradiation treatment, representing an increased quality of life. Failures of complete or nearly complete wound healing were seen only in patients with arterial insufficiency, in smokers or in patients who did not have venous compression garment therapy.
Discussion and conclusions: wIRA can alleviate pain considerably (with an impressive decrease of the consumption of analgesics) and accelerate wound healing or improve a stagnating wound healing process and diminish an elevated wound exudation and inflammation both in acute and in chronic wounds (in this study shown in chronic venous stasis ulcers of the lower legs) and in problem wounds including infected wounds. In chronic recalcitrant wounds complete healing is achieved, which was not reached before. Other studies have shown that even without a disturbance of wound healing an acute wound healing process can be improved (e.g. reduced pain) by wIRA.
wIRA is a contact-free, easily used and pleasantly felt procedure without consumption of material with a good penetration effect, which is similar to solar heat radiation on the surface of the earth in moderate climatic zones. Wound healing and infection defence (e.g. granulocyte function including antibacterial oxygen radical formation of the granulocytes) are critically dependent on a sufficient energy supply (and on sufficient oxygen). The good clinical effect of wIRA on wounds and also on problem wounds and wound infections can be explained by the improvement of both the energy supply and the oxygen supply (e.g. for the granulocyte function). wIRA causes as a thermal effect in the tissue an improvement in three decisive factors: tissue oxygen partial pressure, tissue temperature and tissue blood flow. Besides this non-thermal effects of infrared-A by direct stimulation of cells and cellular structures with reactions of the cells have also been described. It is concluded that wIRA can be used to improve wound healing, to reduce pain, exudation, and inflammation and to increase quality of life.
Water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) as a special form of heat radiation with a high tissue penetration and with a low thermal load to the skin surface acts both by thermal and thermic as well as by non-thermal and non-thermic effects. wIRA produces a therapeutically usable field of heat in the tissue and increases tissue temperature, tissue oxygen partial pressure, and tissue perfusion. These three factors are decisive for a sufficient tissue supply with energy and oxygen and consequently as well for wound healing and infection defense.
wIRA can considerably alleviate the pain (with remarkably less need for analgesics) and diminish an elevated wound exudation and inflammation and can show positive immunomodulatory effects. wIRA can advance wound healing or improve an impaired wound healing both in acute and in chronic wounds including infected wounds. Even the normal wound healing process can be improved.
A prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study with 111 patients after major abdominal surgery at the University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany, showed with 20 minutes irradiation twice a day (starting on the second postoperative day) in the group with wIRA and visible light VIS (wIRA(+VIS), approximately 75% wIRA, 25% VIS) compared to a control group with only VIS a significant and relevant pain reduction combined with a markedly decreased required dose of analgesics: during 230 single irradiations with wIRA(+VIS) the pain decreased without any exception (median of decrease of pain on postoperative days 2-6 was 13.4 on a 100 mm visual analog scale VAS 0-100), while pain remained unchanged in the control group (p<0.001). The required dose of analgesics was 57-70% lower in the subgroups with wIRA(+VIS) compared to the control subgroups with only VIS (median 598 versus 1398 ml ropivacaine, p<0.001, for peridural catheter analgesia; 31 versus 102 mg piritramide, p=0.001, for patient-controlled analgesia; 3.4 versus 10.2 g metamizole, p=0.005, for intravenous and oral analgesia). During irradiation with wIRA(+VIS) the subcutaneous oxygen partial pressure rose markedly by approximately 30% and the subcutaneous temperature by approximately 2.7°C (both in a tissue depth of 2 cm), whereas both remained unchanged in the control group: after irradiation the median of the subcutaneous oxygen partial pressure was 41.6 (with wIRA) versus 30.2 mm Hg in the control group (p<0.001), the median of the subcutaneous temperature was 38.9 versus 36.4°C (p<0.001). The overall evaluation of the effect of irradiation, including wound healing, pain and cosmesis, assessed on a VAS (0-100 with 50 as indifferent point of no effect) by the surgeon (median 79.0 versus 46.8, p<0.001) or the patient (79.0 versus 50.2, p<0.001) was markedly better in the group with wIRA compared to the control group. This was also true for single aspects: Wound healing assessed on a VAS by the surgeon (median 88.6 versus 78.5, p<0.001) or the patient (median 85.8 versus 81.0, p=0.040, trend) and cosmetic result assessed on a VAS by the surgeon (median 84.5 versus 76.5, p<0.001) or the patient (median 86.7 versus 73.6, p=0.001). In addition there was a trend in favor of the wIRA group to a lower rate of total wound infections (3 of 46, approximately 7%, versus 7 of 48, approximately 15%, p=0.208) including late infections after discharge, caused by the different rate of late infections after discharge: 0 of 46 in the wIRA group and 4 of 48 in the control group. And there was a trend towards a shorter postoperative hospital stay: 9 days in the wIRA group versus 11 days in the control group (p=0.037). The principal finding of this study was that postoperative irradiation with wIRA can improve even a normal wound healing process.
A prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study with 45 severely burned children at the Children’s Hospital Park Schönfeld, Kassel, Germany, showed with 30 minutes irradiation once a day (starting on the first day, day of burn as day 1) in the group with wIRA and visible light VIS (wIRA(+VIS), approximately 75% wIRA, 25% VIS) compared to a control group with only VIS a markedly faster reduction of wound size. On the fifth day (after 4 days with irradiation) decision was taken, whether surgical debridement of necrotic tissue was necessary because of deeper (second degree, type b) burns (11 of 21 in the group with wIRA, 14 of 24 in the control group) or non-surgical treatment was possible (second degree, type a, burns). The patients treated conservatively were kept within the study and irradiated till complete reepithelialization. The patients in the group with wIRA showed a markedly faster reduction of wound area: a median reduction of wound size of 50% was reached already after 7 days compared to 9 days in the control group, a median reduction of wound size of 90% was already achieved after 9 days compared to 13 days in the control group. In addition the group with wIRA showed superior results till 3 months after the burn in terms of the overall surgical assessment of the wound, cosmesis, and assessment of effects of irradiation compared to the control group.
In a prospective, randomized, controlled study with 12 volunteers at the University Medical Center Charité, Berlin, Germany, within each volunteer 4 experimental superficial wounds (5 mm diameter) as an acute wound model were generated by suction cup technique, removing the roof of the blister with a scalpel and a sterile forceps (day 1). 4 different treatments were used and investigated during 10 days: no therapy, only wIRA(+VIS) (approximately 75% wIRA, 25% VIS; 30 minutes irradiation once a day), only dexpanthenol (= D-panthenol) cream once a day, wIRA(+VIS) and dexpanthenol cream once a day. Healing of the small experimental wounds was from a clinical point of view excellent with all 4 treatments. Therefore there were only small differences between the treatments with slight advantages of the combination wIRA(+VIS) and dexpanthenol cream and of dexpanthenol cream alone concerning relative change of wound size and assessment of feeling of the wound area. However laser scanning microscopy with a scoring system revealed differences between the 4 treatments concerning the formation of the stratum corneum (from first layer of corneocytes to full formation) especially on the days 5-7: fastest formation of the stratum corneum was seen in wounds treated with wIRA(+VIS) and dexpanthenol cream, second was wIRA(+VIS) alone, third dexpanthenol cream alone and last were untreated wounds. Bacterial counts of the wounds (taken every 2 days) showed, that wIRA(+VIS) and the combination of wIRA(+VIS) with dexpanthenol cream were able to inhibit the colonisation with physiological skin flora up to day 5 when compared with the two other groups (untreated group and group with dexpanthenol cream alone). At any investigated time, the amount of colonisation under therapy with wIRA(+VIS) alone was lower (interpreted as more suppressed) compared with the group with wIRA(+VIS) and dexpanthenol cream.
During rehabilitation after hip and knee endoprosthetic operations the resorption of wound seromas and wound hematomas was both clinically and sonographically faster and pain was reduced by irradiation with wIRA(+VIS).
wIRA can be used successfully for persistent postoperative pain e.g. after thoracotomy.
As perspectives for wIRA it seems clinically prudent to use wIRA both pre- and postoperatively, e.g. in abdominal and thoracic operations. wIRA can be used preoperatively (e.g. during 1-2 weeks) to precondition donor and recipient sites of skin flaps, transplants or partial-thickness skin grafts, and postoperatively to improve wound healing and to decrease pain, inflammation and infections at all mentioned sites. wIRA can be used to support routine pre- or intraoperative antibiotic administration or it might even be discussed to replace this under certain conditions by wIRA.
Principles and working mechanisms of water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) in relation to wound healing
(2007)
The experience of the pleasant heat of the sun in moderate climatic zones arises from the filtering of the heat radiation of the sun by water vapor in the atmosphere of the earth. The filter effect of water decreases those parts of infrared radiation (most parts of infrared-B and -C and the absorption bands of water within infrared-A), which would cause – by reacting with water molecules in the skin – only an undesired thermal load to the surface of the skin. Technically water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) is produced in special radiators, whose full spectrum of radiation of a halogen bulb is passed through a cuvette, containing water, which absorbs or decreases the described undesired wavelengths of the infrared radiation. Within infrared the remaining wIRA (within 780-1400 nm) mainly consists of radiation with good penetration properties into tissue and therefore allows – compared to unfiltered heat radiation – a multiple energy transfer into tissue without irritating the skin, similar to the sun’s heat radiation in moderate climatic zones. Typical wIRA radiators emit no ultraviolet (UV) radiation and nearly no infrared-B and -C radiation and the amount of infrared-A radiation in relation to the amount of visible light (380-780 nm) is emphasized.
Water-filtered infrared-A as a special form of heat radiation with a high tissue penetration and with a low thermal load to the skin surface acts both by thermal (related to heat energy transfer) and thermic (temperature depending, with a relevant change of temperature) as well as by non-thermal (without a relevant transfer of heat energy) and non-thermic (not depending on temperature, without a relevant change of temperature) effects. wIRA produces a therapeutically usable field of heat in the tissue and increases tissue temperature, tissue oxygen partial pressure, and tissue perfusion. These three factors are vital for a sufficient tissue supply with energy and oxygen. As wound healing and infection defense (e.g. granulocyte function including their antibacterial oxygen radical formation) depend decisively on a sufficient supply with energy and oxygen, one explanation for the good clinical effect of wIRA on wounds and wound infections can be the improvement of both the energy supply per time (increase of metabolic rate) and the oxygen supply. In addition wIRA has non-thermal and non-thermic effects, which are based on putting direct stimuli on cells and cellular structures.
wIRA can considerably alleviate the pain (with remarkably less need for analgesics) and diminish an elevated wound exudation and inflammation and can show positive immunomodulatory effects. wIRA can advance wound healing or improve an impaired wound healing both in acute and in chronic wounds including infected wounds. Even the normal wound healing process can be improved.
Keywords: water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA), infrared-A radiation, wound healing, thermal and non-thermal effects, thermic and non-thermic effects, energy supply, oxygen supply, tissue oxygen partial pressure, tissue temperature, tissue blood flow, reduction of pain, wound exudation, inflammation, immunomodulatory effects, acute wounds, chronic venous stasis ulcers of the lower legs, problem wounds, wound infections, infection defense, contact-free method, absent expenditure of material, quality of life, prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind studies
Sucrose- and H+-dependent charge movements associated with the gating of sucrose transporter ZmSUT1
(2010)
Background: In contrast to man the majority of higher plants use sucrose as mobile carbohydrate. Accordingly proton-driven sucrose transporters are crucial for cell-to-cell and long-distance distribution within the plant body. Generally very negative plant membrane potentials and the ability to accumulate sucrose quantities of more than 1 M document that plants must have evolved transporters with unique structural and functional features.
Methodology/Principal Findings: To unravel the functional properties of one specific high capacity plasma membrane sucrose transporter in detail, we expressed the sucrose/H+ co-transporter from maize ZmSUT1 in Xenopus oocytes. Application of sucrose in an acidic pH environment elicited inward proton currents. Interestingly the sucrose-dependent H+ transport was associated with a decrease in membrane capacitance (Cm). In addition to sucrose Cm was modulated by the membrane potential and external protons. In order to explore the molecular mechanism underlying these Cm changes, presteady-state currents (Ipre) of ZmSUT1 transport were analyzed. Decay of Ipre could be best fitted by double exponentials. When plotted against the voltage the charge Q, associated to Ipre, was dependent on sucrose and protons. The mathematical derivative of the charge Q versus voltage was well in line with the observed Cm changes. Based on these parameters a turnover rate of 500 molecules sucrose/s was calculated. In contrast to gating currents of voltage dependent-potassium channels the analysis of ZmSUT1-derived presteady-state currents in the absence of sucrose (I = Q/τ) was sufficient to predict ZmSUT1 transport-associated currents.
Conclusions: Taken together our results indicate that in the absence of sucrose, ‘trapped’ protons move back and forth between an outer and an inner site within the transmembrane domains of ZmSUT1. This movement of protons in the electric field of the membrane gives rise to the presteady-state currents and in turn to Cm changes. Upon application of external sucrose, protons can pass the membrane turning presteady-state into transport currents.
Background: Athletic competition has been a source of interest to the scientific community for many years, as a surrogate of the limits of human ambulatory ability. One of the remarkable things about athletic competition is the observation that some athletes suddenly reduce their pace in the mid-portion of the race and drop back from their competitors. Alternatively, other athletes will perform great accelerations in mid-race (surges) or during the closing stages of the race (the endspurt). This observation fits well with recent evidence that muscular power output is regulated in an anticipatory way, designed to prevent unreasonably large homeostatic disturbances.
Principal Findings: Here we demonstrate that a simple index, the product of the momentary Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and the fraction of race distance remaining, the Hazard Score, defines the likelihood that athletes will change their velocity during simulated competitions; and may effectively represent the language used to allow anticipatory regulation of muscle power output.
Conclusions: These data support the concept that the muscular power output during high intensity exercise performance is actively regulated in an anticipatory manner that accounts for both the momentary sensations the athlete is experiencing as well as the relative amount of a competition to be completed.
Background and Aims: Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major health issue worldwide. Recently, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DP locus were identified to be associated with HBV infection in Asian populations. Most significant associations were observed for the A alleles of HLA-DPA1 rs3077 and HLA-DPB1 rs9277535, which conferred a decreased risk for HBV infection. We assessed the implications of these variants for HBV infection in Caucasians.
Methods: Two HLA-DP gene variants (rs3077 and rs9277535) were analyzed for associations with persistent HBV infection and with different clinical outcomes, i.e., inactive HBsAg carrier status versus progressive chronic HBV (CHB) infection in Caucasian patients (n = 201) and HBsAg negative controls (n = 235).
Results: The HLA-DPA1 rs3077 C allele was significantly associated with HBV infection (odds ratio, OR = 5.1, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.9–13.7; p = 0.00093). However, no significant association was seen for rs3077 with progressive CHB infection versus inactive HBsAg carrier status (OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 0.6–11.1; p = 0.31). In contrast, HLA-DPB1 rs9277535 was not associated with HBV infection in Caucasians (OR = 0.8, 95% CI: 0.4–1.9; p = 1).
Conclusions: A highly significant association of HLA-DPA1 rs3077 with HBV infection was observed in Caucasians. However, as a differentiation between different clinical courses of HBV infection was not possible, knowledge of the HLA-DPA1 genotype cannot be translated into personalized anti-HBV therapy approaches.
Purpose: Milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor-factor VIII (MFGE8) is necessary for diurnal outer segment phagocytosis and promotes VEGF-dependent neovascularization. The prevalence of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in MFGE8 was studied in two exsudative or “wet” Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) groups and two corresponding control groups. We studied the effect of MFGE8 deficiency on retinal homeostasis with age and on choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in mice.
Methods: The distribution of the SNP (rs4945 and rs1878326) of MFGE8 was analyzed in two groups of patients with “wet” AMD and their age-matched controls from Germany and France. MFGE8-expressing cells were identified in Mfge8+/− mice expressing ß-galactosidase. Aged Mfge8+/− and Mfge8−/− mice were studied by funduscopy, histology, electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts of the choroid, and after laser-induced CNV.
Results: rs1878326 was associated with AMD in the French and German group. The Mfge8 promoter is highly active in photoreceptors but not in retinal pigment epithelium cells. Mfge8−/− mice did not differ from controls in terms of fundus appearance, photoreceptor cell layers, choroidal architecture or laser-induced CNV. In contrast, the Bruch's membrane (BM) was slightly but significantly thicker in Mfge8−/− mice as compared to controls.
Conclusions: Despite a reproducible minor increase of rs1878326 in AMD patients and a very modest increase in BM in Mfge8−/− mice, our data suggests that MFGE8 dysfunction does not play a critical role in the pathogenesis of AMD.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of cognitive functions. Today the diagnosis of AD relies on clinical evaluations and is only late in the disease. Biomarkers for early detection of the underlying neuropathological changes are still lacking and the biochemical pathways leading to the disease are still not completely understood. The aim of this study was to identify the metabolic changes resulting from the disease phenotype by a thorough and systematic metabolite profiling approach. For this purpose CSF samples from 79 AD patients and 51 healthy controls were analyzed by gas and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS and LC-MS/MS) in conjunction with univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. In total 343 different analytes have been identified. Significant changes in the metabolite profile of AD patients compared to healthy controls have been identified. Increased cortisol levels seemed to be related to the progression of AD and have been detected in more severe forms of AD. Increased cysteine associated with decreased uridine was the best paired combination to identify light AD (MMSE>22) with specificity and sensitivity above 75%. In this group of patients, sensitivity and specificity above 80% were obtained for several combinations of three to five metabolites, including cortisol and various amino acids, in addition to cysteine and uridine.
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) catalyzes the two initial steps in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes (LT), a group of inflammatory lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid. Here, we investigated the regulation of 5-LO mRNA expression by alternative splicing and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). In the present study, we report the identification of 2 truncated transcripts and 4 novel 5-LO splice variants containing premature termination codons (PTC). The characterization of one of the splice variants, 5-LOΔ3, revealed that it is a target for NMD since knockdown of the NMD factors UPF1, UPF2 and UPF3b in the human monocytic cell line Mono Mac 6 (MM6) altered the expression of 5-LOΔ3 mRNA up to 2-fold in a cell differentiation-dependent manner suggesting that cell differentiation alters the composition or function of the NMD complex. In contrast, the mature 5-LO mRNA transcript was not affected by UPF knockdown. Thus, the data suggest that the coupling of alternative splicing and NMD is involved in the regulation of 5-LO gene expression.
Debt-induced crises, including the subprime, are usually attributed exclusively to supply-side factors. We examine the role of social influences on debt culture, emanating from perceived average income of peers. Utilizing unique information from a household survey representative of the Dutch population, that circumvents the issue of defining the social circle, we consider collateralized, consumer, and informal loans. We find robust social effects on borrowing, especially among those who consider themselves poorer than their peers; and on indebtedness, suggesting a link to financial distress. We employ a number of approaches to rule out spurious associations and to handle correlated effects.
Trading under limited pre-trade transparency becomes increasingly popular on financial markets. We provide first evidence on traders’ use of (completely) hidden orders which might be placed even inside of the (displayed) bid-ask spread. Employing TotalView-ITCH data on order messages at NASDAQ, we propose a simple method to conduct statistical inference on the location of hidden depth and to test economic hypotheses. Analyzing a wide cross-section of stocks, we show that market conditions reflected by the (visible) bid-ask spread, (visible) depth, recent price movements and trading signals significantly affect the aggressiveness of ’dark’ liquidity supply and thus the ’hidden spread’. Our evidence suggests that traders balance hidden order placements to (i) compete for the provision of (hidden) liquidity and (ii) protect themselves against adverse selection, front-running as well as ’hidden order detection strategies’ used by high-frequency traders. Accordingly, our results show that hidden liquidity locations are predictable given the observable state of the market.
In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, the state of macroeconomic modeling and the use of macroeconomic models in policy analysis has come under heavy criticism. Macroeconomists in academia and policy institutions have been blamed for relying too much on a particular class of macroeconomic models. This paper proposes a comparative approach to macroeconomic policy analysis that is open to competing modeling paradigms. Macroeconomic model comparison projects have helped produce some very influential insights such as the Taylor rule. However, they have been infrequent and costly, because they require the input of many teams of researchers and multiple meetings to obtain a limited set of comparative findings. This paper provides a new approach that enables individual researchers to conduct model comparisons easily, frequently, at low cost and on a large scale. Using this approach a model archive is built that includes many well-known empirically estimated models that may be used for quantitative analysis of monetary and fiscal stabilization policies. A computational platform is created that allows straightforward comparisons of models’ implications. Its application is illustrated by comparing different monetary and fiscal policies across selected models. Researchers can easily include new models in the data base and compare the effects of novel extensions to established benchmarks thereby fostering a comparative instead of insular approach to model development.
How do changes in market structure affect the US business cycle? We estimate a monetary DSGE model with endogenous
rm/product entry and a translog expenditure function by Bayesian methods. The dynamics of net business formation allow us to identify the 'competition effect', by which desired price markups and inflation decrease when entry rises. We
find that a 1 percent increase in the number of competitors lowers desired markups by 0.18 percent. Most of the cyclical variability in inflation is driven by markup fluctuations due to sticky prices or exogenous shocks rather than endogenous changes in desired markups.
This paper characterises optimal monetary policy in an economy with endogenous
firm entry, a cash-in-advance constraint and preset wages. Firms must make pro
fits to cover entry costs; thus the markup on goods prices is efficient. However, because leisure is not priced at a markup, the consumption-leisure tradeoff is distorted. Consequently, the real wage, hours and production are suboptimally low. Due to the labour requirement in entry, insufficient labour supply also implies that entry is too low. The paper shows that in the absence of
fiscal instruments such as labour income subsidies, the optimal monetary policy under sticky wages achieves higher welfare than under flexible wages. The policy maker uses the money supply instrument to raise the real wage - the cost of leisure - above its flexible-wage level, in response to expansionary shocks to productivity and entry costs. This raises labour supply, expanding production and
rm entry.
In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, the state of macroeconomicmodeling and the use of macroeconomic models in policy analysis has come under heavy criticism. Macroeconomists in academia and policy institutions have been blamed for relying too much on a particular class of macroeconomic models. This paper proposes a comparative approach to macroeconomic policy analysis that is open to competing modeling paradigms. Macroeconomic model comparison projects have helped produce some very influential insights such as the Taylor rule. However, they have been infrequent and costly, because they require the input of many teams of researchers and multiple meetings to obtain a limited set of comparative findings. This paper provides a new approach that enables individual researchers to conduct model comparisons easily, frequently, at low cost and on a large scale. Using this approach a model archive is built that includes many well-known empirically estimated models that may be used for quantitative analysis of monetary and fiscal stabilization policies. A computational platform is created that allows straightforward comparisons of models’ implications. Its application is illustrated by comparing different monetary and fiscal policies across selected models. Researchers can easily include new models in the data base and compare the effects of novel extensions to established benchmarks thereby fostering a comparative instead of insular approach to model development
Background: After focal neuronal injury the endocannabinioid system becomes activated and protects or harms neurons depending on cannabinoid derivates and receptor subtypes. Endocannabinoids (eCBs) play a central role in controlling local responses and influencing neural plasticity and survival. However, little is known about the functional relevance of eCBs in long-range projection damage as observed in stroke or spinal cord injury (SCI).
Methods: In rat organotypic entorhino-hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC) as a relevant and suitable model for investigating projection fibers in the CNS we performed perforant pathway transection (PPT) and subsequently analyzed the spatial and temporal dynamics of eCB levels. This approach allows proper distinction of responses in originating neurons (entorhinal cortex), areas of deafferentiation/anterograde axonal degeneration (dentate gyrus) and putative changes in more distant but synaptically connected subfields (cornu ammonis (CA) 1 region).
Results: Using LC-MS/MS, we measured a strong increase in arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA), oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) levels in the denervation zone (dentate gyrus) 24 hours post lesion (hpl), whereas entorhinal cortex and CA1 region exhibited little if any changes. NAPE-PLD, responsible for biosynthesis of eCBs, was increased early, whereas FAAH, a catabolizing enzyme, was up-regulated 48hpl.
Conclusion: Neuronal damage as assessed by transection of long-range projections apparently provides a strong time-dependent and area-confined signal for de novo synthesis of eCB, presumably to restrict neuronal damage. The present data underlines the importance of activation of the eCB system in CNS pathologies and identifies a novel site-specific intrinsic regulation of eCBs after long-range projection damage.
Sucrose is known to repress the translation of Arabidopsis thaliana AtbZIP11 transcript which encodes a protein belonging to the group of S (S - stands for small) basic region-leucine zipper (bZIP)-type transcription factor. This repression is called sucrose-induced repression of translation (SIRT). It is mediated through the sucrose-controlled upstream open reading frame (SC-uORF) found in the AtbZIP11 transcript. The SIRT is reported for 4 other genes belonging to the group of S bZIP in Arabidopsis. Tobacco tbz17 is phylogenetically closely related to AtbZIP11 and carries a putative SC-uORF in its 5′-leader region. Here we demonstrate that tbz17 exhibits SIRT mediated by its SC-uORF in a manner similar to genes belonging to the S bZIP group of the Arabidopsis genus. Furthermore, constitutive transgenic expression of tbz17 lacking its 5′-leader region containing the SC-uORF leads to production of tobacco plants with thicker leaves composed of enlarged cells with 3–4 times higher sucrose content compared to wild type plants. Our finding provides a novel strategy to generate plants with high sucrose content.
Freshwater biodiversity has declined dramatically in Europe in recent decades. Because of massive habitat pollution and morphological degradation of water bodies, many once widespread species persist in small fractions of their original range. These range contractions are generally believed to be accompanied by loss of intraspecific genetic diversity, due to the reduction of effective population sizes and the extinction of regional genetic lineages. We aimed to assess the loss of genetic diversity and its significance for future potential reintroduction of the long-tailed mayfly Palingenia longicauda (Olivier), which experienced approximately 98% range loss during the past century. Analysis of 936 bp of mitochondrial DNA of 245 extant specimens across the current range revealed a surprisingly large number of haplotypes (87), and a high level of haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.875). In contrast, historic specimens (6) from the lost range (Rhine catchment) were not differentiated from the extant Rába population (F ST = 0.02, p = 0.61), despite considerable geographic distance separating the two rivers. These observations can be explained by an overlap of the current with the historic (Pleistocene) refugia of the species. Most likely, the massive recent range loss mainly affected the range which was occupied by rapid post-glacial dispersal. We conclude that massive range losses do not necessarily coincide with genetic impoverishment and that a species' history must be considered when estimating loss of genetic diversity. The assessment of spatial genetic structures and prior phylogeographic information seems essential to conserve once widespread species.
Background: Human Parvovirus B19 (PVB19) has been associated with myocarditis putative due to endothelial infection. Whether PVB19 infects endothelial cells and causes a modification of endothelial function and inflammation and, thus, disturbance of microcirculation has not been elucidated and could not be visualized so far.
Methods and Findings: To examine the PVB19-induced endothelial modification, we used green fluorescent protein (GFP) color reporter gene in the non-structural segment 1 (NS1) of PVB19. NS1-GFP-PVB19 or GFP plasmid as control were transfected in an endothelial-like cell line (ECV304). The endothelial surface expression of intercellular-adhesion molecule-1 (CD54/ICAM-1) and extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN/CD147) were evaluated by flow cytometry after NS-1-GFP or control-GFP transfection. To evaluate platelet adhesion on NS-1 transfected ECs, we performed a dynamic adhesion assay (flow chamber). NS-1 transfection causes endothelial activation and enhanced expression of ICAM-1 (CD54: mean±standard deviation: NS1-GFP vs. control-GFP: 85.3±11.2 vs. 61.6±8.1; P<0.05) and induces endothelial expression of EMMPRIN/CD147 (CD147: mean±SEM: NS1-GFP vs. control-GFP: 114±15.3 vs. 80±0.91; P<0.05) compared to control-GFP transfected cells. Dynamic adhesion assays showed that adhesion of platelets is significantly enhanced on NS1 transfected ECs when compared to control-GFP (P<0.05). The transfection of ECs was verified simultaneously through flow cytometry, immunofluorescence microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis.
Conclusions: GFP color reporter gene shows transfection of ECs and may help to visualize NS1-PVB19 induced endothelial activation and platelet adhesion as well as an enhanced monocyte adhesion directly, providing in vitro evidence of possible microcirculatory dysfunction in PVB19-induced myocarditis and, thus, myocardial tissue damage.
The human DNA mismatch repair (MMR) process is crucial to maintain the integrity of the genome and requires many different proteins which interact perfectly and coordinated. Germline mutations in MMR genes are responsible for the development of the hereditary form of colorectal cancer called Lynch syndrome. Various mutations mainly in two MMR proteins, MLH1 and MSH2, have been identified so far, whereas 55% are detected within MLH1, the essential component of the heterodimer MutLα (MLH1 and PMS2). Most of those MLH1 variants are pathogenic but the relevance of missense mutations often remains unclear. Many different recombinant systems are applied to filter out disease-associated proteins whereby fluorescent tagged proteins are frequently used. However, dye labeling might have deleterious effects on MutLα's functionality. Therefore, we analyzed the consequences of N- and C-terminal fluorescent labeling on expression level, cellular localization and MMR activity of MutLα. Besides significant influence of GFP- or Red-fusion on protein expression we detected incorrect shuttling of single expressed C-terminal GFP-tagged PMS2 into the nucleus and found that C-terminal dye labeling impaired MMR function of MutLα. In contrast, N-terminal tagged MutLαs retained correct functionality and can be recommended both for the analysis of cellular localization and MMR efficiency.
Infants' poor motor abilities limit their interaction with their environment and render studying infant cognition notoriously difficult. Exceptions are eye movements, which reach high accuracy early, but generally do not allow manipulation of the physical environment. In this study, real-time eye tracking is used to put 6- and 8-month-old infants in direct control of their visual surroundings to study the fundamental problem of discovery of agency, i.e. the ability to infer that certain sensory events are caused by one's own actions. We demonstrate that infants quickly learn to perform eye movements to trigger the appearance of new stimuli and that they anticipate the consequences of their actions in as few as 3 trials. Our findings show that infants can rapidly discover new ways of controlling their environment. We suggest that gaze-contingent paradigms offer effective new ways for studying many aspects of infant learning and cognition in an interactive fashion and provide new opportunities for behavioral training and treatment in infants.
We present a computational method for the reaction-based de novo design of drug-like molecules. The software DOGS (Design of Genuine Structures) features a ligand-based strategy for automated ‘in silico’ assembly of potentially novel bioactive compounds. The quality of the designed compounds is assessed by a graph kernel method measuring their similarity to known bioactive reference ligands in terms of structural and pharmacophoric features. We implemented a deterministic compound construction procedure that explicitly considers compound synthesizability, based on a compilation of 25'144 readily available synthetic building blocks and 58 established reaction principles. This enables the software to suggest a synthesis route for each designed compound. Two prospective case studies are presented together with details on the algorithm and its implementation. De novo designed ligand candidates for the human histamine H4 receptor and γ-secretase were synthesized as suggested by the software. The computational approach proved to be suitable for scaffold-hopping from known ligands to novel chemotypes, and for generating bioactive molecules with drug-like properties.
Background: During early stages of brain development, secreted molecules, components of intracellular signaling pathways and transcriptional regulators act in positive and negative feed-back or feed-forward loops at the mid-hindbrain boundary. These genetic interactions are of central importance for the specification and subsequent development of the adjacent mid- and hindbrain. Much less, however, is known about the regulatory relationship and functional interaction of molecules that are expressed in the tectal anlage after tectal fate specification has taken place and tectal development has commenced.
Results: Here, we provide experimental evidence for reciprocal regulation and subsequent cooperation of the paired-type transcription factors Pax3, Pax7 and the TALE-homeodomain protein Meis2 in the tectal anlage. Using in ovo electroporation of the mesencephalic vesicle of chick embryos we show that (i) Pax3 and Pax7 mutually regulate each other's expression in the mesencephalic vesicle, (ii) Meis2 acts downstream of Pax3/7 and requires balanced expression levels of both proteins, and (iii) Meis2 physically interacts with Pax3 and Pax7. These results extend our previous observation that Meis2 cooperates with Otx2 in tectal development to include Pax3 and Pax7 as Meis2 interacting proteins in the tectal anlage.
Conclusion: The results described here suggest a model in which interdependent regulatory loops involving Pax3 and Pax7 in the dorsal mesencephalic vesicle modulate Meis2 expression. Physical interaction with Meis2 may then confer tectal specificity to a wide range of otherwise broadly expressed transcriptional regulators, including Otx2, Pax3 and Pax7.
Background: The European Centres of Reference Network for Cystic Fibrosis (ECORN-CF) established an Internet forum which provides the opportunity for CF patients and other interested people to ask experts questions about CF in their mother language. The objectives of this study were to: 1. develop a detailed quality assessment tool to analyze quality of expert answers, 2. evaluate the intra- and inter-rater agreement of this tool, and 3. explore changes in the quality of expert answers over the time frame of the project.
Methods: The quality assessment tool was developed by an expert panel. Five experts within the ECORN-CF project used the quality assessment tool to analyze the quality of 108 expert answers published on ECORN-CF from six language zones. 25 expert answers were scored at two time points, one year apart. Quality of answers was also assessed at an early and later period of the project. Individual rater scores and group mean scores were analyzed for each expert answer.
Results: A scoring system and training manual were developed analyzing two quality categories of answers: content and formal quality. For content quality, the grades based on group mean scores for all raters showed substantial agreement between two time points, however this was not the case for the grades based on individual rater scores. For formal quality the grades based on group mean scores showed only slight agreement between two time points and there was also poor agreement between time points for the individual grades. The inter-rater agreement for content quality was fair (mean kappa value 0.232+/-0.036, p<0.001) while only slight agreement was observed for the grades of the formal quality (mean kappa value 0.105+/-0.024, p<0.001). The quality of expert answers was rated high (four language zones) or satisfactory (two language zones) and did not change over time.
Conclusions: The quality assessment tool described in this study was feasible and reliable when content quality was assessed by a group of raters. Within ECORN-CF, the tool will help ensure that CF patients all over Europe have equal possibility of access to high quality expert advice on their illness.
The present study addresses the problem whether negative priming (NP) is due to information processing in perception, recognition or selection. We argue that most NP studies confound priming and perceptual similarity of prime-probe episodes and implement a color-switch paradigm in order to resolve the issue. In a series of three identity negative priming experiments with verbal naming response, we determined when NP and positive priming (PP) occur during a trial. The first experiment assessed the impact of target color on priming effects. It consisted of two blocks, each with a different fixed target color. With respect to target color no differential priming effects were found. In Experiment 2 the target color was indicated by a cue for each trial. Here we resolved the confounding of perceptual similarity and priming condition. In trials with coinciding colors for prime and probe, we found priming effects similar to Experiment 1. However, trials with a target color switch showed such effects only in trials with role-reversal (distractor-to-target or target-to-distractor), whereas the positive priming (PP) effect in the target-repetition trials disappeared. Finally, Experiment 3 split trial processing into two phases by presenting the trial-wise color cue only after the stimulus objects had been recognized. We found recognition in every priming condition to be faster than in control trials. We were hence led to the conclusion that PP is strongly affected by perception, in contrast to NP which emerges during selection, i.e., the two effects cannot be explained by a single mechanism.
Few studies have looked at the potential of using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in conjunction with machine learning algorithms in order to automate the classification of healthy older subjects and subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Here we apply DTI to 40 healthy older subjects and 33 MCI subjects in order to derive values for multiple indices of diffusion within the white matter voxels of each subject. DTI measures were then used together with support vector machines (SVMs) to classify control and MCI subjects. Greater than 90% sensitivity and specificity was achieved using this method, demonstrating the potential of a joint DTI and SVM pipeline for fast, objective classification of healthy older and MCI subjects. Such tools may be useful for large scale drug trials in Alzheimer’s disease where the early identification of subjects with MCI is critical.
Place based frequency discrimination (tonotopy) is a fundamental property of the coiled mammalian cochlea. Sound vibrations mechanically conducted to the hearing organ manifest themselves into slow moving waves that travel along the length of the organ, also referred to as traveling waves. These traveling waves form the basis of the tonotopic frequency representation in the inner ear of mammals. However, so far, due to the secure housing of the inner ear, these waves only could be measured partially over small accessible regions of the inner ear in a living animal. Here, we demonstrate the existence of tonotopically ordered traveling waves covering most of the length of a miniature hearing organ in the leg of bushcrickets in vivo using laser Doppler vibrometery. The organ is only 1 mm long and its geometry allowed us to investigate almost the entire length with a wide range of stimuli (6 to 60 kHz). The tonotopic location of the traveling wave peak was exponentially related to stimulus frequency. The traveling wave propagated along the hearing organ from the distal (high frequency) to the proximal (low frequency) part of the leg, which is opposite to the propagation direction of incoming sound waves. In addition, we observed a non-linear compression of the velocity response to varying sound pressure levels. The waves are based on the delicate micromechanics of cellular structures different to those of mammals. Hence place based frequency discrimination by traveling waves is a physical phenomenon that presumably evolved in mammals and bushcrickets independently.
Introduction: Despite the excellent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive action of glucocorticoids (GCs), their use for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) still carries significant risks in terms of frequently occurring severe side effects, such as the impairment of intestinal tissue repair. The recently-introduced selective glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonists (SEGRAs) offer anti-inflammatory action comparable to that of common GCs, but with a reduced side effect profile.
Methods: The in vitro effects of the non-steroidal SEGRAs Compound A (CpdA) and ZK216348, were investigated in intestinal epithelial cells and compared to those of Dexamethasone (Dex). GR translocation was shown by immunfluorescence and Western blot analysis. Trans-repressive effects were studied by means of NF-κB/p65 activity and IL-8 levels, trans-activation potency by reporter gene assay. Flow cytometry was used to assess apoptosis of cells exposed to SEGRAs. The effects on IEC-6 and HaCaT cell restitution were determined using an in vitro wound healing model, cell proliferation by BrdU assay. In addition, influences on the TGF-β- or EGF/ERK1/2/MAPK-pathway were evaluated by reporter gene assay, Western blot and qPCR analysis.
Results: Dex, CpdA and ZK216348 were found to be functional GR agonists. In terms of trans-repression, CpdA and ZK216348 effectively inhibited NF-κB activity and IL-8 secretion, but showed less trans-activation potency. Furthermore, unlike SEGRAs, Dex caused a dose-dependent inhibition of cell restitution with no effect on cell proliferation. These differences in epithelial restitution were TGF-β-independent but Dex inhibited the EGF/ERK1/2/MAPK-pathway important for intestinal epithelial wound healing by induction of MKP-1 and Annexin-1 which was not affected by CpdA or ZK216348.
Conclusion: Collectively, our results indicate that, while their anti-inflammatory activity is comparable to Dex, SEGRAs show fewer side effects with respect to wound healing. The fact that SEGRAs did not have a similar effect on cell restitution might be due to a different modulation of EGF/ERK1/2 MAPK signalling.
Ubiquitination now ranks with phosphorylation as one of the best-studied post-translational modifications of proteins with broad regulatory roles across all of biology. Ubiquitination usually involves the addition of ubiquitin chains to target protein molecules, and these may be of eight different types, seven of which involve the linkage of one of the seven internal lysine (K) residues in one ubiquitin molecule to the carboxy-terminal diglycine of the next. In the eighth, the so-called linear ubiquitin chains, the linkage is between the amino-terminal amino group of methionine on a ubiquitin that is conjugated with a target protein and the carboxy-terminal carboxy group of the incoming ubiquitin. Physiological roles are well established for K48-linked chains, which are essential for signaling proteasomal degradation of proteins, and for K63-linked chains, which play a part in recruitment of DNA repair enzymes, cell signaling and endocytosis. We focus here on linear ubiquitin chains, how they are assembled, and how three different avenues of research have indicated physiological roles for linear ubiquitination in innate and adaptive immunity and suppression of inflammation.
Ubiquitin ligases and beyond
(2012)
First paragraph (this article has no abstract): In a review published in 2004 [1] and that still repays reading today, Cecile Pickart traced the evolution of research on ubiquitination from its origins in the proteasomal degradation of proteins through the revelation that it has a central role in cell cycle regulation and the recognition of regulatory roles for ubiquitin in intracellular membrane transport, cell signalling, transcription, translation, and DNA repair.
Synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) at spinal neurons directly communicating pain-specific inputs from the periphery to the brain has been proposed to serve as a trigger for pain hypersensitivity in pathological states. Previous studies have functionally implicated the NMDA receptor-NO pathway and the downstream second messenger, cGMP, in these processes. Because cGMP can broadly influence diverse ion-channels, kinases, and phosphodiesterases, pre- as well as post-synaptically, the precise identity of cGMP targets mediating spinal LTP, their mechanisms of action, and their locus in the spinal circuitry are still unclear. Here, we found that Protein Kinase G1 (PKG-I) localized presynaptically in nociceptor terminals plays an essential role in the expression of spinal LTP. Using the Cre-lox P system, we generated nociceptor-specific knockout mice lacking PKG-I specifically in presynaptic terminals of nociceptors in the spinal cord, but not in post-synaptic neurons or elsewhere (SNS-PKG-I−/− mice). Patch clamp recordings showed that activity-induced LTP at identified synapses between nociceptors and spinal neurons projecting to the periaqueductal grey (PAG) was completely abolished in SNS-PKG-I−/− mice, although basal synaptic transmission was not affected. Analyses of synaptic failure rates and paired-pulse ratios indicated a role for presynaptic PKG-I in regulating the probability of neurotransmitter release. Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor 1 and myosin light chain kinase were recruited as key phosphorylation targets of presynaptic PKG-I in nociceptive neurons. Finally, behavioural analyses in vivo showed marked defects in SNS-PKG-I−/− mice in several models of activity-induced nociceptive hypersensitivity, and pharmacological studies identified a clear contribution of PKG-I expressed in spinal terminals of nociceptors. Our results thus indicate that presynaptic mechanisms involving an increase in release probability from nociceptors are operational in the expression of synaptic LTP on spinal-PAG projection neurons and that PKG-I localized in presynaptic nociceptor terminals plays an essential role in this process to regulate pain sensitivity.
We investigate the decisions of listed firms to go private once again. We start by revealing that while a significant number of firms which go public is VC-backed, an overproportional share of these VC-backed firms go private later on (they stay on the exchange for an average of 8.5 years). We interpret this very robust pattern such that IPOs of VC-backed firms are to a large extent a temporary rather than a permanent feature of the corporate governance of these firms. We investigate various potential hypotheses why VCs actually seem to be able to bring marginal firms to the exchange by relating the going-private decisions to various characteristics of the IPO market as well as to VC characteristics. We find strong support for the certification ability of VCs: more experienced and reputable VCs are more able to bring marginal firms to public exchanges via an IPOs. These marginal firms backed-by more reputable and experienced VCs are more likely to go private later on. Hence, our analysis suggests that IPOs backed by experienced VCs are most likely to be a temporary rather than the final stage in the life of the portfolio firm. We find no support that reputable VCs underprice their IPO-exits more implying that they have no need to leave more money on the table to take the marginal firms public.
Diatoms contribute largely to the total primary production of the ecosphere and are key players in global biogeochemical cycles. Their chloroplasts are surrounded by four membranes owing to their secondary endosymbiotic origin. Their thylakoids are arranged into three parallel bands and differentiation of thylakoid membranes into grana or stroma is not observed. The fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c binding proteins act as the light harvesting proteins and play a role in photoprotection during excess light as well. The diatom genome encodes three different families of antenna proteins. Family I are the classical light harvesting proteins called "Lhcf". Family II are the red algae related Lhca-R1/2 proteins called "Lhcr" and family III are the photoprotective LI818 related proteins called "Lhcx".
All known Fcps have a molecular weight in the range of 17-23 kDa. They are membrane proteins and have shorter loops and termini compared to LHCs of higher plants and are therefore extremely hydrophobic. This makes the isolation of single specific Fcps using routine protein purification techniques difficult.
The purification of a specific Fcp containing complex has not been achieved so far and until this is done several questions concerning light harvesting antenna systems of diatoms cannot be answered. For e.g. Which proteins interact specifically? Are various Fcps differently pigmented? Which pigments interact with each other and how? Which proteins contribute to photosystem specific antenna systems? Can pure Fcps be reconstituted into crystals like LHCII proteins? In order to answer these questions specific Fcp containing complexes have to be purified. ...
The miniaturization of electronics is reaching its limits. Structures necessary to build integrated circuits from semiconductors are shrinking and could reach the size of only a few atoms within the next few years. It will be at the latest at this point in time that the physics of nanostructures gains importance in our every day life. This thesis deals with the physics of quantum impurity models. All models of this class exhibit an identical structure: the simple and small impurity only has few degrees of freedom. It can be built out of a small number of atoms or a single molecule, for example. In the simplest case it can be described by a single spin degree of freedom, in many quantum impurity models, it can be treated exactly. The complexity of the description arises from its coupling to a large number of fermionic or bosonic degrees of freedom (large meaning that we have to deal with particle numbers of the order of 10^{23}). An exact treatment thus remains impossible. At the same time, physical effects which arise in quantum impurity systems often cannot be described within a perturbative theory, since multiple energy scales may play an important role. One example for such an effect is the Kondo effect, where the free magnetic moment of the impurity is screened by a "cloud" of fermionic particles of the quantum bath.
The Kondo effect is only one example for the rich physics stemming from correlation effects in many body systems. Quantum impurity models, and the oftentimes related Kondo effect, have regained the attention of experimental and theoretical physicists since the advent of quantum dots, which are sometimes also referred to as as artificial atoms. Quantum dots offer a unprecedented control and tunability of many system parameters. Hence, they constitute a nice "playground" for fundamental research, while being promising candidates for building blocks of future technological devices as well.
Recently Loss' and DiVincenzo's p roposal of a quantum computing scheme based on spins in quantum dots, increased the efforts of experimentalists to coherently manipulate and read out the spins of quantum dots one by one. In this context two topics are of paramount importance for future quantum information processing: since decoherence times have to be large enough to allow for good error correction schemes, understanding the loss of phase coherence in quantum impurity systems is a prerequisite for quantum computation in these systems. Nonequilibrium phenomena in quantum impurity systems also have to be understood, before one may gain control of manipulating quantum bits.
As a first step towards more complicated nonequilibrium situations, the reaction of a system to a quantum quench, i.e. a sudden change of external fields or other parameters of the system can be investigated. We give an introduction to a powerful numerical method used in this field of research, the numerical renormalization group method, and apply this method and its recent enhancements to various quantum impurity systems.
The main part of this thesis may be structured in the following way:
- Ferromagnetic Kondo Model,
- Spin-Dynamics in the Anisotropic Kondo and the Spin-Boson Model,
- Two Ising-coupled Spins in a Bosonic Bath,
- Decoherence in an Aharanov-Bohm Interferometer.