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The most frequently used boundary-layer turbulence parameterization in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models are turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) based-based schemes. However, these parameterizations suffer from a potential weakness, namely the strong dependence on an ad-hoc quantity, the so-called turbulence length scale. The physical interpretation of the turbulence length scale is difficult and hence it cannot be directly related to measurements or large eddy simulation (LES) data. Consequently, formulations for the turbulence length scale in basically all TKE schemes are based on simplified assumptions and are model-dependent. A good reference for the independent evaluation of the turbulence length scale expression for NWP modeling is missing. Here we propose a new turbulence length scale diagnostic which can be used in the gray zone of turbulence without modifying the underlying TKE turbulence scheme. The new diagnostic is based on the TKE budget: The core idea is to encapsulate the sum of the molecular dissipation and the cross-scale TKE transfer into an effective dissipation, and associate it with the new turbulence length scale. This effective dissipation can then be calculated as a residuum in the TKE budget equation (for horizontal sub-domains of different sizes) using LES data. Estimation of the scale dependence of the diagnosed turbulence length scale using this novel method is presented for several idealized cases.
Knowledge discovery in biomedical data using supervised methods assumes that the data contain structure relevant to the class structure if a classifier can be trained to assign a case to the correct class better than by guessing. In this setting, acceptance or rejection of a scientific hypothesis may depend critically on the ability to classify cases better than randomly, without high classification performance being the primary goal. Random forests are often chosen for knowledge-discovery tasks because they are considered a powerful classifier that does not require sophisticated data transformation or hyperparameter tuning and can be regarded as a reference classifier for tabular numerical data. Here, we report a case where the failure of random forests using the default hyperparameter settings in the standard implementations of R and Python would have led to the rejection of the hypothesis that the data contained structure relevant to the class structure. After tuning the hyperparameters, classification performance increased from 56% to 65% balanced accuracy in R, and from 55% to 67% balanced accuracy in Python. More importantly, the 95% confidence intervals in the tuned versions were to the right of the value of 50% that characterizes guessing-level classification. Thus, tuning provided the desired evidence that the data structure supported the class structure of the data set. In this case, the tuning made more than a quantitative difference in the form of slightly better classification accuracy, but significantly changed the interpretation of the data set. This is especially true when classification performance is low and a small improvement increases the balanced accuracy to over 50% when guessing.
Child maltreatment remains a major health threat globally that requires the understanding of socioeconomic and cultural contexts to craft effective interventions. However, little is known about research agendas globally and the development of knowledge-producing networks in this field of study. This study aims to explore the bibliometric overview on child maltreatment publications to understand their growth from 1916 to 2018. Data from the Web of Science Core Collection were collected in May 2018. Only research articles and reviews written in the English language were included, with no restrictions by publication date. We analyzed publication years, number of papers, journals, authors, keywords and countries, and presented the countries collaboration and co-occurrence keywords analysis. From 1916 to 2018, 47,090 papers (53.0% in 2010–2018) were published in 9442 journals. Child Abuse & Neglect (2576 papers; 5.5%); Children and Youth Services Review (1130 papers; 2.4%) and Pediatrics (793 papers, 1.7%) published the most papers. The most common research areas were Psychology (16,049 papers, 34.1%), Family Studies (8225 papers, 17.5%), and Social Work (7367 papers, 15.6%). Among 192 countries with research publications, the most prolific countries were the United States (26,367 papers), England (4676 papers), Canada (3282 papers) and Australia (2664 papers). We identified 17 authors who had more than 60 scientific items. The most cited papers (with at least 600 citations) were published in 29 journals, headed by the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) (7 papers) and the Lancet (5 papers). This overview of global research in child maltreatment indicated an increasing trend in this topic, with the world’s leading centers located in the Western countries led by the United States. We called for interdisciplinary research approaches to evaluating and intervening on child maltreatment, with a focus on low-middle income countries (LMICs) settings and specific contexts.
A Bayesian framework to estimate diversification rates and their variation through time and space
(2011)
Background: Patterns of species diversity are the result of speciation and extinction processes, and molecular phylogenetic data can provide valuable information to derive their variability through time and across clades. Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo methods offer a promising framework to incorporate phylogenetic uncertainty when estimating rates of diversification.
Results: We introduce a new approach to estimate diversification rates in a Bayesian framework over a distribution of trees under various constant and variable rate birth-death and pure-birth models, and test it on simulated phylogenies. Furthermore, speciation and extinction rates and their posterior credibility intervals can be estimated while accounting for non-random taxon sampling. The framework is particularly suitable for hypothesis testing using Bayes factors, as we demonstrate analyzing dated phylogenies of Chondrostoma (Cyprinids) and Lupinus (Fabaceae). In addition, we develop a model that extends the rate estimation to a meta-analysis framework in which different data sets are combined in a single analysis to detect general temporal and spatial trends in diversification.
Conclusions: Our approach provides a flexible framework for the estimation of diversification parameters and hypothesis testing while simultaneously accounting for uncertainties in the divergence times and incomplete taxon sampling.
The Wood-Ljungdahl pathway of anaerobic CO(2) fixation with hydrogen as reductant is considered a candidate for the first life-sustaining pathway on earth because it combines carbon dioxide fixation with the synthesis of ATP via a chemiosmotic mechanism. The acetogenic bacterium Acetobacterium woodii uses an ancient version of the pathway that has only one site to generate the electrochemical ion potential used to drive ATP synthesis, the ferredoxin-fueled, sodium-motive Rnf complex. However, hydrogen-based ferredoxin reduction is endergonic, and how the steep energy barrier is overcome has been an enigma for a long time. We have purified a multimeric [FeFe]-hydrogenase from A. woodii containing four subunits (HydABCD) which is predicted to have one [H]-cluster, three [2Fe2S]-, and six [4Fe4S]-clusters consistent with the experimental determination of 32 mol of Fe and 30 mol of acid-labile sulfur. The enzyme indeed catalyzed hydrogen-based ferredoxin reduction, but required NAD(+) for this reaction. NAD(+) was also reduced but only in the presence of ferredoxin. NAD(+) and ferredoxin reduction both required flavin. Spectroscopic analyses revealed that NAD(+) and ferredoxin reduction are strictly coupled and that they are reduced in a 1:1 stoichiometry. Apparently, the multimeric hydrogenase of A. woodii is a soluble energy-converting hydrogenase that uses electron bifurcation to drive the endergonic ferredoxin reduction by coupling it to the exergonic NAD(+) reduction.
A B-factor for NOEs?
(2022)
Nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs) are influenced by motion. Here, we derive exact, analytical results for a model of isotropic, harmonic fluctuations of atom positions that corresponds to the one underlying crystallographic B-factors. The model includes steric repulsion and yields closed-form expressions for the expected value of general invertible functions of the distance between two atoms, with the special case r-6 for NOEs. We discuss the implications for the definition of an NOE-based B-factor in solution NMR.
Theodor W. Adorno publicou o ensaio “Teoria da semiformação” (Theorie der Halbbildung) em 1959. A partir da publicação deste texto, observou-se sua relevância, sobretudo para que se pudesse compreender a maneira como a indústria cultural determinava a produção de prejuízos significativos no processo formativo. Desde então, a conquista do espírito feita pelo caráter fetichista dos produtos da indústria cultural, sendo esta uma das definições de Adorno sobre o conceito de Halbbildung, impulsionou a realização de muitas pesquisas sobre os danos decorrentes desta conquista na formação. Porém, investigar as atuais características do processo semiformativo não resulta na aplicação direta dos conceitos propostos por Adorno no final da década de 1950. Sendo assim, é preciso que tais conceitos sejam revitalizados por meio da análise das atuais mediações históricas. Seguindo essa linha de raciocínio, o principal objetivo deste artigo é argumentar que a reflexão crítica sobre o modo como a semiformação se renova, na atual sociedade da chamada cultura digital, torna-se fundamental para que se possam elaborar considerações sobre o renascimento da formação (Bildung).
Este ensaio vem problematizar acerca da atualidade do conceito de indústria cultural (Kulturindustrie), no projeto da teoria crítica de Theodor W. Adorno, objetivando mostrar que as atuais limitações impostas ao debate derivam mais do fundamento não-dialético dos que apontam sua restrição do que da própria potência da teorização frankfurtiana.
A atualidade da crítica de Adorno para as pesquisas qualitativas com bases empíricas em educação
(2018)
Neste artigo, serão apresentados dados e argumentos sobre a atualidade da crítica de Theodor W. Adorno para as pesquisas qualitativas com bases empíricas em educação, com especial ênfase à hermenêutica objetiva, desenvolvida por Ulrich Oevermann e aplicada por Andreas Gruschka às pesquisas em educação. O tema será abordado da seguinte maneira: (a) serão apontados elementos históricos e teóricos do desenvolvimento de um método de pesquisa próprio pela Teoria Crítica; (b) serão apresentados elementos caracterizadores da hermenêutica objetiva; (c) para, por fim, apresentar algumas das contribuições de Gruschka na aplicabilidade do referido método às pesquisas educacionais na Alemanha, além de algumas experiências no Brasil a partir da referida abordagem de pesquisa.
O objetivo do texto é propor uma interpretação do conceito de sublime na Teoria estética de Theodor Adorno, partindo do confronto com leituras significativas de outros comentadores, de modo a fornecer uma concepção que associe o movimento de transcendência e alteridade da forma estética à dinâmica histórico-processual das obras.
Multimodal therapy of glioblastoma (GBM) reveals inter-individual variability in terms of treatment outcome. Here, we examined whether a miRNA signature can be defined for the a priori identification of patients with particularly poor prognosis.
FFPE sections from 36 GBM patients along with overall survival follow-up were collected retrospectively and subjected to miRNA signature identification from microarray data. A risk score based on the expression of the signature miRNAs and cox-proportional hazard coefficients was calculated for each patient followed by validation in a matched GBM subset of TCGA. Genes potentially regulated by the signature miRNAs were identified by a correlation approach followed by pathway analysis.
A prognostic 4-miRNA signature, independent of MGMT promoter methylation, age, and sex, was identified and a risk score was assigned to each patient that allowed defining two groups significantly differing in prognosis (p-value: 0.0001, median survival: 10.6 months and 15.1 months, hazard ratio = 3.8). The signature was technically validated by qRT-PCR and independently validated in an age- and sex-matched subset of standard-of-care treated patients of the TCGA GBM cohort (n=58). Pathway analysis suggested tumorigenesis-associated processes such as immune response, extracellular matrix organization, axon guidance, signalling by NGF, GPCR and Wnt. Here, we describe the identification and independent validation of a 4-miRNA signature that allows stratification of GBM patients into different prognostic groups in combination with one defined threshold and set of coefficients that could be utilized as diagnostic tool to identify GBM patients for improved and/or alternative treatment approaches.
Purpose: Classification and treatment of WHO grade II/III gliomas have dramatically changed. Implementing molecular markers into the WHO classification raised discussions about the significance of grading and clinical trials showed overall survival (OS) benefits for combined radiochemotherapy. As molecularly stratified treatment data outside clinical trials are scarce, we conducted this retrospective study.
Methods: We identified 343 patients (1995–2015) with newly diagnosed WHO grade II/III gliomas and analyzed molecular markers, patient characteristics, symptoms, histology, treatment, time to treatment failure (TTF) and OS.
Results: IDH-status was available for all patients (259 mutant, 84 IDH1-R132H-non-mutant). Molecular subclassification was possible in 173 tumors, resulting in diagnosis of 80 astrocytomas and 93 oligodendrogliomas. WHO grading remained significant for OS in astrocytomas/IDH1-R132H-non-mutant gliomas (p < 0.01) but not for oligodendroglioma (p = 0.27). Chemotherapy (and temozolomide in particular) showed inferior OS compared to radiotherapy in astrocytomas (median 6.1/12.1 years; p = 0.03) and oligodendrogliomas (median 13.2/not reached (n.r.) years; p = 0.03). While radiochemotherapy improved TTF in oligodendroglioma (median radiochemotherapy n.r./chemotherapy 3.8/radiotherapy 7.3 years; p < 0.001/ = 0.06; OS data immature) the effect, mainly in combination with temozolomide, was weaker in astrocytomas (median radiochemotherapy 6.7/chemotherapy 2.3/radiotherapy 2.0 years; p < 0.001/ = 0.11) and did not translate to improved OS (median 8.4 years).
Conclusion: This is one of the largest retrospective, real-life datasets reporting treatment and outcome in low-grade gliomas incorporating molecular markers. Current histologic grading features remain prognostic in astrocytomas while being insignificant in oligodendroglioma with interfering treatment effects. Chemotherapy (temozolomide) was less effective than radiotherapy in both astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas while radiochemotherapy showed the highest TTF in oligodendrogliomas.
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is a major process in the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle in which nitrite and ammonium are converted to dinitrogen gas and water through the highly reactive intermediate hydrazine. So far, it is unknown how anammox organisms convert the toxic hydrazine into nitrogen and harvest the extremely low potential electrons (−750 mV) released in this process. We report the crystal structure and cryo electron microscopy structures of the responsible enzyme, hydrazine dehydrogenase, which is a 1.7 MDa multiprotein complex containing an extended electron transfer network of 192 heme groups spanning the entire complex. This unique molecular arrangement suggests a way in which the protein stores and releases the electrons obtained from hydrazine conversion, the final step in the globally important anammox process.
So far, personal feedback in the case of lectures with hundreds of students still seems utopic – even after the digitalization boom in times of the coronavirus. Tools from the research field of »learning analytics« could in future give students feedback and at the same time provide their supervisors with clues about where help is still needed.
The focus of this contribution is on the mode of capitalism within the industrialized sectors of "emerging markets". Particularly in the context of the rise of the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) this question has gained considerable importance, also for the development of the world economy as a whole. The core question is whether the type of capitalism within these economies is similar to the capitalist variety of the triad, or diverges in more or less permanent ways. The article gives a preliminary answer to this question, by developing a rough sketch of a "BRIC" model of capitalism and illustrating this model with the case of Brazil. In terms of theory, the article extends the Comparative Capitalism (CC) perspective to the BRICs. On the one side, the focus is on the classical questions of CC, i.e. the determinants of economic development and the differences to other types of capitalism, on the other side the relationship between these varieties and social inequality. It argues that the "state-permeated market economies" of the BRICs rely on clans as a mode of social coordination. As demonstrated by the case of Brazil, this type of capitalism can be quite successful, but is based on a highly unequal distribution of economic and political resources.
The title compound, [FeZr2(C5H5)4Cl2(C13H18B2)], is a heteronuclear complex that consists of a [3]ferrocenophane moiety substituted at each cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ring by a BH3 group; the BH3 group is bonded via two H atoms to the Zr atom of the zirconocene chloride moiety in a bidentate fashion. The two Cp rings of the [3]ferrocenophane moiety are aligned at a dihedral angle of 8.9 (4)° arising from the strain of the propane-1,3-diyl bridge linking the two Cp rings. [One methylene group is disordered over two positions with a site-occupation factor of 0.552 (18) for the major occupied site.] The dihedral angles between the Cp rings at the two Zr atoms are 50.0 (3) and 51.7 (3)°. The bonding Zr(...)H distances are in the range 1.89 (7)–2.14 (7) Å. As the two Cp rings of the ferrocene unit are connected by an ansa bridge, the two Zr atoms approach each other at 6.485 (1) Å. The crystal packing features C—H(...)Cl interactions.
Zentraler Gegenstand der Tagung waren die disziplinären Aneignungen der ethnografischen Herangehensweise in der Ethnologie und der Soziologie. Der Tagungsbericht sammelt die auf der Tagung debattierten Differenzen und Ähnlichkeiten und sichtet die tiefer liegenden, systematischen Unterschiede entlang der ethnografischen Trias von Feld, Site und Gegenstand. Mit Blick auf eine geplante Folgetagung identifizieren die Autoren Schlüsselthemen für die weitere Debatte.