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Mapping cortical brain asymmetry in 17,141 healthy individuals worldwide via the ENIGMA Consortium
(2017)
Motivated by the on-going discussion on the nature of magnetism in the quantum Ising chain CoNb2O6, we present a first-principles-based analysis of its exchange interactions by applying an \textit{ab initio} approach with additional modelling that accounts for various drawbacks of a purely density functional theory ansatz. With this method we are able to extract and understand the origin of the magnetic couplings under inclusion of all symmetry-allowed terms, and to resolve the conflicting model descriptions in CoNb2O6. We find that the twisted Kitaev chain and the transverse-field ferromagnetic Ising chain views are mutually compatible, although additional off-diagonal exchanges are necessary to provide a complete picture. We show that the dominant exchange interaction is a ligand-centered exchange process - involving the eg electrons -, which is rendered anisotropic by the low-symmetry crystal fields environments in CoNb2O6, giving rise to the dominant Ising exchange, while the smaller bond-dependent anisotropies are found to originate from d−d kinetic exchange processes involving the t2g electrons. We demonstrate the validity of our approach by comparing the predictions of the obtained low-energy model to measured THz and inelastic neutron scattering spectra.
The marine hydrocarbonoclastic bacterium Alcanivorax borkumensis is well known for its ability to successfully degrade various mixtures of n-alkanes occurring in marine oil spills. For effective growth on these compounds, the bacteria possess the unique capability not only to incorporate but also to modify fatty intermediates derived from the alkane degradation pathway. High efficiency of both these processes provides better competitiveness for a single bacteria species among hydrocarbon degraders. To examine the efficiency of A. borkumensis to cope with different sources of fatty acid intermediates, we studied the growth rates and membrane fatty acid patterns of this bacterium cultivated on diesel, biodiesel and rapeseed oil as carbon and energy source. Obtained results revealed significant differences in both parameters depending on growth substrate. Highest growth rates were observed with biodiesel, while growth rates on rapeseed oil and diesel were lower than on the standard reference compound (hexadecane). The most remarkable observation is that cells grown on rapeseed oil, biodiesel, and diesel showed significant amounts of the two polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic acid and linolenic acid in their membrane. By direct incorporation of these external fatty acids, the bacteria save energy allowing them to degrade those pollutants in a more efficient way. Such fast adaptation may increase resilience of A. borkumensis and allow them to strive and maintain populations in more complex hydrocarbon degrading microbial communities.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der tageszeitkorrelierte Serotonin-Gehalt des SCO, sowie die Expression der 5-HT1A- und 5-HT2A-Rezeptoren und die Synthese- bzw. Sekretionsleistung des SCO bei Goldhamstern untersucht. Serotonin entfaltet im SCO des Goldhamsters eine inhibitorische Wirkung und hemmt die Sezernierungsrate von Glykoproteinen, die den RF formen. Dies bestätigt die Tatsache, dass mit steigender Rezeptorausprägung die Immunreaktivität für AFRU abnimmt. Ob Serotonin beim Hamster auch auf die Synthese von Glykoproteinen wirkt, muss nachfolgend geklärt werden, da in unserem Versuchsaufbau lediglich die Glykoprotein-Sezernierung untersucht wurde. Aussagen bezüglich der Auswirkung von Serotonin auf die Synthese und Sezernierung von löslichen Komponenten des SCO konnten bei dem von uns verwendeten Versuchsaufbau nicht gemacht werden. Deren mögliche Funktionen bleiben noch fraglich und eröffnen neue Optionen. Geklärt ist nun auch die quantitative Relation von 5-HT1A- und 5-HT2A-Rezeptoren im SCO. Es sind deutlich mehr 5-HT1A-Rezeptoren exprimiert. Dies lässt darauf schließen, dass Serotonin im SCO einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Glykoprotein-Synthese oder -Sekretion hat. Die tageszeitkorrelierte Rezeptorausprägung muss diskutiert werden. Sie ist tageszeitkorreliert relativ konstant, fraglich bleibt jedoch, wieso die Rezeptorausprägung im zweiten Abschnitt der Tiefschlafphase der Tiere abnimmt, obwohl hier der serotonerge Input weiterhin hoch sein müsste, um in der Aktivitätsphase wieder abzunehmen. Wahrscheinlich ist die Erklärung hierfür in den Expressionsmechanismen der G-Protein-gekoppelten Rezeptoren selbst zu finden. Welche Proteine die geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Faktoren der 5-HT1A- und 5-HT2A-Rezeptorexpression sind, bleibt zu klären und auch ob sich der Verdacht bestätigt, dass die 5-HT1A-Rezeptorausprägung deutlich schneller voran geht als die der 5-HT2A-Rezeptoren und damit mehr 5-HT1A--Rezeptoren zur Prezeption von Serotonin zur Verfügung stehen. Mit dieser tageszeitkorrelierten Ausprägung schützt sich das SCO unter Umständen vor einer völligen Entleerung der Glykoprotein-Speicher unter erheblichem Serotonin-Einfluss während der Schlafphase. Dieser Aspekt und dessen mögliche Folgen müssen weiter untersucht werden. Weiterhin bleibt fraglich, wie die relative Konstanz in der Glykoprotein-Ausschüttung am Tag und in der Nacht etabliert werden kann, da die Serotonin-Ausschüttung der Raphe-Kerne am SCO nachweislich einer periodischen Rhythmik unterworfen ist. Neben dem Nucleus raphe dorsalis und dem Nucleus raphe medianus ist der Einfluss weiterer Aktivitätszentren auf das SCO denkbar. Auch eine Co-Stimulation der ependymalen und hypendymalen SCO-Zellen mit anderen Transmitterklassen ist möglich und teilweise auch bewiesen. Beide genannten Aspekte könnten Teil eines Feedback-Mechanismus sein, der das SCO vor vollständiger Entspeicherung schützt.
Background: Athletic competition has been a source of interest to the scientific community for many years, as a surrogate of the limits of human ambulatory ability. One of the remarkable things about athletic competition is the observation that some athletes suddenly reduce their pace in the mid-portion of the race and drop back from their competitors. Alternatively, other athletes will perform great accelerations in mid-race (surges) or during the closing stages of the race (the endspurt). This observation fits well with recent evidence that muscular power output is regulated in an anticipatory way, designed to prevent unreasonably large homeostatic disturbances.
Principal Findings: Here we demonstrate that a simple index, the product of the momentary Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and the fraction of race distance remaining, the Hazard Score, defines the likelihood that athletes will change their velocity during simulated competitions; and may effectively represent the language used to allow anticipatory regulation of muscle power output.
Conclusions: These data support the concept that the muscular power output during high intensity exercise performance is actively regulated in an anticipatory manner that accounts for both the momentary sensations the athlete is experiencing as well as the relative amount of a competition to be completed.
During the second part of the TROCCINOX campaign that took place in Brazil in early 2005, chemical species were measured on-board of the high altitude research aircraft Geophysica (ozone, water vapor, NO, NOy, CH4 and CO) in the altitude range up to 20 km (or up to 450 K potential temperature), i.e. spanning the TTL region roughly extending between 350 and 420 K.
Analysis of transport across TTL is performed using a new version of the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS). In this new version, the stratospheric model has been extended to the earth surface. Above the tropopause, the isentropic and cross-isentropic advection in CLaMS is driven by ECMWF winds and heating/cooling rates derived from a radiation calculation. Below the tropopause the model smoothly transforms from the isentropic to hybrid-pressure coordinate and, in this way, takes into account the effect of large-scale convective transport as implemented in the ECMWF vertical wind. As with other CLaMS simulations, the irreversible transport, i.e. mixing, is controlled by the local horizontal strain and vertical shear rates.
Stratospheric and tropospheric signatures in the TTL can be seen both in the observation and in the model. The composition of air above ≈350 K is mainly controlled by mixing on a time scale of weeks or even months. Based on CLaMS transport studies where mixing can be completely switched off, we deduce that vertical mixing, mainly driven by the vertical shear in the outflow regions of the large-scale convection and in the vicinity of the subtropical jets, is necessary to understand the upward transport of the tropospheric air from the main convective outflow around 350 K up to the tropical tropopause around 380 K. This mechanism is most effective if the outflow of the mesoscale convective systems interacts with the subtropical jets.
Recently the LIGO and VIRGO Collaborations reported the observation of gravitational-wave signal corresponding to the inspiral and merger of two black holes, resulting into formation of the final black hole. It was shown that the observations are consistent with the Einstein theory of gravity with high accuracy, limited mainly by the statistical error. Angular momentum and mass of the final black hole were determined with rather large allowance of tens of percents. Here we shall show that this indeterminacy in the range of the black-hole parameters allows for some non-negligible deformations of the Kerr spacetime leading to the same frequencies of the black-hole ringing. This means that at the current precision of the experiment there remains some possibility for alternative theories of gravity.
In the strong coupling and heavy quark mass regime, lattice QCD dimensionally reduces to effective theories of Polyakov loops depending on the parameters of the original Wilson action β,κ and Nτ. We apply coarse graining techniques to such theories in 1d and 2d, corresponding to lattice QCD at finite temperature and non-zero chemical potential in 1+1d and 2+1d, respectively. In 1d the method is applied to the effective theories up to O(κ4). Using the transfer matrix, the recursion relations are solved analytically. The thermodynamic limit is taken for some observables. Afterwards, continuum extrapolation is performed numerically and results are discussed. In 2d the coarse graining method is applied in the pure gauge and static quark limit. Running couplings are obtained and the fixed points of the transformations are discussed. Finally, the critical coupling of the deconfinement transition is determined in both limits. Agreement to about 12% with Monte Carlo results of 2+1d Yang-Mills theory from the literature is observed.
For the exploration of the phase diagram of QCD, effective Polyakov loop theories derived from lattice QCD provide a valuable tool in the heavy quark mass regime. In practice, the evaluation of these theories is complicated by the appearance of long-range and multipoint interaction terms. On the other hand, it is well known that for theories with such kind of interactions mean field approximations can be expected to yield reliable results. Here, we apply this framework to the critical endpoint of the deconfinement transition and results are compared to the literature. This treatment can also be used to investigate the phase diagram at non-zero baryon and isospin chemical potential.
Sex differences in psychiatric comorbidity and clinical presentation in youths with conduct disorder
(2021)
Background: Conduct disorder (CD) rarely occurs alone but is typically accompanied by comorbid psychiatric disorders, which complicates the clinical presentation and treatment of affected youths. The aim of this study was to investigate sex differences in comorbidity pattern in CD and to systematically explore the ‘gender paradox’ and ‘delayed-onset pathway’ hypotheses of female CD.
Methods: As part of the FemNAT-CD multisite study, semistructured clinical interviews and rating scales were used to perform a comprehensive phenotypic characterization of 454 girls and 295 boys with CD (9–18 years), compared to 864 sex- and age-matched typically developing controls.
Results: Girls with CD exhibited higher rates of current major depression, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder, whereas boys with CD had higher rates of current attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In line with the ‘gender paradox’ hypothesis, relative to boys, girls with CD showed significantly more lifetime psychiatric comorbidities (incl. Alcohol Use Disorder), which were accompanied by more severe CD symptoms. Female and male youths with CD also differed significantly in their CD symptom profiles and distribution of age-of-onset subtypes of CD (i.e. fewer girls with childhood-onset CD). In line with the ‘delayed-onset pathway’ hypothesis, girls with adolescent-onset CD showed similar levels of dimensional psychopathology like boys with childhood-onset CD, while boys with adolescent-onset CD had the lowest levels of internalizing psychopathology.
Conclusions: Within the largest study of CD in girls performed to date, we found compelling evidence for sex differences in comorbidity patterns and clinical presentation of CD. Our findings further support aspects of the ‘gender paradox’ and ‘delayed-onset pathway’ hypotheses by showing that girls with CD had higher rates of comorbid lifetime mental disorders and functional impairments, and they usually developed CD during adolescence. These novel data on sex-specific clinical profiles of CD will be critical in informing intervention and prevention programmes.