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Institute
- Physik (3415) (remove)
We report on the measurement of freeze-out radii for pairs of identical-charge pions measured in Pb--Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV as a function of collision centrality and the average transverse momentum of the pair kT. Three-dimensional sizes of the system (femtoscopic radii), as well as direction-averaged one-dimensional radii are extracted. The radii decrease with kT, following a power-law behavior. This is qualitatively consistent with expectations from a collectively expanding system, produced in hydrodynamic calculations. The radii also scale linearly with ⟨dNch/dη⟩1/3. This behaviour is compared to world data on femtoscopic radii in heavy-ion collisions. While the dependence is qualitatively similar to results at smaller sNN−−−√, a decrease in the Rout/Rside ratio is seen, which is in qualitative agreement with specific predictions from hydrodynamic models. The results provide further evidence for the production of a collective, strongly coupled system in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC.
We report on the measurement of freeze-out radii for pairs of identical-charge pions measured in Pb--Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV as a function of collision centrality and the average transverse momentum of the pair kT. Three-dimensional sizes of the system (femtoscopic radii), as well as direction-averaged one-dimensional radii are extracted. The radii decrease with kT, following a power-law behavior. This is qualitatively consistent with expectations from a collectively expanding system, produced in hydrodynamic calculations. The radii also scale linearly with ⟨dNch/dη⟩1/3. This behaviour is compared to world data on femtoscopic radii in heavy-ion collisions. While the dependence is qualitatively similar to results at smaller sNN−−−√, a decrease in the Rout/Rside ratio is seen, which is in qualitative agreement with specific predictions from hydrodynamic models. The results provide further evidence for the production of a collective, strongly coupled system in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC.
The centrality dependence of the p/π ratio measured by the ALICE Collaboration in 5.02 TeV Pb-Pb collisions indicates a statistically significant suppression with the increase of the charged particle multiplicity once the centrality-correlated part of the systematic uncertainty is eliminated from the data. We argue that this behavior can be attributed to baryon annihilation in the hadronic phase. By implementing the BB¯↔5π reaction within a generalized partial chemical equilibrium framework, we estimate the annihilation freeze-out temperature at different centralities, which decreases with increasing charged particle multiplicity and yields Tann=132±5 MeV in 0-5% most central collisions. This value is considerably below the hadronization temperature of Thad∼160 MeV but above the thermal (kinetic) freeze-out temperature of Tkin∼100 MeV. Baryon annihilation reactions thus remain relevant in the initial stage of the hadronic phase but freeze out before (pseudo-)elastic hadronic scatterings. One experimentally testable consequence of this picture is a suppression of various light nuclei to proton ratios in central collisions of heavy ions.
The pseudorapidity density of charged particles (dNch/dη) at mid-rapidity in Pb-Pb collisions has been measured at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV. It increases with centrality and reaches a value of 1943±54 in |η|<0.5 for the 5% most central collisions. A rise in dNch/dη as a function of sNN−−−√ for the most central collisions is observed, steeper than that observed in proton-proton collisions and following the trend established by measurements at lower energy. The centrality dependence of dNch/dη as a function of the average number of participant nucleons, ⟨Npart⟩, calculated in a Glauber model, is compared with the previous measurement at lower energy. A constant factor of about 1.2 describes the increase in 2⟨Npart⟩⟨dNch/dη⟩ from sNN−−−√ = 2.76 TeV to sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV for all centrality intervals, within the measured range of 0-80% centrality. The results are also compared to models based on different mechanisms for particle production in nuclear collisions.
The pseudorapidity density of charged particles (dNch/dη) at mid-rapidity in Pb-Pb collisions has been measured at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV. It increases with centrality and reaches a value of 1943±54 in |η|<0.5 for the 5% most central collisions. A rise in dNch/dη as a function of sNN−−−√ for the most central collisions is observed, steeper than that observed in proton-proton collisions and following the trend established by measurements at lower energy. The centrality dependence of dNch/dη as a function of the average number of participant nucleons, ⟨Npart⟩, calculated in a Glauber model, is compared with the previous measurement at lower energy. A constant factor of about 1.2 describes the increase in 2⟨Npart⟩⟨dNch/dη⟩ from sNN−−−√ = 2.76 TeV to sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV for all centrality intervals, within the measured range of 0-80% centrality. The results are also compared to models based on different mechanisms for particle production in nuclear collisions.
The pseudorapidity density of charged particles (dNch/dη) at mid-rapidity in Pb-Pb collisions has been measured at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV. It increases with centrality and reaches a value of 1943±54 in |η|<0.5 for the 5% most central collisions. A rise in dNch/dη as a function of sNN−−−√ for the most central collisions is observed, steeper than that observed in proton-proton collisions and following the trend established by measurements at lower energy. The centrality dependence of dNch/dη as a function of the average number of participant nucleons, ⟨Npart⟩, calculated in a Glauber model, is compared with the previous measurement at lower energy. A constant factor of about 1.2 describes the increase in 2⟨Npart⟩⟨dNch/dη⟩ from sNN−−−√ = 2.76 TeV to sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV for all centrality intervals, within the measured range of 0-80% centrality. The results are also compared to models based on different mechanisms for particle production in nuclear collisions.
Transverse momentum (pT) spectra of pions, kaons, and protons up to pT=20 GeV/c have been measured in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV using the ALICE detector for six different centrality classes covering 0-80%. The proton-to-pion and the kaon-to-pion ratios both show a distinct peak at pT≈3 GeV/c in central Pb-Pb collisions that decreases towards more peripheral collisions. For pT>10 GeV/c, the nuclear modification factor is found to be the same for all three particle species in each centrality interval within systematic uncertainties of 10-20%. This suggests there is no direct interplay between the energy loss in the medium and the particle species composition in the hard core of the quenched jet. For pT<10 GeV/c, the data provide important constraints for models aimed at describing the transition from soft to hard physics.
Transverse momentum (pT) spectra of pions, kaons, and protons up to pT=20 GeV/c have been measured in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV using the ALICE detector for six different centrality classes covering 0-80%. The proton-to-pion and the kaon-to-pion ratios both show a distinct peak at pT≈3 GeV/c in central Pb-Pb collisions that decreases towards more peripheral collisions. For pT>10 GeV/c, the nuclear modification factor is found to be the same for all three particle species in each centrality interval within systematic uncertainties of 10-20%. This suggests there is no direct interplay between the energy loss in the medium and the particle species composition in the hard core of the quenched jet. For pT<10 GeV/c, the data provide important constraints for models aimed at describing the transition from soft to hard physics.
Transverse momentum (pT) spectra of pions, kaons, and protons up to pT=20 GeV/c have been measured in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV using the ALICE detector for six different centrality classes covering 0-80%. The proton-to-pion and the kaon-to-pion ratios both show a distinct peak at pT≈3 GeV/c in central Pb-Pb collisions that decreases towards more peripheral collisions. For pT>10 GeV/c, the nuclear modification factor is found to be the same for all three particle species in each centrality interval within systematic uncertainties of 10-20%. This suggests there is no direct interplay between the energy loss in the medium and the particle species composition in the hard core of the quenched jet. For pT<10 GeV/c, the data provide important constraints for models aimed at describing the transition from soft to hard physics.
Transverse momentum (pT) spectra of pions, kaons, and protons up to pT=20 GeV/c have been measured in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV using the ALICE detector for six different centrality classes covering 0-80%. The proton-to-pion and the kaon-to-pion ratios both show a distinct peak at pT≈3 GeV/c in central Pb-Pb collisions that decreases towards more peripheral collisions. For pT>10 GeV/c, the nuclear modification factor is found to be the same for all three particle species in each centrality interval within systematic uncertainties of 10-20%. This suggests there is no direct interplay between the energy loss in the medium and the particle species composition in the hard core of the quenched jet. For pT<10 GeV/c, the data provide important constraints for models aimed at describing the transition from soft to hard physics.
We present the charged-particle pseudorapidity density in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02TeV in centrality classes measured by ALICE. The measurement covers a wide pseudorapidity range from −3.5 to 5, which is sufficient for reliable estimates of the total number of charged particles produced in the collisions. For the most central (0-5%) collisions we find 21400±1300 while for the most peripheral (80-90%) we find 230±38. This corresponds to an increase of (27±4)% over the results at sNN−−−√=2.76TeV previously reported by ALICE. The energy dependence of the total number of charged particles produced in heavy-ion collisions is found to obey a modified power-law like behaviour. The charged-particle pseudorapidity density of the most central collisions is compared to model calculations --- none of which fully describes the measured distribution. We also present an estimate of the rapidity density of charged particles. The width of that distribution is found to exhibit a remarkable proportionality to the beam rapidity, independent of the collision energy from the top SPS to LHC energies.
We present the charged-particle pseudorapidity density in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02TeV in centrality classes measured by ALICE. The measurement covers a wide pseudorapidity range from −3.5 to 5, which is sufficient for reliable estimates of the total number of charged particles produced in the collisions. For the most central (0-5%) collisions we find 21400±1300 while for the most peripheral (80-90%) we find 230±38. This corresponds to an increase of (27±4)% over the results at sNN−−−√=2.76TeV previously reported by ALICE. The energy dependence of the total number of charged particles produced in heavy-ion collisions is found to obey a modified power-law like behaviour. The charged-particle pseudorapidity density of the most central collisions is compared to model calculations --- none of which fully describes the measured distribution. We also present an estimate of the rapidity density of charged particles. The width of that distribution is found to exhibit a remarkable proportionality to the beam rapidity, independent of the collision energy from the top SPS to LHC energies.
We present the charged-particle pseudorapidity density in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02TeV in centrality classes measured by ALICE. The measurement covers a wide pseudorapidity range from −3.5 to 5, which is sufficient for reliable estimates of the total number of charged particles produced in the collisions. For the most central (0-5%) collisions we find 21400±1300 while for the most peripheral (80-90%) we find 230±38. This corresponds to an increase of (27±4)% over the results at sNN−−−√=2.76TeV previously reported by ALICE. The energy dependence of the total number of charged particles produced in heavy-ion collisions is found to obey a modified power-law like behaviour. The charged-particle pseudorapidity density of the most central collisions is compared to model calculations --- none of which fully describes the measured distribution. We also present an estimate of the rapidity density of charged particles. The width of that distribution is found to exhibit a remarkable proportionality to the beam rapidity, independent of the collision energy from the top SPS to LHC energies.
We present the charged-particle pseudorapidity density in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV in centrality classes measured by ALICE. The measurement covers a wide pseudorapidity range from −3.5 to 5, which is sufficient for reliable estimates of the total number of charged particles produced in the collisions. For the most central (0–5%) collisions we find 21 400 ± 1 300, while for the most peripheral (80–90%) we find 230 ± 38. This corresponds to an increase of (27 ± 4)% over the results at √sNN = 2.76 TeV previously reported by ALICE. The energy dependence of the total number of charged particles produced in heavy-ion collisions is found to obey a modified power-law like behaviour. The chargedparticle pseudorapidity density of the most central collisions is compared to model calculations — none of which fully describes the measured distribution. We also present an estimate of the rapidity density of charged particles. The width of that distribution is found to exhibit a remarkable proportionality to the beam rapidity, independent of the collision energy from the top SPS to LHC energies.
The inclusive production of the ψ(2S) charmonium state was studied as a function of centrality in p-Pb collisions at the nucleon-nucleon center of mass energy sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV at the CERN LHC. The measurement was performed with the ALICE detector in the center of mass rapidity ranges −4.46<ycms<−2.96 and 2.03<ycms<3.53, down to zero transverse momentum, by reconstructing the ψ(2S) decay to a muon pair. The ψ(2S) production cross section σψ(2S) is presented as a function of the collision centrality, which is estimated through the energy deposited in forward rapidity calorimeters. The relative strength of nuclear effects on the ψ(2S) and on the corresponding 1S charmonium state J/ψ is then studied by means of the double ratio of cross sections [σψ(2S)/σJ/ψ]pPb/[σψ(2S)/σJ/ψ]pp between p-Pb and pp collisions, and by the values of the nuclear modification factors for the two charmonium states. The results show a large suppression of ψ(2S) production relative to the J/ψ at backward (negative) rapidity, corresponding to the flight direction of the Pb-nucleus, while at forward (positive) rapidity the suppressions of the two states are comparable. Finally, comparisons to results from lower energy experiments and to available theoretical models are presented.
The inclusive production of the ψ(2S) charmonium state was studied as a function of centrality in p-Pb collisions at the nucleon-nucleon center of mass energy sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV at the CERN LHC. The measurement was performed with the ALICE detector in the center of mass rapidity ranges −4.46<ycms<−2.96 and 2.03<ycms<3.53, down to zero transverse momentum, by reconstructing the ψ(2S) decay to a muon pair. The ψ(2S) production cross section σψ(2S) is presented as a function of the collision centrality, which is estimated through the energy deposited in forward rapidity calorimeters. The relative strength of nuclear effects on the ψ(2S) and on the corresponding 1S charmonium state J/ψ is then studied by means of the double ratio of cross sections [σψ(2S)/σJ/ψ]pPb/[σψ(2S)/σJ/ψ]pp between p-Pb and pp collisions, and by the values of the nuclear modification factors for the two charmonium states. The results show a large suppression of ψ(2S) production relative to the J/ψ at backward (negative) rapidity, corresponding to the flight direction of the Pb-nucleus, while at forward (positive) rapidity the suppressions of the two states are comparable. Finally, comparisons to results from lower energy experiments and to available theoretical models are presented.
The inclusive production of the ψ(2S) charmonium state was studied as a function of centrality in p-Pb collisions at the nucleon-nucleon center of mass energy sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV at the CERN LHC. The measurement was performed with the ALICE detector in the center of mass rapidity ranges −4.46<ycms<−2.96 and 2.03<ycms<3.53, down to zero transverse momentum, by reconstructing the ψ(2S) decay to a muon pair. The ψ(2S) production cross section σψ(2S) is presented as a function of the collision centrality, which is estimated through the energy deposited in forward rapidity calorimeters. The relative strength of nuclear effects on the ψ(2S) and on the corresponding 1S charmonium state J/ψ is then studied by means of the double ratio of cross sections [σψ(2S)/σJ/ψ]pPb/[σψ(2S)/σJ/ψ]pp between p-Pb and pp collisions, and by the values of the nuclear modification factors for the two charmonium states. The results show a large suppression of ψ(2S) production relative to the J/ψ at backward rapidity, corresponding to the flight direction of the Pb-nucleus, while at forward rapidity the suppressions of the two states are comparable. Finally, comparisons to results from lower energy experiments and to available theoretical models are presented.
The centrality dependence of the charged-particle pseudorapidity density measured with ALICE in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV over a broad pseudorapidity range is presented. This Letter extends the previous results reported by ALICE to more peripheral collisions. No strong change of the overall shape of charged-particle pseudorapidity density distributions with centrality is observed, and when normalised to the number of participating nucleons in the collisions, the evolution over pseudorapidity with centrality is likewise small. The broad pseudorapidity range (−3.5<η<5) allows precise estimates of the total number of produced charged particles which we find to range from 162±22(syst.) to 17170±770(syst.) in 80–90% and 0–5% central collisions, respectively. The total charged-particle multiplicity is seen to approximately scale with the number of participating nucleons in the collision. This suggests that hard contributions to the charged-particle multiplicity are limited. The results are compared to models which describe dNch/dη at mid-rapidity in the most central Pb–Pb collisions and it is found that these models do not capture all features of the distributions.
The centrality dependence of the charged-particle pseudorapidity density measured with ALICE in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ over a broad pseudorapidity range is presented. This Letter extends the previous results reported by ALICE to more peripheral collisions. No strong change of the charged-particle pseudorapidity density distributions with centrality is observed, and when normalised to the number of participating nucleons in the collisions, the evolution over pseudorapidity with centrality is likewise small. The broad pseudorapidity range allows precise estimates of the total number of produced charged particles which we find to range from 162±22 (syst.) to 17170±770 (syst.) in 80-90% and 0-5 central collisions, respectively. The total charged-particle multiplicity is seen to approximately scale with the number of participating nucleons in the collision. This suggests that hard contributions to the charged-particle multiplicity are limited. The results are compared to models which describe dNch/dη at mid-rapidity in the most central Pb-Pb collisions and it is found that these models do not capture all features of the distributions.
The centrality dependence of the charged-particle pseudorapidity density measured with ALICE in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ over a broad pseudorapidity range is presented. This Letter extends the previous results reported by ALICE to more peripheral collisions. No strong change of the charged-particle pseudorapidity density distributions with centrality is observed, and when normalised to the number of participating nucleons in the collisions, the evolution over pseudorapidity with centrality is likewise small. The broad pseudorapidity range allows precise estimates of the total number of produced charged particles which we find to range from 162±22 (syst.) to 17170±770 (syst.) in 80-90% and 0-5 central collisions, respectively. The total charged-particle multiplicity is seen to approximately scale with the number of participating nucleons in the collision. This suggests that hard contributions to the charged-particle multiplicity are limited. The results are compared to models which describe dNch/dη at mid-rapidity in the most central Pb-Pb collisions and it is found that these models do not capture all features of the distributions.
he family of cubic noncentrosymmetric 3-4-3 compounds has become a fertile ground for the discovery of novel correlated metallic and insulating phases. Here, we report the synthesis of a new heavy fermion compound, Ce3Bi4Ni3. It is an isoelectronic analog of the prototypical Kondo insulator Ce3Bi4Pt3 and of the recently discovered Weyl-Kondo semimetal Ce3Bi4Pd3. In contrast to the volume-preserving Pt-Pd substitution, structural and chemical analyses reveal a positive chemical pressure effect in Ce3Bi4Ni3 relative to its heavier counterparts. Based on the results of electrical resistivity, Hall effect, magnetic susceptibility, and specific heat measurements, we identify an energy gap of 65–70 meV, about eight times larger than that in Ce3Bi4Pt3 and about 45 times larger than that of the Kondo-insulating background hosting the Weyl nodes in Ce3Bi4Pd3. We show that this gap as well as other physical properties do not evolve monotonically with increasing atomic number, i.e., in the sequence Ce3Bi4Ni3−Ce3Bi4Pd3−Ce3Bi4Pt3, but instead with increasing partial electronic density of states of the 𝑑 orbitals at the Fermi energy. This work opens the possibility to investigate the conditions under which topological states develop in this series of strongly correlated 3-4-3 materials.
The family of cubic noncentrosymmetric 3-4-3 compounds has become a fertile ground for the discovery of novel correlated metallic and insulating phases. Here, we report the synthesis of a new heavy fermion compound, Ce3Bi4Ni3. It is an isoelectronic analog of the prototypical Kondo insulator Ce3Bi4Pt3 and of the recently discovered Weyl-Kondo semimetal Ce3Bi4Pd3. In contrast to the volume-preserving Pt-Pd substitution, structural and chemical analyses reveal a positive chemical pressure effect in Ce3Bi4Ni3 relative to its heavier counterparts. Based on the results of electrical resistivity, Hall effect, magnetic susceptibility, and specific heat measurements, we identify an energy gap of 65-70 meV, about eight times larger than that in Ce3Bi4Pt3 and about 45 times larger than that of the Kondo-insulating background hosting the Weyl nodes in Ce3Bi4Pd3. We show that this gap as well as other physical properties do not evolve monotonically with increasing atomic number, i.e., in the sequence Ce3Bi4Ni3-Ce3Bi4Pd3-Ce3Bi4Pt3, but instead with increasing partial electronic density of states of the d orbitals at the Fermi energy. To understand under which condition topological states form in these materials is a topic for future studies.
Challenges of FAIR phase 0
(2018)
After two-year's shutdown, the GSI accelerators plus the latest addition of storage ring CRYRING, will be back into operation in 2018 as the FAIR phase 0 with the goal to fulfill the needs of scientific community and the FAIR accelerators and detector development. Even though GSI has been well known for its operation of a variety of ion beams ranging from proton up to uranium for multi research areas such as nuclear physics, astrophysics, biophysics, material science, the upcoming beam time faces a number of challenges in re-commissioning its existing circular accelerators with brand new control system and upgrade of beam instrumentations, as well as in rising failures of dated components and systems. The cycling synchrotron SIS18 has been undergoing a set of upgrade measures for fulfilling future FAIR operation, among which many measures will also be commissioned during the upcoming beam time. This paper presents the highlights of the challenges such as re-establishing the high intensity heavy ion operation as well as parallel operation mode for serving multi users. The status of preparation including commissioning results will also be reported.
This Ph. D. thesis with the title "Characterisation of laser-driven radiation beams: Gamma-ray dosimetry and Monte Carlo simulations of optimised target geometry for record-breaking efficiency of MeV gamma-sources" is dedicated to the study of the acceleration of electrons by intense sub-picosecond laser pulses propagating in a sub-millimeter plasma with near-critical electron density (NCD) and resulting generation of the gamma bremsstrahlung and positrons in the targets of different materials and thickness.
Laser-driven particle acceleration is an area of increasing scientific interest since the recent development of short pulse, high-intensity laser systems. The interaction of intense high-energy, short-pulse lasers with solid targets leads to the production of high-energy electrons in the relativistic laser intensity regime of more than 1018 W /cm2. These electrons play the leading role in the first stage of the interaction of laser with matter, which leads to the creation of laser sources of particles and radiation. Therefore, the optimisation of the electron beam parameters in the direction of increasing the effective temperature and beam charge, together with a slight divergence, plays a decisive role, especially for further detection and characterisation of laser-driven photon and positron beams.
In the context of this work, experiments were carried out at the PHELIX laser system (Petawatt High-Energy Laser for Heavy Ion eXperiments) at GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy-Ion Research GmbH in Darmstadt, Germany. This thesis presents a thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD) based method for the measurement of bremsstrahlung spectra in the energy range from 30 keV to 100 MeV. The results of the TLD measurements reinforced the observed tendency towards the strong increase of the mean electron energy and number of super-ponderomotive electrons. In the case of laser interaction with long-scale NCD-plasmas, the dose caused by the gamma-radiation measured in the direction of the laser pulse propagation showed a 1000-fold increase compared to the high contrast shots onto plane foils and doses measured perpendicular to the laser propagation direction for all used combinations of targets and laser parameters.
In this thesis I present novel characterisation method using a combination of TLD measurements and Monte Carlo FLUKA simulations applicable to laser-driven beams. The thermoluminescence detector-based spectrometry method for simultaneous detection of electrons and photons from relativistic laser-induced plasmas initially developed by Behrens et al. (Behrens et al., 2003) and further applied in experiments at PHELIX laser (Horst et al., 2015) delivered good spectral information from keV energies up to some MeV, but as it was presented in (Horst et al., 2015) this method was not really suitable to resolve the content of photon spectra above 10 MeV because of the dominant presence of electrons. Therefore, I created new evaluation method of the incident electron spectra from the readings of TLDs. For this purpose, by means of MatLab programming language an unfolding algorithm was written. It was based on a sequential enumeration of matching data series of the dose values measured by the dosimeters and calculated with of FLUKA-simulations. The significant advantage of this method is the ability to obtain the spectrum of incident electrons in the low energy range from 1 keV, which is very difficult to measure reliably using traditional electron spectrometers.
The results of the evaluation of the effective temperature of super-ponderomotive electrons retrieved from the measured TLD-doses by means of the Monte-Carlo simulations demonstrated, that application of low density polymer foam layers irradiated by the relativistic sub-ps laser pulse provided a strong increase of the electron effective temperature from 1.5 - 2 MeV in the case of the relativistic laser interaction with a metallic foil up to 13 MeV for the laser shots onto the pre-ionized foam and more than 10 times higher charge carried by relativistic electrons.
The progressive simulation method of whole electron spectra described with two -temperatures Maxwellian distribution function has been developed and the results of dose simulations were compared with the acquired experimental data. The advanced feature of this method, which distinguishes it from the results of the simulation of the photon spectrum using the interaction with the target of mono-energetic electron beams (Nilgün Demir, 2013; Nilgün Demir, 2019) or the initial electron spectrum expressed as a function of one electron temperature (Fiorini, 2012), is the ability to simulate the initial electron spectrum described by the Maxwellian distribution function with two temperatures.
The important objective of this thesis was dedicated to the study and characterisation of laser-driven photon beams. In addition to this, the positron beams were evaluated. The investigation of bremsstrahlung photons and positrons spectra from high Z targets by varying the target thickness from 10 µm to 4 mm in simulated models of the interactions of electron spectra with Maxwellian distribution functions allowed to define an optimal thickness when the fluences of photons and positrons are maximal. Furthermore based on the results of FLUKA simulations the gold material was found to be the most suitable for the future experiments as e − γ target because of its highest bremsstrahlung yield.
Additionally Monte Carlo simulations were performed applying the obtained electron beam parameters from the electron acceleration process in laser-plasma interactions simulated with particle-in-cell (PIC) code for two laser energies of 20 J and 200 J. The corresponding electron spectra were imported into a Monte Carlo code FLUKA to simulate the production process of bremsstrahlung photons and positrons in Au converter. FLUKA simulations showed the record conversion of efficiency in MeV gammas can reach 10%, which reinforces the generation of positrons. The obtained results demonstrate the advantages of long-scale plasmas of near critical density (NCD) to increase the parameters of MeV particles and photon beams generated in relativistic laser-plasma interaction. The efficiency of the laser-driven generation of MeV electrons and photons by application of low-density polymer foams is essentially enhanced.
The Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment will explore the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter in the region of high net baryonic densities. The matter at these extreme conditions will be produced and studied in heavy-ion collisions with a fixed target set-up.
The present work is dedicated to the main component of the CBM experiment - the Silicon Tracking System (STS). The STS comprises of 8 tracking stations with 1292 double sided silicon microstrip sensors. The STS has to enable the reconstruction of up to 1000 charged particle tracks per nucleus-nucleus interaction at the rate of up to 10 MHz, provide a momentum resolution of Δp/p =1%, and withstand the radiation load of up to 1 x 1014 neq/cm2 (neq — radiation dose of 1 MeV neutron equivalent). Self-triggering read-out electronics will be located on the periphery of the detecting planes, and connected to the sensors with low mass micro-cables.
During the R&D phase, as well as in the pre-series and series production phase, the characterization of the sensors, of the front-end electronics and of the complete detector modules has to be performed. It is evident that characterization of more than 1000 silicon microstrip sensors and later of complete detector modules is very time-consuming, and may even damage the objects if not performed carefully. One of the goals of this work was to develop a systematic procedure for the quality assurance for the double-sided silicon microstrip sensors. This includes static optical inspection and visual tests, passive electrical test (such as leakage current, bulk capacitance, inter-strip capacitance & resistances, bias resistance and coupling capacitance), radiation hardness and long-term stability. A strategy for the quality assurance of these sensors is presented, defining the various tests to be performed and the documentation of the results. The techniques and quality assurance criteria will be applied for the pre-series and series production.
With decreasing feature size and increase in functionality and structures, the classical mechanical probe approach for internal fault detection and functional testing faces increasing challenges. In the field of silicon based chips and sensors there is rarely any analysis on the topic of non-invasive or contact-less probing and characterization, despite the fact that the contact-less probing is becoming more and more important as the fabrication technologies become smaller and more susceptible to the parasitic impact of mechanical probes. The silicon micro-strip double sided sensors used in STS have a complex structure, such as 1024 metal electrodes, 2048 bias resistors, 2048 DC pads and 4098 AC pads for probing, several guard rings, and even more in the 6.2 cm x 6.2 cm prototype sensor. Photo-intrusive technique is the best solution for the characterization and investigation of crucial parameters related to the detector operation and its functionality. A photo-intrusive probing is a method in which a non-invasive pulsed laser of a desired wavelength is used to inject the photon into the bulk and resulting in electron-hole pairs (e-h). In a completely depleted silicon sensor the charge injected (or generated) by the pulsed laser beam could be detected as current and shall be used for characterization.
A non-invasive contact-less Laser Test System (LTS) was developed based on a pulsed laser to investigate properties of the silicon sensors. The set-up is able to inject charge locally and scan sensors(or detector modules) with a pulsed infra-red laser driven by a step motor. The LTS is designed to measure sensor response in an automatized procedure at several thousand positions across the sensor with focused infra-
red laser light (spot size = 12 μm , wavelength = 1060 nm). The duration (10 ns) and power (5 mW) of the laser pulses are selected such that the absorption of the laser light in the 300 μm thick silicon sensors produces a number of about 24000 electrons, which is similar to the charge created by the minimum ionizing particles (MIP) in these sensors. The set-up was used to developed characterization procedures to determine the charge sharing between strips, and to measure a qualitative uniformity of the sensor response over the whole active area. The prototype sensors which are tested with the set-up are small prototype sensors (256 strips, pitch = 50 μm on each side) and full-size detector modules (1024 strips/side and pitch = 58 μm). They are read-out using a self-triggering prototype read-out electronic ASIC called n-XYTER. Laser scans for amplitude response, charge sharing in the inter-strip region, and spot-size determination technique are reported. For the verification of the some design parameters, unique methods of determining coupling capacitance, and inter-strip capacitance have been developed. The modules were also tested with proton beams, and the charge sharing in the inter-strip region has been compared to the laser test results.
High-energetic heavy-ion collisions offer the unique opportunity to produce and to study dense nuclear matter in the laboratory. The future Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) in Darmstadt, Germany, will provide beams of heavy nuclei up to kinetic energies of 11 GeV/nucleon. At these energies, the nuclear matter in the collision zone of two nuclei will be compressed to densities of up to 5 − 10 times the saturation density of atomic nuclei, similar to matter densities existing in the core of massive neutron stars. Under those conditions, nucleons are expected to melt and form a new state of matter, which consists of quarks and gluons, the so called Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). The search for such a phase transition from hadronic to partonic matter, and the exploration of the nuclear matter equation-of-state at high densities are the major goals of heavy ion experiments worldwide.
The observables, which are proposed to probe the properties of dense nuclear matter and possible phase transitions, include multi-strange hyperons, antibaryons, lepton pairs, collective flow of identified particles, fluctuations and correlations of various particles, particles containing charm quarks, and hypernuclei. These observables have to be measured in multi-dimensions, i.e. as function of collision centrality, rapidity, transverse momentum, energy, emission angle, etc., which requires extremely high statistics. Moreover, some of these particles are produced very rarely.
Therefore, the Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at FAIR is designed to run at collision rates of up to 10 MHz, in order to perform measurements with unprecedented precision. Due to the complicated decay topology of many observables, no hardware trigger can be applied, and the data have to be analysed online in order to filter out the interesting events.
This strategy requires free-streaming read-out electronics, which provides time stamps to all detector signals, a high performance computer center, and high-speed reconstruction algorithms, which provide an online track and event reconstruction based on time and position information of the detector hits (”4-D“ reconstruction).
The core detector of the CBM experiment is the Silicon Tracking System (STS). The main task of the STS is to provide track reconstruction and momentum de- termination of charged particles originating from beam-target interactions. To fulfil the whole tasks the STS is located in the large gap of a superconducting dipole magnet with a bending power of 1 Tm providing momentum measurements for charged particles. The STS comprises 8 detector stations, which are positioned from 30 cm to 100 cm downstream the target. The corresponding active area of the stations grows up from 40×50 cm 2 up to 100×100 cm 2 with a totalarea of 4 m2. The silicon double-sided sensors exhibit 1024 strips on each side with a stereo angle at p-side of 7.5 ◦ and a strip pitch of 58 μm. The strip length ranges from 2 cm for sensors located in a close vicinity to the beam axis, up to 12 cm for other sensors where the flux of the reaction products drops down substantially. In total, the STS consist of 896 sensors mounted on 106 detector ladders. The detector readout electronics dissipates 40 kW and will be equipped with a CO 2 bi-phase cooling system. The detector including electronics will be mounted in a thermal enclosure to allow for sensor operation at below −5 ◦ C which minimizes radiation induced leakage currents.
The task of the STS is to measure the trajectories of up to 800 charged particles per collision with an efficiency of more than 95% and a momentum resolution of 1 − 2%. In order to guarantee the required performance over the full lifetime of the CBM experiment, the detector system has to have a low material budget, a high granularity, a high signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio, and a high radiation tolerance. As a result of optimisation studies, the STS consists of double-sided silicon microstrip sensors, about 300 μm thick, which have to provide a SNR ratio of more than 10, even after radiation with the expected equivalent lifetime fluence of 10 14 1 MeV n eq cm −2.
This thesis is devoted to the characterization of double-sided silicon microstrip sensors with an emphasis on investigation of their radiation hardness. Different prototypes of double sided silicon sensors produced by two vendors have been irradiated by 23 MeV protons up to the double life time fluence for the CBM experiment (2 × 10 14 1 MeV n eq cm −2 ).
The sensor properties have been characterised before and after irradiation. It was found, that after irradiation with a double lifetime fluence the leakage current increased 1000 times, which results in an increased shot noise. Moreover, the relative charge collection efficiency of irradiated with respect to non-irradiated sensors drops down to 85% for the lifetime equivalent fluence, and down to 73% for the double lifetime fluence, both for the p-side and n-side. For non-irradiated sensors the SNR was found to be in the range of 20 − 25, whereas for irradiated sensors it dropped down to 12 − 17.
In addition to the sensor characterization, a part of this thesis was devoted to the optimisation of the sensor readout scheme. In order to investigate the possible increase of SNR, and to reduce the number of readout channels in the outer aperture of STS, three versions of routing lines have been realized for the p-side readout of the sensor prototype, and have been tested in the laboratory and under beam conditions.
The tests have been performed with different inclination angles between beam direction and sensor surface, corresponding to the polar angle acceptance of the CBM experiment, which is from 2.5 ◦ to 25 ◦.
As a result of the studies carried out in this thesis work, the radiation hardness of the double-sided silicon microstrip sensors developed for the CBM STS detector was confirmed. Also the advantage of individual read-out of sensor channels in the lateral regions of the detector was verified. This allowed to start the tendering process for sensor series production in industry, an important step towards the construction of the detector in the coming years.
The experimental area 2 (EAR-2) at CERNs neutron time-of-flight facility (n_TOF), which is operational since 2014, is designed and built as a short-distance complement to the experimental area 1 (EAR-1). The Parallel Plate Avalanche Counter (PPAC) monitor experiment was performed to characterize the beam pro↓le and the shape of the neutron 'ux at EAR-2. The prompt γ-flash which is used for calibrating the time-of-flight at EAR-1 is not seen by PPAC at EAR-2, shedding light on the physical origin of this γ-flash.
Correlations between mean transverse momentum [pT] and anisotropic flow coefficients v2 or v3 are measured as a function of centrality in Pb–Pb and Xe–Xe collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV and 5.44 TeV, respectively, with ALICE. In addition, the recently proposed higher-order correlation between [pT], v2, and v3 is measured for the first time, which shows an anticorrelation for the presented centrality ranges. These measurements are compared with hydrodynamic calculations using IP-Glasma and TRENTo initialstate shapes, the former based on the Color Glass Condensate effective theory with gluon saturation, and the latter a parameterized model with nucleons as the relevant degrees of freedom. The data are better described by the IP-Glasma rather than the TRENTo based calculations. In particular, Trajectum and JETSCAPE predictions, both based on the TRENTo initial state model but with different parameter settings, fail to describe the measurements. As the correlations between [pT] and vn are mainly driven by the correlations of the size and the shape of the system in the initial state, these new studies pave a novel way to characterize the initial state and help pin down the uncertainty of the extracted properties of the quark–gluon plasma recreated in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.
Correlations between mean transverse momentum [pT] and anisotropic flow coefficients v2 or v3 are measured as a function of centrality in Pb−Pb and Xe−Xe collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV and 5.44 TeV, respectively, with ALICE. In addition, the recently proposed higher-order correlation between [pT], v2, and v3 is measured for the first time, which shows an anticorrelation for the presented centrality ranges. These measurements are compared with hydrodynamic calculations using IP-Glasma and TRENTo initial-state shapes, the former based on the Color Glass Condensate effective theory with gluon saturation, and the latter a parameterized model with nucleons as the relevant degrees of freedom. The data are better described by the IP-Glasma rather than the TRENTo based calculations. In particular, Trajectum and JETSCAPE predictions, both based on the TRENTo initial state model but with different parameter settings, fail to describe the measurements. As the correlations between [pT] and vn are mainly driven by the correlations of the size and the shape of the system in the initial state, these new studies pave a novel way to characterize the initial state and help pin down the uncertainty of the extracted properties of the quark−gluon plasma recreated in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.
Correlations between mean transverse momentum [pT] and anisotropic flow coefficients v2 or v3 are measured as a function of centrality in Pb-Pb and Xe-Xe collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV and 5.44 TeV, respectively, with ALICE. In addition, the recently proposed higher-order correlation between [pT], v2, and v3 is measured for the first time, which shows an anticorrelation for the presented centrality ranges. These measurements are compared with hydrodynamic calculations using IP-Glasma and TRENTo initial-state shapes, the former based on the Color Glass Condensate effective theory with gluon saturation, and the latter a parameterized model with nucleons as the relevant degrees of freedom. The data are better described by the IP-Glasma rather than the TRENTo based calculations. In particular, Trajectum and JETSCAPE predictions, both based on the TRENTo initial state model but with different parameter settings, fail to describe the measurements. As the correlations between [pT] and vn are mainly driven by the correlations of the size and the shape of the system in the initial state, these new studies pave a novel way to characterize the initial state in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.
Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Charakterisierung des 4π-Bariumfluorid(BaF2)-Detektors, der in Zukunft im Rahmen des FRANZ-Projektes (Frankfurter Neutronenquelle am Stern-Gerlach-Zentrum) eingesetzt werden soll. Der Detektor soll zum Nachweis von γ-Emission zum Beispiel nach einem Neutroneneinfang genutzt werden, womit der (n,γ)-Wirkungsquerschnitt bestimmt werden kann. Hauptaufgabe dieser Arbeit ist die Bestimmung der Energie- und Zeitauflösung, sowie die Energie- und Zeitkalibrierung und die Effizienzbestimmung.
Mit der hier vorliegenden Arbeit ist das Entladungsverhalten einer Dielektrischen Barriere Entladung anhand der elektrischen Parameter untersucht worden. Dazu wurde ein planparallele Elektrodenkonfiguration entwickelt und aufgebaut, die mit einer Sinus-Spannungs von maximal 5000 Vss und einer Frequenz von 5 kHz-20 kHz angesteuert wurde. Als Arbeitsgas wurde Argon im Druckbereich von 100 mbar - 1000 mbar verwendet. Auf diese Weise konnte ein Plasma erzeugt werden, in das bei einer maximalen Transfereffiienz von 96%, eine mittlere Leistung von bis zu 845 mW eingekoppelt werden konnte.
Da die Dielektrische Barriere Entladung auf Grund der Abschirmung der Elektroden vom Gasraum einige Besonderheiten gegenüber eines klassischen kapazitiv eingekoppelten Plasmas aufweist, können keine Rückschlüsse mittels einer einfachen Strom-Spannungsmessung auf die Vorgänge im Plasma gemacht werden.
Um trotzdem Einblick in die Entladung zu erhalten, wurde das von [Tra08] vorgeschlagene Ladungstransportmodel für die Analyse herangezogen und an den hier vorliegenden experimentellen Aufbau angepasst. So konnte unter anderem der Ein
uss der auf den Dielektrika befindlichen Restladungsträger auf die Ausbildung der Entladung untersucht werden. Des Weiteren ist aus den gewonnen Größen die Elektronendichte des Plasmas bestimmt worden. Diese liegt bei der hier untersuchten dielektrischen Glimmentladung, je nach Gasdruck und Frequenz, im Bereich zwischen 5 X 10exp9 - 2 X 10exp10 1/cm3 . Auch konnten in diesem Zusammenhang qualitative Aussagen über die Entwicklung der Elektronentemperatur gemacht werden.
Zusammen mit Kurzzeitaufnahmen, die den Verlauf der Entladung dokumentieren und den in [Sch11] gemachten Untersuchungen zur Excimerstrahlung konnte so ein umfassendes Bild der Vorgänge im Plasma erstellt und Kriterien erarbeitet werden, die den für eine Dielektrische Barriere Entladung typischen Ubergang zwischen einer Glimmentladung zu einer filamentierten Entladung erklären können.
Da in der Run 3 Periode des CERN LHC die Kollisionsrate auf 50 kHz erhöht werden soll, muss die ALICE TPC umgebaut werden. Die Vieldrahtproportionalkammern mit Sperrgitter sollen gegen eine GEM-basierte Auslese ausgetauscht werden, um eine kontinuierliche Auslese zu ermöglichen.
Es wurde eine GEM-Testkammer, die mit drei und vier GEM-Folien betrieben werden kann, entwickelt und gebaut. GEM-Folien wurden unter dem Mikroskop auf Fehler untersucht und auf ihre Spannungsfestigkeit hin getestet sowie gerahmt und in die Kammer eingesetzt. Mit der fertigen kleinen TPC mit GEM-basierter Auslese wurden IBF und Energieauflösung gemessen. Ziel der Messungen war es, einen möglichst geringen IBF von unter 1 % zu erhalten, um so wenig wie möglich Feldverzerrungen im Driftvolumen der TPC zu erhalten, bei gleichzeitig guter Energieauflösung von mindestens 12 %, um eine gute Teilchenidentifikation in der TPC sicherzustellen.
Da standard GEM-Konfigurationen mit nur drei GEM-Folien zwar eine gute Energieauflösung, jedoch zu viel IBF aufweisen, wurden die Messungen hauptsächlich mit vier GEM-Folien durchgeführt. Es wurden zwei verschiedene Arten von GEM-Folien verwendet, Standard (S) und Large-Pitch (LP) GEM-Folien, die bei einem Großteil der Messungen in der S-LP-LP-S-Konfiguration angeordnet waren.
Es wurde festgestellt, dass sich IBF und Energieauflösung gegenläufig verhalten, bei besser werdendem IBF also die Energieauflösung schlechter wird und umgekehrt.
Es wurden zwei verschiedene Gasmischungen, Ne-CO2-N2 (90-10-5) und Ar-CO2 (90-10), untersucht. Mit Neon wurde bei einem Gain von 2000 gemessen, mit Argon nur bei einem Gain von 1000, da bei Argon die Anzahl der produzierten Elektronen pro cm etwa doppelt so groß ist.
Der IBF war mit beiden Gasmischungen etwa gleich groß. Die Energieauflösung war mit Argon jedoch aufgrund des niedrigeren Gains erheblich schlechter. Mit Ne-CO2-N2 (90-10-5) gelang es, einen Arbeitspunkt mit einer Energieauflösung von etwa 12 % und einem IBF von unter 1 % zu finden, mit Ar-CO2 (90-10) war dies jedoch nicht der Fall.
Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es einen geeigneten Szintillationsdetektor für die Messungen differentieller Neutroneneinfangquerschnitte im FRANZ-Aufbau zu finden. Dafür wurde untersucht inwiefern sich das Szintillatormaterial LaBr3(Ce) (Lanthanbromid) eignet. Verwendet wurde eine Anordnung von zwei Szintillationsdetektoren dieses Typs. Mit Hilfe von Kalibrationsquellen wurden charakteristische Größen, wie Effizienz (Nachweiswahrscheinlichkeit) und Auflösungsvermögen untersucht und die ermittelten Werte mit GEANT-3.21 Simulationen [2] verglichen.
Als es in den 1920er und 1930er Jahren zur Entdeckung des expandierenden Raums, gemessen über die kosmologische Rotverschiebung, kommt, wird daraus erstmals die Idee eines kleinsten Ursprungspunkts zu Beginn der Zeit postuliert. Es dauerte jedoch weitere 30 Jahre, bis das Konzept des „Big Bang“ als Ursprungsmodell veröffentlicht wurde [Lum07]. Seitdem untersuchen Wissenschaftler fortschreitend die Theorie des Big Bang. Der Zustand der Materie zum Zeitpunkt Null ist nach wie vor ungeklärt, ab ca. 10 exp (-44) Sekunden nach dem Urknall wird in der Theorie des Big Bang davon ausgegangen, dass sich die Materie im Zustand des Quark-Gluon-Plasmas befand. Zunächst galt es eine experimentelle Bestätigung für die generelle Existenz eines solchen Zustands zu finden. Die experimentelle Suche nach dem Quark-Gluon-Plasma im Labor begann vor fast 30 Jahren am Bevalac in Berkley [Gus84], dort konnte bei Niobium-Kollisionen kollektiver Fluss beobachtet werden. Zehn Jahre später begannen die Messungen des Schwerionen-Forschungsprogramms am CERN1. Im Jahr 1994 wurden dort die ersten Schwerionenkollisionen durchgeführt, von denen man sich erhoffte, dass sie zu einer kurzzeitigen Erzeugung des Quark-Gluon-Plasmas führen. Im Jahr 2000 gab es dann eine zusammenfassende Pressemitteilung des CERN, in der die Messungen eines neuartigen Materiezustands beschrieben wurden [CER00]. Weitere fünf Jahre später wurde ein Bericht der bis dahin erreichten Ergebnisse der vier Quark-Gluon-Plasma Experimente am Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) des Brookhaven National Labratory veröffentlicht [BNL05]. Dabei konnten einige Ergebnisse aus den Messungen am CERN bestätigt werden, andere hingegen nicht. Die Annahme, das Quark-Gluon-Plasma verhalte sich wie ein Gas, musste beispielsweise nach den Messungen am RHIC verworfen werden. Diese zeigen, dass das Verhalten des Quark-Gluon-Plasma eher dem von Flüssigkeiten ähnelt [BNL05].
Seit den ersten Schritten zur Untersuchung des Quark-Gluon-Plasma am CERN, in denen vor allem die Messung der Existenz des Quark-Gluon-Plasmas an sich im Vordergrund stand, soll der Phasenübergang nun quantitativ untersucht werden. Dazu werden Dichte und Temperatur der betrachteten Materie variiert und die vorhandene Zustandsphase gemessen. Eines dieser Experimente soll das Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) Experiment werden. Das Ziel des Experiments ist die Untersuchung von Materie bei sehr hohen Dichten, aber im Vergleich zu anderen aktuellen Experimenten relativ niedrigen Temperaturen. Im Jahr 2009 wurde der erste Spatenstich auf dem Gelände der Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt für den Bau der Facility for Antiproton and Proton Research (FAIR) getätigt. Mit Hilfe der FAIR-Beschleuniger soll dann das CBM Experiment das Quark-Gluon-Plasma bei hohen Materiedichten mit bisher nicht erreichter Statistik untersuchen können. Jedoch gerade das Erreichen solch hoher Ereignisraten stellt nicht nur eine zentrale Herausforderung an die Beschleuniger dar, sondern auch an die messenden Detektoren. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung eines Transition Radiation Detektors für das CBM Experiment.
Nach einer kurzen Einführung in die generelle Untersuchung des Quark-Gluon-Plasmas folgt die Beschreibung des geplanten Aufbaus des CBM Experiments mit dessen Subsystemen. Danach wird die theoretische und praktische Funktionsweise eines Transition-Radiation Detektors (TRD) erklärt, um darauf aufbauend die Charakterisierung und Signalanalyse der entwickelten TRD-Prototypen darzustellen. Abschließend werden die Ergebnisse in Bezug auf den für das CBM Experiment zu entwickelnden Detektor diskutiert.
Motivated by recent experimental suggestions of charge-order-driven ferroelectricity in organic charge-transfer salts, such as κ-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu[N(CN)2]Cl, we investigate magnetic and charge-ordered phases that emerge in an extended two-orbital Hubbard model on the anisotropic triangular lattice at 3/4 filling. This model takes into account the presence of two organic BEDT-TTF molecules, which form a dimer on each site of the lattice, and includes short-range intramolecular and intermolecular interactions and hoppings. By using variational wave functions and quantum Monte Carlo techniques, we find two polar states with charge disproportionation inside the dimer, hinting to ferroelectricity. These charge-ordered insulating phases are stabilized in the strongly correlated limit and their actual charge pattern is determined by the relative strength of intradimer to interdimer couplings. Our results suggest that ferroelectricity is not driven by magnetism, since these polar phases can be stabilized also without antiferromagnetic order and provide a possible microscopic explanation of the experimental observations. In addition, a conventional dimer-Mott state (with uniform density and antiferromagnetic order) and a nonpolar charge-ordered state (with charge-rich and charge-poor dimers forming a checkerboard pattern) can be stabilized in the strong-coupling regime. Finally, when electron–electron interactions are weak, metallic states appear, with either uniform charge distribution or a peculiar 12-site periodicity that generates honeycomb-like charge order.
Charge states and energy loss of heavy ions after passing an inductively coupled plasma target
(2019)
In various kinds of fields such as accelerator physics, warm dense matter, high energy density physics, and inertial confinement fusion, heavy ions beam-plasma interaction plays an important role, and abundant investigations have been and are being carried out. Taking advantage of a good level of understanding on the interaction between a swift heavy ions beam and a hydrogen gas discharge plasma, an engineering application of a spherical theta-pinch device as a plasma stripper for FAIR (facility for antiproton and ion research) and a scientific application of a swift heavy ions beam as a novel plasma diagnostic tool are proposed and investigated.
The spherical theta-pinch device is manufactured, improved, and comprehensively tested for its application as a plasma stripper. The device is mainly composed of an evacuated glass vessel that can be filled with gas (for example: hydrogen) and a LRC circuit including a capacitors bank and a set of coils. Discharging the device at an initial hydrogen pressure in the glass vessel and an operation voltage for the capacitors bank, a circuit current oscillates in the LRC circuit. The oscillating circuit current in the set of coils induces a corresponding alternating magnetic field inside the glass vessel to ignite and maintain a hydrogen plasma.
Based on the built setup of circuit and plasma diagnostics, the measurements of circuit current, plasma light emission, plasma shape, and hydrogen Balmer series are carried out. The recorded signals of the circuit current and the plasma light emission of many consecutively repetitive discharges overlap perfectly, which indicate a very good reproducibility of the parameters of the LRC circuit during discharge and the generated plasma. From the measured circuit current, a real energy transfer efficiency is calculated by our proposed new model, which shows its overall tendency varying with the hydrogen pressure and the operation voltage, including the maximum value of 25% occurring at an initial hydrogen pressure of around 25 Pa and a maximum operation voltage of 14 kV. So, the discharge at an initial hydrogen pressure of 20 Pa and an operation voltage of 14 ...
In the search for novel organic charge transfer salts with variable degrees of charge transfer we have studied the effects of two modifications of the recently synthesized donor–acceptor system [tetramethoxypyrene (TMP)]–[tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ)]. One is of chemical nature by substituting the acceptor TCNQ molecules by F4TCNQ molecules. The second consists in simulating the application of uniaxial pressure along the stacking axis of the system. In order to test the chemical substitution, we have grown single crystals of the TMP–F4TCNQ complex and analyzed its electronic structure via electronic transport measurements, ab initio density functional theory (DFT) calculations and UV/VIS/IR absorption spectroscopy. This system shows an almost ideal geometrical overlap of nearly planar molecules stacked alternately (mixed stack) and this arrangement is echoed by a semiconductor-like transport behavior with an increased conductivity along the stacking direction. This is in contrast to TMP–TCNQ which shows a less pronounced anisotropy and a smaller conductivity response. Our band structure calculations confirm the one-dimensional behavior of TMP–F4TCNQ with pronounced dispersion only along the stacking axis. Infrared measurements illustrating the C[triple bond, length as m-dash]N vibration frequency shift in F4TCNQ suggest however no improvement in the degree of charge transfer in TMP–F4TCNQ with respect to TMP–TCNQ. In both complexes about 0.1e is transferred from TMP to the acceptor. Concerning the pressure effect, our DFT calculations on the designed TMP–TCNQ and TMP–F4TCNQ structures under different pressure conditions show that application of uniaxial pressure along the stacking axis of TMP–TCNQ may be the route to follow in order to obtain a much more pronounced charge transfer.
We report on measurements of a charge-dependent flow using a novel three-particle correlator with ALICE in Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC, and discuss the implications for observation of local parity violation and the Chiral Magnetic Wave (CMW) in heavy-ion collisions. Charge-dependent flow is reported for different collision centralities as a function of the event charge asymmetry. While our results are in qualitative agreement with expectations based on the CMW, the nonzero signal observed in higher harmonics correlations indicates a possible significant background contribution. We also present results on a differential correlator, where the flow of positive and negative charges is reported as a function of the mean charge of the particles and their pseudorapidity separation. We argue that this differential correlator is better suited to distinguish the differences in positive and negative charges expected due to the CMW and the background effects, such as local charge conservation coupled with strong radial and anisotropic flow.
We report on measurements of a charge-dependent flow using a novel three-particle correlator with ALICE in Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC, and discuss the implications for observation of local parity violation and the Chiral Magnetic Wave (CMW) in heavy-ion collisions. Charge-dependent flow is reported for different collision centralities as a function of the event charge asymmetry. While our results are in qualitative agreement with expectations based on the CMW, the nonzero signal observed in higher harmonics correlations indicates a possible significant background contribution. We also present results on a differential correlator, where the flow of positive and negative charges is reported as a function of the mean charge of the particles and their pseudorapidity separation. We argue that this differential correlator is better suited to distinguish the differences in positive and negative charges expected due to the CMW and the background effects, such as local charge conservation coupled with strong radial and anisotropic flow.
We report on measurements of a charge-dependent flow using a novel three-particle correlator with ALICE in Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC, and discuss the implications for observation of local parity violation and the Chiral Magnetic Wave (CMW) in heavy-ion collisions. Charge-dependent flow is reported for different collision centralities as a function of the event charge asymmetry. While our results are in qualitative agreement with expectations based on the CMW, the nonzero signal observed in higher harmonics correlations indicates a possible significant background contribution. We also present results on a differential correlator, where the flow of positive and negative charges is reported as a function of the mean charge of the particles and their pseudorapidity separation. We argue that this differential correlator is better suited to distinguish the differences in positive and negative charges expected due to the CMW and the background effects, such as local charge conservation coupled with strong radial and anisotropic flow.
Quark interactions with topological gluon configurations can induce chirality imbalance and local parity violation in quantum chromodynamics. This can lead to electric charge separation along the strong magnetic field in relativistic heavy-ion collisions – the chiral magnetic effect (CME). We report measurements by the STAR collaboration of a CME-sensitive observable in p + Au and d + Au collisions at 200 GeV, where the CME is not expected, using charge-dependent pair correlations relative to a third particle. We observe strong charge-dependent correlations similar to those measured in heavy-ion collisions. This bears important implications for the interpretation of the heavy-ion data.
In this paper, we present a family of regular black hole solutions in the presence of charge and angular momentum. We also discuss the related thermodynamics and we comment about the black hole life cycle during the balding and spin down phases. Interestingly the static solution resembles the Ayón-Beato–García spacetime, provided the T-duality scale is redefined in terms of the electric charge, l0→Q. The key factor at the basis of our derivation is the employment of Padmanabhan's propagator to calculate static potentials. Such a propagator encodes string T-duality effects. This means that the regularity of the spacetimes here presented can open a new window on string theory phenomenology.
We report the differential charged jet cross section and jet fragmentation distributions measured with the ALICE detector in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy s√= 7 TeV. Jets with pseudo-rapidity |η|<0.5 are reconstructed from charged particles using the anti-kT jet finding algorithm with a resolution parameter R = 0.4. The jet cross section is measured in the transverse momentum interval 5 ≤pchjetT< 100 GeV/c. Jet fragmentation is studied measuring the scaled transverse momentum spectra of the charged constituents of jets in four intervals of jet transverse momentum between 5 GeV/c and 30 GeV/c. The measurements are compared to calculations from the PYTHIA model as well as next-to-leading order perturbative QCD calculations with POWHEG + PYTHIA8. The charged jet cross section is described by POWHEG for the entire measured range of pchjetT. For pchjetT > 40 GeV/c, the PYTHIA calculations also agree with the measured charged jet cross section. PYTHIA6 simulations describe the fragmentation distributions to 15%. Larger discrepancies are observed for PYTHIA8.
We report the differential charged jet cross section and jet fragmentation distributions measured with the ALICE detector in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy s√= 7 TeV. Jets with pseudo-rapidity |η|<0.5 are reconstructed from charged particles using the anti-kT jet finding algorithm with a resolution parameter R = 0.4. The jet cross section is measured in the transverse momentum interval 5 ≤pchjetT< 100 GeV/c. Jet fragmentation is studied measuring the scaled transverse momentum spectra of the charged constituents of jets in four intervals of jet transverse momentum between 5 GeV/c and 30 GeV/c. The measurements are compared to calculations from the PYTHIA model as well as next-to-leading order perturbative QCD calculations with POWHEG + PYTHIA8. The charged jet cross section is described by POWHEG for the entire measured range of pchjetT. For pchjetT > 40 GeV/c, the PYTHIA calculations also agree with the measured charged jet cross section. PYTHIA6 simulations describe the fragmentation distributions to 15%. Larger discrepancies are observed for PYTHIA8.
The differential charged jet cross sections, jet fragmentation distributions, and jet shapes are measured in minimum bias proton-proton collisions at centre-of-mass energy s√=7 TeV using the ALICE detector at the LHC. Jets are reconstructed from charged particle momenta in the mid-rapidity region using the sequential recombination kT and anti-kT as well as the SISCone jet finding algorithms with several resolution parameters in the range R=0.2 to 0.6. Differential jet production cross sections measured with the three jet finders are in agreement in the transverse momentum (pT) interval 20<pjet,chT<100 GeV/c. They are also consistent with prior measurements carried out at the LHC by the ATLAS collaboration. The jet charged particle multiplicity rises monotonically with increasing jet pT, in qualitative agreement with prior observations at lower energies. The transverse profiles of leading jets are investigated using radial momentum density distributions as well as distributions of the average radius containing 80% (⟨R80⟩) of the reconstructed jet pT. The fragmentation of leading jets with R=0.4 using scaled pT spectra of the jet constituents is studied. The measurements are compared to model calculations from event generators (PYTHIA, PHOJET, HERWIG). The measured radial density distributions and ⟨R80⟩ distributions are well described by the PYTHIA model (tune Perugia-2011). The fragmentation distributions are better described by HERWIG.
The differential charged jet cross sections, jet fragmentation distributions, and jet shapes are measured in minimum bias proton-proton collisions at centre-of-mass energy s√=7 TeV using the ALICE detector at the LHC. Jets are reconstructed from charged particle momenta in the mid-rapidity region using the sequential recombination kT and anti-kT as well as the SISCone jet finding algorithms with several resolution parameters in the range R=0.2 to 0.6. Differential jet production cross sections measured with the three jet finders are in agreement in the transverse momentum (pT) interval 20<pjet,chT<100 GeV/c. They are also consistent with prior measurements carried out at the LHC by the ATLAS collaboration. The jet charged particle multiplicity rises monotonically with increasing jet pT, in qualitative agreement with prior observations at lower energies. The transverse profiles of leading jets are investigated using radial momentum density distributions as well as distributions of the average radius containing 80% (⟨R80⟩) of the reconstructed jet pT. The fragmentation of leading jets with R=0.4 using scaled pT spectra of the jet constituents is studied. The measurements are compared to model calculations from event generators (PYTHIA, PHOJET, HERWIG). The measured radial density distributions and ⟨R80⟩ distributions are well described by the PYTHIA model (tune Perugia-2011). The fragmentation distributions are better described by HERWIG.
The differential charged jet cross sections, jet fragmentation distributions, and jet shapes are measured in minimum bias proton-proton collisions at centre-of-mass energy s√=7 TeV using the ALICE detector at the LHC. Jets are reconstructed from charged particle momenta in the mid-rapidity region using the sequential recombination kT and anti-kT as well as the SISCone jet finding algorithms with several resolution parameters in the range R=0.2 to 0.6. Differential jet production cross sections measured with the three jet finders are in agreement in the transverse momentum (pT) interval 20<pjet,chT<100 GeV/c. They are also consistent with prior measurements carried out at the LHC by the ATLAS collaboration. The jet charged particle multiplicity rises monotonically with increasing jet pT, in qualitative agreement with prior observations at lower energies. The transverse profiles of leading jets are investigated using radial momentum density distributions as well as distributions of the average radius containing 80% (⟨R80⟩) of the reconstructed jet pT. The fragmentation of leading jets with R=0.4 using scaled pT spectra of the jet constituents is studied. The measurements are compared to model calculations from event generators (PYTHIA, PHOJET, HERWIG). The measured radial density distributions and ⟨R80⟩ distributions are well described by the PYTHIA model (tune Perugia-2011). The fragmentation distributions are better described by HERWIG.
In this thesis, the production of charged kaons and Φ mesons in Au+Au collisions at sqrt sAuAu = 2.4 GeV is studied. At this energy, all particles carrying open and hidden strangeness are produced below their respective free nucleon-nucleon threshold with the corresponding so-called excess energies: sqrt sK+ exc = -0.15 GeV, sqrt sK- exc = -0.46 GeV, sqrt sΦ exc = -0.49 GeVGeV. As a consequence, the production cross sections are very sensitive to medium effects like momentum distributions, two- or multistep collisions, and modification of the in-medium spectral distribution of the produced states [1]. K+ and K- mesons exhibit different properties in baryon dominated matter, since only K- can be resonantly absorbed by nucleons. Although strangeness exchange reactions have been proposed to be the dominant channel for K- production in the analyzed energy regime, the production yield and kinematic distributions could also be explained in smaller systems based on statistical hadronization model fits to the measured particle yields, including a canonical strangeness suppression radius RC, and taking the Φ feed-down to kaons into account [2, 3]. For the first time in central Au+Au collisions at such low energies, it is possible to reconstruct and do a multi differential analysis of K- and Φ mesons. In principle, this should be the ideal environment for strangeness exchange reactions to occur, as the particles are produced deeply sub-threshold in a large and long-living system. Therefore, it is the ultimate test to differentiate between the different sources for K- production in HIC.
In total 7.3x10exp9 of the 40% most central Au(1.23 GeV per nucleon)+Au collisions are analyzed. The data has been recorded with the High Acceptance DiElectron Spectrometer HADES located at Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GSI in April/May 2012. A substantially improved reconstruction method has been employed to reconstruct the hadrons with high purity in a wide phase space region.
The estimated particle multiplicities follow a clear hierarchy of the excess energy: 41.5 ± 2.1|sys protons at mid-rapidity per unit in rapidity, 11.1 ± 0.6|sys ± 0.4|extrapol π-, (3.01 ± 0.03|stat ± 0.15|sys ± 0.30|extrapól) x10 exp -2 K+, (1.94 ± 0.09|stat ± 0.10|sys ± 0.10|extrapol)x10 exp -4 K- and (0.99 ± 0.24|stat ± 0.10|sys ± 0.05|extrapol)x10 exp -4 Φ per event. The multiplicities of the strange hadrons increase more than linear with the mean number of participating nucleons hAparti, supporting the assumption that the necessary energy to overcome the elementary production threshold is accumulated in multi-particle interactions. Transport models predict such an increase, but are overestimating the measured particle yield and are not able to describe the kinematic distributions of K+ mesons perfectly. However, the best description is given by the IQMD model with a density dependent kaonnucleon potential of 40 MeV at nuclear ground state density.
The K-=K+ multiplicity ratio is constant as a function of centrality and follows with (6.45 ± 0.77)x10 exp -3 the trend of increasing with beam energy indicated from previous experiments [4]. The effective temperature of K- TK+eff = (84 ± 6) MeV is found to be systematically lower than the one of K+ TK+eff = (104 ± 1) MeV, which has also been observed by the other experiments.
The Φ=K- ratio is with a value of 0.52 ± 0.16 higher than the one obtained at higher center-of-mass energies and smaller systems. This behavior is predicted from a tuned version of the UrQMD transport model [5], when including higher mass baryonic resonances which can decay into Φ mesons and from statistical hadronization models when suppressing open strangeness canonically. The found ratio is constant as a function of centrality and results with a branching ratio of 48.9%, that ~ 25% of all measured K- originate from Φ feed-down decays. A two component PLUTO simulation, consisting of a pure thermal and a K- contribution originating from Φ decays, can fully explain the observed lower effective temperature in comparison to K+ and the shape of the measured rapidity distribution of K-. As a result, we find no indication for strangeness exchange reactions being the dominant mechanism for K- production in the SIS18 energy regime, if taking the contribution from Φ feed-down decays into account.
The hadron yields for the 20% most central collisions can be described by a statistical hadronization model fit with the chemical freeze-out temperature of Tchem = (68 ± 2) MeV and baryochemical potential of μB = (883 ± 25) MeV, which is higher than expected from previous parameterizations. The analysis of the transverse mass spectra of protons indicate a kinetic freeze-out temperature of Tkin = (70 ± 4) MeV and radial flow velocity of βr = 0.43 ± 0.01, which is in agreement with the parameters obtained from the linear dependence of the effective temperatures on the particle mass Tkin = (71.5 ± 4.2) MeV and βr = 0.28 ± 0.09.