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Chromatic, geometric and space charge effects on laser accelerated protons focused by a solenoid
(2011)
We studied numerically emittance and transmission effects by chromatic and geometric aberrations, with and without space charge, for a proton beam behind a solenoid in the laser proton experiment LIGHT at GSI. The TraceWin code was employed using a field map for the solenoid and an initial distribution with exponential energy dependence close to the experiment. The results show a strong effect of chromatic, and a relatively weak one of geometric aberrations as well as dependence of proton transmission on distance from the solenoid. The chromatic effect has an energy filtering property due to the finite radius beam pipe. Furthermore, a relatively modest dependence of transmission on space charge is found for p production intensity below 1011.
Fast thermalization and a strong build up of elliptic flow of QCD matter were investigated within the pQCD based 3+1 dimensional parton transport model BAMPS including bremsstrahlung 2 <-> 3 processes. Within the same framework quenching of gluonic jets in Au+Au collisions at RHIC can be understood. The development of conical structure by gluonic jets is investigated in a static box for the regimes of small and large dissipation. Furthermore we demonstrate two different approaches to extract the shear viscosity coefficient n from a microscopical picture.
Intense ion beams with small phase space occupation (high brilliance) are mandatory to keep beam losses low in high current injector accelerators like those planned for FAIR. The low energy beam transport from the ion source towards the linac has to keep the emittance growth low and has to support the optimization of the ion source tune. The Frankfurt Neutron Source Facility FRANZ is currently under construction. An intense beam of protons (2 MeV, 200 mA) will be used for neutron production using the Li7(p,n)Be7 reaction for studies of the astrophysical s-process. A collimation channel, which can be adjusted to allow the transport of beams with a certain beam emittance, is an ideal tool to optimize the ion source tune in terms of beam brightness. Therefore a collimation channel in the Low Energy Beam Transport section will be used. Through defined apertures and transversal phase space rotation using focusing solenoids the beam halo as well as unwanted H2+ and H3+ fractions will be cut. Theoretical studies which were carried out so far and a first design of the setup will be presented.
An optimized design of a stellarator-type storage ring for low energy ion beams was numerically investigated. The magnetic field variation along the circumference and therefore magnetic heating is suppressed by using simple circular correction coils. Particle-in-Cell (PIC) simulations in a magnetic flux coordinate system show the ability of high current ion beam accumulation in such a configuration with unique features for clockwise and anticlockwise moving beams. Additionally scaled down experiments with two 30 degree room temperature toroidal segments were performed to demonstrate toroidal transport and to develop optical beam diagnostics. Properties of multi-component beams, redistribution of transversal momenta in the non-adiabatic part of the experimental configuration and investigation of strongly confined beam induced electron clouds will be addressed.
We review our knowledge of the phase diagram of QCD as a function of temperature, chemical potential and quark masses. The presence of tricritical lines at imaginary chemical potential m = i p 3 T, with known scaling behaviour in their vicinity, puts constraints on this phase diagram, especially in the case of two light flavors. We show first results in our project to determine the finite-temperature behaviour in the Nf = 2 chiral limit.
Within the present work, photodissociation reactions on 100Mo, 93Mo and 92Mo isotopes were studied by means of the Coulomb dissociation method at the LAND setup at GSI. Experimental data on these isotopes are important to explain the problem of the underproduction of the lighter p-nuclei - 92; 94Mo - within the models of the p-process nucleosynthesis. The reaction rates used in the nucleosynthesis calculations are usually obtained within the framework of the statistical model. In order to verify the model predictions and reduce the uncertainties, experimental measurements of the reaction cross sections are required. In particular, the data on (γ,n) reactions are of interest, since these reactions were shown to dominate the p-process flow in the molybdenum mass region.
As a result of the analysis of the present experiment, integrated Coulomb excitation cross sections of the 100Mo(γ,n), 100Mo(γ,2n), 93Mo(γ,n) and 92Mo(γ,n) reactions were determined. The measurement of the 93Mo isotope is particularly important, since this nucleus is unstable, and the corresponding cross section has not been measured before.
It should be emphasized that Coulomb dissociation is a unique tool to study photoninduced reactions on unstable nuclei, which is especially relevant in the context of nucleosynthesis network calculations. However, because of to the complexity of the data analysis procedure and a number of model assumptions that are required in order to extract the Coulomb excitation cross section from the data, one of the main aspects of this thesis was to verify the method by comparing the results with the previously published data obtained with real photon beams. Integrated cross sections of the 100Mo(γ,n) and 100Mo(γ,2n) reactions were directly compared to the data by Beil et al., obtained at Saclay with photons from positron annihilation, while an indirect comparison could be performed with a recent photoactivation measurement by Erhard and co-workers. A reasonable agreement was observed for the 1n channel: a scaling factor of 0.8 ± 0.1 between our result and Beil et al. data is consistent with the scaling factor of 0.89±0.09 reported by Erhard et al. between their data and Beil et al. data. Both results are in agreement with the scaling factor of 0.85 ± 0.03 recommended by Berman et al. for the data measured at Saclay on nuclei in the respective mass region. A somewhat lower factor of 0.61 ± 0.09 between the present data and Beil et al. data was obtained for the 2n channel. The discrepancy might be explained by both the substantial efficiency correction that has to be applied to the LAND data in the two-neutron case, as well as by an insufficiently accurate assumption that the Saclay neutron detector efficiency is energy- and multiplicity- independent.
A second important topic of the present thesis is the investigation of the efficiency of the CsI gamma detector. The calorimetric information that it delivers is essential to reconstruct the energy-differential cross section from the present measurement. The data taken with the gamma calibration sources shortly after the experiment were used for the investigation. In addition, a test experiment in refined conditions was conducted within the framework of this thesis. Numerous GEANT3 simulations of the detector were performed in order to understand various aspects of its performance. As a result, the efficiency of the detector was determined to be approximately a factor of 2 lower than the efficiency expected from the simulation. This result is consistent with several independent investigations, which were performed using different methods. At the same time, a remarkable agreement between the simulated and experimental data was achieved under assumption that the inefficiency of the detector is explained by the loss of data from a number of crystals, which are randomly chosen in each event according to their averaged performance ratio (the ”on-off” effect). The reasons for the observed malfunction are yet not fully clear. Regardless of the exact reason, in the present conditions a deconvolution of the measured data from the CsI response is not possible. Consequently, within the framework of this thesis, the results are presented in terms of integrated cross sections. A search for alternative methods of data interpretation, allowing to extract energy-differential information out of the available data, in currently ongoing.
In the more recent experiments at the LAND setup, where the Crystal Ball gamma detector was used as a calorimeter, the reconstruction of the energy-differential cross section with a reasonable resolution was already shown to be feasible. It means that, even considering the uncertainties of the present experiment of the order of 10%, the uncertainties of the statistical model predictions, which are on average estimated to be within a factor of 1.5-2, can already be constrained.
The analysis of the present experiment is still in progress. As a next step, Coulomb excitation cross section for 94Mo will be obtained. The 94Mo(γ,n) reaction cannot be studied by photoactivation, since the life time of the daughter nucleus is too long (4000 y). At the same time, this reaction plays a key role in the p-process nucleosynthesis.
The future of the LAND setup - the R3B setup1 at FAIR2 - will take advantage of a three orders of magnitude higher intensity of the radioactive beams [85], as well as of a completely new detector system. High-resolution measurements of the energy-differential cross sections will be possible for exotic nuclei, which were never accessible in the laboratory before. Such measurements will open great opportunities for nuclear astrophysics, allowing to obtain high-quality experimental data even for regions of the nuclear chart where the statistical model calculations are not applicable.
Für das Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung (GSI), in Darmstadt, wurde ein neuer RFQ zur Beschleunigung schwerer Ionen für den Hochladungsinjektor (HLI) entwickelt. Dieser RFQ hat den bereits vorhandenen ersetzt und soll, für die Anpassung des HLI an die neue 28 GHz-ECR-Ionenquelle, den Duty-cycle von 25 % auf 100 % erhöhen, um superschwere Ionen zu erzeugen und die Experimente mit schweren Ionen zu versorgen. Der RFQ hat die Aufgabe schwere, hochgeladene Ionen von 4 keV/u auf 300 keV/u zu beschleunigen. Wichtige Eigenschaften sind ein hoher Strahlstrom, eine hohe Strahl-Transmission, eine kleine Strahlemittanz und eine geringe transversale Emittanzzunahme. Die Erhöhung der Injektionsenergie von 2,5 keV/u auf 4 keV/u ermöglicht eine Verkleinerung des Konvergenzwinkels. Der Aufbau des 4-Rod-RFQs für den HLI ist Thema der vorliegenden Arbeit. Die Auslegung des HLI-RFQs bezieht sich auf ein festgelegtes max. Masse zu Ladungsverhältnis von A/q = 6, bei einer Betriebsfrequenz von 108,408 MHz. Die Ionen sollen bei einem Strahlstrom von 5 mA von 4 keV/u auf 300 keV/u beschleunigt werden. Durch die spezielle teilchendynamische Auslegung konnte die Länge des Tanks von vorher 3 m auf jetzt 2 m verkürzt werden. Dies begünstigt den CW-Betrieb der Struktur. Durch den CW-Betrieb hat man eine hohe Leistungsaufnahme, dies erfordert eine besondere teilchendynamische und hochfrequenztechnische Auslegung der RFQ-Struktur und eine effiziente Kühlung. Zur Simulation der Hochfrequenzeigenschaften wurde ein Modell des RFQ mit dem Programm Microwave Studio (MWS) erstellt. Die Simulationen ergaben einen nur 2 m langen RFQ mit sehr hoher Transmission > 95%. Nach den entsprechenden Simulationsrechnungen bezüglich der Teilchendynamik und der Hochfrequenzeigenschaften wurde der RFQ aufgebaut. Der zeitaufwändige Aufbau lässt sich in drei Abschnitte einteilen. Die Elektroden wurden präzise ausgemessen. Danach wurden Stützen, Elektroden und Tuningplatten an der Bodenplatte montiert und in den Tank eingesetzt. Im Tank wurden die Elektroden justiert, die zuerst außerhalb vermessen wurden. Die korrekte Position der Elektroden zur Referenzfläche wurde berechnet und mit Hilfe eines Faro-Gage im Tank eingemessen. Die maximale Abweichung der Elektrodenposition konnte auf 0,03 mm reduziert werden. Nach der mechanischen Einrichtung folgte die HF-Anpassung des Resonators. Durch das Erhöhen der Tuningplattenpositionen zwischen den Stützen konnte die Resonanzfrequenz von 90,8 MHz auf 108,4 MHz erhöht werden. Als nächstes wurde die Spannungsverteilung im Tank gemessen und mit Hilfe der Tuningplatten konnte sie so eingestellt werden, dass die maximale Abweichung zur mittleren Elektrodenspannung bei nur ± 2% liegt. Zur weiteren Hochfrequenzabstimmung wurde die Wirkung zweier Tauchkolben mit einem Durchmesser von 75 mm untersucht. Die Tauchkolben ermöglichen eine Anpassung der Frequenz im Bereich von 1,4 MHz. Sie sollen die möglichen Frequenzverschiebungen durch beispielsweise thermische Effekte, auf Grund des HF-Betriebs, regulieren. Für die Hochfrequenzabstimmung wurde eine Ankoppelschleife gefertigt und angepasst. Die Güte des Resonators betrug Q0 = 3100, bei einem RP-Wert RP = 100 kΩm, d.h. die zur Versorgung stehende HF-Leistung (50 kW im CW-Betrieb) reicht aus. An der GSI wurde nach dem Transport eine Kontrolle der Elektroden vorgenommen, danach wurde der RFQ erst einzeln, danach als komplette HLI Einheit getestet. Dazu wurden verschiedene Pulsmessungen und Emittanzmessungen mit Argon 7+ und Argon 8+ durchgeführt. Bei der ersten Strahlinbetriebnahme wurden die Transmission, die Ionenenergie und die Emittanz mit verschiedenen Ionen gemessen. Die ersten Tests des HLI-RFQ waren sehr vielversprechend. In den Tests war zu sehen, dass die vorgenommenen Arbeiten, wie Justage und HF-Abstimmung der Resonanzstruktur, erfolgreich waren. Danach wurde der Strahlbetrieb mit Calcium, bei einer Leistung von 50 kW, durchgeführt. Die gemessene Transmission bei einer Spannung von 43 kV lag bei 70 %. Im Mai 2010 gab es eine 14Stickstoff2+ -Strahlzeit mit einer gepulsten Leistung von N = 90 kW. Danach wurde Anpassungstests mit verschiedenen Schwerionen durchgeführt. Im November 2010 wurden neue Tuningplatten mit einer besseren Stützenkontaktierung sowie einer besseren Kühlung eingebaut. Die Elektroden wurden nach diesen Maßnahmen auf ± 0,04 mm einjustiert. Die Flatness liegt bei ± 2,1 %, die Güte beträgt Q0 = 3300. Der RFQ wurde in die Beamline eingebaut und geht im Januar 2011 in Betrieb.
Design and optimization of the lattice of the superconducting synchrotron SIS300 for slow extraction
(2011)
The superconducting synchrotron SIS300 is planned to be built at the new Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR), at GSI-Darmstadt [1]. SIS300 will be a versatile machine, which by means of a low-energy stretcher-mode or a high-energy ramped-mode will provide slowly extracted heavy ion beams towards the experimental areas. To reach the required maximum field of 4.5 T, cos(θ) magnets are necessary. Thus, SIS300 will become the first superconducting synchrotron worldwide with cos(θ) magnets providing resonant slow extraction.
Since SIS300 will be installed in the same tunnel as the SIS100 synchrotron, the dipole layout of SIS300 cannot be freely chosen. Thus, a standard lattice cannot be applied. A redesign of the SIS300 lattice accepting compromises concerning the positions and phase advances between the optical elements has been proposed. Using the analytical model of the slow extraction, firstly proposed by Kobayashi, and the analytical description of the resonance driving modes, a multiobjective optimization algorithm has been developed for the optimization of the lattice under the given boundary conditions. The final goal of the lattice optimization is a higher efficiency of the slow extraction. The results are evaluated by means of tracking simulations performed with the code Elegant.
The field quality in superconducting cos(θ) magnets is determined by the positions of the superconducting cable and the static and time-dependent effects of the current in the cable. Furthermore, the fast ramp rates of 1 T/s in the dipoles, which are fifty times faster than in any other superconducting cos(θ) magnet, together with the fact that the aperture is smaller than in conventional accelerator magnets, makes it extremely difficult to obtain a high-quality magnetic field. The unavoidable field errors affect the beam dynamics and worsen the slow extraction efficiency. Therefore, the field errors in the SIS300 dipoles have been estimated, and their effects have been taken into account in the optimization algorithm. As a result a compensation scheme has been proposed, in which time-dependent gradients in the sextupoles counteract the decay of the sextupole field errors in the dipole magnets during the slow extraction. For the limits where the compensation was no longer possible, tolerances to the magnet field errors have been determined.
MYRRHA is conceived as an accelerator driven system (ADS) for transmutation of high level nuclear waste. The neutron source is created by coupling a proton accelerator of 600 MeV with a 4 mA proton beam, a spallation source and a sub-critical core. The IAP of Frankfurt University is responsible for the development of the 17 MeV injector operated at 176 MHz. The injector consists of a 1.5 MeV 4-Rod-RFQ and six CH-drifttube-structures. The first two CH-structures will be operated at room temperature and the other CH-structures are superconducting cavities assembled in one cryo-module. To achieve the extremely high reliability required by the ADS application, the design of the 17 MeV injector has been intensively studied, with respect to thermal issues, minimum peak fields and field distribution.