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Institute
- Physik (3498) (remove)
The Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment [1] is a fixed target heavy-ion experiment that will operate at the international Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) [2] now under construction in Darmstadt, Germany. The experiment intends to study rare probes, which are emitted from heavy ion collisions with a beam energy of 4 to 45 AGeV. A focus is laid to the short lived open charm particles and to particles decaying into di-lepton pairs. Handling the up to 107 Au+Au collisions/s required for generating those probes with sufficient statistics, as much as reaching the required sensitivity for observing them, forms a major challenge for the silicon detectors of the experiment. We present the concept and the development status of two central detectors of CBM, the CMOS pixel based micro vertex detector (MVD) and the micro-strip detector based silicon tracking system (STS).
22nd International Workshop on Vertex Detectors, 15-20 September 2013 Lake Starnberg, Germany
According to the standard model of particle physics, the most fundamental building blocks of the known matter are quarks and leptons, while the interactions between these fundamental objects is mediated through bosons. On one hand the leptons can exist in nature as individual particles, while on the other hand quarks appear always as bound states called hadrons. The knowledge that hadrons are built from more fundamental particles dates back to the second half of the 20th century when the work by Gell-Mann and Zweig led to the development of the quark model. The experimental proof that the hadrons are bound objects composed of more elementary particles was done through the study of deep inelastic scattering of electrons off protons. These experiments were done in a similar fashion to the studies of the atomic model led by Rutherford at the beginning of the 20th century. Further experimental analysis led to the conclusion that a large fraction of the proton momentum is not carried alone by the quarks, but by the bosons that mediate the strong interaction called gluons. The cleanest experimental signature for the existence of the gluons came from electron-positron annihilation experiments, where a quark-antiquark pair is created and one of the quarks radiates a hard gluon. Due to confinement neither the quarks nor the gluon can be observed directly, but are measured experimentally as three collimated showers of particles named jets. Since the ground breaking experiments performed at DESY, jets have provided a tool to study the properties of quarks and gluons...
Design and optimization of the lattice of the superconducting synchrotron SIS300 for slow extraction
(2011)
The superconducting synchrotron SIS300 is planned to be built at the new Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR), at GSI-Darmstadt [1]. SIS300 will be a versatile machine, which by means of a low-energy stretcher-mode or a high-energy ramped-mode will provide slowly extracted heavy ion beams towards the experimental areas. To reach the required maximum field of 4.5 T, cos(θ) magnets are necessary. Thus, SIS300 will become the first superconducting synchrotron worldwide with cos(θ) magnets providing resonant slow extraction.
Since SIS300 will be installed in the same tunnel as the SIS100 synchrotron, the dipole layout of SIS300 cannot be freely chosen. Thus, a standard lattice cannot be applied. A redesign of the SIS300 lattice accepting compromises concerning the positions and phase advances between the optical elements has been proposed. Using the analytical model of the slow extraction, firstly proposed by Kobayashi, and the analytical description of the resonance driving modes, a multiobjective optimization algorithm has been developed for the optimization of the lattice under the given boundary conditions. The final goal of the lattice optimization is a higher efficiency of the slow extraction. The results are evaluated by means of tracking simulations performed with the code Elegant.
The field quality in superconducting cos(θ) magnets is determined by the positions of the superconducting cable and the static and time-dependent effects of the current in the cable. Furthermore, the fast ramp rates of 1 T/s in the dipoles, which are fifty times faster than in any other superconducting cos(θ) magnet, together with the fact that the aperture is smaller than in conventional accelerator magnets, makes it extremely difficult to obtain a high-quality magnetic field. The unavoidable field errors affect the beam dynamics and worsen the slow extraction efficiency. Therefore, the field errors in the SIS300 dipoles have been estimated, and their effects have been taken into account in the optimization algorithm. As a result a compensation scheme has been proposed, in which time-dependent gradients in the sextupoles counteract the decay of the sextupole field errors in the dipole magnets during the slow extraction. For the limits where the compensation was no longer possible, tolerances to the magnet field errors have been determined.
Atomistic molecular dynamics approach for channeling of charged particles in oriented crystals
(2015)
Der Gitterführungseffekt ist der Prozess der Ausbreitung von geladenen Teilchen entlang der Ebenen oder Achsen von kristallinen Materialien. Seit den 1960er Jahren ist dieser Effekt weitgehend theoretisch und experimentell untersucht worden. Dieser Effekt wurde für die Manipulation von Hochenergiestrahlen, die Hochpräzisionsstruktur- und -fehleranalyse von kristallinen Medien und die Herstellung von hochenergetischer Strahlung angewendet. Zur Abstimmung der Parameter der Gitterführung und Gitterführungsstrahlung wurde dieser Prozess für den Fall von künstlich nanostrukturierten Materialien, wie gebogenen Kristallen, Nanoröhren und Fullerit, angenommen. In den letzten Jahren wurde das Konzept des kristallinen Undulators formuliert und getestet, das besondere Eigenschaften der Strahlung aufgrund der Gitterführung von Projektilen in regelmäßig gebogenen Kristallen vorhersagt.
In dieser Arbeit werden die Prozesse der Gitterführung von Sub- und Multi-GeV-Elektronen und -Positronen durch den atomistischen Molekulardynamik-Ansatz untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studien wurden in einer Reihe von Artikeln während meiner Promotion in Frankfurt vorgestellt. Dieser Ansatz ermöglicht die Simulation komplexer Fälle von Gitterführung in geraden, gebogenen und periodisch gebogenen Kristallen aus reinen kristallinen Materialien und von gemischten Materialien wie Si-Ge-Kristallen, in mehrschichtigen und nanostrukturierten kristallinen Systemen. Die Arbeit beschreibt die Methode der Simulationen, stellt Ergebnisse von Simulationen für verschiedene Fälle vor und vergleicht die Ergebnisse von Simulationen mit aktuellen experimentellen Daten. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Schätzungen der dechanneling-Länge verglichen, dem Anteil der gittergeführten Projektile, der Winkelverteilung der ausgehenden Projektile und des Strahlungsspektrums.
The upcoming CBM Experiment at FAIR aims at exploring the region of highest net baryonic densities reproducible in energetic heavy ion collisions. Due to the very high beam intensities expected at FAIR, unprecedented data regarding rare observables such as charm quarks and hyperons will be accessible. Open charm mesons are particularly interesting, since they support the reconstruction of the total charm cross-section in order to search for exotic phenomena, e.g. a phase transition towards the quark-gluon plasma which is predicted by several theoretical models. Open charm studies will be performed via secondary vertex reconstruction with a suitable Micro-Vertex Detector (MVD). The CBM-MVD is currently in the development and prototyping phase with primary design goals concentrating on spatial resolution, radiation hardness, material budget, and readout performance. CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) provide an excellent spatial resolution for the MVD in the order of few um in combination with a low material budget (50 um thickness) and high radiation hardness. The active volume of the devices is formed from the epitaxial layer of standard CMOS wafers. This allows for integration of pixels together with analogue and digital data processing circuits on one single chip. This option was explored with the MIMOSA-26 prototype, which integrates functionalities like pedestal correction, correlated double sampling, discrimination and data sparsification based on zero suppression combined with a small and dense pixel matrix. The pixel array composed of 576 lines of 1152 pixels is read out in a column-parallel rolling shutter mode. One discriminator per column and the digital data processing circuits are located on the same chip in a 3 mm wide area beneath the pixel matrix allowing for binary hit encoding. This area also contains the circuits for pedestal correction and the configuration memory, which is programmed via JTAG. The preprocessed digital data is read out via two 80 Mbit/s LVDS links per sensor, which stream their data continuously based on a low-level protocol.
Within the scope of this thesis, a readout concept of the CBM-MVD is proposed and studied based on the current MIMOSA sensor generation. The backbone of the system is formed by the Readout Controller boards (ROCs) featuring FPGA microchips and optical links. Several ROC prototypes are considered using the synergy with the HADES Experiment. Finally, the TRB3 board is selected as a possible candidate for the initial FAIR experiments. Furthermore, a highly scalable, hardware independent FPGA firmware is implemented in order to steer and read out multiple MIMOSA-26 sensors. The reconfigurable firmware is also designed with the support for future MIMOSA sensor generations. The free-streaming sensor data is deserialized and error-checked, prior to its transmission over a suitable network interface. In order to demonstrate the validity of the concept, a readout network similar to the HADES Data Acquisition (DAQ) system is developed. The ROC is tested on the HADES TRB2 boards and data is acquired using suitable MAPS add-on boards and the TrbNet protocol.
In the context of the CBM-MVD prototype project, a readout network with 12 MIMOSA-26 sensors has been prepared for an in-beam test at the CERN SPS facility. A comprehensive control system is designed comprising customized software tools. The subsequent in-beam test is used to validate the design choices. As a result, the system could be operated synchronously and dead-time free for several days. The readout network behavior in a realistic operating environment has been carefully studied with the outcome the the TrbNet based approach handles the MVD prototype setup without any difficulties. A procedure to keep the sensors synchronous even in case of a data overflow has been pioneered as well. After the beam test, improvements and conceptual changes to the readout systems are being addressed which allow an integration into the global CBM DAQ system.
The implementation of pump-probe experiments with ultrashort laser pulses enables the study of dynamical processes in atoms or molecules, which may provide a deeper inside in their physical origin. The application of this method to systems as nitrous oxide, which is not only a simple example for polyatomic molecules but which also plays a crucial role in the greenhouse effect, promises interesting and beneficial findings. This thesis presents, on the one hand, the technical extension of an existing experimental setup for high-harmonic generation (HHG) and ultra-fast laser physics by an extreme ultraviolet (XUV) spectrometer for the in-situ observation of the harmonic spectrum during ongoing measurements. The present setup enables the production of short laser pulse trains in the XUV spectral range with durations of a few hundred attoseconds (1 as = 10^−18 s) via HHG and supports to perform XUV-IR pump-probe experiments using the infrared (IR) driving field with durations of a few femtoseconds. Moreover, a reaction microscope is implemented, which enables the coincident detection of several charged particles emerging from an ionization or dissociation process and to reconstruct their full 3-D-momentum vectors. With this technique it is possible to perform time-resolved momentum spectroscopy of few-particle quantum systems. Here, the design and the calibration of the XUV spectrometer is presented as well as a first application to the analysis of experimental data by providing information on the produced photon energies. On the other hand, the results of an XUV-pump IR-probe measurement on nitrous oxide (N2O) are discussed. With the broad harmonic spectrum (∼ 17 − 45 eV) it is possible to address several states of the singly and doubly ionized cation. One reaction channel is the single ionization into a stable state of N2O+. Here, the coincidently measured photoelectron energies allow the observation of sidebands, which served to estimate the pulse durations of the involved XUV pulse trains as well as of the fundamental IR pulses. Additionally, single ionization of nitrous oxide can lead to a dissociation into a charged and a neutral fragment. The four respective dissociation channels are compared by presenting their branching ratios, kinetic energy release (KER) distributions and their dependencies on the time delay between pump and probe pulse. In the production of the dication, there are two competitive processes: direct double ionization considering photon energies above the double-ionization threshold, and autoionization of singly ionized and excited molecules in the case of photon energies near the double-ionization threshold. In both cases, the ionization leads to a Coulomb explosion into two charged fragments, where the N − N bond or the N − O bond may dissociate. The influence of the IR-probe field on the ionization yield and the KER was investigated for both dissociation channels and compared. In addition, the corresponding photoelectron energy spectra are presented, which show indications for autoionizing states being involved, and their dependence on the delay and the KER of the respective ions is analyzed.
Within the nucleosynthetic processes of the slow neutron-capture reaction network (called the s process) the so called branching points, unstable isotopes where different nuclear reactions are competing, are important to understand . For modeling and calculating the nucleosynthesis and compare the resulting abundances to the observed ones, it is indispensable to know the branching ratios as well as the corresponding cross sections.
A great challenge in measuring those rates in experiments may be the radioactivity of the isotopes involved, which can make it nearly impossible to manufacture the needed targets. In addition, in stellar environments the excited states of isotopes can be in equilibrium with the ground state, affecting the half-lives and the branching ratios significantly. The isotope 152Eu is such a branching point, with neutron captures and β-decays competing. Those challenges were approached in the s405 experiment performed at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH: the challenge the challenge of the radioactivity can be approached by experiments carried out in inverse kinematics with radioactive beams, solving the problem of unstable targets. Also a reversed reaction was used to access the excited states of the studied isotope. The performed 152Sm(p,n)152Eu is a pioneering attempt to use those methods on heavy ions. The (p,n) reaction was used as a substitute for electron capture, the focus lies on reactions with low-momentum transfers, resulting in the emission of low-energy neutrons. The new developed low-energy detector array LENA was put to test for the fist time in the s405 experiment.
Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Untersuchung einzelner chiraler Moleküle durch Koinzidenzmessungen. Ein Molekül wird chiral genannt, wenn es in zwei Varianten, sogenannten Enantiomeren auftritt, deren Strukturmodelle Spiegelbilder voneinander sind.
Da viele biologisch relevante Moleküle chiral sind, sind Methoden und Erkenntnisse dieses Gebiets von großer Bedeutung für Biochemie und Pharmazie. Bemerkenswert ist, dass in der Natur meist nur eines der beiden möglichen Enantiomere auftritt. Ob diese Wahl zufällig war, ob sie aufgrund der Anfangsbedingungen bei Entstehung des Lebens erfolgte, oder ob sie eine fundamentale Ursache hat, ist bisher ungeklärt. Seit der Entdeckung chiraler Molekülstrukturen in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts ist eine Vielzahl von Methoden entwickelt worden, um die beiden Enantiomere eines Moleküls zu unterscheiden und ihre Eigenschaften zu untersuchen. Aussagen über die mikroskopische Struktur (Absolutkonfiguration) können jedoch meist nur mithilfe theoretischer Modelle getroffen werden.
Der innovative Schritt der vorliegenden Arbeit besteht darin, eine in der Atomphysik entwickelte Technik zur Untersuchung einzelner mikroskopischer Systeme erstmals auf chirale Moleküle anzuwenden: Mit der sogenannten Cold Target Recoil Ion Momentum Spectroscopy (COLTRIMS) ist es möglich, einzelne Moleküle in der Gasphase mehrfach zu ionisieren und die entstandenen Fragmente (Ionen und Elektronen) zu untersuchen. Die gleichzeitige Detektion dieser Fragmente wird als Koinzidenzmessung bezeichnet.
Zunächst wurde das prototypische chirale Molekül CHBrClF mit einem Femtosekunden-Laserpuls mehrfach ionisiert, sodass alle fünf Atome als einfach geladene Ionen in einer sogenannten Coulomb-Explosion „auseinander fliegen“. Durch Messung der Impulsvektoren dieser Ionen konnte die mikroskopische Konfiguration einzelner Moleküle mit sehr hoher Zuverlässigkeit bestimmt werden. Somit eignet sich die Koinzidenzmethode auch dazu, die Anteile der rechts- bzw. linkshändigen Enantiomere in einer Probe zu bestimmen. Die Messungen an der verwendeten, racemischen Probe zeigen bei der Ionisation mit linear polarisiertem Licht im Rahmen der statistischen Unsicherheit wie erwartet eine Gleichverteilung der beiden Enantiomere.
In einem nachfolgenden Experiment konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich die Coulomb-Explosion auch mit einzelnen hochenergetischen Photonen aus einer Synchrotronstrahlungsquelle realisieren lässt. Für beide Ionisationsmechanismen – am Laser und am Synchrotron - wurden mehrere Fragmentationskanäle untersucht. Im Hinblick auf die Erweiterung der Methode hin zu komplexeren, biologisch relevanten Molekülen ist es entscheidend zu wissen, inwieweit sich die Händigkeit bestimmen lässt, wenn nicht alle Atome des Moleküls als atomare Ionen detektiert werden. Hierbei stellte sich heraus, dass auch molekulare Ionen zur Bestimmung der Absolutkonfiguration herangezogen werden können. Eine signifikante Steigerung der Effizienz konnte für den Fall demonstriert werden, dass nicht alle Fragmente aus der Coulomb-Explosion des Moleküls detektiert wurden – hier lassen sich allerdings nur noch statistische Aussagen über die Absolutkonfiguration und die Häufigkeit der beiden Enantiomere treffen.
Um die Grenzen der Methode in Bezug auf die Massenauflösung zu testen, wurden isotopenchirale Moleküle, d.h. Moleküle, die nur aufgrund zwei verschiedener Isotope chiral sind, untersucht. Auch hier ist eine Trennung der Enantiomere möglich, wenn auch mit gewissen Einschränkungen.
Ein wichtiges Merkmal chiraler Moleküle ist das unterschiedliche Verhalten der Enantiomere bei Wechselwirkung mit zirkular polarisierter Strahlung. Diese Asymmetrie wird Zirkulardichroismus genannt. Die koinzidente Untersuchung von Ionen und Elektronen aus der Fragmentation eines Moleküls eröffnet neue Möglichkeiten für die Untersuchung des Dichroismus. So können die Impulsvektoren der Ionen mit bekannten Asymmetrien in der Elektronenverteilung (Photoelektron-Zirkulardichroismus) verknüpft werden, was zu einem besseren Verständnis der Wechselwirkung elektromagnetischer Strahlung mit chiralen Molekülen führen kann.
In dieser Arbeit wurde nach Asymmetrien in der Winkelverteilung sowohl der Ionen als auch der Elektronen nach der Ionisation von CHBrClF und Propylenoxid (C3H6O) mit zirkular polarisierter Synchrotronstrahlung gesucht. In den durchgeführten Messungen konnte kein zweifelsfreier Nachweis für einen Dichroismus bei den verwendeten experimentellen Bedingungen erbracht werden. Technische und prinzipielle Limitierungen der Methode wurden diskutiert und Verbesserungsvorschläge für zukünftige Messungen genannt.
Mit der erfolgreichen Bestimmung der Absolutkonfiguration und der prinzipiellen Möglichkeit, Asymmetrien in zuvor nicht zugänglichen Messgrößen zu untersuchen, legt diese Arbeit den Grundstein für die Anwendung der Koinzidenzspektroskopie auf Fragestellungen der Stereochemie.
Die Dissertation ist in den Bereichen der semiklassischen Quantengravitation und der pseudokomplexen Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie (pk-ART) anzusiedeln. Dabei wird unter semiklassischer Quantengravitation die Untersuchung quantenmechanischer Phänomene in einem durch eine klassische Gravitationstheorie gegebenen gravitativen Hintergrundfeld verstanden und bei der pk-ART handelt es sich um eine Alternative zu der aktuell anerkannten klassischen Gravitationstheorie, der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie (ART), die die reellen Raumzeitkoordinaten der ART pseudokomplex erweitert. Dies führt zusammen mit einer Veränderung des Variationsprinzips in führender Ordnung auf eine Korrektur der Einstein- Gleichung der ART mit einem zusätzlichen Quellterm (Energie-Impuls-Tensor), dessen exakte Form jedoch bisher nicht bekannt ist.
Die Beschreibung der Gravitation als Hintergrundfeld ergibt sich zwangsläufig daraus, dass auf Basis der ART bisher keine quantisierte Beschreibung für sie gefunden werden konnte. Jedoch wird erhofft, dass die Untersuchung semiklassischer Phänomene Hinweise auf die korrekte Theorie der Quantengravitation gibt. Zudem motiviert der Mangel einer quantisierten Gravitationstheorie die Verwendung alternativer Theorien, da sich dadurch die Frage stellt, ob die ART die korrekte Beschreibung klassischer Felder ist.
Das Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation war die grundlegenden Unterschiede zwischen der ART und der pk-ART für gebundene sphärisch symmetrische Zustände der Klein-Gordon- und der Dirac-Gleichung zu identifizieren und ein qualitatives Modell der Vakuumfluktuationen in sphärisch symmetrischen Materieverteilungen zu bestimmen, wobei der Zusammenhang der pk-ART mit den Vakuumfluktuationen in der Annahme besteht, dass ein Zusammenhang zwischen ihnen und dem zusätzlichen Quellterm der pk-ART existiert. Dafür wurden die gebundenen Zustände der Klein-Gordon- und der Dirac-Gleichung für drei verschiedene Metrikmodelle (zwei ART-Modelle und ein pk-ART-Modell) mit konstanter Dichte systematisch numerisch berechnet, einige repräsentative Grafiken erstellt, anhand derer die grundlegenden Unterschiede der Ergebnisse der ART-Modelle und des pk-ART-Modells erörtert wurden, und die ART Ergebnisse der Dirac-Gleichung soweit wie möglich mit Ergebnissen der Literatur verglichen. Insbesondere wurde dabei festgestellt, dass die Energieeigenwerte in der pk-ART im Gegensatz zu denen in der ART in Abhängigkeit der Ausdehnung des Zentralobjekts ein Minimum aufweisen. Zudem wurden die Energieeigenwerte der Klein-Gordon-Gleichung teilweise sowohl über das Eigenwertproblem einer Matrix als auch über ein Anfangswertproblem berechnet und es wurde festgestellt, dass die Beschreibung als Eigenwertproblem deutlich uneffektiver ist, wenn dafür die Basis des dreidimensionalen harmonischen Oszillators genutzt wird. Für die Entwicklung des qualitativen Vakuumfluktuationsmodells wurden zwei Näherungen für den Erwartungswert des Energie-Impuls-Tensors in führender Ordnung für die Schwarzschildmetrik (ART) verglichen und die Verwendung eines qualitativen Modells durch die dabei auftretende Diskrepanz gerechtfertigt. Danach wurden die Vakuumfluktuationen für Metriken konstanter Materiedichte mit Hilfe einer der Näherungen in führender Ordnung berechnet und ein Modell gesucht, das den gleichen qualitativen Verlauf aufweist. Im Anschluss wurde dieses Modell noch für einfache Metriken mit variabler Materiedichte verifiziert.
Die Dissertation leistet mit der Analyse der gebundenen Zustände einen Beitrag in der Identifikation der Unterschiede zwischen der pk-ART und der ART und führt somit auf weitere mögliche Messgrößen, die der Unterscheidung der beiden Theorien dienen könnten. Weiterhin ermöglicht das abgeleitete Modell eine Verfeinerung der schon publizierten Ergebnisse über Neutronensterne und die für die Erstellung nötigen Vorarbeiten leisten einen Beitrag zur Identifikation des
pk-ART Quellterms.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war, mittels einer (n,γ)-Aktivierung, 129Te zu erzeugen und eine Teilchenzahlbestimmung durchzuführen. Aktivierung der Probe am Forschungsreaktor TRIGA und Spektrenaufnahme mittels eines HPGe-Detektors erfolgten im Mai 2014 am Institut für Kernchemie der Johannes Gutenberg Universität in Mainz.
Die Teilchenzahl des Tochternuklids 129I kann anhand der Teilchenzahlen des Isomers und des Grundzustandes von 129Te berechnet werden. In den Aktivierungen #2 bis #6 wurden (14.27 ± 0.53)x10exp12 Iodnuklide erzeugt. Angegeben ist die maximal mögliche Anzahl von Iodteilchen bei unendlich langer Wartezeit und vollständigem Zerfall aller Tellurnuklide.
Beobachtet werden konnte die Abnahme der Grundzustandsaktivität bis zum Erreichen des Gleichgewichts aus Nachbevölkerung durch das Isomer und Zerfall. Die Grundzustandslinien der Energien von 459.60 keV, 487 keV, 1083 KeV und 1111 keV konnten zu dieser Untersuchung herangezogen werden. Diese 4 Linien erfüllen die erforderten Konsistenzkriterien bezüglich der Systematik und können daher zur Teilchenzahlbestimmung des Grundzustandes verwendet werden (Seite 31).
Der Einfluss der Eigenabsorption ist noch zu untersuchen, da die genaue Position der Probe im Polyethylenbehältnis nicht bestimmt werden konnte. Weiterhin ist die Datenanalyse der ersten Aktivierung aufgrund des Detektorwechsels noch nicht erfolgt. Der Austausch war wegen technischer Probleme notwendig. Ziel weiterführender Untersuchungen ist, eine erneute Halbwertszeitbestimmung des radioaktiven 129I vorzunehmen. Sie ist von Interesse, angesichts des Widerspruchs zweier Veröffentlichungen. Die Halbwertszeit des 129I kann Aufschluss über stellare Bedingungen des s-Prozesses geben.
This thesis presents experimental studies of proton capture and fragmentation reactions with heavy-ion storage rings. In one experiment, the 96Ru(p, γ)97Rh cross sections near the Gamow window have been measured at the ESR of GSI. In the other experiment, the measurement of the fragmentation yields has been carried out at the CSRe of IMP.
It is essential to determine the cross sections of (γ, p) or (p, γ) reactions for p-process network calculations. However, only very few of the required cross sections have been measured and thus most of them rely solely on Hauser-Feshbach model predictions. The predictions of the model have always very large uncertainties because of the not well-known input parameters. These parameters can be constrained by experiments. Compared to the traditional activation technique, a novel method using a storage ring has been developed to measure the cross sections of (p, γ) reactions in inverse kinematics.
This proton capture experiment has been performed at the ESR, where the circulating 96Ru44+ ions interacted with a hydrogen gas target at 9, 10 and 11 MeV/u. The nuclear reaction products of (p, p), (p, α), (p, n) and (p, γ) reactions were registered by position sensitive detectors. A Geant4 simulation code has been developed to distinguish the (p, γ) reaction products unambiguously from the background reactions. In this work, a relative normalization method has been utilized to accurately determine the cross sections of the (p, γ) reaction. The 96Ru(p, γ)97Rh cross section in the Gamow window of the p process is sensitive to two parameters, i.e., the γ-ray strength function and the optical model potential, while it is mainly sensitive to the γ-ray strength function in the energy region of our experiment. Therefore, our experimental (p, γ) cross sections near 10 MeV/u have been used to directly constrain the γ-ray strength function used in the model. Furthermore, the proton potential has also been constrained by combining our results with additional experimental data for this reaction in the lower energy region. The constrained model has been used to calculate the reaction rate over a wide temperature range, which is an extremely important input for astrophysical calculations.
The yields of fragments produced by 78Kr fragmentation reactions have been measured at the CSRe for the Tz = −1/2 and Tz = 1/2 nuclei along or close to the paths of αp- and rp-processes. The measured yields present a significant odd-even staggering effect for Tz = −1/2 nuclides but they are small for Tz = 1/2 nuclides.
The magnitude of this effect for four consecutive yields has been quantified using a third-order difference formula. It is found that the largest odd-even staggering is reached near the closed shells Z = 20 and Z = 28. Our experimental results could also compared with the data from other experiments with different projectile-target combinations. All these experimental data strongly support the closed shells Z = 20 and Z = 28 for the Tz = −1/2 nuclei.
This work derived the value of α-induced production cross sections of 77Kr and 77Br at α-energies of 12 MeV and 14 MeV, the thick target yields of 77Kr and 77Br at α-energies of 11.19 MeV, 13 MeV and 15.1 MeV and the thick target yield of 80Br as well as 80mBr at an α-energy of 15.1 MeV using the activation technique...
Eines der wichtigsten Experimente für Kernstrukturforschung und Messung stellarer Reaktionsraten ist das R3B-Experiment im Rahmen des FAIR-Projekts am GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt. Der experimentelle Aufbau von R3B besteht aus mehreren einzelnen Teilchendetektoren für verschiedene Teilchensorten (Neutronen, Protonen, Spallationsund Spaltprodukte, Gammastrahlen), die alle möglichst vollständig detektiert und gemessen werden müssen. Für die Identifikation und Energiemessung schwerer, geladener Reaktionsprodukte ist eine sogenannte Time-of-Flight-Wall (Flugzeitwand) nötig. Der Name ergibt sich aus der Hauptaufgabe, der Flugzeitmessung für die Energiebestimmung der Teilchen, sowie der Geometrie eines solchen Detektors. Die in vorherigen Aufbauten verwendeten Detektoren diesen Typs erfüllen noch nicht die Anforderungen, die die Forschungsziele des R3B-Experiments stellen, daher wurde ein neues Design basierend auf Plastikszintillatoren entwickelt.
Für diese Arbeit wurde die theoretisch erreichbare Zeitauflösung des neuen Designs abgeschätzt sowie Testmessungen mit verschiedenen experimentellen Setups durchgeführt. Insbesondere wurde ein Prototyp der ToF-Wand im Rahmen einer Strahlzeit an der Beschleunigeranlage der GSI getestet. Die Ergebnisse dieser Messungen mit einem 58Ni28+-Strahl wurden im Hinblick auf Energie-, Zeit- und Ladungsauflösung sowie die Stabilität dieser Werte bei hohen Raten ausgewertet und so ein erster Eindruck von der Leistungsfähigkeit des Detektors und der Ausleseelektronik gewonnen und Einschränkungen und nötige Verbesserungen erkannt.
Das Hauptziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die energieabhängigen Wirkungsquerschnitte von (γ,n)-Reaktionen für 169Tm, 170Yb, 176Yb und 130Te mittels der Photoaktivierungsmethode zu bestimmen.
Dazu wurden zunächst die Effizienzen der verwendeten Detektoren mithilfe von Simulationen korrigiert, da die verwendeten Targets eine ausgedehnte Geometrie aufweisen im Gegensatz zu den punktförmigen Eichquellen. Es hat sich herausgestellt, dass mit den Simulationen die Effizienzen der MCA-Detektoren energieabhängig korrigiert werden konnten, da die Simulationen die Form der gemessenen Effizienzen gut reproduzieren konnten. Bei den Effizienzen der LEPS-Detektoren hingegen konnte keine energieabhäangige Korrektur vorgenommen werden, da die LEPS-Detektoren aufgrund des geringen Abstandes zu den Detektoren hohe Summeneffekte zeigten. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnten diese Summeneffekte jedoch nicht korrigiert bzw. berücksichtigt werden.
XIII Nuclei in the Cosmos, 7-11 July, 2014 Debrecen, Hungary.
As an alternative production scenario to the so-called g process, the most abundant p nucleus 92Mo may be produced by a chain of proton-capture reactions in supernovae type Ia. The reactions 90Zr(p,g) and 91Nb(p,g) are the most important reactions in this chain. We have measured the first reaction using high-resolution in-beam g-spectroscopy at HORUS, Cologne, Germany, to contribute to the existing experimental data base. So far, we only investigated the high-energy part of the Gamow window and the analysis is still in progress. We plan to study the second reaction in standard kinematics at the FRANZ facility, Frankfurt, Germany. Current developments at FRANZ will be explained in detail.