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Institute
- Physik (3498) (remove)
We enlarge the so-called extended linear Sigma model (eLSM) by including the charm quark according to the global U(4)r × U(4)l chiral symmetry. In the eLSM, besides scalar and pseudoscalar mesons, also vector and axial-vector mesons are present. Almost all the parameters of the model were fixed in a previous study of mesons below 2 GeV. In the extension to the four-flavor case, only three additional parameters (all of them related to the bare mass of the charm quark) appear.We compute the (OZI dominant) strong decays of open charmed mesons. The results are compatible with the experimental data, although the theoretical uncertainties are still large.
In the presence of a minimal length, physical objects cannot collapse to an infinite density, singular, matter point. In this paper, we consider the possible final stage of the gravitational collapse of "thick" matter layers. The energy momentum tensor we choose to model these shell-like objects is a proper modification of the source for "noncommutative geometry inspired," regular black holes. By using higher momenta of Gaussian distribution to localize matter at finite distance from the origin, we obtain new solutions of the Einstein equation which smoothly interpolates between Minkowski's geometry near the center of the shell and Schwarzschild’s spacetime far away from the matter layer. The metric is curvature singularity free. Black hole type solutions exist only for "heavy" shells; that is, M >= Me, where Me is the mass of the extremal configuration. We determine the Hawking temperature and a modified area law taking into account the extended nature of the source.
There are only 3 methods for the production of heavy and superheavy (SH) nuclei, namely, fusion reactions, a sequence of neutron capture and beta(-) decay and multinucleon transfer reactions. Low values of the fusion cross sections and very short half-lives of nuclei with Z<120 put obstacles in synthesis of new elements. At the same time, an important area of SH isotopes located between those produced in the cold and hot fusion reactions remains unstudied yet. This gap could be filled in fusion reactions of 48Ca with available lighter isotopes of Pu, Am, and Cm. New neutron-enriched isotopes of SH elements may be produced with the use of a 48Ca beam if a 250Cm target would be prepared. In this case we get a real chance to reach the island of stability owing to a possible beta(+) decay of 291114 and 287112 nuclei formed in this reaction with a cross section of about 0.8 pb. A macroscopic amount of the long-living SH nuclei located at the island of stability may be produced by using the pulsed nuclear reactors of the next generation only if the neutron fluence per pulse will be increased by about three orders of magnitude. Multinucleon transfer processes look quite promising for the production and study of neutron-rich heavy nuclei located in upper part of the nuclear map not reachable by other reaction mechanisms. Reactions with actinide beams and targets are of special interest for synthesis of new neutron-enriched transfermium nuclei and not-yet-known nuclei with closed neutron shell N=126 having the largest impact on the astrophysical r-process. The estimated cross sections for the production of these nuclei allows one to plan such experiments at currently available accelerators.
In the framework of an interference setup in which only two outcomes are possible (such as in the case of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer), we discuss in a simple and pedagogical way the difference between a standard, unitary quantum mechanical evolution and the existence of a real collapse of the wavefunction. This is a central and not-yet resolved question of quantum mechanics and indeed of quantum field theory as well. Moreover, we also present the Elitzur–Vaidman bomb, the delayed choice experiment, and the effect of decoherence. In the end, we propose two simple experiments to visualize decoherence and to test the role of an entangled particle.
The HITRAP linear decelerator currently being set up at GSI will provide slow, few keV/u highly charged ions for atomic physics experiments. The expected beam intensity is up to 105 ions per shot. To optimize phase and amplitude of the RF systems intensity, bunch length and kinetic energy of the particles need to be monitored. The bunch length that we need to fit is about 2 ns, which is typically measured by capacitive pickups. However, they do not work for the low beam intensities that we face. We investigated the bunch length with a fast CVD diamond detector working in single particle counting mode. Averaging over 8 shots yields a clear, regular picture of the bunched beam. Energy measurements by capacitive pickups are limited by the presence of intense primary and partially decelerated beam and hence make tuning of the IH-structure impossible. The energy of the decelerated fraction of the beam behind the first deceleration cavity was determined to about 10 % accuracy with a permanent dipole magnet combined with a MCP. Better detector calibration should help reaching the required 1%. Design of the detectors as well as the results of the measurements will be presented.
A test stand for optical beam tomography was developed. As a new non-destructive beam-diagnostic system for high current ion beams, the test stand will be installed in the low energy beam transport section (LEBT) of the Frankfurt Neutron Source (FRANZ) behind the chopper system. The test stand consists of a rotatable vacuum chamber with a mounted CCD camera. The maximum rotation angle amounts to 270°. In a first phase the optical beam profile measurement and 3D density reconstruction is tested with a time independent 10 keV He beam. The measurements and performance of data processing algorithms are compared with the beam transport simulations. In a later phase the performance with time dependent beams (120 keV, 200 mA) at a repetition rate of 250 kHz and a duty cycle of 2.5% has to be evaluated. An overview of the first phase results is shown.
Space charge lenses use a confined electron cloud for the focusing of ion beams. The focusing strength is given by the electron density whereas the density distribution influences the mapping quality of the space charge lens and is related to the confinement. The plasma parameters, loss as well as production mechanisms have a strong impact on plasma beam interactions. A scaled up space charge lens was constructed to investigate the properties of a nonneutral plasmas in detail. New non-interceptive diagnostic has been developed to characterize the collective behaviour of the confined nonneutral plasma in terms of an optimized lens design and parameters. Experimental results will be presented in comparison with numerical simulations.
Zunächst sind einige Methoden und Techniken zusammenfassend aufzuzählen, welche mir in meiner Zeit am IKF nahegebracht wurden.
Von technischer Seite her sind hier der Umgang mit der Instituts-eigenen Lichtmikroskop und den pA-Messgeräten sowie der analogen Messkette zu nennen. Außerdem gegebenen GEM-Folien auf Fehlstellen zu untersuchen, sie unter Spannung zu testen und anschließen in die Testkammer zu montieren und diese anschließend ordnungsgemäß in Betrieb zu nehmen. Während des Betriebs der Kammer sind neben den Messungen selbst auch die Programmierung in C++ um ein vorhandenes GUI zu verstehen und erweitern zu können zu nennen. In der Analyse der gewonnenen Daten ist vor allem die im Institut verbreiteten Analyse-Software „Root“ zu nennen um Daten zu verarbeiten, zu plotten und zu fitten.
Der physikalische Gehalt der Messungen war in Folge der ersten Messung nicht mit Sicherheit zu bestimmen, da die Raten-Abhängigkeit des IB entweder grundlegender physikalischer oder technischer Natur sein konnte, was näher zu untersuchen blieb. Nach wiederholter Messung mit größerem Messbereich und einer zweiten Messreihe mit einer anderen Gas-Mischung konnten jedoch Aussagen getroffen werden.
So konnte in der Argon-Messung die gleiche Raten-Abhängigkeit des IBF wie zuvor festgestellt werden, während der IBF in der Neon-Mischung kaum merklich anstieg. Außerdem ist festzuhalten, dass Messungen an der Kathode nur über 10 pA problemlos genau sind. Darunter werden die Werte bei zu wenig Messzeit weniger aussagekräftig.
Entwicklung von normal- und supraleitenden CH-Strukturen für den 17 MeV EUROTRANS-Injektor-Linac
(2010)
In den letzten Jahrzehnten vergrößerten sich die Anwendungsgebiete von Hochfrequenzlinearbeschleunigern für Protonen und schwere Ionen, insbesondere im Nieder- und Mittelenergiebereich, permanent. Der überwiegende Teil dieser mittlerweile bewährten Aktivitäten lag im Bereich der Synchrotroninjektion oder der Nachbeschleunigung von radioaktiven Ionenstrahlen. Daneben existiert seit einiger Zeit eine starke Tendenz zur Entwicklung von Hochleistungslinearbeschleunigern, welche vor allem bei der Forschung an Spallationsneutronenquellen, in der Isotopenproduktion oder bei der Transmutation langlebiger Abfälle aus Spaltreaktoren Anwendung finden sollen. Die neu entwickelte CH-Struktur (Crossbar H-Mode) ist optimal für den Einsatz in derartigen Hochleistungsapplikationen geeignet. Sie ist die erste Vielzellenstruktur für den Nieder- und Mittelenergiebereich und kann sowohl normal- als auch supraleitend verwendet werden. Das europäische Programm zur Transmutation radioaktiver Abfälle, EUROTRANS, basiert auf einem Hochleistungslinearbeschleuniger, der einen intensiven Protonenstrahl bereitstellt. Dieser Strahl wird auf ein Flüssigmetalltarget geleitet, wodurch Spallationsneutronen entstehen, welche die Reaktion im Reaktorkern antreiben. Hierbei spricht man von einem sogenannten beschleunigergetriebenen System (ADS). Das zugehörige Refernzdesign des Instituts für Angewandte Physik propagiert einen aus normal- und supraleitenden CH-Strukturen bestehenden Injektor für den Bereich von 5–17 MeV. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden diesbezüglich zur Entwicklung von zwei normal- und vier supraleitenden CH-Kavitäten elektrodynamische Simulationsrechnungen in Bezug auf die folgenden Designkriterien durchgeführt:...
The present work deals with the integration of variable renewable energy sources, wind and solar energy into the European and US power grid. In contrast to other networks, such as the gas supply mains, the electricity network is practically not able to store energy. Generation and consumption therefore always have tobe balanced. Currently, the load curve is viewed as a rigid boundary condition, which must be followed by the generation system. The basic idea of the approach followed here is that weather-dependent generation causes a shift of focus of the electricity supply. At high shares of wind and solar generation, the role of the rigid boundary condition falls to the residual load, that is, the remaining load after subtraction of renewable generation. The goal is to include the weather dependence as well as the load curve in the design of the future electricity supply.
After a brief introduction, the present work first turns to the underlying weather-, generation and load data, which form the starting point of the analysis. In addition, some basic concepts of energy economics are discussed, which are needed in the following.
In the main part of the thesis, several algorithms are developed to determine the load flow in a network with a high share of wind and solar energy and to determine the backup supply needed at the same time. Minimization of the energy needed from controllable power plants, the capacity variable power plants, and the capacity of storing serve as guiding principles. In addition, the optimization problem of grid extensions is considered. It is shown that it can be formulated as a convex optimization problem. It turns out that with an optimized, international transmission network which is about four times the currently available transmission capacity, much of the potential savings in backup energy (about 40%) in Europe can be reached. In contrast, a twelvefold increase the transmission capacity would be necessary for a complete implementation of all possible savings in dispatchable power plants.
The reduction of the dispatchable generation capacity and storage capacity, however, presents a greater challenge. Due to correlations in the generation of time series of individual countries, it may be reduced only with difficulty, and by only about 30%.
In the following, the influence of the relative share of wind and solar energy is illuminated and examined the interplay with the line capacitance. A stronger transmission network tends to lead to a higher proportion of wind energy being better integrated. With increasing line capacity, the optimal mix in Europe therefore shifts from about 70% to 80% wind. Similar analyses are carried out for the US with comparable results.
In addition, the cost of the overall system can be reduced. It is interesting at this point that the advantages for the network integration may outweigh higher production costs of individual technologies, so that it is more favourable from the viewpoint of the entire system to use the more expensive technologies.
Finally, attention is given to the flexibility of the dispatchable power plants. Starting from a Fourier-like decomposition of the load curve as it was a few years ago, when hardly renewable generation capacity was present, capacities of different flexibility classes of dispatchable power plant are calculated. For this purpose, it is assumed that the power plant park is able to follow the load curve without significant surplusses or deficits. From this examination, it is derived what capacity must at least be available without having to resort to a detailed database of existing power plants.
Assuming a strong European cooperation, with a stronger international transmission network, the dispatchable power capacity can be significantly reduced while maintaining security of supply and generating relatively small surplusses in dispatchable power plants.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden verschiedene Modellsysteme untersucht, die Metriken der klassischen Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie mit Erweiterungen vergleichen, in denen Ereignishorizonte nicht existieren müssen. Die untersuchten Korrekturterme sind durch Schwachfeldmessungen, wie sie zum Beispiel in unserem Sonnensystem durchgeführt werden, nicht überprüfbar. Es ist deshalb nötig solche Systeme zu betrachten, in denen die vollständigen Gleichungen berücksichtigt werden müssen und keine Entwicklungen für schwache Felder gemacht werden können. Es gibt eine Reihe von astrophysikalischen Systemen, die diese Bedingungen erfüllen, wie das Galaktische Zentrum oder Doppelsternsysteme.
Im zweiten Kapitel der Arbeit werden Testteilchenorbits in einem Zentralpotential beschrieben und Unterschiede zwischen der klassischen und einer modifizierten Kerr-Metrik herausgearbeitet. Drei neue Phänomene der modifizierten Metrik gegenüber der Klassischen treten hier in Erscheinung. Zum einen haben Teilchen, die sich auf prograden Bahnen um den Zentralkörper drehen, ein Maximum in ihrer Winkelgeschwindigkeit. Zum anderen ist das Phänomen des frame-draggings deutlich schwächer ausgeprägt. Schließlich tritt ein letzter stabiler Orbit für entsprechend schnell rotierende Zentralkörper nicht mehr auf. Gleichzeitig sind die Unterschiede in den beiden Metriken für große Abstände (r > 10m) nahezu vernachlässigbar. In Kapitel 3 werden diese Ergebnisse auf zwei unterschiedliche Modelle zur Beschreibung von Akkretionsscheiben angewendet. Untersucht wird zum einen das Verhalten der Eisen-Kα-Emissionslinie und zum anderen der Energiefluss aus einer Akkretionsscheibe.
In der Form der Eisen-Kα-Emissionslinie gibt es eine deutliche Zunahme des rotverschobenen Anteils der Strahlung in der modifizierten Kerr-Metrik gegenüber der klassischen Kerr-Metrik. Die Akkretionsscheibe nach Page und Thorne zeigt unter Verwendung der modifizierten Kerr-Metrik eine signifikante Erhöhung der abgestrahlten Energie, wenn der Zentralkörper so schnell rotiert, dass kein letzter stabiler Orbit mehr auftritt. Zusätzlich gibt es hier in der Scheibe einen dunklen Ring im Vergleich zu den Bildern höherer Ordnung, die in der klassischen Kerr-Metrik auftreten. Erklärbar sind diese Phänomene dadurch, dass sich Teilchen auf stabilen Bahnen in der modifizierten Kerr-Metrik näher an den Zentralkörper heran bewegen können, als es in der klassischen Kerr-Metrik der Fall ist. Die Rotverschiebung ist für beide Fälle annäherend gleich.
Kapitel 4 gibt eine kurze Einführung in die Beschreibung von Gravitationswellen im Rahmen der linearisierten Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie. Hier wird als Modell ein Binärsystem, wie etwa der Hulse-Taylor-Pulsar, betrachtet. Die Unterschiede zwischen der klassischen Theorie und einer Beschreibung unter Hinzunahme von Zusatztermen sind hier erwartungsgemäß sehr gering, da die Linearisierung der Gleichungen dazu führt, dass Starkfeldeffekte vernachlässigt werden. Für große Abstände, was in diesem Fall auch schwache Felder impliziert, sind die Erweiterungen der Gleichungen vernachlässigbar. Hier werden zum Teil auch Effekte in der klassischen ART vernachlässigt.
In Kapitel 5 befindet sich ein kurzer Ausblick in die 3+1-Formulierung der Einsteingleichungen für die numerische Beschreibung von Gravitationsphänomenen. Diese Beschreibung ermöglicht es auch komplexe Systeme ohne viele nähernde Annahmen genau beschreiben zu können. Diese Systeme können zum einen Akkretionsscheiben um kompakte Objekte sein, aber auch die Verschmelzung von zwei massiven Objekten und die damit verbundenen Gravitationswellensignale. Dadurch lassen sich die Vorhersagen der ART oder etwaiger Erweiterungen präziser modellieren.
Die vorgestellten Ergebnisse liegen innerhalb der Einschränkungen durch aktuelle Messungen. Zukünftige Messungen wie genauere Beobachtungen des Galaktischen Zentrums durch das Event Horizon Telescope sind aber voraussichtlich dazu in der Lage zwischen den untersuchten Metriken zu unterscheiden.
A non-interceptive optical diagnostic system on the basis of beam tomography, was developed for the planned Frankfurt Neutron Source (FRANZ). The proton driver linac of FRANZ will provide energies up to 2.0 MeV. The measurement device will non-interceptively derive required beam parameters at the end of the LEBT at beam energies of 120 keV and a current of 200 mA. On a narrow space of 351.2 mm length a rotatable tomography tank will perform a multi-turn tomography with a high and stable vacuum pressure. The tank allows to plug different measurement equipment additionally to the CCD Camera installed, to perform optical beam tomography. A collection of developed algorithms provides information about the density distribution, shape, size, location and emittance on the basis of CCD images. Simulated, as well as measured data have been applied to the evaluation algorithms to test the reliability of the beam. The actual contribution gives an overview on the current diagnostic possibilities of this diagnostic system.
Das Ziel dieser Masterarbeit ist die Auslegung des Kickers für den Bunch-Kompressor des FRANZ-Projektes. Anhand eines Modells wurden die verschiedenen Möglichkeiten der Einkopplung sowie das Feld zwischen den Kondensatorplatten bereits untersucht. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Kicker mit Hilfe des Programms CST Microwave Studio erstellt und optimiert, sodass er nach Abschluss der Untersuchungen in die Fertigung gehen kann. Dabei ist der erste Schwerpunkt der Untersuchungen die Auslegung und Optimierung der Kondensatorplatten, die für die Auslenkung der Mikro-Bunche im FRANZ-Projekt verantwortlich sind. Zu Beginn der Masterarbeit gab es gezielte Winkelverteilungen, die der Kicker im Rahmen des FRANZ-Projektes erreichen sollte. Nachdem ein Erreichen dieser Werte nur bedingt möglich war, wurden verschiedene Abschnitte des FRANZ-Projektes neu überdacht und die Anforderungen an den Kicker änderten sich dadurch grundlegend. Aus diesem Grund wurde der Kicker zu Beginn der Arbeit für eine Frequenz von 5 MHz ausgelegt, wohingegen er im Rahmen der neuen Anforderungen für eine Resonanzfrequenz von 2,57 MHz ausgelegt wurde. Die Untersuchung der optimalen Resonanzfrequenz für die Anforderungen des Kickers stellt den zweiten Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit dar.
Nach Abschluss meiner Untersuchungen, kann man sagen, dass die galvanische Einkopplung die eleganteste und wohl sinnvollste für den Kicker im FRANZ-Projekt ist, da man mit ihr perfekt kritische Einkopplung erreicht und sie relativ einfach zu realisieren ist, indem man die Zuleitung direkt an die Stützen lötet. Da die Zuleitung nur relativ kurz ist und Außerhalb der Spule verläuft verändert sie die Eigenschaften des Kickers nicht wesentlich. Die induktive Einkopplung eignet sich zwar auch sehr gut um die kritische Ankopplung zu erreichen, allerdings stellt die Indutktionsschleife eine zusätzliche Induktivität dar. Ebenso verhält es sich mit der kapazitiven Einkopplung. Der Einkoppelstift stellt eine zusätzliche Kapazität dar, welche die Eigenschaften des Kickers verändert.
Zu den Störkörpermessungen ist zu sagen, dass das Elektromagnetische Feld, dass ich vermessen habe, gut mit der Simulation aus [2] übereinstimmt. Die verschiedenen Einkopplungsverfahren haben keinen Einfluss auf die Feldverteilung, d.h. für die Feldverteilung ist es egal ob man kapazitiv, induktiv oder galvanisch einkoppelt. Der Peak, der am Anfang des Kondensators immer wieder auftritt lässt sich dadurch begründen, dass der Störkörper nicht auf einer geraden Linie durch das Modell gezogen wurde (siehe Abbildung 15. Aufgrund der Geometrie der Endplatten wurde der Störkörper leicht schräg durch das Modell und den Kondensator gezogen. Dadurch kommt der Störkörper am Anfang des Kondensators sehr nahe an ihn heran. Wenn der Störkörper nun zu nahe an der Metalloberfläche vorbeiläuft gilt die normale Störkörpertheorie nicht mehr und es treten Oberflächenladungseffekte auf, die die Phasenverschiebung beeinflussen. Somit erhält man am Anfang des Kondensators mehr Phasenverschiebung als in der Mitte des Kondensators.
Intense ion beams with small phase space occupation (high brilliance) are mandatory to keep beam losses low in high current injector accelerators like those planned for FAIR. The low energy beam transport from the ion source towards the linac has to keep the emittance growth low and has to support the optimization of the ion source tune. The Frankfurt Neutron Source Facility FRANZ is currently under construction. An intense beam of protons (2 MeV, 200 mA) will be used for neutron production using the Li7(p,n)Be7 reaction for studies of the astrophysical s-process. A collimation channel, which can be adjusted to allow the transport of beams with a certain beam emittance, is an ideal tool to optimize the ion source tune in terms of beam brightness. Therefore a collimation channel in the Low Energy Beam Transport section will be used. Through defined apertures and transversal phase space rotation using focusing solenoids the beam halo as well as unwanted H2+ and H3+ fractions will be cut. Theoretical studies which were carried out so far and a first design of the setup will be presented.
Beam test of the direct plasma injection scheme (DPIS) is carried out successfully for the first time in China, by setting up a comprehensive test and research platform of RFQ and laser ion source. The C6+ beam is accelerated successfully, and the peak beam current reaches more than 6mA which is measured by a Faraday cup of unique structure. The RF power coupled into the RFQ cavity is also examined, and results reveal that it is the RF power of about 195kW that can produce the peak beam current.
A CW RFQ prototype
(2011)
A short RFQ prototype was built for RF-tests of high power RFQ structures. We will study thermal effects and determine critical points of the design. HF-simulations with CST Microwave Studio and measurements were done. The cw-tests with 20 kW/m RF-power and simulations of thermal effects with ALGOR were finished successfully. The optimization of some details of the HF design is on focus now. First results and the status of the project will be presented.
Beam measurements with the new RFQ beam matching section at the Frankfurt Funneling Experiment
(2011)
Funneling is a method to increase low energy beam currents in multiple stages. The Frankfurt Funneling Experiment is a model of such a stage. The experiment is built up of two ion sources with electrostatic lens systems, a Two-Beam-RFQ accelerator, a funneling deflector and a beam diagnostic system. The two beams are bunched and accelerated in a Two-Beam RFQ. A funneling deflector combines the bunches to a common beam axis. A new beam transport system between RFQ accelerator and deflector has been constructed and mounted. With these extended RFQ-electrodes the drift between the Two-Beam-RFQ and the rf-deflector will be minimized and therefore unwanted emittance growth reduced. After first rf measurements current work are beam tests with the improved Two-Beam-RFQ. First results will be presented.
Usually 4-ROD Radio Frequency Quadrupoles (RFQ) are built for frequencies up to 216 MHz. For higher frequencies 4-VANE structures are more common. The advantages of 4-Rod structures, the greater flexibility for tuning and being more comfortable for maintenance, are motivating the development of a 4-Rod RFQ for higher frequencies than 216 MHz. In particular a 325 MHz RFQ with an output energy of 3 MeV is needed for the proton linac for the FAIR project of GSI. This paper reports about the design studies and the latest developments of this RFQ.
For the injector upgrade at FNAL a 4-rod Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) with a resonance frequency of 200 MHz has been build. With this short structure of only 1.3 m a very compact injector design has been realized. Simulations with CST Microwave Studio® were performed for the design. Their results leading to the RF characterizations of the RFQ and the final RF setup which has been accomplished at IAP of the Goethe-University Frankfurt are presented in this paper.