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In den zahlreichen Beiträgen zum "Jubeljahr der 1968er-Bewegung" kommen oft ehemalige Aktive, Historikerinnen und Experten zu Wort. Doch wie blicken eigentlich Aktivistinnen und Aktivisten des 21. Jahrhunderts auf diese Zeit zurück? Dieser Frage hat sich ein zweijähriges Forschungsprojekt am Institut für Politikwissenschaft der Goethe-Universität gewidmet.
17-Acetoxymulinic acid
(2010)
The title compound, [systematic name: 5a-acetoxymethyl-3-isopropyl-8-methyl-1,2,3,3a,4,5,5a,6,7,10,10a,10b-dodecahydro-7,10-endo-epidioxycyclohepta[e]indene-3a-carboxylic acid], C22H32O6 (I), is closely related to methyl 5a-acetoxymethyl-3-isopropyl-8-methyl-1,2,3,3a,4,5,5a,6,7,10,10a,10b-dodecahydro-7,10-endo-epidioxycyclohepta[e]indene-3a-carboxylate, (II) [Brito et al., (2008 [triangle]). Acta Cryst. E64, o1209]. There are two molecules in the asymmetric unit, which are linked by two strong intramolecular O—H ... O hydrogen bonds with graph-set motif R 2 2(8). In both (I) and (II), the conformation of the three fused rings are almost identical. The five-membered ring has an envelope conformation, the six-membered ring has a chair conformation and the seven-membered ring has a boat conformation. The most obvious differences between the two compounds is the observed disorder of the acetoxymethyl fragments in both molecules of the asymmetric unit of (I). This disorder is not observed in (II). The crystal structure and the molecular conformation is stabilized by intermolecular C—H ... O hydrogen bonds. The ability to form hydrogen bonds is different in the two compounds. The crystal studied was a non-merohedral twin, the ratio of the twin components being 0.28 (1):0.72 (1)
Prostaglandin (PG) E2 (PGE2) plays a predominant role in promoting colorectal carcinogenesis. The biosynthesis of PGE2 is accomplished by conversion of the cyclooxygenase (COX) product PGH2 by several terminal prostaglandin E synthases (PGES). Among the known PGES isoforms, microsomal PGES type 1 (mPGES-1) and type 2 (mPGES-2) were found to be overexpressed in colorectal cancer (CRC); however, the role and regulation of these enzymes in this malignancy are not yet fully understood. Here, we report that the cyclopentenone prostaglandins (CyPGs) 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 and PGA2 downregulate mPGES-2 expression in the colorectal carcinoma cell lines Caco-2 and HCT 116 without affecting the expression of any other PGES or COX. Inhibition of mPGES-2 was subsequently followed by decreased microsomal PGES activity. These effects were mediated via modulation of the cellular thiol-disulfide redox status but did not involve activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ or PGD2 receptors. CyPGs had antiproliferative properties in vitro; however, this biological activity could not be directly attributed to decreased PGES activity because it could not be reversed by adding PGE2. Our data suggest that there is a feedback mechanism between PGE2 and CyPGs that implicates mPGES-2 as a new potential target for pharmacological intervention in CRC.
We present here a set of 13C-direct detected NMR experiments to facilitate the resonance assignment of RNA oligonucleotides. Three experiments have been developed: (1) the (H)CC-TOCSY-experiment utilizing a virtual decoupling scheme to assign the intraresidual ribose 13C-spins, (2) the (H)CPC-experiment that correlates each phosphorus with the C40 nuclei of adjacent nucleotides via J(C,P) couplings and (3) the (H)CPC-CCH-TOCSY-experiment that correlates the phosphorus nuclei with the respective C10,H10 ribose signals. The experiments were applied to two RNA hairpin structures. The current set of 13C-direct detected experiments allows direct and unambiguous assignment of the majority of the hetero nuclei and the identification of the individual ribose moieties following their sequential assignment. Thus, 13C-direct detected NMR methods constitute useful complements to the conventional 1H-detected approach for the resonance assignment of oligonucleotides that is often hindered by the limited chemical shift dispersion. The developed methods can also be applied to large deuterated RNAs. Keywords: NMR spectroscopy , Direct carbon , detection , RNA
The nuclear magnetic resonance of 133Cs (I=7/2) has been studied at room temperature in the isostructural compounds Cs2CuCl4, Cs2CuBr4, Cs2CoCl4 and Cs2ZnCl4. The nuclear quadrupole coupling tensors and the magnetic shift tensors have been determined at the two inequivalent sites of the unit cell for all complexes. A satisfactory description of the quadrupole coupling (νq ≲ 20 kc) with a point charge model is only possible by reducing the charge on the central ion of the MX4 tetrahedron to +1-1. Large isotropic shifts (up to 0.5%) with smaller anisotropic contributions have been found in the paramagnetic compounds. The diamagnetic Cs2ZnCl4 shows shift up to 0.03% relative to CsCl.
Objectives: The authors sought to evaluate the performance of the Ranger paclitaxel-coated balloon versus uncoated balloon angioplasty for femoropopliteal lesions at 12 months.
Background: Drug-coated balloons (DCBs) are a promising endovascular treatment option for peripheral artery disease of the femoropopliteal segment, and each unique device requires dedicated clinical study.
Methods: The prospective, randomized RANGER SFA (Comparison of the Ranger™ Paclitaxel-Coated PTA Balloon Catheter and Uncoated PTA Balloons in Femoropopliteal Arteries) study (NCT02013193) enrolled 105 patients with symptomatic lower limb ischemia (Rutherford category 2 to 4) and stenotic lesions in the nonstented femoropopliteal segment at 10 European centers. Seventy-one patients (mean age 68 ± 8 years, n = 53 men) were enrolled in the Ranger DCB arm, and 34 patients (mean age 67 ± 9 years, n = 23 men) were assigned to the control group. Twelve-month analysis included patency, safety, and clinical outcomes and quality-of-life assessments.
Results: The DCB group had a greater primary patency rate at 12 months (Kaplan-Meier estimate 86.4% vs. 56.5%), with a significantly longer time to patency failure (log-rank p < 0.001). The estimated freedom from target lesion revascularization rate was 91.2% in the DCB group and 69.9% in the control group at 12 months, with a significantly longer time to reintervention (p = 0.010). No target limb amputations or device-related deaths occurred in either group.
Conclusions: Twelve-month results show that patency was maintained longer after Ranger DCB treatment than after conventional balloon angioplasty, and this result was associated with a low revascularization rate and good clinical outcomes.
Cytochrome P450-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) stimulate endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis. In this study, we investigated the involvement of the forkhead box, class O (FOXO) family of transcription factors and their downstream target p27Kip1 in EET-induced endothelial cell proliferation. Incubation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells with 11,12-EET induced a time- and dose-dependent decrease in p27Kip1 protein expression, whereas p21Cip1 was not significantly affected. This effect on p27Kip1 protein was associated with decreased mRNA levels as well as p27Kip1 promoter activity. 11,12-EET also stimulated the time-dependent phosphorylation of Akt and of the forkhead factors FOXO1 and FOXO3a, effects prevented by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY 294002. Transfection of endothelial cells with either a dominant-negative or an “Akt-resistant”/constitutively active FOXO3a mutant reversed the 11,12-EET-induced down-regulation of p27Kip1, whereas transfection of a constitutive active Akt decreased p27Kip1 expression independently of the presence or absence of 11,12-EET. To determine whether these effects are involved in EET-induced proliferation, endothelial cells were transfected with the 11,12-EET-generating epoxygenase CYP2C9. Transfection of CYP2C9 elicited endothelial cell proliferation and this effect was inhibited in cells co-transfected with CYP2C9 and either a dominant-negative Akt or constitutively active FOXO3a. Reducing FOXO expression using RNA interference, on the other hand, attenuated p27Kip1 expression and stimulated endothelial cell proliferation. These results indicate that EET-induced endothelial cell proliferation is associated with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt-dependent phosphorylation and inactivation of FOXO factors and the subsequent decrease in expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1.
In the systemic circulation, 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (11,12-EET) elicits nitric oxide (NO)- and prostacyclin-independent vascular relaxation, partially through the activation of large conductance Ca2+-activated potassium (BK) channels. However, in the lung 11,12-EET contributes to hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction. Since pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells also express BK channels, we assessed the consequences of BKβ1 subunit deletion on pulmonary responsiveness to 11,12-EET as well as to acute hypoxia. In buffer-perfused mouse lungs, hypoxia increased pulmonary artery pressure and this was significantly enhanced in the presence of NO synthase (NOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors. Under these conditions the elevation of tissue EET levels using an inhibitor of the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH-I), further increased the hypoxic contraction. Direct administration of 11,12-EET also increased pulmonary artery pressure, and both the sEH-I and 11,12-EET effects were prevented by iberiotoxin and absent in BKβ1−/− mice. In pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells treated with NOS and COX inhibitors and loaded with the potentiometric dye, di-8-ANEPPS, 11,12-EET induced depolarization while the BK channel opener NS1619 elicited hyperpolarization indicating there was no effect of the EET on classical plasma membrane BK channels. In pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells a subpopulation of BK channels is localized in mitochondria. In these cells, 11,12-EET elicited an iberiotoxin-sensitive loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (JC-1 fluorescence) leading to plasma membrane depolarization, an effect not observed in BKβ1−/− cells. Mechanistically, stimulation with 11,12-EET time-dependently induced the association of the BK α and β1 subunits. Our data indicate that in the absence of NO and prostacyclin 11,12-EET contributes to pulmonary vasoconstriction by stimulating the association of the α and β1 subunits of mitochondrial BK channels. The 11,12-EET-induced activation of BK channels results in loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential and depolarization of the pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells.
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EET) facilitate regeneration in different tissues, and their benefit in dermal wound healing has been proven under normal conditions. In this study, we investigated the effect of 11,12 EET on dermal wound healing in diabetes. We induced diabetes by i.p. injection of streptozotocin 2 weeks prior to wound creation on the dorsal side of the mouse ear. 11,12 EET was applied every second day on the wound, whereas the control groups received only solvent. Epithelialization was monitored every second day intravitally up to wound closure. Wounds were stained for VEGF, CD31, TGF-β, TNF-α, SDF-1α, NF-κB, and Ki-67, and fibroblasts were counted after hematoxylin-eosin stain on days 3, 6, 9, and 16 after wounding. After induction of diabetes, wounds closed on day 13.00 ± 2.20 standard deviation (SD). Local 11,12 ETT application improved wound closure significantly to day 8.40 ± 1.39 SD. EET treatment enhanced VEGF and CD31 expression in wounds on day 3. It also seemed to raise TNF-α level on all days investigated as well as TGF-β level on days 3 and 6. A decrease in NF-κB could be observed on days 9 and 16 after EET application. The latter findings were not significant. SDF-1α expression was not influenced by EET application, and Ki-67 was significantly less in the EET group on day 9 after EET application. The number of fibroblasts was significantly increased on day 9 after the 11,12 EET application. 11,12 EET improve deteriorated wound healing in diabetes by enhancing neoangiogenesis, especially in the early phase of wound healing. Furthermore, they contribute to the dissolution of the initial inflammatory reaction, allowing the crucial transition from the inflammatory to proliferative phase in wound healing.
Introduction: Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are able to enhance angiogenesis and regulate inflammation that is especially important in wound healing under ischemic conditions. Thus, we evaluated the effect of local EET application on ischemic wounds in mice.
Methods: Ischemia was induced by cautherization of two of the three supplying vessels to the mouse ear. Wounding was performed on the ear three days later. Wounds were treated either with 11,12 or 14,15 EET and compared to untreated control and normal wounds. Epithelialization was measured every second day. VEGF, TNF-α, TGF-β, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP), Ki67, and SDF-1α were evaluated immunohistochemically in wounds on day 3, 6, and 9.
Results: Ischemia delayed wound closure (12.8 days ± 1.9 standard deviation (SD) for ischemia and 8.0 days ± 0.94 SD for control). 11,12 and14,15 EET application ameliorated deteriorated wound healing on ischemic ears (7.6 ± 1.3 SD for 11,12 EET and 9.2 ± 1.4 SD for 14,15 EET). Ischemia did not change VEGF, TNF-α, TGF-β, SDF-1α, TIMP, MMP7 or MMP9 level significantly compared to control. Local application of 11,12 as well as 14,15 EET induced a significant elevation of VEGF, TGF-β, and SDF-1α expression as well as proliferation during the whole phase of wound healing compared to control and ischemia alone.
Conclusion: In summary, EET improve impaired wound healing caused by ischemia as they enhance neovascularization and alter inflammatory response in wounds. Thus elevating lipid mediator level as 11,12 and 14,15 EET in wounds might be a successful strategy for amelioration of deranged wound healing under ischemia.
100 Jahre Dieter Janz
(2020)
The 20 April 2020 marks the centenary of Dieter Janz’s birth. This issue of Zeitschrift für Epileptologie is published in his honor with the aim of tracing the work of Dieter Janz over the last five decades and summarizing new findings on the Janz syndrome (Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy), which is named after him.
Reading is not only "cold" information processing, but involves affective and aesthetic processes that go far beyond what current models of word recognition, sentence processing, or text comprehension can explain. To investigate such "hot" reading processes, standardized instruments that quantify both psycholinguistic and emotional variables at the sublexical, lexical, inter-, and supralexical levels (e.g., phonological iconicity, word valence, arousal-span, or passage suspense) are necessary. One such instrument, the Berlin Affective Word List (BAWL) has been used in over 50 published studies demonstrating effects of lexical emotional variables on all relevant processing levels (experiential, behavioral, neuronal). In this paper, we first present new data from several BAWL studies. Together, these studies examine various views on affective effects in reading arising from dimensional (e.g., valence) and discrete emotion features (e.g., happiness), or embodied cognition features like smelling. Second, we extend our investigation of the complex issue of affective word processing to words characterized by a mixture of affects. These words entail positive and negative valence, and/or features making them beautiful or ugly. Finally, we discuss tentative neurocognitive models of affective word processing in the light of the present results, raising new issues for future studies.
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) catalysis is positively regulated by Ca2+ ions and phospholipids that both act via the N-terminal C2-like domain of 5-LO. Previously, we have shown that 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol (OAG) functions as an agonist for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) in stimulating 5-LO product formation. Here we have demonstrated that OAG directly stimulates 5-LO catalysis in vitro. In the absence of Ca2+ (chelated using EDTA), OAG strongly and concentration-dependently stimulated crude 5-LO in 100,000 x g supernatants as well as purified 5-LO enzyme from PMNL. Also, the monoglyceride 1-O-oleyl-rac-glycerol and 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol were effective, whereas various phospholipids did not stimulate 5-LO. However, in the presence of Ca2+, OAG caused no stimulation of 5-LO. Also, phospholipids or cellular membranes abolished the effects of OAG. As found previously for Ca2+, OAG renders 5-LO activity resistant against inhibition by glutathione peroxidase activity, and this effect of OAG is reversed by phospholipids. Intriguingly, a 5-LO mutant lacking tryptophan residues (Trp-13, -75, and -102) important for the binding of the 5-LO C2-like domain to phospholipids was not stimulated by OAG. We conclude that OAG directly stimulates 5-LO by acting at a phospholipid binding site located within the C2-like domain.
The title molecule, C17H25N3O3, is built up from fused six- and five-membered rings linked to a –C10H21 chain. The fused-ring system is essentially planar, the largest deviation from the mean plane being 0.009 (2) Å. The chain is roughly perpendicular to this plane, making a dihedral angle of 79.5 (2)°. In the crystal, N—H[cdots, three dots, centered]O hydrogen bonds build infinite chains along [010]. There are channels in the structure containing disordered hexane. The contribution of this solvent to the scattering power was suppressed using the SQUEEZE option in PLATON [Spek (2009 [triangle]). Acta Cryst. D65, 148–155].
The fused five- and six-membered rings in the title compound, C14H12N2O, are essentially planar, the largest deviation from the mean plane being 0.023 (2) Å. The dihedral angle between the benzimidazole mean plane and the phenyl ring is 68.50 (6)°. In the crystal, each molecule is linked to its symmetry equivalent created by a crystallographic inversion center by pairs of N—H[cdots, three dots, centered]O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers.
1-(Bromomercurio)ferrocene
(2013)
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Fe(C5H5)(C5H4BrHg)], contains two independent molecules, A and B, in which the Hg-C bond lengths are 2.045 (6) and 2.046 (6) Å, the Hg-Br bond lengths are 2.4511 (9) and 2.4562 (7) Å, and the C-Hg-Br angles are 176.42 (17) and 177.32 (17)°. The two cyclopentadienyl rings of mol-ecule A are eclipsed, while those of mol-ecule B are almost staggered. The HgBr groups are connected by intermolecular Hg⋯Br contacts of 3.3142 (9)-3.4895 (11) Å, forming layers parallel to (001). These layers contain both four-membered (HgBr)2 and eight-membered (HgBr)4 rings. Ferrocene-ferrocene C-H⋯π contacts connect the molecular layers along the c-axis direction.
In the title compound, C11H11N3O2, the dihedral angle between the central ethanone fragment and the 4-methoxyphenyl group is 2.9 (2)°, while that between the ethanone fragment and the triazole ring is 83.4 (2)°. The dihedral angle between the planes of the triazole and benzene rings is 81.7 (1)°. The 4-methoxyphenyl group is cis with respect to the ethanone fragment O atom across the exocyclic C—C bond. In the crystal, molecules are linked by C—H ... N interactions into C(9) chains along [001].
The title compound, C8H11FN5 +·Cl-, crystallized with a monoprotonated 1-(4-fluorophenyl)biguanidinium cation and a chloride anion in the asymmetric unit. The biguanidium group is not planar [dihedral angle between the two CN3 groups = 52.0 (1)°] and is rotated with respect to the phenyl group [tau = 54.3 (3)°]. In the crystal, N—H ... N hydrogen-bonded centrosymmetric dimers are connected into ribbons, which are further stabilized by N—H ... Cl interactions, forming a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network.
The dihydropyrimidine ring of the title compound, C13H15ClN2S, adopts an envelope conformation with five almost coplanar atoms (r.m.s. deviation = 0.054 Å) and the C atom bearing the two methyl substituents deviating from this plane by 0.441 (2) Å. The best plane through the five almost coplanar atoms forms a dihedral angle of 89.56 (5)° with the benzene ring. The crystal packing is characterized by centrosymmetric dimers connected by pairs of N—H ... S hydrogen bonds.
In the molecular structure of the title compound, C21H18N2O, the fused-ring system is essentially planar, the largest deviation from the mean plane being 0.0121 (9) Å. The O atom and adjacent C atom are located in Wyckoff position 4e on a twofold axis (0, y, 1/4). The two benzyl groups are almost perpendicular to the benzimidazole plane, but point in opposite directions. The dihedral angle between the benzimidazole mean plane and the phenyl ring is 81.95 (5)°, whereas that between the two benzyl groups is 60.96 (7)°.
In the mol-ecule of the title compound, C(12)H(12)BrN(3)O, the fused-ring system is essentially planar, the largest deviation from the mean plane being 0.0148 (3) Å. The two allyl groups are nearly perpendicular to the imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine plane [C-C-N-C torsion angles of 81.6 (4) and -77.2 (4)°] and point in the same direction. The planes through the atoms forming each allyl group are nearly perpendicular to the imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-one system, as indicated by the dihedral angles between them of 80.8 (5) and 73.6 (5)°.
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C21H28N4O, consists of two unique molecules linked by an O—H⋯N hydrogen bond. The conformation of both C=N bonds is E and the azomethine functional groups lie close to the plane of their associated benzene rings in each of the independent molecules. The dihedral angles between the two benzene rings are 83.14 (4) and 75.45 (4)°. The plane of the one of the N(CH3)2 units is twisted away from the benzene ring by 18.8 (2)°, indicating loss of conjugation between the lone electron pair and the benzene ring. In the crystal structure, O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds together with C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link neighbouring supramolecular dimers into a three-dimensional network.
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C28H42N2O5·H2O, consists of one half of the organic molecule and one half-molecule of water, both of which are located on a mirror plane which passes through the central C atoms and the hydroxyl group of the heterocyclic system. The hydroxyl group at the central ring is disordered over two equally occupied positions. The six-membered ring adopts a chair conformation, and the 2-hydroxybenzyl substituents occupy the sterically preferred equatorial positions. The aromatic rings make dihedral angles of 75.57 (9)° with the mean plane of the heterocyclic ring. The dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings is 19.18 (10)°. The molecular structure features two intramolecular phenolic O-H...N hydrogen bonds with graph-set motif S(6). In the crystal, molecules are connected via O-H...O hydrogen bonds into zigzag chains running along the a-axis direction.
In the title compound, C27H37N2 +·Cl−·2CH2Cl2, the cation and the anion are each located on a crystallographic mirror plane. Both of the dichloromethane solvent molecules show a disorder across a mirror plane over two equally occupied positions. Additionally, one isopropyl group is also disordered. In the crystal, the cations are connected to the chloride ions via C—H[cdots, three dots, centered]Cl hydrogen bonds.
In the title compound, C27H37N2 +·Br−·2CH2Cl2, both the cation and the anion are located on a crystallographic mirror plane. Both of the dichloromethane solvent molecules show a disorder across a mirror plane over two equally occupied positions. In the crystal, the cations are connnected to the bromide ions via C—H[cdots, three dots, centered]Br hydrogen bonds.
The title molecule, C34H28I4·4C6H6, has crystallographic 4 symmetry and crystallizes with four symmetry-related benzene solvent molecules. The phenyl group is eclipsed with one of the adamantane C—C bonds. The tetraphenyladamantane units and the benzene solvent molecules are connected by weak intermolecular phenyl–benzene C—H⋯π and benzene–benzene C—H⋯π interactions. In the crystal, molecules are linked along the c-axis direction via the iodophenyl groups by a combination of weak intermolecular I⋯I [3.944 (1) Å] and I⋯π(phenyl) [3.608 (6) and 3.692 (5) Å] interactions.
The central structural element of the title compound, C24H29NO2, is a carbazole unit substituted with two acetyl residues and an octyl chain. The acetyl residues are nearly coplanar [dihedral angles = 5.37 (14) and 1.0 (3)°] with the carbazole unit which is essentially planar (r.m.s. deviation for all non-H atoms = 0.025 Å). The octyl chain adopts an all-trans conformation. The crystal packing is stabilized by C—H ... O hydrogen bonds.
The title compound, C22H28N2O6, crystallizes with four half-molecules in the asymmetric unit: each molecule is located about a crystallographic inversion centre. The central methylene groups of two molecules are disordered over two sets of equally occupied sites. The crystal packing is characterized by sheets of molecules parallel to (114).
The title compound, C30H16N4O4, reveals \overline1 crystallographic and molecular symmetry and accordingly the asymmetric unit comprises one half-molecule. The dihedral angle between the planes of the two geminal benzoxazole rings is 74.39 (5)°. The packing features weak C-H...N and [pi]-[pi] interactions [centroid-centroid distance = 3.652 (1) Å].
Background: The rate of caesarean sections increased in the last decades to about 30% of births in western populations. Many caesarean sections are electively planned without an urgent medical reason for mother or child. Especially in women with a foregoing caesarean section, the procedure is planned early. An early caesarean section though may harm the newborn. Our aim is to evaluate the gestational time point after the 37th gestational week (after prematurity = term) of performing an elective caesarean section with the lowest morbidity for mother and child.
Methods: This is an update of a systematic review previously carried out on behalf of the German Federal Ministry of Health. We will perform a systematic literature search in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL and CINAHL. Our primary outcome is the rate of admissions to the neonatal intensive care unit in early versus late term neonates. We will include (quasi) randomized controlled trials and cohort studies. The studies should include pregnant women who have an elective caesarean section at term. We will screen titles and abstracts and the identified full texts of studies for eligibility. Risk of bias will be assessed with the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for Randomized Trials or with the Risk of Bias Tool for Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I). These tasks will be performed independently by two reviewers. Data will be extracted in beforehand piloted extraction tables. A dose-response meta-analysis will be performed.
Discussion: Our aim is to reach a higher validity in the assessment of the time point of elective caesarean sections by performing a meta-analysis to support recommendations for clinical practice. We assume to identify less randomized controlled trials but a large number of cohort studies analyzing the given question. We will discuss similarities and differences in included studies as well as methodological strengths and weaknesses.
Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42017078231
(Un)glaubwürdig grün? : Wie Anleger im boomenden Markt für Grüne Anleihen nach Orientierung suchen
(2020)
Der Klimaschutz ist in der Finanzwelt angekommen. Diesen Eindruck erweckt zumindest das wachsende Angebot an »grünen« Anleihen. Diese Wertpapiere beschaffen Kapital für explizit klimafreundliche Industrien und Projekte. Doch können Anleger sicher sein, dass sie ihr Geld in einen klimafreundlichen CO2-Fußabdruck investieren und nicht doch beim »Greenwashing« eines rasant ressourcenabbauenden Unternehmens Beihilfe leisten? Die Wirtschaftswissenschaftlerin Julia Kapraun hat sich mit der Glaubwürdigkeit Grüner Anleihen befasst.
The term structure of interest rates is crucial for the transmission of monetary policy to financial markets and the macroeconomy. Disentangling the impact of monetary policy on the components of interest rates, expected short rates, and term premia is essential to understanding this channel. To accomplish this, we provide a quantitative structural model with endogenous, time-varying term premia that are consistent with empirical findings. News about future policy, in contrast to unexpected policy shocks, has quantitatively significant effects on term premia along the entire term structure. This provides a plausible explanation for partly contradictory estimates in the empirical literature.
Bis(N,N-diethyl-N′-benzoylselenoureato)lead(II) has been prepared and characterized by single-crystal structure analysis. Pb(C12H15N2OSe)2 crystallizes in the non-centrosymmetric orthorhombic space group Iba2. The cell parameters are a = 13.206(3), b = 20.542(4), c = 10.089(2) A and Z = 4. R = 0.025. The direction of the polar axis was determined unambig uously. Pb(II) is bidentally coordinated to two N,N-diethyl-N′-benzoylselenourea molecules. The coordination polyhedron is a distorted pseudo-trigonal bi-pyramid with one equatorial position occupied by an electron lone-pair. The Pb-Se and Pb-O bond lengths are 2.876(1) and 2.444(4) Å, respectively. In the crystal lattice, each Pb atom also shows interactions with two Se atoms of a neighboring molecule. The Pb-Se distance of that interaction is 3.643 Å.
This study explores how ‘gatherings’ turn into ‘encounters’ in a virtual world (VW) context. Most communication technologies enable only focused encounters between distributed participants, but in VWs both gatherings and encounters can occur. We present close sequential analysis of moments when after a silent gathering, interaction among participants in a VW is gradually resumed, and also investigate the social actions in the verbal (re-)opening turns. Our findings show that like in face-to-face situations, also in VWs participants often use different types of embodied resources to achieve the transition, rather than rely on verbal means only. However, the transition process in VWs has distinctive characteristics compared to the one in face-to-face situations. We discuss how participants in a VW use virtually embodied pre-beginnings to display what we call encounter-readiness, instead of displaying lack of presence by avatar stillness. The data comprise 40 episodes of video-recorded team interactions in a VW.
We discuss deviations from the exponential decay law which occur when going beyond the BreitWigner distribution for an unstable state. In particular, we concentrate on an oscillating behavior, remisiscent of the Rabi-oscillations, in the short-time region. We propose that these oscillations can explain the socalled GSI anomaly, which measured superimposed oscillations on top of the exponential law for hydrogen-like nuclides decaying via electron-capture. Moreover, we discuss the possibility that the deviations from the Breit-Wigner in the case of the GSI anomaly are (predominantely) caused by the interaction of the unstable state with the measurement apparatus. The consequences of this scenario, such as the non-observation of oscillations in an analogous experiment perfromed at Berkley, are investigated.
Die Schlagzeilen verdeutlichen: Wölfe lösen beim Menschen gleichermaßen Angst und Faszination aus. Das Raubtier wird bei Nutztierhaltern, Jägern, Naturschützern und Politikern kontrovers diskutiert. Die Wolfspopulation wächst in Deutschland zurzeit um etwa 30 Prozent pro Jahr und die Anzahl der vom Wolf gerissenen Tiere nimmt zu. Das »Rotkäppchen-Syndrom« ist tief in unseren Wertevorstellungen verankert. Doch was ist dran am Mythos "böser Wolf"?
Starting from (MeO)3SiCH2Cl (10) and Ph2(H)SiCH2OH (16), respectively, the (hydroxymethyl)diphenyl(piperidinoalkyl)silanes (HOCH2)Ph2Si(CH2)2NC5H10 (6) and (HOCH2)Ph2Si(CH2)3NC5H10 (8) have been synthesized [10→Ph2(MeO)SiCH2Cl (11)→Ph2(CH2=CH)SiCH2Cl (12)→Ph2(CH2=CH)SiCH2OAc (13)→Ph2(CH2=CH)SiCH2OH (14)→Ph2(CH2=CH)SiCH2OSiMe3 (15)→6; 16→Ph2(H)SiCH2OSiMe3 (17)→8; NC5H10 = piperidino]. N-Quaternization of 6 and 8 with MeI gave the corresponding methiodides 7 and 9, respectively. As shown by IR-spectroscopic studies, compounds 6 and 8 form intramolecular O-H···N hydrogen bonds in solution (CCl4). In the crystal, 6 (space group Pna21; two crystallographically independent molecules) also forms intramolecular O-H···N hydrogen bonds whereas 8 (space group P1̅) forms intermolecular O-H···N hydrogen bonds leading to the formation of centrosymmetric dimers (single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies). The (hydroxymethyl) silanes 6-9 and the related silanols (HO)Ph2Si(CH2)2NC5H 10 (sila-pridinol; 1), sila-pridinol methiodide (2), (HO)Ph2Si(CH2)3NC5H10 (sila-difenidol; 3) and sila-difenidol methiodide (4) were investigated for their antimuscarinic properties. In functional pharmacological experiments as well as in radioligand competition studies, all compounds behaved as simple competitive antagonists at muscarinic M1-, M2-, M3- and M4-receptors. In general, the silanols 1-4 displayed higher receptor affinities (up to 100-fold) than the corresponding (hydroxymethyl) silanes 6-9 . In the (hydroxymethyl)silane series, compound 7 was found to be the most potent muscarinic antagonist [pA2/pKi= 8,71/8,6 (M1), 8,23/7,8 (M2), 8,19/7,8 (M3); pKi = 8,2 (M4)]. In the silanol series, the related compound 2 showed the most interesting antimuscarinic properties [pA2/pKi = 10,37/9,6 (M1), 8,97/8,8 (M2), 9,08/8,8 (M3); pKi = 9,4 (M4)].
In the crystal of the title compound, C8H8ClN3S, molecules are connected by N—H[cdots, three dots, centered]S hydrogen bonds into strips parallel to the (112) planes and running along [110]. One of the amino H atoms is not involved in a classical hydrogen bond. In addition, there is a rather short intermolecular Cl ... S distance of 3.3814 (5) Å.
The ALICE detector is ideally suited to study the production of anti- and hyper-matter due to its excellent particle identification capabilities. The measurement of the He¯4-nucleus in Pb–Pb collisons at sNN=2.76TeV is presented. We further show the performance for the reconstruction of the (anti-)hypertriton in the decay to He3+π− (He¯3+π+). In addition to this, two searches have been performed, one for the H-Dibaryon →Λpπ− and one for the Λn bound state (Λn¯→d¯π+). No signals are observed for these exotic states and upper limits have been determined.
The study of (anti-)deuteron production in pp collisions has proven to be a powerful tool to investigate the formation mechanism of loosely bound states in high-energy hadronic collisions. In this paper the production of (anti-)deuterons is studied as a function of the charged particle multiplicity in inelastic pp collisions at s√=13 TeV using the ALICE experiment. Thanks to the large number of accumulated minimum bias events, it has been possible to measure (anti-)deuteron production in pp collisions up to the same charged particle multiplicity (dNch/dη∼26) as measured in p–Pb collisions at similar centre-of-mass energies. Within the uncertainties, the deuteron yield in pp collisions resembles the one in p–Pb interactions, suggesting a common formation mechanism behind the production of light nuclei in hadronic interactions. In this context the measurements are compared with the expectations of coalescence and statistical hadronisation models (SHM).
The IrIII atom of the title compound, [Ir(C11H8N)2Cl(CH3CN)], displays a distorted octahedral coordination. The pyridyl groups are in trans positions [N—Ir—N = 173.07 (10)°], while the phenyl groups are trans with respect to the acetonitrile and chloride groups [C—Ir—N = 178.13 (11) and C—Ir—Cl = 176.22 (9)°]. The pyridylphenyl groups only show a small deviation from planarity, with the dihedral angle between the planes of the two six-membered rings in each pyridylphenyl group being 5.6 (2) and 5.8 (1)°. The crystal packing shows intermolecular C—H[cdots, three dots, centered]Cl, C—H[cdots, three dots, centered]π(acetonitrile) and C—H[cdots, three dots, centered]π(pyridylphenyl) contacts.
The title compound, C26H18BrNO4, features a functionalized chromene. The cyclohexene ring adopts a sofa conformation and has the nitro group and the bromophenyl ring in an axial position. The ten atoms of the chromene moiety lie close to a common plane (r.m.s. deviation = 0.066 Å). The attached phenyl ring is twisted by 32.89 (10)° from the chromene plane. The crystal packing is stabilized by C—H[cdots, three dots, centered]O interactions.
The title compound, C15H15BrO2, was synthesized by a Brønsted acid-catalysed domino electrocyclization-halogenation reaction. The five-membered ring is essentially planar (r.m.s. deviation 0.006 Å) and forms a dihedral angle of 72.7 (3)° with the attached phenyl ring. The six-membered heterocycle adopts a half-chair conformation. The crystal packing is stabilized by a C—H[cdots, three dots, centered]O contact.
The title compound, C(21)H(18)ClN, was synthesized by an enanti-oselective Brønsted acid-catalysed transfer hydrogenation reaction. The six-membered heterocycle adopts a half-chair conformation. It has the biphenyl residue in an axial position. The two rings of the biphenyl residue are almost coplanar [dihedral angle = 2.65 (9)°]. The crystal packing is stabilized by N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, which connect the mol-ecules into chains running along the a axis.