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Institute
- Physik (3498) (remove)
Ein Laserblitz von unvorstellbarer Intensität pulverisiert im Labor ein Molekül. Wachsam zeichnen die Instrumente die Flugbahn und Geschwindigkeit jedes Bruchstücks auf. Physiker gewinnen daraus hochpräzise Informationen über die Molekülstruktur. Auch links- und rechtshändige Formen lassen sich unterscheiden.
p-process nucleosynthesis via proton-capture reactions in thermonuclear supernovae explosions
(2015)
Model calculations within the framework of the so-called γ process show an underproduction of the p nucleus with the highest isotopic abundace 92Mo. This discrepancy can be narrowed by taking into account the alternative production site of a type Ia supernova explosion. Here, the nucleus 92Mo can be produced by a sequence of proton-capture reactions. The amount of 92Mo nuclei produced via this reaction chain is most sensitive to the reactions 90Zr(p,γ) and 91Nb(p,γ). Both rates have to be investigated experimentally to study the impact of this nucleosynthesis aspect on the long-standing 92Mo-problem. We have already measured the proton-capture reaction on 90Zr using high-resolution in-beam γ-ray spectroscopy. In this contribution, we will present our preliminary results of the total cross sections as well as the partial cross sections. Furthermore, we plan to measure the 91Nb(p,γ) reaction soon. Due to the radioactive target material, the 91Nb nuclei have to be produced prior to the experiment. The current status of this production will be presented in this contribution.
The phenomenon of magnetism has been known to humankind for at least over 2500 years and many useful applications of magnetism have been developed since then, starting from the compass to modern information storage and processing devices. While technological applications are an important part of the continuing interest in magnetic materials, their fundamental properties are still being studied, leading to new physical insights at the forefront of physics. The magnetism of magnetic materials is a pure quantum effect due to the electrons that carry an intrinsic spin of 1/2. The physics of interacting quantum spins in magnetic insulators is the main subject of this thesis.We focus here on a theoretical description of the antiferromagnetic insulator Cs2CuCl4. This material is highly interesting because it is a nearly ideal realization of the two-dimensional antiferromagnetic spin-1/2 Heisenberg model on an anisotropic triangular lattice, where the Cu(2+) ions carry a spin of 1/2 and the spins interact via exchange couplings. Due to the geometric frustration of the triangular lattice, there exists a spin-liquid phase with fractional excitations (spinons) at finite temperatures in Cs2CuCl4. This spin-liquid phase is characterized by strong short-range spin correlations without long-range order. From an experimental point of view, Cs2CuCl4 is also very interesting because the exchange couplings are relatively weak leading to a saturation field of only B_c=8.5 T. All relevant parts of the phase diagram are therefore experimentally accessible. A recurring theme in this thesis will be the use of bosonic or fermionic representations of the spin operators which each offer in different situations suitable starting points for an approximate treatment of the spin interactions. The methods which we develop in this thesis are not restricted to Cs2CuCl4 but can also be applied to other materials that can be described by the spin-1/2 Heisenberg model on a triangular lattice; one important example is the material class Cs2Cu(Cl{4-x}Br{x}) where chlorine is partially substituted by bromine which changes the strength of the exchange couplings and the degree of frustration.
Our first topic is the finite-temperature spin-liquid phase in Cs2CuCl4. We study this regime by using a Majorana fermion representation of the spin-1/2 operators motivated by theoretical and experimental evidence for fermionic excitations in this spin-liquid phase. Within a mean-field theory for the Majorana fermions, we determine the magnetic field dependence of the critical temperature for the crossover from spin-liquid to paramagnetic behavior and we calculate the specific heat and magnetic susceptibility in zero magnetic field. We find that the Majorana fermions can only propagate in one dimension along the direction of the strongest exchange coupling; this reduction of the effective dimensionality of excitations is known as dimensional reduction.
The second topic is the behavior of ultrasound propagation and attenuation in the spin-liquid phase of Cs2CuCl4, where we consider longitudinal sound waves along the direction of the strongest exchange coupling. Due to the dimensional reduction of the excitations in the spin-liquid phase, we expect that we can describe the ultrasound physics by a one-dimensional Heisenberg model coupled to the lattice degrees of freedom via the exchange-striction mechanism. For this one-dimensional problem we use the Jordan-Wigner transformation to map the spin-1/2 operators to spinless fermions. We treat the fermions within the self-consistent Hartree-Fock approximation and we calculate the change of the sound velocity and attenuation as a function of magnetic field using a perturbative expansion in the spin-phonon couplings. We compare our theoretical results with experimental data from ultrasound experiments, where we find good agreement between theory and experiment.
Our final topic is the behavior of Cs2CuCl4 in high magnetic fields larger than the saturation field B_c=8.5 T. At zero temperature, Cs2CuCl4 is then fully magnetized and the ground state is therefore a ferromagnet where the excitations have an energy gap. The elementary excitations of this ferromagnetic state are spin-flips (magnons) which behave as hard-core bosons. At finite temperatures there will be thermally excited magnons that interact via the hard-core interaction and via additional exchange interactions. We describe the thermodynamic properties of Cs2CuCl4 at finite temperatures and calculate experimentally observable quantities, e.g., magnetic susceptibility and specific heat. Our approach is based on a mapping of the spin-1/2 operators to hard-core bosons, where we treat the hard-core interaction by the self-consistent ladder approximation and the exchange interactions by the self-consistent Hartree-Fock approximation. We find that our theoretical results for the specific heat are in good agreement with the available experimental data.
Within this thesis, the mechanical integration of the Micro Vertex Detector (MVD) of the Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment is developed. The CBM experiment, which is being set up at the future FAIR facility, aims to investigate the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter in the regime of high net-baryon densities and moderate temperatures. Heavy-ion collisions at beam energies in the range of 2 to 45 AGeV, complemented by results from elementary reactions, will allow access to these conditions. The experiments conducted at LHC (CERN, Switzerland) and at RHIC (BNL, USA = does not apply within the Beam Energy Scan program) so far focus on the investigation of the phase diagram in the regime of high temperatures and vanishing net-baryon densities. The high beam intensities provided by FAIR will enable CBM to focus its experimental program on systematical studies of rare particles. Among other particle species, open charm-carrying particles are one of the most promising observables to investigate the medium created in heavy-ion collisions since their charm quarks are exposed to the medium and traverse its whole evolution. The fact that the decay particles of these rare observables are also produced abundantly in direct processes in heavy-ion collisions results in a huge combinatorial background which attributes specific requirements to the detector systems. The call for a high interaction rate leads to a cutting-edge detector system which provides an excellent spatial resolution, thin detector stations and the capability to cope with the induced radiation as well as the high rate of traversing particles and the resulting track density. The required demands are to be implemented by the MVD which will be equipped with four planar stations positioned at 50, 100, 150 and 200 mm downstream the target. The geometrical acceptance, which has to be covered with charge-sensitive material, is defined according to the requirements of CBM in the polar angle range of [2.5°; 25°]. The MVD stations have to contribute as little as possible to the overall material budget. The expected beam intensity and the vicinity close to the target require silicon detectors that provide a hardness against non-ionizing radiation of more than 10^13 n_eq/cm² and against ionizing radiation of more than 1 Mrad. In addition, the read-out time of the sensors has to be as short as possible to avoid potential ambiguities in the particle tracking caused by the pile-up of hits having emerged from different collisions. For the time being, Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) offer the optimal choice of technology required to address the physics program of CBM with respect to the spectroscopy of open charm and di-electrons. The geometrical properties of these sensors define the layout of the detector. To limit the multiple scattering of the produced particles inside the geometrical acceptance, the sensors and the MVD have to operate in a moderate vacuum. The sensors are thinned down to a thickness of 50 µm and, to achieve a maximum polar angle coverage, they are glued onto both sides of dedicated thin carriers. These carriers, which are made of highly thermally conductive materials such as CVD diamond or encapsulated TPG, allow efficient extraction of the power produced in the sensors. This enables their operation at temperatures well below 0 °C as suggested by corresponding radiation hardness studies. Dedicated actively cooled aluminum-based heat sinks are positioned outside of the acceptance to dissipate the heat produced by the sensors and the front-end electronics. The design of the MVD, including the realistic thicknesses of the integrated materials, has been developed and refined in the context of this thesis. It has been transformed into a unique software model which is used to simulate and further optimize the mechanical and thermal properties of the MVD, as well as in sophisticated physics simulations. The model allowed evaluation of the material budget of each individual MVD station in its geometrical acceptance. The calculated averaged material budget values stay well below the material budget target values demanded by the physics cases. The thermal management of the MVD has been simulated on the level of a quadrant of each MVD station – four identically constructed quadrants are forming an MVD station – taking into account material properties of the sensors, the glue and the sensor carrier. The temperature gradients across the pixels of a given sensor area in the direction of the rows and columns were found to be in an acceptable range of below 5 K. A temperature difference between the thermal interface area and the maximum sensor temperature of dT = 5 K on the first and a value of dT = 40 K on the fourth MVD station has been thermally simulated assuming a sensor power dissipation of 0.35 W/cm², highlighting the need to optimize the thermal interface between the involved materials as well as the power dissipation of the sensors. The feasibility of several key aspects required for the construction phase of the MVD has been investigated within the MVD Prototype project. The construction of the MVD Prototype allowed evaluation, testing and validation of the handling and the double-sided integration of ultra-thin sensors – the required working steps for their integration have been specified, evaluated and successfully established – as well as their operation in the laboratory and during a concluding in-beam test using high-energetic pions provided by the CERN-SPS. The thermal characterization of the MVD Prototype during its operation – in a temperature range from [5 °C; 25 °C], not in vacuum – confirmed the corresponding thermal simulations conducted during its design phase and substantiated the results of the thermal simulations for the design of the MVD. The aim of a material budget value of only x/X_0 ~ 0.3% for the MVD Prototype has been accomplished. Analyzing the in-beam data, the nominal sensor performance parameters were successfully reproduced, demonstrating that the proposed integration process does not impair the sensors’ performance. Moreover, no evidence of potential impact on the sensors’ performance arising from mechanical weaknesses of the MVD Prototype mechanics has been found within the analyzed data. Based on the MVD Prototype and the simulations of the material budget as well as the thermal management, this thesis evaluated the work packages, procedures and quality assurance parameters needed to set up the starting version of the MVD and addressed open questions as well as critical procedures to be studied prior to the production phase of the detector, emphasizing the evaluation of the cooling concept in vacuum and the integration of sensors in ladder structures on both sides of the quadrants of the MVD stations.
Das CBM-Experiment an der zukünftigen FAIR Beschleunigeranlage zielt unter anderem darauf, Open-Charm-Teilchen zu rekonstruieren, die in Schwerionenkollisionen im Energiebereich von 10 bis 40 AGeV erzeugt werden. Ein für diese Teilchenrekonstruktion essentieller Detektor ist der Mikro-Vertex-Detektor (MVD).
Im Rahmen der Entwicklungsarbeiten für diesen Detektor werden regelmäßig Detektorsimulationen durchgeführt. Bei einer dieser Simulationen [CAD11], wurden nach Einführung eines verbesserten Simulationsmodells des Detektors, Einbrüche in Rekonstruktionseffizienz für Open-Charm Teilchen festgestellt. Als mögliche Ursache wurde eine Überlastung der Software für die Spurrekonstruktion von CBM vermutet, die erstmals mit realistischen Trefferdichten auf den MVD-Stationen konfrontiert war. Zusätzlich wurde in der Simulation die Geometrie eines MVD mit nur zwei Detektorebenen verwendet. Auch der durch die kleine Anzahl an MVD-Stationen große Abstand zwischen MVD und STS (Silicon-Tracking-System) und dessen potentiell ungünstiger Einfluss auf die Spurrekonstruktion konnte als Ursache für den beobachteten Einbruch der Rekonstruktionseffizienz nicht ausgeschlossen werden.
Die Aufgabe dieser Arbeit bestand in der Prüfung, ob der beobachtete Einbruch der Rekonstruktionseffizienz des Detektorsystems tatsächlich auf eine Überlastung der Spurrekonstruktionssoftware zurückzuführen ist. Darüber hinaus sollte festgestellt werden, ob mögliche konstruktive Verbesserungen im MVD (zusätzliche Detektorstationen) diesem Effekt entgegen wirken können...
Am GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, wird für die Erweiterung der Forschungsmöglichkeiten am Bau des FAIR Projektes gearbeitet. Hierfür wird unter anderem ein Ringbeschleuniger gebaut (SIS100), der mit 100Tm den bestehenden Ring (SIS18) in magnetischer Steifigkeit ergänzen wird. Um SIS100 an SIS18 anzubinden, wird eine Transferstrecke benötigt, welche den Transfer von Ionen zwischen den Ringen übernimmt. In solchen Transferstrecken werden Quadrupollinsen mit hohen Gradienten benötigt. Ebenso werden für die finale Fokussierung von hochintensiven Strahlpulsen aus Synchrotronen auf Targets Linsen mit hohen Feldgradienten benötigt. Allerdings sind die Pulse nur sehr kurz und das Tastverhältnis bei Synchrotronen sehr klein. Daher sollte ein gepulster Fokussiermagnet entwickelt werden, der den hohen Gradientenanforderungen gerecht wird und sowohl platz- als auch energiesparend ist. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Auslegung des elektrischen Schaltkreises, der Simulation des Magnetfeldes und der konstruktiven Umsetzung eines solchen gepulsten Quadrupols. Der elektrische Schaltkreis ist so ausgelegt, dass eine hohe Repetitionsrate zur Fokussierung für Teilchenpakete möglich ist. Die Linse wurde aus einer Luftspule ohne Eisenjoch aufgebaut. Die cos(2θ)-Verteilung des Stroms durch die Leiter wurde durch ein Design gesichert, welches den Skin-Effekt berücksichtigt und entsprechend ausgelegte Litzenkabel verwendet. Um die Magnetfeldverteilung des Fokussiermagneten zu untersuchen, wurden statische und transiente Simulationen mit dem Programm CST Mircowave Studio Suite vorgenommen. Zentraler Punkt bei der Neuentwicklung waren die Luftspulen. Um einen linearen Magnetfeldanstieg von der Strahlachse zum Aperturrand zu gewährleisten, muss die Stromverteilung in der Leiterspule so homogen wie möglich sein. Um bei Pulslängen von 170 µsec den Skineffekt zu berücksichtigen, wurde die Leiterspule aus HF-Litzen von je mehreren hundert Einzelleitern zusammengestellt, die jeweils gegeneinander isoliert und in Bündeln miteinander verdrillt sind. Außerdem wurde die Linse mit einer lamellierten Schirmung versehen, um das Magnetfeld effektiv nutzen zu können. Ziel der Auslegung war es, zusammen mit einem zweiten Quadrupol im Duplett einen Strahl mit einer magnetischen Steifigkeit von 11 Tm und einer Bunchlänge von 2µsec auf einen Punkt von 0,5 mm Radius zu fokussieren. Bei dem hierfür angestrebten Gradienten von 76 T/m wird eine maximale Stromamplitude von 400 kA benötigt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde die Linse ausgelegt, konstruiert und gebaut. Die Funktionalität wurde untersucht und die Feldqualität wurde vermessen und zeigten die erwarteten Parameter. Bei 26 kA Messstrom wurden im Zentrum des Magneten ein maximaler Gradient von 4,5 T/m und Feldwerte von 0,11 T ermittelt. Somit liegt die Abweichung des gemessenen Gradienten bei ca. 5 %. Die durchgängige Umsetzung der homogenen Verteilung der Leiterbündel in der Luftspule und eine vollständige Kompensation des Skineffekts konnten nicht nachgewiesen werden. Jedoch konnte der Einfluss der Kabelzuleitung des Quadrupols auf den Magnetfeldverlauf in den Simulationen und Messungen nachgewiesen werden. Weiterhin wurde für den energieeffizienten Einsatz im Transferkanal zwischen SIS18 und SIS100 ein Energierückgewinnungsschaltkreis entwickelt, der eine Ersparnis von 84 % der Betriebsleistung ermöglicht.
The nature of spontaneous brain activity during wakefulness and sleep: a complex systems approach
(2014)
In this thesis we study the organization of spontaneous brain activity during wakefulness and all stages of human non-rapid eye movement sleep using an approach based on developments and tools from the theory of complex systems. After a brief introduction to sleep physiology and different theoretical models of consciousness, we study how the organization of cortical and sub-cortical interactions is modified during the sleep cycle. Our results, obtained by modeling global brain activity as a complex functional interaction network, show that the capacity of the human brain to integrate different segregated functional modules is diminished during deep sleep, in line with an informationintegration account of consciousness. We then show that integration is impaired not only across space but also in the temporal domain, by assesing the emergence of long-range temporal correlations in brain activity and how they are modified during sleep. We propose an encompassing explanation for this observation, namely, that the brain operatsat different dynamical regimes during different states of consciousness. Finally, we gather massive amounts of data from different collaborative projects and apply machine learning techniques to reveal that the \resting state" cannot be considered as a pure brain state and is in fact a mixture containing different levels of conscious awareness. This last result has deep implications for future attempts to develop a discovery science of brain function both in health and disease.
Die vorliegende Arbeit handelt von der Entwicklung, dem Bau, den Zwischenmessungen sowie den abschließenden Tests unter kryogenen Bedingungen einer neuartigen, supraleitenden CH-Struktur für Strahlbetrieb mit hoher Strahllast. Diese Struktur setzt das Konzept des erfolgreich getesteten 19-zelligen 360 MHz CH-Prototypen fort, der einen weltweiten Spitzenwert in Bezug auf Beschleunigungsspannung im Niederenergiesegment erreichte, jedoch wurden einige Aspekte weiterentwickelt bzw. den neuen Rahmenbedingungen angepasst. Bei dem neuen Resonator wurde der Schwerpunkt auf ein kompaktes Design, effektives Tuning, leichte Präparationsmöglichkeiten und auf den Einsatz eines Leistungskopplers für Strahlbetrieb gelegt. Die Resonatorgeometrie besteht aus sieben Beschleunigungszellen, wird bei 325 MHz betrieben und das Geschwindigkeitsprofil ist auf eine Teilcheneingangsenergie von 11.4 MeV/u ausgelegt. Veränderungen liegen in der um 90° gedrehten Stützengeometrie vor, um Platz für Tuner und Kopplerflansche zu gewährleisten, und in der Verwendung von schrägen Stützen am Resonatorein- und ausgang zur Verkürzung der Tanklänge und Erzielung eines flachen Feldverlaufs. Weiterhin wurden pro Tankdeckel zwei zusätzliche Spülflansche für die chemische Präparation sowie für die Hochdruckspüle mit hochreinem Wasser hinzugefügt. Das Tuning der Kavität erfolgt über einen neuartigen Ansatz, indem zwei bewegliche Balgtuner in das Resonatorvolumen eingebracht werden und extern über eine Tunerstange ausgelenkt werden können. Der Antrieb der Stange soll im späteren Betrieb wahlweise über einen Schrittmotor oder einen Piezoaktor stattfinden. Für ein langsames/ statisches Tuning kann der Schrittmotor den Tuner im Bereich +/- 1 mm auslenken, um größeren Frequenzabweichungen in der Größenordnung 100 kHz nach dem Abkühlen entgegenzuwirken. Das schnelle Tuning im niedrigen kHz-Bereich wird von einem Piezoaktor übernommen, welcher den Balg um einige µm bewegen kann, um Microphonics oder Lorentz-Force-Detuning zu kompensieren. Der Resonator wird von einem aus Titan bestehendem Heliummantel umgeben, wodurch ein geschlossener Heliumkreislauf gebildet wird.
Derzeit befinden sich mehrere Projekte in der Planung bzw. im Bau, welche auf eine derartige Resonatorgeometrie zurückgreifen könnten. An der GSI basiert der Hauptteil des zukünftigen cw LINAC auf supraleitenden CH-Strukturen, um einen Strahl für die Synthese neuer, superschwerer Elemente zu liefern. Weiterhin könnte ein Upgrade des vorhandenen GSI UNILAC durch den Einsatz von supraleitenden CH-Resonatoren gestaltet werden. Zudem besteht die Möglichkeit, die bisherige Alvarez-Sektion des UNILAC alternativ durch eine kompakte, supraleitende CH-Sektion zu realisieren. Ebenfalls sollen die beiden parallelbetriebenen Injektorsektionen des MYRRHA-Projektes durch den Einsatz von supraleitenden CH-Strukturen erfolgen.
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Emission von Elektronen aus kleinen dissoziierenden Molekülen.
Die Frage, der hier nachgegangen werden soll: Wie läuft ein solcher Prozess, bei dem ein Molekül in seine atomaren Einzelteile zerbricht, tatsächlich ab? Während es Experimentalphysikern schon seit längerem möglich ist präzise Aussagen über den Zustand eines Systems vor und nach einer solchen „halben“ chemischen Reaktion zu machen, war es lange nicht möglich die Reaktion selbst zu be-obachten, da sie auf einer Zeitskala von einigen Femtosekunden (1 fs = 10-15 s) stattfindet. Eine Möglichkeit, solche Prozesse zu untersuchen, ist die Ionisation, also das Herauslösen eines Elektrons aus seinem gebunden Zustand im Molekül, und die anschließende Messung der kinetische Energie oder des Impulsvektors des Elektrons. Dadurch können Rückschlüsse auf die Bindungsenergie und die räumliche Verteilung der Elektronen im gebundenen Zustand gezogen werden. Wenn man in der Lage ist die Elektronen, die von einem dissoziierenden Molekül zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten während des Dissoziationsprozesses emittiert werden, zu messen, so sollte es unter Umständen möglich sein, den Übergang von molekularen zu atomaren Orbitalen zu beobachten.
Zur Durchführung der Messungen wurde ein COLTRIMS-Multikoinzidenzimpulsspektrometer ver-wendet, mit welchem sowohl die kinetische Energie aller geladenen Reaktionsprodukte als auch deren vollständige Impulsvektoren koinzident gemessen werden können.
In einer Messung an Chlorwasserstoff wurde auf diese Weise die ultraschnelle Dissoziation angeregter neutraler Moleküle untersucht. Hierbei machte man sich den Umstand zunutze, dass die angeregten Zustände bei beliebigen internuklearen Abständen zerfallen und ein Auger-Elektron emittieren können.
Für den resonanten Auger-Zerfall der 2p-16σ-Zustände des Chlorwasserstoffmoleküls wurden unseres Wissens nach erstmals alle Komponenten der Impulsvektoren sowohl der Auger-Elektronen als auch der ionischen Reaktionsprodukte gemessen. Durch diese kinematisch vollständige Messung konnte der Prozess in bisher noch nie dagewesenem Detail untersucht werden. Zum ersten Mal konnte sowohl der angeregte Zustand nach der Absorption des Photons, als auch der elektronische Endzustand für jeden einzelnen Zerfall bestimmt werden. Aufgeschlüsselt nach diesen Zuständen konnten dann die Winkelverteilungen der Auger-Elektronen und die Aufteilung der Energie auf Elektron und Kernbewegung vermessen werden. Dies ist der vollständige Satz aller möglichen Beobachtungsgrößen, so dass die Daten über keine Größe mehr integriert wurden.
In einer Messung an H2O-Molekülen wurde ein Prozess untersucht, bei dem ein einfach geladenes angeregtes Molekül in zwei Fragmente dissoziiert und, wenn die Dissoziation bereits sehr weit fort-geschritten ist, ein weiteres Elektron emittiert. Hier konnte gezeigt werden, wie eine Anisotropie in der Elektronenwinkelverteilung eines dissoziierenden Moleküls mit Hilfe einer einfachen klassischen Simulation dazu verwendet werden kann, den Abstand zwischen einem Proton und einem angeregten Molekül, in welche das ursprüngliche Molekül dissoziiert, zu dem Zeitpunkt an dem das angeregte Molekül durch Autoionisation ein weiteres Elektron emittiert, zu bestimmen. Es wurde nachgewiesen, dass der Auger-Zerfall eines H2O+*-Ions, bei dem ein Sauerstoff 2s-Elektron aus dem Molekülverband entfernt wurde, erst bei sehr großen Abständen von mehreren 100 Ångström zwischen dem Proton und dem OH*-Molekül stattfindet.
Die dritte Messung an dem Ne2-Dimer beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, ob die in einem Molekül er-zeugten Vakanzen als lokalisiert oder delokalisiert zu betrachten sind. Wie bereits in vorhergegangenen Messungen dargelegt wurde, ist die Antwort auf die Frage für kovalente Moleküle eine Frage des Messprozesses. In Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass dies auch für schwach gebundene Van-der Waals-Moleküle der Fall ist und deren Valenzelektronen ebenfalls unter bestimmten Umständen als delokalisiert angesehen werden müssen. Das ist insoweit überraschend, da die gängige Vorstellung eines solchen Moleküls die eines Systems aus einzelnen Atomen ist, welche nur durch kleine Ladungspolarisationen in den Elektronenschalen eine Bindung eingehen. Des Weiteren wurde gezeigt, dass sich der Prozess qualitativ mit einer einfachen Doppelspalt-Simulation erklären lässt, bei welcher ebene Wellen mit einem bestimmten Phasenversatz, der sich aus der Form der beteiligten Atomorbitale ergibt, von den beiden Kernen emittiert werden.
Die Dissoziation des Moleküls war selber nicht Gegenstand der Untersuchung, sondern wurde ausgenutzt um verschiedene elektronische Zustände, in welchen sich das Molekül nach der Ionisation befinden kann und von denen nur einer dissoziativ ist, zu unterscheiden.
The chiral phase transition of Quantum Chromo Dynamics (QCD) is investigated with the help of the linear-sigma model and a numerical transport simulation. The scope are non-equilibrium and critical effects of the different type of orders of the transition. Additionally, a mathematical and numerical method is developed which allows to simulate a particle-wave duality and non-continuous interactions, even for classical systems.
Heavy-ion collisions at ultra-relativistic energies allow access to the Quark-Gluon Plasma, the deconfined phase of the strong interaction, a state which is believed to have existed fractions of seconds after the big bang. Two-particle correlations at small relative momenta, and particularly their dependence on pair transverse mass, are distinctly sensitive to the reaction dynamics of the fireball created in heavy-ion collisions.
Being the heaviest system to extract a size of the particle emitting source, proton-lambda correlations extend the studied range in pair transverse mass and are therefore well suited to explore the dynamical behavior of the matter created in Pb-Pb collisions at the Large Hadron Collider. The centrality dependence of the extracted source radii affirms the expectations of a larger source for more central collisions. Source radii were attained over a span of more than 0.9 GeV/c2 in mean pair transverse mass with a source radius extracted for a mean transverse mass as high as 2.18 GeV/c2. The source radii decrease with increasing pair transverse mass, as expected in a hydrodynamical picture. The comparison with radii obtained from other particle species exhibits the clear breaking of an elsewhere proposed scaling behavior of source radii with mean pair transverse mass for all particle species.
Gamma-gamma correlations possibly allow to look past the barrier of kinetic freeze-out. Additionally, they bear the potential to solve the puzzling observation in heavy-ion collisions of an excess of photons with a large temperature-like inverse slope parameter on the one hand and an elliptic flow coefficient of photons comparable to the one of hadrons on the other hand. A striking signal in the two-photon correlation function is observed; however it seems likely to not be of quantum statistical origin. A path for further studies is laid out.
The subject of this thesis is the experimental investigation of the neutron-capture cross sections of the neutron-rich, short-lived boron isotopes 13B and 14B, as they are thought to influence the rapid neutron-capture process (r process) nucleosynthesis in a neutrino-driven wind scenario.
The 13;14B(n,g)14;15B reactions were studied in inverse kinematics via Coulomb dissociation at the LAND/R3B setup (Reactions with Relativistic Radioactive Beams). A radioactive beam of 14;15B was produced via in-flight fragmentation and directed onto a lead-target at about 500 AMeV. The neutron breakup of the projectile within the electromagnetic field of the target nucleus was investigated in a kinematically complete measurement. All outgoing reaction products were detected and analyzed in order to reconstruct the excitation energy.
The differential Coulomb dissociation cross sections as a function of the excitation energy were obtained and first experimental constraints on the photoabsorption and the neutron-capture cross sections were deduced. The results were compared to theoretical approximations of the cross sections in question. The Coulomb dissociation cross section of 15B into 14B(g.s.) + n was determined to be s(15B;14B(g:s:)+n) CD = 81(8stat)(10syst) mb ; while the Coulomb dissociation cross section of 14B into a neutron and 13B in its ground state was found to be s(14B;13B(g:s:)+n) CD = 281(25stat)(43syst) mb: Furthermore, new information on the nuclear structure of 14B were achieved, as the spectral shape of the differential Coulomb dissociation cross section indicates a halolike structure of the nucleus.
Additionally, the Coulomb dissociation of 11Be was investigated and compared to previous measurements in order to verify the present analysis. The corresponding Coulomb dissociation cross section of 11Be into 10Be(g.s.) + n was found to be 450(40stat)(54syst ) mb, which is in good agreement with the results of Palit et al.
Experiments for p-process nucleosynthesis with special focus on the most abundant p nucleus 92Mo
(2014)
This thesis describes experimental investigations and astrophysical network calculations relevant for the nucleosynthesis of the p nuclei. These 35 proton-rich isotopes cannot be produced by neutron-capture reactions which is the general production mechanism for elements heavier than iron in the r and s processes. Therefore, other mechanisms like photo-disintegration reactions on heavy seed nuclei (γ process) or proton-capture reactions are taken into account.
The modelling of these processes relies on a hugh amount of reactions which mostly occur for unstable isotopes. This demands, in combination with the contribution of excited states to the stellar rate, the prediction of the rates by a suited theoretical approach: the Hauser-Feshbach statistical model. To improve the reliability of the predictions, systematic experimental investigations are performed within this work for the nuclear input to the calculations. The study of charged-particle optical model potentials using the activation approach for the investigation of (α,n) and (p,n) reactions is described as well as the investigation of (γ,n) reactions in a broad mass range of 140 ≤ A ≤ 210.
However, there are also key reactions which are of special interest for the nucleosynthesis of individual p nuclei. An impressive example is the puzzle about the production of the most abundant p nucleus 92Mo. Within this work, the results of an experiment using high-resolution in-beam γ-spectroscopy for the study of the 90Zr(p,γ) reaction are summarized. In addition, the efforts to investigate the 91Nb(p,γ) reaction in standard kinematics by the production of target of the unstable isotope 91Nb to be used with the high-intensity proton-beam provided by the accelerator of FRANZ, Frankfurt, are discussed.
Finally, the influence of experimental results in astrophysical network calculations is discussed using post-processing nucleosynthesis methods for the γ process in type II supernovae.
Im Rahmen des FRANZ-Projektes wurde nach einer Ionenquelle verlangt welche in der Lage ist einen intensiven hochbrillanten Protonenstrahl von 200 mA bei 120 keV im Dauerstrichbetrieb zur Verfügung zu stellen, bei gleichzeitig niedriger Strahlemittanz. Der recht hohe Protonenstrom von 200 mA stellt dabei eine Herausforderung an den Experimentator dar.
Die grundsätzliche Problematik bei der Entwicklung einer solchen Ionenquelle besteht im Wesentlichen darin, ein geeignetes Extraktionssystem zu designen, welches in der Lage ist den geforderten hohen Protonenstrom zu extrahieren und transportieren. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden Abschätzungen bezüglich des notwendigen Emissionsradius, der elektrischen Feldstärke im Extraktionsspalt sowie des Protonenanteils für den verlangten Protonenstrom von 200 mA durchgeführt. Für die praktische Umsetzung wurden Lösungsstrategien erarbeitet. Ziel war es die elektrische Feldstärke im Gap so hoch wie möglich und den Radius der Emissionsöffnung so klein wie möglich zu wählen, bei gleichzeitig möglichst hohem Protonenanteil. Basierend auf diesen Erkenntnissen wurde ein Prototyp der Bogenentladungs-Volumenionenquelle entwickelt und erfolgreich in Betrieb genommen.
Zur Steigerung des Protonenanteils im Wasserstoffplasma wurden diverse Parameter der Ionenquelle optimiert wie bspw. Bogenleistung, Gasdruck sowie insbesondere die Feldverteilung und die magnetische Flussdichte des magnetischen Filters. Diese Ergebnisse wurden mit dem verbesserten theoretischen Modell zur Erzeugung von atomaren Wasserstoffionenstrahlen verglichen. Um die elektrische Feldstärke im Extraktionsspalt zu steigern wurden die Elektroden aus einem thermisch belastbaren Material hergestellt und einer speziellen Oberflächenbehandlung unterzogen. Des Weiteren wurden theoretische und experimentelle Untersuchungen bezüglich der Emissionsstromdichte und der Strahlqualität durchgeführt. Weiterhin wurde die Emittanz des Ionenstrahls berechnet sowie mit einer eigens am Institut für Angewandte Physik entwickelten Pepperpot-Emittanzmessanlage experimentell bestimmt. Die vorliegende Dissertation präsentiert die Ergebnisse der Entwicklung dieser hocheffizienten Bogenentladungs-Volumenionenquelle.
Oscillations play a critical role in cognitive phenomena and have been observed in many brain regions. Experimental evidence indicates that classes of neurons exhibit properties that could promote oscillations, such as subthreshold resonance and electrical gap junctions. Typically, these two properties are studied separately but it is not clear which is the dominant determinant of global network rhythms. Our aim is to provide an analytical understanding of how these two effects destabilize the fluctuation-driven state, in which neurons fire irregularly, and lead to an emergence of global synchronous oscillations. Here we show how the oscillation frequency is shaped by single neuron resonance, electrical and chemical synapses.The presence of both gap junctions and subthreshold resonance are necessary for the emergence of oscillations. Our results are in agreement with several experimental observations such as network responses to oscillatory inputs and offer a much-needed conceptual link connecting a collection of disparate effects observed in networks.
A measurement of the transverse momentum spectra of jets in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV is reported. Jets are reconstructed from charged particles using the anti-kT jet algorithm with jet resolution parameters R of 0.2 and 0.3 in pseudo-rapidity |η|<0.5. The transverse momentum pT of charged particles is measured down to 0.15 GeV/c which gives access to the low pT fragments of the jet. Jets found in heavy-ion collisions are corrected event-by-event for average background density and on an inclusive basis (via unfolding) for residual background fluctuations and detector effects. A strong suppression of jet production in central events with respect to peripheral events is observed. The suppression is found to be similar to the suppression of charged hadrons, which suggests that substantial energy is radiated at angles larger than the jet resolution parameter R=0.3 considered in the analysis. The fragmentation bias introduced by selecting jets with a high pT leading particle, which rejects jets with a soft fragmentation pattern, has a similar effect on the jet yield for central and peripheral events. The ratio of jet spectra with R=0.2 and R=0.3 is found to be similar in Pb-Pb and simulated PYTHIA pp events, indicating no strong broadening of the radial jet structure in the reconstructed jets with R<0.3.