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Background: Professional working at computer notebooks is associated with high requirements on the body posture in the seated position. By the high continuous static muscle stress resulting from this position at notebooks, professionals frequently working at notebooks for long hours are exposed to an increased risk of musculoskeletal complaints. Especially in subjects with back pain, new notebooks should be evaluated with a focus on rehabilitative issues.
Methods: In a field study a new notebook design with adjustable screen was analyzed and compared to standard notebook position.
Results: There are highly significant differences in the visual axis of individuals who are seated in the novel notebook position in comparison to the standard position. Also, differences are present between further alternative notebook positions. Testing of gender and glasses did not reveal influences.
Conclusion: This study demonstrates that notebooks with adjustable screen may be used to improve the posture. Future studies may focus on patients with musculoskeletal diseases.
Psoriasis is a characteristic inflammatory and scaly skin condition with typical histopathological features including increased proliferation and hampered differentiation of keratinocytes. The activation of innate and adaptive inflammatory cellular immune responses is considered to be the main trigger factor of the epidermal changes in psoriatic skin. However, the molecular players that are involved in enhanced proliferation and impaired differentiation of psoriatic keratinocytes are only partly understood. One important factor that regulates differentiation on the cellular level is Ca2+. In normal epidermis, a Ca2+ gradient exists that is disturbed in psoriatic plaques, favoring impaired keratinocyte proliferation. Several TRPC channels such as TRPC1, TRPC4, or TRPC6 are key proteins in the regulation of high [Ca2+]ex induced differentiation. Here, we investigated if TRPC channel function is impaired in psoriasis using calcium imaging, RT-PCR, western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining of skin biopsies. We demonstrated substantial defects in Ca2+ influx in psoriatic keratinocytes in response to high extracellular Ca2+ levels, associated with a downregulation of all TRPC channels investigated, including TRPC6 channels. As TRPC6 channel activation can partially overcome this Ca2+ entry defect, specific TRPC channel activators may be potential new drug candidates for the topical treatment of psoriasis.
Regulation of dissimilatory sulfur oxidation in the purple sulfur bacterium Allochromatium vinosum
(2011)
In the purple sulfur bacterium Allochromatium vinosum, thiosulfate oxidation is strictly dependent on the presence of three periplasmic Sox proteins encoded by the soxBXAK and soxYZ genes. It is also well documented that proteins encoded in the dissimilatory sulfite reductase (dsr) operon, dsrABEFHCMKLJOPNRS, are essential for the oxidation of sulfur that is stored intracellularly as an obligatory intermediate during the oxidation of thiosulfate and sulfide. Until recently, detailed knowledge about the regulation of the sox genes was not available. We started to fill this gap and show that these genes are expressed on a low constitutive level in A. vinosum in the absence of reduced sulfur compounds. Thiosulfate and possibly sulfide lead to an induction of sox gene transcription. Additional translational regulation was not apparent. Regulation of soxXAK is probably performed by a two-component system consisting of a multi-sensor histidine kinase and a regulator with proposed di-guanylate cyclase activity. Previous work already provided some information about regulation of the dsr genes encoding the second important sulfur-oxidizing enzyme system in the purple sulfur bacterium. The expression of most dsr genes was found to be at a low basal level in the absence of reduced sulfur compounds and enhanced in the presence of sulfide. In the present work, we focused on the role of DsrS, a protein encoded by the last gene of the dsr locus in A. vinosum. Transcriptional and translational gene fusion experiments suggest a participation of DsrS in the post-transcriptional control of the dsr operon. Characterization of an A. vinosum ΔdsrS mutant showed that the monomeric cytoplasmic 41.1-kDa protein DsrS is important though not essential for the oxidation of sulfur stored in the intracellular sulfur globules.
Defects in apoptosis contribute to treatment resistance and poor outcome of pancreatic cancer, calling for novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we provide the first evidence that nuclear factor (NF) κB is required for Smac mimetic– mediated sensitization of pancreatic carcinoma cells for gemcitabine-induced apoptosis. The Smac mimetic BV6 cooperates with gemcitabine to reduce cell viability and to induce apoptosis. In addition, BV6 significantly enhances the cytotoxicity of several anticancer drugs against pancreatic carcinoma cells, including doxorubicin, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil. Molecular studies reveal that BV6 stimulates NF-κB activation, which is further increased in the presence of gemcitabine. Importantly, inhibition of NF-κB by overexpression of the dominant-negative IκBα superrepressor significantly decreases BV6- and gemcitabine-induced apoptosis, demonstrating that NF-κB exerts a proapoptotic function in this model of apoptosis. In support of this notion, inhibition of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) by the TNFα blocking antibody Enbrel reduces BV6- and gemcitabine-induced activation of caspase 8 and 3, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptosis. By demonstrating that BV6 and gemcitabine trigger a NF-κB–dependent, TNFα-mediated loop to activate apoptosis signaling pathways and caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death, our findings have important implications for the development of Smac mimetic–based combination protocols in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Background: High baseline levels of IP-10 predict a slower first phase decline in HCV RNA and a poor outcome following interferon/ribavirin therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Several recent studies report that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) adjacent to IL28B predict spontaneous resolution of HCV infection and outcome of treatment among HCV genotype 1 infected patients. Methods and Findings: In the present study, we correlated the occurrence of variants at three such SNPs (rs12979860, rs12980275, and rs8099917) with pretreatment plasma IP-10 and HCV RNA throughout therapy within a phase III treatment trial (HCV-DITTO) involving 253 Caucasian patients. The favorable SNP variants (CC, AA, and TT, respectively) were associated with lower baseline IP-10 (P = 0.02, P = 0.01, P = 0.04) and were less common among HCV genotype 1 infected patients than genotype 2/3 (P<0.0001, P<0.0001, and P = 0.01). Patients carrying favorable SNP genotypes had higher baseline viral load than those carrying unfavorable variants (P = 0.0013, P = 0.029, P = 0.0004 respectively). Among HCV genotype 1 infected carriers of the favorable C, A, or T alleles, IP-10 below 150 pg/mL significantly predicted a more pronounced reduction of HCV RNA from day 0 to 4 (first phase decline), which translated into increased rates of RVR (62%, 53%, and 39%) and SVR (85%, 76%, and 75% respectively) among homozygous carriers with baseline IP-10 below 150 pg/mL. In multivariate analyses of genotype 1-infected patients, baseline IP-10 and C genotype at rs12979860 independently predicted the first phase viral decline and RVR, which in turn independently predicted SVR. Conclusions: Concomitant assessment of pretreatment IP-10 and IL28B-related SNPs augments the prediction of the first phase decline in HCV RNA, RVR, and final therapeutic outcome.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most frequent neurodegenerative movement disorder and manifests at old age. While many details of its pathogenesis remain to be elucidated, in particular the protein and mitochondrial quality control during stress responses have been implicated in monogenic PD variants. Especially the mitochondrial kinase PINK1 and the ubiquitin ligase PARKIN are known to cooperate in autophagy after mitochondrial damage. As autophagy is also induced by loss of trophic signaling and PINK1 gene expression is modulated after deprivation of cytokines, we analyzed to what extent trophic signals and starvation stress regulate PINK1 and PARKIN expression. Time course experiments with serum deprivation and nutrient starvation of human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and primary mouse neurons demonstrated phasic induction of PINK1 transcript up to twofold and PARKIN transcript levels up to sixfold. The corresponding threefold starvation induction of PARKIN protein was limited by its translocation to lysosomes. Analysis of primary mouse cells from PINK1-knockout mice indicated that PARKIN induction and lysosomal translocation occurred independent of PINK1. Suppression of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling by pharmacological agents modulated PARKIN expression accordingly. In conclusion, this expression survey demonstrates that PARKIN and PINK1 are coregulated during starvation and suggest a role of both PD genes in response to trophic signals and starvation stress.
NK cells are part of the innate immune system, and are important players in the body’s first defence line against virus-infected and malignantly transformed cells. While T cells recognize neoplastic cells in an MHC-restricted fashion, NK cells do not require prior sensitization and education about the target. In leukemia and lymphoma patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation not only T cells but also NK cells have been found to mediate potent graft-versus-tumor effects. Hence, autologous or donor-derived NK cells hold great promise for cancer immunotherapy. Since the generation of highly purified NK cell products for clinical applications is labor-intensive and time consuming, established human NK cell lines such as NK-92 are also being considered for clinical protocols. NK-92 cells display phenotypic and functional characteristics similar to activated primary NK cells. While NK-92 cells are highly cytotoxic towards malignant cells of hematologic origin, they do not affect healthy human tissues. NK-92 cells can be expanded under GMP-compliant conditions, and can therefore be provided in sufficient numbers with defined phenotypic characteristics for clinical applications. Safety of NK-92 cells for adoptive immunotherapy was already shown in two phase I/II clinical trials...
Introduction: Evidence from a number of open-label, uncontrolled studies has suggested that rituximab may benefit patients with autoimmune diseases who are refractory to standard-of-care. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and clinical outcomes of rituximab in several standard-of-care-refractory autoimmune diseases (within rheumatology, nephrology, dermatology and neurology) other than rheumatoid arthritis or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in a real-life clinical setting.
Methods: Patients who received rituximab having shown an inadequate response to standard-of-care had their safety and clinical outcomes data retrospectively analysed as part of the German Registry of Autoimmune Diseases. The main outcome measures were safety and clinical response, as judged at the discretion of the investigators.
Results: A total of 370 patients (299 patient-years) with various autoimmune diseases (23.0% with systemic lupus erythematosus, 15.7% antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated granulomatous vasculitides, 15.1% multiple sclerosis and 10.0% pemphigus) from 42 centres received a mean dose of 2,440 mg of rituximab over a median (range) of 194 (180 to 1,407) days. The overall rate of serious infections was 5.3 per 100 patient-years during rituximab therapy. Opportunistic infections were infrequent across the whole study population, and mostly occurred in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. There were 11 deaths (3.0% of patients) after rituximab treatment (mean 11.6 months after first infusion, range 0.8 to 31.3 months), with most of the deaths caused by infections. Overall (n = 293), 13.3% of patients showed no response, 45.1% showed a partial response and 41.6% showed a complete response. Responses were also reflected by reduced use of glucocorticoids and various immunosuppressives during rituximab therapy and follow-up compared with before rituximab. Rituximab generally had a positive effect on patient well-being (physician's visual analogue scale; mean improvement from baseline of 12.1 mm).
Conclusions: Data from this registry indicate that rituximab is a commonly employed, well-tolerated therapy with potential beneficial effects in standard of care-refractory autoimmune diseases, and support the results from other open-label, uncontrolled studies.
Background: Asthma is increasing worldwide and results from a complex immunological interaction between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. Autovaccination with E. coli induces a strong TH-1 immune response, thus offering an option for the treatment of allergic diseases. Methods: Prospective open trial on safety, tolerability, and impact on allergic inflammation of an autologous E.coli autovaccine in intermittent or mild persistent house dust mite asthma. Determination of exhaled nitric monoxide (eNO) before and after bronchial mite challenge initially and after nine months of autovaccination. Results: Median eNO increase after autovaccination was significantly smaller (from 27.3 to 33.8 ppb; p=0.334) compared to initial values (from 32.6 to 42.2 ppb; p=0.046) (p=0.034). In nine subjects and a total of 306 injections, we observed 101 episodes of local erythema (33.3%; median of maximal diameter 2.5 cm), 95 episodes of local swelling (31.1%; median of maximal diameter 3 cm), and 27 episodes of local pain (8.8%). Four subjects reported itching at the injection site with a total of 30 episodes (9.8%). We observed no serious adverse events. All organ functions (inclusive electrocardiogramm) and laboratory testing of the blood (clinical chemistry, hematology) and the urine (screening test, B-microglobuline) were within normal limits. Vital signs undulated within the physiological variability. Conclusion: The administration of autologous autovacine for the treatment of house dust mite asthma resulted in a reduction of the eNO increase upon bronchial mite challenge. In nine subjects and 306 injections, only a few mild local reactions and no systemic severe adverse events were observed. EudraCT Nr. 2005-005534-12 ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT00677209
Die vorliegende Studie untersucht elf PatientInnen mit manischen Episoden in der Vorgeschichte. Keiner war bisher wegen einer depressiven Episode stationär behandelt worden (ICD 10 F31.8). Der Untersuchungszeitpunkt liegt im krankheitsfreien Intervall. Dieser psychiatrischen Gruppe gegenübergestellt werden 11 bzw. 22 stationäre, somatisch erkrankte PatientInnen (gematcht nach Alter und Geschlecht). Als Meßinstrumente dienen das idiografische Verfahren der Repertory Grid-Technik und der standardisierte Gießen-Test, zusätzlich ein halbstandardisiertes Interview zur Erfassung der anamnestischen Daten.
Mit dem Gruppenvergleich und dem hypothesengenerierenden Ansatz aus den Kasuistiken werden für das Selbstkonzept und die interpersonelle Bewältigung der Erkrankung bedeutsame Persönlichkeitsdimensionen erfasst. In der Literatur ist der „Typus manicus“ (V. ZERSSEN, 1986, HECHT ET AL, 1997), die hypomanische Grundstimmung und der Bezug auf soziale Normen und Konventionen (KRÖBER, 1988) beschrieben.
SAUER, RICHTER ET AL (1997) erarbeiteten einen höheren Wert für Extraversion und geringere Rigidität bei manisch Erkrankten gegenüber unipolar Depressiven, aber mehr Rigidität und Isolationstendenz und weniger Normorientiertheit als bei Gesunden. Ebenso werden Bipolar I Erkrankten mehr Persönlichkeitsanteile, wie emotionale Stärke/Stabilität, Gelassenheit, Selbstvertrauen, Ich-Kontrolle, aber auch mehr hysterische Züge und Neurotizismus als psychisch Gesunden zugeschrieben (SOLOMON ET AL., 1996).
Unter Berücksichtigung dieser Ergebnisse aus der Literatur wird angenommen, dass sich die unipolar manischen PatientInnen durch verschiedene Persönlichkeitsdimensionen und auffällige interpersonelle Objektbeziehungen von der somatisch erkrankten Gruppe unterscheiden. Es werden prägnant mehr und häufiger Charakterzüge des „Typus manicus“ (höheres Selbstwertgefühl, unabhängig, unkonventionell, geringere Normorientiertheit, phantasievoll, leichtfertig, extravertiert) in der psychiatrischen Gruppe vermutet. Ebenso wird ein idealisiertes, hochambivalentes Vaterbild erwartet, als Zeichen des eher väterlichen Über-Ichs (MENTZOS, 1995). Darüber hinaus wird eine problematische Paarbeziehung zur Stabilisierung der eigenen intrapsychischen Anteile erwartet. Auf der Basis eines objektbeziehungstheoretischen Modells der Depression und Manie wird ein dynamischer Zusammenhang zwischen der Regulation des Selbstwertgefühls und den interpersonellen Beziehungsmustern postuliert.
Um das Selbstwertgefühl zu erfassen, werden in der Repertory Grid-Technik die Selbstelemente (Selbst, Ideal-Selbst, normatives Selbst) vorgegeben. Zur Beurteilung der Objektbeziehungen werden die Elemente Mutter, Vater und PartnerIn hinzugefügt. Die gleichen Selbst- und Fremdbilder werden mit dem Gießen-Test erfragt. Das Konstruktsystem der psychiatrischen PatientInnen ist weder eingeengt noch zeigt es eine Denkstörung. Der Aufbau, untersucht an der Verteilung auf die Hauptkomponenten, ist vergleichbar mit dem der Kontrollgruppe.
Deutlich wird ein höheres Selbstwertgefühl in der psychiatrischen Gruppe gegenüber der somatischen Kontrollgruppe durch eine geringere mittlere Distanz zwischen dem Selbst und Ideal-Selbst in der Repertory Grid-Technik. Es kann ein relativ hohes Selbstwertgefühl einer zum Befragungszeitpunkt symptomfreien Gruppe zugeordnet werden. Dies kann aber nicht durch die mittlere Distanz zwischen Selbst und normativem Selbst gestützt werden. In den Einzelfällen zeigt keine ProbandIn ein niedriges, neun ein normales und zwei ein hohes Selbstwertgefühl. Dieses zu den Charakterzügen des „Typus manicus“ passende höhere Selbstwertgefühl lässt sich durch den Gießen-Test nicht bestätigen. Die erwartete hypomanischere Grundstimmung der untersuchten Gruppe bestätigt sich nicht. Im Gegenteil, die psychiatrischen ProbandInnen schätzen sich depressiver ein als die Kontrollgruppe.
Die Eigenschaften „unkonventionell“ und „weniger Normorientiertheit“ lassen sich durch eine größere mittlere Distanz in der Repertory Grid-Technik zwischen Ideal-Selbst und normativem Selbst beweisen. Dies zeigt sich auch im Gießen-Test. Leider sind insgesamt im Mittel keine prägnanten Ergebnisse, sondern nur Tendenzen zu erkennen. Die Hypothesen zum Selbstwertgefühl lassen sich in der Repertory Grid-Technik lediglich durch Tendenzen bestätigen, die sich im Gießen-Test nicht zeigen. Aber es wird zum ersten Mal für ein zur Zeit symptomfreies Kollektiv ein relativ hohes Selbstwertgefühl im Repertory Grid nachgewiesen. Bei der Betrachtung der Objektbeziehungen fällt eine große Varianzaufklärung des phasenspezifischen Selbst unter den manisch Erkrankten in Repertory Grid-Technik auf. Andere Elemente werden dadurch schwer interpretierbar. Wichtige Bezugspersonen scheinen außer den Eltern FreundInnen und Bekannte zu sein. Die Mutter wird am häufigsten als Konfliktperson genannt.
Die mittleren Distanzen zwischen den Selbstelementen und den Eltern im Repertory Grid zeigen eine größere Nähe zum Vater. Dies deutet auf ein eher väterliches Introjekt, bei hochambivalenter Beziehung (Distanz Ideal-Selbst zum Vater entweder auffällig klein oder auffällig groß). Durch den Gießen-Test bestätigt sich die größere Nähe des Ideal-Selbst und des normativen Selbst zum Vater, leider nicht die erwartete Nähe des Selbst zum Vater.
Die Ergebnisse zu den Selbst-Objekt-Beziehungen sind deutlich und können meist durch den Gießen-Test bestätigt werden.
Die Repertory Grid-Technik eignet sich als individuumzentriertes, idiografisches Testinstrument, um individuelle Beziehungsstrukturen auf kognitiver Ebene zu erfassen. Dies wird anhand der Kasuistiken deutlich. Die Operationalisierung des Selbstwertgefühls und der Selbst-Objekt-Beziehungen über die Mittelwerte bleibt schwierig.
Einzelne, für die Studie wichtige Elemente, sind aufgrund der geringen Varianzverteilung schwer interpretierbar. Die zum Teil nicht übereinstimmenden Ergebnisse zum Selbstwertgefühl aus beiden Testinstrumenten könnten durch die unterschiedlichen für sie aktuellen Konstrukträume der Untersuchten bedingt sein. Eventuell ist der standardisierte Raum des Gießen-Testes für viele manisch Erkrankte für intrapersonale Strukturen nicht relevant. Sie haben sich, wie KRÖBER (1988) ausführt, im Verlauf ihrer Erkrankung zu weit von dem Normalen entfernt.
Leider konnte aufgrund der schwer erreichbaren und sehr seltenen Erkrankung keine größere Stichprobe untersucht werden. Es bietet sich an, die Ergebnisse auch mit Hilfe anderer Testinstrumente an größeren Stichproben zu validieren.
Durch die Kombination aus Gruppenauswertung und Einzelfallbetrachtung wird deutlich, dass auffällige Einzelbefunde oft nivelliert werden. Auch dies sollte an größeren Stichproben mit der Möglichkeit von Untergruppierungen überprüft werden.
Purpose: The use of the 2009 H1N1 vaccine has generated much debate concerning safety issues among the general population and physicians. Therefore, we investigated the safety of an inactivated monovalent H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine Methods: We focused on the H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine Pandemrix(R) and applied a self reporting questionnaire in a population of healthcare workers (HCWs) and medical students at a major university hospital. Results: In total, 4337 individuals were vaccinated, consisting of 3808 HCWs and 529 medical students. The vaccination rate of the employees was higher than 40%.The majority of individuals were vaccinated in November 2009. In total, 291 of the 4337 vaccinations were reported to lead to one or more adverse reactions (6.7%). Local reactions were reported in 3.8%, myalgia and arthralgia in 3.7%, fatigue in 3.7%, headache in 3.1%. Conclusions: Our data together with available data from several national and international institutions points to a safe pandemic influenza vaccine.
Background: MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) is up-regulated in tumor tissue of patients with malignant diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Elevated concentrations of miR-21 have also been found in sera or plasma from patients with malignancies, rendering it an interesting candidate as serum/plasma marker for malignancies. Here we correlated serum miR-21 levels with clinical parameters in patients with different stages of chronic hepatitis C virus infection (CHC) and CHC-associated HCC.
Methodology/Principal Findings: 62 CHC patients, 29 patients with CHC and HCC and 19 healthy controls were prospectively enrolled. RNA was extracted from the sera and miR-21 as well as miR-16 levels were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR; miR-21 levels (normalized by miR-16) were correlated with standard liver parameters, histological grading and staging of CHC. The data show that serum levels of miR-21 were elevated in patients with CHC compared to healthy controls (P<0.001); there was no difference between serum miR-21 in patients with CHC and CHC-associated HCC. Serum miR-21 levels correlated with histological activity index (HAI) in the liver (r = −0.494, P = 0.00002), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (r = −0.309, P = 0.007), aspartate aminotransferase (r = −0.495, P = 0.000007), bilirubin (r = −0.362, P = 0.002), international normalized ratio (r = −0.338, P = 0.034) and γ-glutamyltransferase (r = −0.244, P = 0.034). Multivariate analysis revealed that ALT and miR-21 serum levels were independently associated with HAI. At a cut-off dCT of 1.96, miR-21 discriminated between minimal and mild-severe necroinflammation (AUC = 0.758) with a sensitivity of 53.3% and a specificity of 95.2%.
Conclusions/Significance: The serum miR-21 level is a marker for necroinflammatory activity, but does not differ between patients with HCV and HCV-induced HCC.
The duration of use is usually significantly longer for marine vessels than for roadside vehicles. Therefore, these vessels are often powered by relatively old engines which may propagate air pollution. Also, the quality of fuel used for marine vessels is usually not comparable to the quality of fuels used in the automotive sector and therefore, port areas may exhibit a high degree of air pollution. In contrast to the multitude of studies that addressed outdoor air pollution due to road traffic, only little is known about ship-related air pollution. Therefore the present article aims to summarize recent studies that address air pollution, i.e. particulate matter exposure, due to marine vessels. It can be stated that the data in this area of research is still largely limited. Especially, knowledge on the different air pollutions in different sea areas is needed.
Background: H5N1 influenza vaccines, including live intranasal, appear to be relatively less immunogenic compared to seasonal analogs. The main influenza virus surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) was shown to be more susceptible to acidic pH treatment than that of human or low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. The acidification machinery of the human nasal passageway in response to different irritation factors starts to release protons acidifying the mucosal surface (down to pH of 5.2). We hypothesized that the sensitivity of H5 HA to the acidic environment might be the reason for the low infectivity and immunogenicity of intranasal H5N1 vaccines for mammals. Methodology/Principal Findings: We demonstrate that original human influenza viruses infect primary human nasal epithelial cells at acidic pH (down to 5.4), whereas H5N1 HPAIVs lose infectivity at pH <= 5.6. The HA of A/Vietnam/1203/04 was modified by introducing the single substitution HA2 58K -> I, decreasing the pH of the HA conformational change. The H5N1 reassortants containing the indicated mutation displayed an increased resistance to acidic pH and high temperature treatment compared to those lacking modification. The mutation ensured a higher viral uptake as shown by immunohistochemistry in the respiratory tract of mice and 25 times lower mouse infectious dose50. Moreover, the reassortants keeping 58K -> I mutation designed as a live attenuated vaccine candidate lacking an NS1 gene induced superior systemic and local antibody response after the intranasal immunization of mice. Conclusion/Significance: Our finding suggests that an efficient intranasal vaccination with a live attenuated H5N1 virus may require a certain level of pH and temperature stability of HA in order to achieve an optimal virus uptake by the nasal epithelial cells and induce a sufficient immune response. The pH of the activation of the H5 HA protein may play a substantial role in the infectivity of HPAIVs for mammals.
Although essential for T cell function, the identity of the T cell receptor (TCR) “inside-out” pathway for the activation of lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) is unclear. SKAP1 (SKAP-55) is the upstream regulator needed for TCR-induced RapL-Rap1 complex formation and LFA-1 activation. In this paper, we show that SKAP1 is needed for RapL binding to membranes in a manner dependent on the PH domain of SKAP1 and the PI3K pathway. A SKAP1 PH domain-inactivating mutation (i.e. R131M) markedly impaired RapL translocation to membranes for Rap1 and LFA-1 binding and the up-regulation of LFA-1-intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) binding. Further, N-terminal myr-tagged SKAP1 for membrane binding facilitated constitutive RapL membrane and Rap1 binding and effectively substituted for PI3K and TCR ligation in the activation of LFA-1 in T cells.
Searching for new strategies to bypass apoptosis resistance, we investigated the potential of the Smac mimetic BV6 in Jurkat leukemia cells deficient in key molecules of the death receptor pathway. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that Smac mimetic primes apoptosis-resistant, FADD- or caspase-8-deficient leukemia cells for TNFα-induced necroptosis in a synergistic manner. In contrast to TNFα, Smac mimetic significantly enhances CD95-induced apoptosis in wild-type but not in FADD-deficient cells. Interestingly, Smac mimetic- and TNFα-mediated cell death occurs without characteristic features of apoptosis (i.e., caspase activation, DNA fragmentation) in FADD-deficient cells. By comparison, Smac mimetic and TNFα trigger activation of caspase-8, -9, and -3 and DNA fragmentation in wild-type cells. Consistently, the caspase inhibitor zVAD.fmk fails to block Smac mimetic- and TNFα-triggered cell death in FADD- or caspase-8-deficient cells, while it confers protection in wild-type cells. By comparison, necrostatin-1, an RIP1 kinase inhibitor, abolishes Smac mimetic- and TNFα-induced cell death in FADD- or caspase-8-deficient. Thus, Smac mimetic enhances TNFα-induced cell death in leukemia cells via two distinct pathways in a context-dependent manner: it primes apoptosis-resistant cells lacking FADD or caspase-8 to TNFα-induced, RIP1-dependent and caspase-independent necroptosis, whereas it sensitizes apoptosis-proficient cells to TNFα-mediated, caspase-dependent apoptosis. These findings have important implications for the therapeutic exploitation of necroptosis as an alternative cell death program to overcome apoptosis resistance.
Background
Cytochrome-P450 (CYP450) epoxygenases metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) into four different biologically active epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) regioisomers. Three of the EETs (i.e., 8,9-, 11,12- and 14,15-EET) are rapidly hydrolysed by the enzyme soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Here, we investigated the role of sEH in nociceptive processing during peripheral inflammation.
Results
In dorsal root ganglia (DRG), we found that sEH is expressed in medium and large diameter neurofilament 200-positive neurons. Isolated DRG-neurons from sEH-/- mice showed higher EET and lower DHET levels. Upon AA stimulation, the largest changes in EET levels occurred in culture media, indicating both that cell associated EET concentrations quickly reach saturation and EET-hydrolyzing activity mostly effects extracellular EET signaling. In vivo, DRGs from sEH-deficient mice exhibited elevated 8,9-, 11,12- and 14,15-EET-levels. Interestingly, EET levels did not increase at the site of zymosan-induced inflammation. Cellular imaging experiments revealed direct calcium flux responses to 8,9-EET in a subpopulation of nociceptors. In addition, 8,9-EET sensitized AITC-induced calcium increases in DRG neurons and AITC-induced calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) release from sciatic nerve axons, indicating that 8,9-EET sensitizes TRPA1-expressing neurons, which are known to contribute to mechanical hyperalgesia. Supporting this, sEH-/- mice showed increased nociceptive responses to mechanical stimulation during zymosan-induced inflammation and 8,9-EET injection reduced mechanical thresholds in naive mice.
Conclusion
Our results show that the sEH can regulate mechanical hyperalgesia during inflammation by inactivating 8,9-EET, which sensitizes TRPA1-expressing nociceptors. Therefore we suggest that influencing the CYP450 pathway, which is actually highly considered to treat cardiovascular diseases, may cause pain side effects.
Introduction: The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) is known to be expressed during bacterial infections. We investigated whether TREM-1 is also expressed in non-infectious inflammation following traumatic lung contusion.
Methods: In a study population of 45 adult patients with multiple trauma and lung contusion, we obtained bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) (blind suctioning of 20 ml NaCl (0.9%) via jet catheter) and collected blood samples at two time points (16 hours and 40 hours) after trauma. Post hoc patients were assigned to one of four groups radiologically classified according to the severity of lung contusion based on the initial chest tomography. Concentration of soluble TREM-1 (sTREM-1) and bacterial growth were determined in the BAL. sTREM-1, IL-6, IL-10, lipopolysaccharide binding protein, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and leukocyte count were assessed in blood samples. Pulmonary function was evaluated by the paO2/FiO2 ratio.
Results: Three patients were excluded due to positive bacterial growth in the initial BAL. In 42 patients the severity of lung contusion correlated with the levels of sTREM-1 16 hours and 40 hours after trauma. sTREM-1 levels were significantly (P < 0.01) elevated in patients with severe contusion (2,184 pg/ml (620 to 4,000 pg/ml)) in comparison with patients with mild (339 pg/ml (135 to 731 pg/ml)) or no (217 pg/ml (97 to 701 pg/ml)) contusion 40 hours following trauma. At both time points the paO2/FiO2 ratio correlated negatively with sTREM-1 levels (Spearman correlation coefficient = -0.446, P < 0.01).
Conclusions: sTREM-1 levels are elevated in the BAL of patients following pulmonary contusion. Furthermore, the levels of sTREM-1 in the BAL correlate well with both the severity of radiological pulmonary tissue damage and functional impairment of gas exchange (paO2/FiO2 ratio).
Cortical neurons are typically driven by several thousand synapses. The precise spatiotemporal pattern formed by these inputs can modulate the response of a post-synaptic cell. In this work, we explore how the temporal structure of pre-synaptic inhibitory and excitatory inputs impact the post-synaptic firing of a conductance-based integrate and fire neuron. Both the excitatory and inhibitory input was modeled by renewal gamma processes with varying shape factors for modeling regular and temporally random Poisson activity. We demonstrate that the temporal structure of mutually independent inputs affects the post-synaptic firing, while the strength of the effect depends on the firing rates of both the excitatory and inhibitory inputs. In a second step, we explore the effect of temporal structure of mutually independent inputs on a simple version of Hebbian learning, i.e., hard bound spike-timing-dependent plasticity. We explore both the equilibrium weight distribution and the speed of the transient weight dynamics for different mutually independent gamma processes. We find that both the equilibrium distribution of the synaptic weights and the speed of synaptic changes are modulated by the temporal structure of the input. Finally, we highlight that the sensitivity of both the post-synaptic firing as well as the spike-timing-dependent plasticity on the auto-structure of the input of a neuron could be used to modulate the learning rate of synaptic modification.
Chromosomal translocations can lead to the formation of chimeric genes encoding fusion proteins such as PML/RARalpha, PLZF/RARalpha, and AML-1/ETO, which are able to induce and maintain acute myeloid leukemia (AML). One key mechanism in leukemogenesis is increased self renewal of leukemic stem cells via aberrant activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Either X-RAR, PML/RARalpha and PLZF/RARalpha or AML-1/ETO activate Wnt signaling by upregulating gamma-catenin and beta-catenin. In a prospective study, a lower risk of leukemia was observed with aspirin use, which is consistent with numerous studies reporting an inverse association of aspirin with other cancers. Furthermore, a reduction in leukemia risk was associated with use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), where the effects on AML risk was FAB subtype-specific. To better investigate whether NSAID treatment is effective, we used Sulindac Sulfide in X-RARalpha-positive progenitor cell models. Sulindac Sulfide (SSi) is a derivative of Sulindac, a NSAID known to inactivate Wnt signaling. We found that SSi downregulated both beta-catenin and gamma-catenin in X-RARalpha-expressing cells and reversed the leukemic phenotype by reducing stem cell capacity and increasing differentiation potential in X-RARalpha-positive HSCs. The data presented herein show that SSi inhibits the leukemic cell growth as well as hematopoietic progenitors cells (HPCs) expressing PML/RARalpha, and it indicates that Sulindac is a valid molecular therapeutic approach that should be further validated using in vivo leukemia models and in clinical settings.
In allen untersuchten Geweben findet sich eine perinukleäre cytoplasmatische NEUROD-Immunreaktion. Diese zeigt vor allem in den peripheren Geweben, die im Dienste des Metabolismus stehen, einen circadianen Rhythmus.
Die NEUROD-Ir untersteht in den Verdauungsorganen Pankreas und Duodenum einem circadianen Rhythmus. Das Maximum der NEUROD-Ir liegt in der frühen subjektiven Nacht, zum Zeitpunkt der gesteigerten Nahrungsaufnahme. Möglicherweise reguliert NEUROD als rhythmischer Transkriptionsfaktor die Expression von Genen, die im Dienste des Metabolismus stehen. In Pankreas und Duodenum ist die NEUROD-Ir in MT1-defizienten Mäusen deutlich schwächer ausgeprägt als im WT. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass Melatonin über Aktivierung des MT1-Rezeptors einen modulatorischen, stimulierenden Einfluss auf die Synthese von NEUROD im endokrinen Pankreas und in den Krypten des Duodenums ausübt. Dieser Effekt scheint jedoch indirekt zu sein, da nur eine geringe Kolokalisation der NEUROD- mit der MT1-Ir nachgewiesen werden konnte.
Mittels Mehrfachfluoreszenzmarkierung wurde die Identität der NEUROD-Ir Zellen in Pankreas und Duodenum charakterisiert. Es findet sich eine NEUROD-Ir in Glucagon--Zellen), Somatostatin-produzierenden Zellen (δ-Zellen), PP-produzierenden Zellen (γ-Zellen) und Ghrelin-produzierenden Zellen (ε-Zellen). Auch die vom Duodenum bekannten Hormone GIP, PYY und Serotonin sind im adulten endokrinen Pankreas präsent, Serotonin zeigt zudem weitgehende Kolokalisation mit NEUROD. Eine hundertprozentige Kolokalisation besteht in den Langerhans Inseln von Tyrosinhydroxylase und NEUROD. Einige Zellen in den Langerhans Inseln zeigen Koproduktion von PYY und Serotonin sowie PYY und VIP, nicht jedoch von PYY und Glucagon, PYY und Gastrin sowie Glucagon und PP. Des Weiteren ist auch NPY im adulten endokrinen Pankreas nachweisbar. Von den Melatonin-Rezeptoren kommt der MT2-Rezeptor besonders zahlreich in den Langerhans Inseln vor und zeigt teilweise Kolokalisation mit NEUROD, der MT1-Rezeptor ist in den Langerhans Inseln nur vereinzelt nachweisbar. Im exokrinen Pankreas konnten feine Fasern nachgewiesen werden, die eine NEUROD-Ir aufweisen. In den Krypten des adulten Duodenums von Mäusen ist die NEUROD-Ir ebenfalls perinukleär-cytoplasmatisch. Kolokalisation der entsprechenden Hormone mit NEUROD besteht in Gastrin-produzierenden Zellen (G-Zellen) in den Krypten und in der Lamina propria mucosae; in Secretin-produzierenden Zellen (S-Zellen) in den Krypten, in der Lamina propria mucosae sowie in den Zotten; in Substanz P-produzierenden Zellen (P-Zellen) in den
Krypten. Letztere Zellen zeigen auch in den Langerhans Inseln des endokrinen Pankreas teilweise Kolokalisation mit NEUROD. Des Weiteren besteht Kolokalisation von GIP und NEUROD in den Inseln des Duodenums. Ghrelin und PP, bekannterweise in den Langerhans Inseln des endokrinen Pankreas vorhanden, werden auch im Duodenum produziert. Ghrelin findet sich zwischen den Krypten wie auch in einzeln identifizierbaren Zellen in den Krypten, die bislang nicht beschrieben wurden und eine hundertprozentige Kolokalisation mit NEUROD aufweisen. PP findet sich im Duodenum in den Krypten, Zotten und Inseln, es besteht keine Kolokalisation mit NEUROD, während in den Langerhans Inseln des endokrinen Pankreas Kolokalisation von PP mit NEUROD gegeben ist. Das deutet darauf hin, dass die Langerhans Inseln des endokrinen Pankreas und die Inseln des Duodenums sich voneinander unterscheiden. Es besteht in den Krypten des adulten Duodenums keine Koproduktion von Substanz P und Serotonin, in den Inseln des adulten Duodenums keine Koproduktion von Serotonin und PYY. Tyrosinhydroxylase ist im adulten Duodenum auβerhalb der Krypten und in den Zotten vorhanden, zeigt aber im Gegensatz zum endokrinen Pankreas hier keine Kolokalisation mit NEUROD. Auch NPY ist im adulten Duodenum nachweisbar, und zwar in den Krypten wie auch in den Zotten. In der Lamina propria mucosae des adulten Duodenums liegen wie im adulten exokrinen Pankreas feine Fasern vor, die auch hier NEUROD-immunpositiv sind.
Auch in der hypophysären Pars tuberalis ist die NEUROD-Ir in MT1-defizienten Mäusen geringer ausgeprägt als in WT und nicht rhythmisch. Daher scheint auch in diesem Gewebe Melatonin einen (indirekten) stimulierenden Effekt auf die Synthese von NEUROD zu haben. Dies ist von besonderem Interesse, da die Pars tuberalis der einzige Anteil der Hypophyse ist, der Melatoninrezeptoren enthält und über parakrine Faktoren die jahreszeitliche Hormonsynthese der Pars distalis beeinflussen kann. Diese Arbeit zeigt zum ersten Mal das Vorkommen der Hormone Ghrelin, GIP und Secretin in der Pars tuberalis. GIP ist teilweise mit NEUROD kolokalisiert. Dieser Befund unterstreicht die Rolle der Pars tuberalis für die rhythmische Nahrungsaufnahme.
Im Hippocampus (Gyrus dentatus, CA1 und CA3 Region) zeigt die NEUROD-Ir in MT1-defizienten und WT Mäusen ein ähnliches Tagesprofil. Daher scheint das MT1-vermittelte Melatoninsignal keinen Effekt auf die Synthese von NEUROD zu haben. Auch im Neuropil der Eminentia mediana sowie in den Ependymzellen des dritten Ventrikels ist kein eindeutiger Effekt des MT1-Defizits auf die NEUROD-Ir festzustellen. Offenbar wird die Synthese von NEUROD in neuronalen Strukturen, anders als in peripheren Strukturen, nicht über Melatonin (MT1) beeinflusst.
Die Rolle des molekularen Uhrwerkes auf die Synthese von NEUROD wurde durch die vergleichende Analyse der NEUROD-Ir in WT und PER1-defizienten Mäusen untersucht. Dabei zeigte sich, dass der negative Regulator PER1 offenbar einen hemmenden Einfluss auf die Synthese von NEUROD in Pankreas und Hippocampus (Gyrus dentatus, CA1 und CA3 Region) ausübt. PER1 hemmt im molekularen Uhrwerk rhythmisch die CLOCK:BMAL1 vermittelte Genexpression. Fehlt PER1, wird auch die Inhibition der Expression von uhrenkontrollierten Genen, deren rhythmische Expression vom molekularen Uhrwerk gesteuert wird, geschwächt. Dadurch kommt es zur Enthemmung der Expression von uhrenkontrollierten Genen und zu einer Steigerung der entsprechenden Proteinsynthese. Die vergleichende Analyse von WT und PER1-defizienten Määusen deutet darauf hin, dass NeuroD ein uhrenkontrolliertes Gen sein könnte. Dies ist insbesonders interessant im Hinblick auf die wichtige Rolle von NEUROD bei der adulten Neurogenese.
Im Hippocampus (Gyrus dentatus, CA1 und CA3 Region) findet sich die NEUROD-Ir in Neuronen der Körnerschicht und in der polymorphen Schicht bzw. in Pyramidenzellen. Dabei scheinen besonders unreife Neuronen NEUROD-positiv zu sein. Es besteht teilweise Kolokalisation mit Ghrelin, nicht jedoch mit den Melatonin-Rezeptoren MT1 und MT2.
Im mediobasalen Hypothalamus findet sich die NEUROD-Ir im Neuropil von Tractus hypothalamohypophysealis, Zona externa infundibuli sowie in den Ependymzellen des dritten Ventrikels als auch in Neuronen des Nucleus arcuatus. Diese zeigen jedoch keine nukleäre NeuN-Ir. Die Ependymzellen des dritten Ventrikels zeigen nur eine schwache NEUROD-Ir, es besteht keine Kolokalisation von NEUROD mit GFAP. GIP ist, wie oben für die Pars tuberalis beschrieben, in Tractus hypothalamohypophysealis und Zona externa infundibuli vorhanden und zeigt teilweise Kolokalisation mit NEUROD. Secretin ist im mediobasalen Hypothalamus relativ homogen verteilt vorhanden. In Tractus hypothalamohypophysealis, Zona externa infundibuli und Nucleus arcuatus besteht eine starke Ir mit Vimentin, das Fibroblasten, Leukozyten und Endothel-Zellen der Blutgefäβe markiert. Auch die Melatonin-Rezeptoren MT1 und MT2 finden sich in Tractus hypothalamohypophysealis und Zona externa infundibuli. Es besteht jedoch keine Kolokalisation mit NEUROD.
The ability to escape apoptosis or programmed cell death is a hallmark of human cancers, for example pancreatic cancer. This can promote tumorigenesis, since too little cell death by apoptosis disturbs tissue homeostasis. Additionally, defective apoptosis signaling is the underlying cause of failure to respond to current treatment approaches, since therapy-mediated antitumor activity requires the intactness of apoptosis signaling pathways in cancer cells. Thus, the elucidation of defects in the regulation of apoptosis in pancreatic carcinoma can result in the identification of novel targets for therapeutic interference and for exploitation for cancer drug discovery. Keywords: apoptosis; pancreatic cancer; TRAIL; IAPs; mitochondria
The BCR/ABL fusion protein is the hallmark of Philadelphia Chromosome positive (Ph+) leukemia. The constitutive activation of the ABL-kinase in BCR/ABL cells induces the leukemic phenotype. Targeted inhibition of BCR/ABL by small molecule inhibitors reverses the transformation potential of BCR/ABL. Recently, we definitively proved that targeting the tetramerization of BCR/ABL mediated by the N-terminal coiled-coil domain (CC) using competitive peptides, representing the helix-2 of the CC, represents a valid therapeutic approach for treating Ph+ leukemia. To further develop competitive peptides for targeting BCR/ABL, we created a membrane permeable helix-2 peptide (MPH-2) by fusing the helix-2 peptide with a peptide transduction tag. In this study, we report that the MPH-2: (i) interacted with BCR/ABL in vivo; (ii) efficiently inhibited the autophosphorylation of BCR/ABL; (iii) suppressed the growth and viability of Ph+ leukemic cells; and (iv) was efficiently transduced into mononuclear cells (MNC) in an in vivo mouse model.
This study provides the first evidence that an efficient peptide transduction system facilitates the employment of competitive peptides to target the oligomerization interface of BCR/ABL in vivo.
Temporal information processing in short- and long-term memory of patients with schizophrenia
(2011)
Cognitive deficits of patients with schizophrenia have been largely recognized as core symptoms of the disorder. One neglected factor that contributes to these deficits is the comprehension of time. In the present study, we assessed temporal information processing and manipulation from short- and long-term memory in 34 patients with chronic schizophrenia and 34 matched healthy controls. On the short-term memory temporal-order reconstruction task, an incidental or intentional learning strategy was deployed. Patients showed worse overall performance than healthy controls. The intentional learning strategy led to dissociable performance improvement in both groups. Whereas healthy controls improved on a performance measure (serial organization), patients improved on an error measure (inappropriate semantic clustering) when using the intentional instead of the incidental learning strategy. On the long-term memory script-generation task, routine and non-routine events of everyday activities (e.g., buying groceries) had to be generated in either chronological or inverted temporal order. Patients were slower than controls at generating events in the chronological routine condition only. They also committed more sequencing and boundary errors in the inverted conditions. The number of irrelevant events was higher in patients in the chronological, non-routine condition. These results suggest that patients with schizophrenia imprecisely access temporal information from short- and long-term memory. In short-term memory, processing of temporal information led to a reduction in errors rather than, as was the case in healthy controls, to an improvement in temporal-order recall. When accessing temporal information from long-term memory, patients were slower and committed more sequencing, boundary, and intrusion errors. Together, these results suggest that time information can be accessed and processed only imprecisely by patients who provide evidence for impaired time comprehension. This could contribute to symptomatic cognitive deficits and strategic inefficiency in schizophrenia.
Temporal regularity allows predicting the temporal locus of future information thereby potentially facilitating cognitive processing. We applied event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to investigate how temporal regularity impacts pre-attentive and attentive processing of deviance in the auditory modality. Participants listened to sequences of sinusoidal tones differing exclusively in pitch. The inter-stimulus interval (ISI) in these sequences was manipulated to convey either isochronous or random temporal structure. In the pre-attentive session, deviance processing was unaffected by the regularity manipulation as evidenced in three event-related-potentials (ERPs): mismatch negativity (MMN), P3a, and reorienting negativity (RON). In the attentive session, the P3b was smaller for deviant tones embedded in irregular temporal structure, while the N2b component remained unaffected. These findings confirm that temporal regularity can reinforce cognitive mechanisms associated with the attentive processing of deviance. Furthermore, they provide evidence for the dynamic allocation of attention in time and dissociable pre-attentive and attention-dependent temporal processing mechanisms.
Background: The ventral midbrain contains a diverse array of neurons, including dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SN) and neurons of the red nucleus (RN). Dopaminergic and RN neurons have been shown to arise from ventral mesencephalic precursors that express Sonic Hedgehog (Shh). However, Shh expression, which is initially confined to the mesencephalic ventral midline, expands laterally and is then downregulated in the ventral midline. In contrast, expression of the Hedgehog target gene Gli1 initiates in the ventral midline prior to Shh expression, but after the onset of Shh expression it is expressed in precursors lateral to Shh-positive cells. Given these dynamic gene expression patterns, Shh and Gli1 expression could delineate different progenitor populations at distinct embryonic time points. Results: We employed genetic inducible fate mapping (GIFM) to investigate whether precursors that express Shh (Shh-GIFM) or transduce Shh signaling (Gli1-GIFM) at different time points give rise to different ventral midbrain cell types. We find that precursors restricted to the ventral midline are labeled at embryonic day (E)7.5 with Gli1-GIFM, and with Shh-GIFM at E8.5. These precursors give rise to all subtypes of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and the anterior RN. A broader domain of progenitors that includes the ventral midline is marked with Gli1-GIFM at E8.5 and with Shh-GIFM at E9.5; these fate-mapped cells also contribute to all midbrain dopaminergic subtypes and to the entire RN. In contrast, a lateral progenitor domain that is labeled with Gli1-GIFM at E9.5 and with Shh-GIFM at E11.5 has a markedly reduced potential to give rise to the RN and to SN dopaminergic neurons, and preferentially gives rise to the ventral-medial VTA. In addition, cells derived from Shh- and Gli1-expressing progenitors located outside of the ventral midline give rise to astrocytes. Conclusions: We define a ventral midbrain precursor map based on the timing of Gli1 and Shh expression, and suggest that the diversity of midbrain dopaminergic neurons is at least partially determined during their precursor stage when their medial-lateral position, differential gene expression and the time when they leave the ventricular zone influence their fate decisions.
The chitinase-like protein YKL-40 was found to be increased in patients with severe asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), two disease conditions featuring neutrophilic infiltrates. Based on these studies and a previous report indicating that neutrophils secrete YKL-40, we hypothesized that YKL-40 plays a key role in cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease, a prototypic neutrophilic disease. The aim of this study was (i) to analyze YKL-40 levels in human and murine CF lung disease and (ii) to investigate whether YKL-40 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) modulate CF lung disease severity. YKL-40 protein levels were quantified in serum and sputum supernatants from CF patients and control individuals. Levels of the murine homologue BRP-39 were analyzed in airway fluids from CF-like βENaC-Tg mice. YKL-40SNPs were analyzed in CF patients. YKL-40 levels were increased in sputum supernatants and in serum from CF patients compared to healthy control individuals. Within CF patients, YKL-40 levels were higher in sputum than in serum. BRP-39 levels were increased in airways fluids from βENaC-Tg mice compared to wild-type littermates. In both CF patients and βENaC-Tg mice, YKL-40/BRP-39 airway levels correlated with the severity of pulmonary obstruction. Two YKL-40 SNPs (rs871799 and rs880633) were found to modulate age-adjusted lung function in CF patients. YKL-40/BRP-39 levelsare increased in human and murine CF airway fluids, correlate with pulmonary function and modulate CF lung disease severity genetically. These findings suggest YKL-40 as a potential biomarker in CF lung disease.
Background: Although being considered as a rarely observed HIV-1 protease mutation in clinical isolates, the L76V-prevalence increased 1998-2008 in some European countries most likely due to the approval of Lopinavir, Amprenavir and Darunavir which can select L76V. Beside an enhancement of resistance, L76V is also discussed to confer hypersusceptibility to the drugs Atazanavir and Saquinavir which might enable new treatment strategies by trying to take advantage of particular mutations. Results: Based on a cohort of 47 L76V-positive patients, we examined if there might exist a clinical advantage for L76V-positive patients concerning long-term success of PI-containing regimens in patients with limited therapy options. Genotypic- and phenotypic HIV-resistance tests from 47 mostly multi-resistant, L76V-positive patients throughout Germany were accomplished retrospectively 1999-2009. Five genotype-based drug-susceptibility predictions received from online interpretation-tools for Atazanavir, Saquinavir, Amprenavir and Lopinavir, were compared to phenotype-based predictions that were determined by using a recombinant virus assay along with a Virtual Phenotype™(Virco). The clinical outcome of the L76V-adapted follow-up therapy was determined by monitoring viral load for 96 weeks. Conclusions: In this analysis, the mostly used interpretation systems overestimated the L76V-mutation concerning Atazanavir- and SQV resistance. In fact, a clear benefit in drug susceptibility for these drugs was observed in phenotype analysis after establishment of L76V. More importantly, long-term therapy success was significantly higher in patients receiving Atazanavir and/or Saquinavir plus one L76V-selecting drug compared to patients without L76V-selecting agents (p = 0.002). In case of L76V-occurrence ATV and/or SQV may represent encouraging options for patients in deep salvage situations.
Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, believed to be triggered by an autoimmune reaction to myelin. Recently, a fundamentally different pathomechanism termed ‘chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency’ (CCSVI) was proposed, provoking significant attention in the media and scientific community.
Methods: Twenty MS patients (mean age 42.2±13.3 years; median Extended Disability Status Scale 3.0, range 0–6.5) were compared with 20 healthy controls. Extra- and intracranial venous flow direction was assessed by colour-coded duplex sonography, and extracranial venous cross-sectional area (VCSA) of the internal jugular and vertebral veins (IJV/VV) was measured in B-mode to assess the five previously proposed CCSVI criteria. IJV-VCSA≤0.3 cm2 indicated ‘stenosis,’ and IJV-VCSA decrease from supine to upright position ‘reverted postural control.’ The sonographer, data analyser and statistician were blinded to the patient/control status of the participants.
Results: No participant showed retrograde flow of cervical or intracranial veins. IJV-VCSA≤0.3 cm2 was found in 13 MS patients versus 16 controls (p=0.48). A decrease in IJV-VCSA from supine to upright position was observed in all participants, but this denotes a physiological finding. No MS patient and one control had undetectable IJV flow despite deep inspiration (p=0.49). Only one healthy control and no MS patients fulfilled at least two criteria for CCSVI.
Conclusions: This triple-blinded extra- and transcranial duplex sonographic assessment of cervical and cerebral veins does not provide supportive evidence for the presence of CCSVI in MS patients. The findings cast serious doubt on the concept of CCSVI in MS.
Acupuncture is a therapy based on sensory stimulation of the human
body by means of metal needles. The exact underlying mechanisms of
acupuncture have not been clarified so far. Functional magnetic
resonance imaging (fMRI) has become an important tool in
acupuncture research. Standard acupuncture needles, which are made
of ferromagnetic steel, however, are problematic in
acupuncture-fMRI studies for several reasons, such as attraction
by the scanner's magnetic field, significant image distortions and
signal-dropouts, when positioned close to the head or even heating
due to absorption of radio frequency (RF). The aim of this study
was to compare two novel types of acupuncture needles with a
standard needle for their effect on MRI image quality. The
standard needle severely reduced image quality, when located
inside the RF coil. The nonferromagnetic metal needle may pose a
risk due to RF heating, while the plastic needle has a
significantly larger diameter. In conclusion, our recommendations
are: (1) standard needles should not be used in MRI; (2)
Nonferromagnetic metal needles seem to be the best choice for
acupoints outside of the transmitter coil; and (3) only plastic
needles are suited for points inside the coil. Laser acupuncture
may be a safe alternative, too.
The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma during sepsis-induced lymphopenia
(2011)
Sepsis is one of the most common diseases on intensive care units all over the world and accounts there for the highest mortality rate. One of the hallmarks of sepsis is an accelerated T-cell apoptosis, resulting in a compromised immune state with the inability to eradicate pathogens. This promotes organ damage or even organ failure. A multiple organ dysfunction evolves, which often ends up in septic shock and death. Recently, it was shown that severe T-cell depletion correlates with sepsis mortality. When inhibiting T-cell apoptosis, an increased mouse survival was observed in experimental sepsis. ...
The E3 ubiquitin ligase MYCBP2 negatively regulates neuronal growth, synaptogenesis, and synaptic strength. More recently it was shown that MYCBP2 is also involved in receptor and ion channel internalization. We found that mice with a MYCBP2-deficiency in peripheral sensory neurons show prolonged thermal hyperalgesia. Loss of MYCBP2 constitutively activated p38 MAPK and increased expression of several proteins involved in receptor trafficking. Surprisingly, loss of MYCBP2 inhibited internalization of transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) and prevented desensitization of capsaicin-induced calcium increases. Lack of desensitization, TRPV internalization and prolonged hyperalgesia were reversed by inhibition of p38 MAPK. The effects were TRPV-specific, since neither mustard oil-induced desensitization nor behavioral responses to mechanical stimuli were affected. In summary, we show here for the first time that p38 MAPK activation can inhibit activity-induced ion channel internalization and that MYCBP2 regulates internalization of TRPV1 in peripheral sensory neurons as well as duration of thermal hyperalgesia through p38 MAPK.
Background: Endothelin-1 signalling plays an important role in pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension. Although different endothelin-A receptor antagonists are developed, a novel therapeutic option to cure the disease is still needed. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of the selective endothelin-A receptor antagonist TBC3711 in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats.
Methods: Monocrotaline-injected male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized and treated orally from day 21 to 35 either with TBC3711 (Dose: 30 mg/kg body weight/day) or placebo. Echocardiographic measurements of different hemodynamic and right-heart hypertrophy parameters were performed. After day 35, rats were sacrificed for invasive hemodynamic and right-heart hypertrophy measurements. Additionally, histologic assessment of pulmonary vascular and right-heart remodelling was performed.
Results: The novel endothelin-A receptor antagonist TBC3711 significantly attenuated monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension, as evident from improved hemodynamics and right-heart hypertrophy in comparison with placebo group. In addition, muscularization and medial wall thickness of distal pulmonary vessels were ameliorated. The histologic evaluation of the right ventricle showed a significant reduction in fibrosis and cardiomyocyte size, suggesting an improvement in right-heart remodelling.
Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the selective endothelin-A receptor antagonist TBC3711 demonstrates therapeutic benefit in rats with established pulmonary hypertension, thus representing a useful therapeutic approach for treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
Endovaskuläres Stenting der thorakalen Aorta- halten die Langzeitergebnisse was die frühen Ergebnisse erwarten ließen? Hintergrund: Die frühen Ergebnisse des Endovaskulären Stentings sind in der Literatur gut dokumentiert. Das Anliegen dieser Studie ist es Langzeitergebnisse der Patienten die sich endovaskulärem Stenting der thorakalen Aorta unterzogen zu ermitteln. Methode: Insgesamt 92 Patienten unterzogen sich endovaskulärem Stenting, als Erkrankungen wurden hierbei Läsionen der thorakalen Aorta (thorakales Aortenaneuysma n=45, Typ B Dissektion n=31, traumatische Ruptur n=16) behandelt. Insgesamt waren es 62 männliche und 30 weibliche Patienten. Der Follow-up Zeitraum betrug zwischen 1-7 Jahren, der mittlere Follow-up Zeitraum lag bei 4,05 Jahren. Die Patienten wurden in jährlichen Intervallen nachuntersucht. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt belief sich die Mortalität auf 27.2% (n=25). Unterteilt in 30 Tage-Mortalität, die sich auf 9.8% (n=9) belief und die Spätmortalität mit 17.4% (n=16). 5 (5.4%) Patienten erlitten einen Schlaganfall , 3 Fälle von Paraplegie (3.2%). 7 Patienten (7.6%) entwickelten Endoleaks, 5 von ihnen starben während des Follow-up Zeitraums und 3 benötigten chirurgische Reoperation wegen persistierender Perfusion und Vergrößerung des Aneurysmasacks. Zusammenfassung: Langzeitergebnisse zeigen eine Stentgraft assoziierte Morbidität und Sterblichkeit. Deshalb ist eine regelmäßige Kontrolle unerlässlich.
TIM23-mediated insertion of transmembrane alpha-helices into the mitochondrial inner membrane
(2011)
While overall hydrophobicity is generally recognized as the main characteristic of transmembrane (TM) alpha-helices, the only membrane system for which there are detailed quantitative data on how different amino acids contribute to the overall efficiency of membrane insertion is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells. Here, we provide comparable data for TIM23-mediated membrane protein insertion into the inner mitochondrial membrane of yeast cells. We find that hydrophobicity and the location of polar and aromatic residues are strong determinants of membrane insertion. These results parallel what has been found previously for the ER. However, we see striking differences between the effects elicited by charged residues flanking the TM segments when comparing the mitochondrial inner membrane and the ER, pointing to an unanticipated difference between the two insertion systems. Keywords: CoxVa , membrane protein , Mgm1p , mitochondria , TIM23
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a major contributor to indoor air pollution. Since decades it is well documented that ETS can be harmful to human health and cause premature death and disease. In comparison to the huge research on toxicological substances of ETS, less attention was paid on the concentration of indoor ETS-dependent particulate matter (PM). Especially, investigation that focuses on different tobacco products and their concentration of deeply into the airways depositing PM-fractions (PM10, PM2.5 and PM1) must be stated. The tobacco smoke particles and indoor air quality study (ToPIQS) will approach this issue by device supported generation of indoor ETS and simultaneously measurements of PM concentration by laser aerosol spectrometry. Primarily, the ToPIQ study will conduct a field research with focus on PM concentration of different tobacco products and within various microenvironments. It is planned to extend the analysis to basic research on influencing factors of ETS-dependent PM concentration.
High attrition rates of novel anti-cancer drugs highlight the need for improved models to predict toxicity. Although polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) inhibitors are attractive candidates for drug development, the role of Plk1 in primary cells remains widely unexplored. Therefore, we evaluated the utility of an RNA interference-based model to assess responses to an inducible knockdown (iKD) of Plk1 in adult mice. Here we show that Plk1 silencing can be achieved in several organs, although adverse events are rare. We compared responses in Plk1-iKD mice with those in primary cells kept under controlled culture conditions. In contrast to the addiction of many cancer cell lines to the non-oncogene Plk1, the primary cells' proliferation, spindle assembly and apoptosis exhibit only a low dependency on Plk1. Responses to Plk1-depletion, both in cultured primary cells and in our iKD-mouse model, correspond well and thus provide the basis for using validated iKD mice in predicting responses to therapeutic interventions.
Background: FTY720, an immunomodulator derived from a fungal metabolite which reduces circulating lymphocyte counts by increasing the homing of lymphocytes to the lymph nodes has recently gained interest in stroke research. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective efficacy of FTY720 in cerebral ischemia in two different application paradigms and to gather first data on the effect of FTY720 on the rate of spontaneous bacterial infections in experimental stroke. Methods: Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in C57BL/6 mice (strain J, groups of 10 animals) was performed with two different durations of ischemia (90 min and 3 h) and FTY720 was applied 2 h after vessel occlusion to study the impact of reperfusion on the protective potency of FTY720. Lesion size was determined by TTC staining. Mice treated with FTY720 or vehicle were sacrificed 48 h after 90 min MCAO to determine the bacterial burden in lung and blood. Results: FTY720 1 mg/kg significantly reduced ischemic lesion size when administered 2 h after the onset of MCAO for 3 h (45.4 +/- 22.7 mm3 vs. 84.7 +/- 23.6 mm3 in control mice, p = 0.001) and also when administered after reperfusion, 2 h after the onset of MCAO for 90 min (31.1 +/- 28.49 mm3 vs. 69.6 +/- 27.2 mm3 in control mice, p = 0.013). Bacterial burden of lung homogenates 48 h after stroke did not increase in the group treated with the immunomodulator FTY720 while there was no spontaneous bacteremia 48 h after MCAO in treated and untreated animals. Conclusions: Our results corroborate the experimental evidence of the protective effect of FTY720 seen in different rodent stroke models. Interestingly, we found no increase in bacterial lung infections even though FTY720 strongly reduces the number of circulating leukocytes.
Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) of complex infected wounds has recently gained popularity among various surgical specialties. The system is based on the application of negative pressure by controlled suction to the wound surface. The effectiveness of the VAC System on microcirculation and the promotion of granulation tissue proliferation are proved. In our case report we illustrate a scenario were a patient developed severe bleeding from the ascending aorta by penetration of wire fragments in the vessel. We conclude that all free particles in the sternum have to be removed completely before negative pressure is used.
Background: Transfer entropy (TE) is a measure for the detection of directed interactions. Transfer entropy is an information theoretic implementation of Wiener's principle of observational causality. It offers an approach to the detection of neuronal interactions that is free of an explicit model of the interactions. Hence, it offers the power to analyze linear and nonlinear interactions alike. This allows for example the comprehensive analysis of directed interactions in neural networks at various levels of description. Here we present the open-source MATLAB toolbox TRENTOOL that allows the user to handle the considerable complexity of this measure and to validate the obtained results using non-parametrical statistical testing. We demonstrate the use of the toolbox and the performance of the algorithm on simulated data with nonlinear (quadratic) coupling and on local field potentials (LFP) recorded from the retina and the optic tectum of the turtle (Pseudemys scripta elegans) where a neuronal one-way connection is likely present.
Results: In simulated data TE detected information flow in the simulated direction reliably with false positives not exceeding the rates expected under the null hypothesis. In the LFP data we found directed interactions from the retina to the tectum, despite the complicated signal transformations between these stages. No false positive interactions in the reverse directions were detected.
Conclusions: TRENTOOL is an implementation of transfer entropy and mutual information analysis that aims to support the user in the application of this information theoretic measure. TRENTOOL is implemented as a MATLAB toolbox and available under an open source license (GPL v3). For the use with neural data TRENTOOL seamlessly integrates with the popular FieldTrip toolbox.
TRENTOOL : an open source toolbox to estimate neural directed interactions with transfer entropy
(2011)
To investigate directed interactions in neural networks we often use Norbert Wiener's famous definition of observational causality. Wiener’s definition states that an improvement of the prediction of the future of a time series X from its own past by the incorporation of information from the past of a second time series Y is seen as an indication of a causal interaction from Y to X. Early implementations of Wiener's principle – such as Granger causality – modelled interacting systems by linear autoregressive processes and the interactions themselves were also assumed to be linear. However, in complex systems – such as the brain – nonlinear behaviour of its parts and nonlinear interactions between them have to be expected. In fact nonlinear power-to-power or phase-to-power interactions between frequencies are reported frequently. To cover all types of non-linear interactions in the brain, and thereby to fully chart the neural networks of interest, it is useful to implement Wiener's principle in a way that is free of a model of the interaction [1]. Indeed, it is possible to reformulate Wiener's principle based on information theoretic quantities to obtain the desired model-freeness. The resulting measure was originally formulated by Schreiber [2] and termed transfer entropy (TE). Shortly after its publication transfer entropy found applications to neurophysiological data. With the introduction of new, data efficient estimators (e.g. [3]) TE has experienced a rapid surge of interest (e.g. [4]). Applications of TE in neuroscience range from recordings in cultured neuronal populations to functional magnetic resonanace imaging (fMRI) signals. Despite widespread interest in TE, no publicly available toolbox exists that guides the user through the difficulties of this powerful technique. TRENTOOL (the TRansfer ENtropy TOOLbox) fills this gap for the neurosciences by bundling data efficient estimation algorithms with the necessary parameter estimation routines and nonparametric statistical testing procedures for comparison to surrogate data or between experimental conditions. TRENTOOL is an open source MATLAB toolbox based on the Fieldtrip data format. ...
Unmasking a temperature-dependent effect of the P. anserina i-AAA protease on aging and development
(2011)
Different molecular pathways involved in maintaining mitochondrial function are of fundamental importance to control cellular homeostasis. Mitochondrial i-AAA protease is part of such a surveillance system, and PaIAP is the putative ortholog in the fungal aging model Podospora anserina. Here, we investigate the role of PaIAP in aging and development. Deletion of the gene encoding PaIAP resulted in a specific phenotype. When incubated at 27°C, spore germination and fruiting body formation are not different from that of the corresponding wild-type strain. Unexpectedly, the lifespan of the deletion strain is strongly increased. In contrast, cultivation at an elevated temperature of 37°C leads to impairments in spore germination and fruiting body formation and to a reduced lifespan. The higher PaIAP abundance in wild-type strains of the fungus grown at elevated temperature and the phenotype of the deletion strain unmasks a temperature-related role of the protein. The protease appears to be part of a molecular system that has evolved to allow survival under changing temperatures, as they characteristically occur in nature.
Zusammenfassung und Ausblick
Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen der quantitativen und qualitativen Erfassung von Mikroperfusion, sowie der peripheren Durchblutung, erfolgen seit dem 19. Jahrhundert. Anfangs registrierte man die Blutströmungsgeschwindigkeit mit mechanischen Stromuhren und durch direkte Beobachtung durchtrennter Muskelvenen (Hürthle 1939). Erst Ende der dreißiger Jahre bestand anhand der Entwicklung elektromagnetischer Strömungsmessung die Möglichkeit, die Durchblutung quantitativ zu erfassen (Leyk 1999). Mit Verfahren wie Ultraschall und Laser Doppler Methoden stehen heutzutage wichtige diagnostische Messverfahren zur Verfügung. Dazu dienen kontinuierliche und nicht-invasive Erfassungsmöglichkeiten der Durchblutungsdynamik, d.h. ohne die biologischen Funktionen traumatisch oder thermisch zu beeinflussen. Die Laser Doppler Fluxmetrie wurde erstmalig von Riva et al.1972 verwendet. Damit konnte erstmalig der Bluttfluss in kleinen Gefäßen aufgezeichnet werden. Ähnlich wie bei der herkömmlichen Dopplermessung mit Hilfe von Schallwellen, basiert die Technik auf dem von Christian Doppler (1803-1853) beschriebenem Prinzip der Frequenzverschiebung von reflektierten Schallwellen durch sich bewegende Teile und ermöglicht in Echtzeit-Analyse, Blutflussdaten der Hautdurchblutung zu erheben. Als Weiterentwicklung ermöglicht die Methodik der Laser Doppler Spektroskopie, die Durchblutung tieferer Gewebeschichten darzustellen. Die Beurteilung des Blutflusses und der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit des Blutes - als die elementaren Größen zur Beschreibung der Kreislaufsituation und Gewebsdurchblutung - ist von hoher klinischer Relevanz. In dieser Studie dienten dazu (n=19) gesunde Proband(-innen), welche auf einem Fahrrad-Spiroergometer mit ansteigender, erschöpfungslimitierter Belastung nach BAL und kontinuierlicher Steadystate-Belastung (100W; 70W), untersucht worden sind. Die Durchblutungsmessung mit der Methode der Laser Doppler Spektrokopie (LDS) erfolgte jeweils vor und nach Intervention über fünf Minuten an der rechten Wade als Vertreter der arbeitenden, peripheren Muskulatur und am absteigenden Teil des Trapezmuskels der rechten Schulter als repräsentativer Charakter einer zentralen nicht-arbeitenden, ruhenden Muskulatur. Die Messungen wurden unter standardisierten Bedingungen durchgeführt. Das wesentliche Ziel dieser Studie war, Informationen über die Unterschiede in der Durchblutung der peripheren, arbeitenden Muskulatur und der ruhenden, nicht-arbeitenden Muskulatur darzustellen, sowie die thermoregulatorischen Vorgänge anhand unterschiedlicher Belastungsformen nicht-invasiv und atraumatisch mit Hilfe der Laser Doppler Spektroskopie darzustellen. Des Weiteren bestand die Intention eine Korrelationen zwischen der Durchblutung und der Vitalparamter, wie Herzfrequenz und Hauttemperatur, zu zeigen. Die geschlechtsunspezifischen Ergebnisse der nahezu identischen Ruhedurchblutungswerte innerhalb der wöchentlichen Messabständen der beiden unterschiedlichen Belastungsprotokolle (kontinuierlich vs. ansteigend-erschöpfend) für die Mikrogefäßdurchblutung der Muskulatur sowie der kutanen Durchblutung, sind beweisend für die Validität der Methode der Laser Doppler Spektroskopie. Gleichzeitig fanden sich signifikante Unterschiede in der Durchblutung der peripheren Arbeitsmuskulatur in Abhängigkeit von der Belastungsform, während die Hautdurchblutung keine signifikanten Unterschiede aufwies. Dies lässt die Schlussfolgerung zu, dass bereits aerobe Belastungsintensitäten die thermoregulatorischen Vorgänge im Gefäßbett aktivieren. Weiterhin kann man aus den Ergebnissen erkennen, dass über zentral gesteuerte Mechanismen die gesamte kutane Mikrozirkulation des Organismus aktiviert wird, um die bei der körperlichen Aktivität im gesteigerten Zellstoffwechsel und im Rahmen der Energieerzeugung anfallende Abfallwärme optimal an die Umgebung abzuleiten. Obwohl es zu einer signifikanten Steigerung der Durchblutung der ruhenden Muskulatur - sowohl nach der kontinuierlichen als auch nach der ansteigend-erschöpfenden Belastungsmethode - kommt, finden sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen beiden Belastungsformen. Zusammenfassend und in Übereinstimmung mit der aktuellen Literatur scheint die LDS in der Lage zu sein, bei einer Standardisierung der Untersuchungsmethodik, Veränderungen im mikrozirkulatorischen Blutfluss valide in verschiedenen Gewebetiefen, eindrucksvoll darzustellen. Neben den durch die beschriebenen Aktivitäten bedingten Durchblutungserhöhungen, zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass es durch die LDS ermöglicht wird, rasche Veränderungen im Blutfluss, in unterschiedlichen Gewebetiefen, in Echtzeit - noch bevor klinische Warnzeichen eintreten –darzustellen. Dies ist am Beispiel der ausgeschlossenen Probanden dieser Arbeit zu beobachten. Thermoregulatorische Vorgänge mit Blutflussumverteilung und kutanen Mehrperfusion waren eindrücklich, insbesonders über der beanspruchten und stoffwechselaktivierten Muskulatur (M.gastrocnemius) darstellbar. Die hohe Korrelationen zu anderen Kreislaufparameter, wie die Herzfrequenz lassen den weiteren Einsatz in Diagnostik und Therapie diverser Krankheitsbilder wünschenswert erscheinen. In der Leistungsdiagnostik liegt die Vermutung nahe, dass aufgrund der Artefaktanfälligkeit der Laser Doppler Methode, sowie dem erhöhten Mehraufwand, der Gebrauch eine eher untergeordnete Rolle spielen wird. Trotzdem veranschaulichen die in dieser Studie zusammengetragenen und ermittelten Resultate, dass die Technik der Laser Doppler Spektroskopie auch im Bereich der Sportmedizin zur nicht-invasiven Messung der Durchblutungsdynamik und der terminalen Mikrozirkulation als kleinster und wichtigster Vertreter des Kreislaufes, anwendbar ist.
Untersuchungen zu molekularer Expressionsregulation und biologischer
Funktion von Interleukin-22
(2011)
IL-22 wird hauptsächlich von aktivierten Leukozyten produziert, wirkt aber ausschließlich auf nicht-leukozytäre Zellen vor allem epithelialen Ursprungs. Die Funktionen des Zytokins sind strikt kontextabhängig. Einerseits aktiviert es bei infektionsgetriebenen Entzündungen die angeborene Immunität und wirkt gewebeprotektiv, andererseits weist IL-22 im Rahmen von Autoimmunerkrankungen pathogenes Potenzial auf, was vor allem auf die proliferationsfördernde Aktivität des Zytokins zurückzuführen ist. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde erstmals die Regulation der humanen IL-22 Expression auf molekularer Ebene charakterisiert. Insbesondere die Regulation des humanen IL-22 Promotors ist bislang nicht untersucht. Darüber hinaus wurden einige biologische Eigenschaften des Zytokins näher beleuchtet. Durch Untersuchungen an der gut charakterisierten humanen T-Zelllinie Jurkat sowie durch ergänzende Versuche an humanen Primärzellen (PBMC, CD3+ T-Zellen) konnte eine relevante Funktion der Transkriptionsfaktoren NF-ATc2 und CREB sowie des IKK/NF-ΚB Signalweges bei der Regulation der IL-22 Expression nachgewiesen werden. Sowohl für NF-ATc2 als auch für den IKK-Komplex konnte dabei CsA Sensitivität gezeigt werden. CsA wird, wenn nötig, in der Therapie schwerer Verlaufsformen der Psoriasis eingesetzt und bewirkt in den Patienten unter anderem eine Reduktion der im Rahmen der Erkrankung beobachteten IL-22 Expression. Die hier vorgestellten Ergebnisse belegen erstmals eine direkte Rolle von CsA in der Reduktion der IL-22 Produktion bei immunmodulatorischer Therapie. Darüber hinaus konnte ich am Beispiel von B. burgdorferi zeigen, dass PBMC unter dem Einfluss extrazellulärer Bakterien Mediatoren freisetzen, welche die Aktivierung des IL-22 Promotors in benachbarten T-Zellen initiieren können. Dies passt zu Befunden, die belegen, dass PBMC nach Aktivierung durch B. burgdorferi eine rapide IL-22 Sekretion zeigen. Interessanterweise wird IL-17 in der frühen Phase der Aktivierung von PBMC durch B. burgdorferi nicht synthetisiert. Damit ergeben sich neue Einblicke in die Pathogenese der Spirochäteninfektion. So könnte IL-22 einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Schutz vor der borrelienassoziierten Lyme Borreliose leisten und die mangelhafte Immunabwehr, verursacht durch das Fehlen von IL-17, kompensieren. Außerdem konnte ich in der hier vorgelegten Arbeit belegen, dass Leberzirrhosepatienten signifikant erhöhte IL-22 Serumspiegel aufweisen. Da auch in Biopsien zirrhotischer Lebern IL-22 immunhistochemisch, vor allem in nicht-parenchymalen Zellen nachweisbar war, scheint die Leber der Syntheseort des im Serum detektierbaren Zytokins zu sein. Interessanterweise korrelierte IL-22 nicht nur mit der Mortalitätsrate bei Leberzirrhose, sondern auch mit der Krankheitsaktivität der betreffenden Patienten. Ein weiterer zu untersuchender Aspekt der hier vorgelegten Arbeit war die Identifizierung neuer IL-22 induzierbarer Gene. Dies geschah unter Verwendung der IL-22 responsiven, gut carakterisierten Kolonkarzinomzelllinien DLD-1 und Caco-2. Eine genomweite Expressionsstudie führte dabei zur Identifikation neuer IL-22 induzierbarer Gene, unter denen sich insbesondere CEACAM5 und NNMT befanden. Beide Proteine spielen eine Rolle in der Karzinogenese und könnten als bisher unbekannte Bindeglieder zwischen IL-22 und der Entstehung und Metastasierung maligner Entartungen fungieren. Darüber hinaus könnte sich durch NNMT, ein Enzym, das vornehmlich in der Leber exprimiert wird, eine Verbindung zur Rolle von IL-22 bei Leberzirrhose ergeben. Zusammengefasst eröffnen die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit nicht nur neue Einblicke in die Biologie von IL-22, sondern auch potenzielle Ansätze zur Therapie diverser Erkrankungen. So ist denkbar, in der Behandlung IL-22 getriebener Autoimmunerkrankungen, wie z.B. Psoriasis, auf die von starken Nebenwirkungen begleitete Verabreichung von CsA zu verzichten und stattdessen, beispielsweise durch Inhibierung des IKK-Komplexes, regulatorisch auf IL-22 einzuwirken. Neben einer möglichen Beteiligung von CEACAM5 und NNMT an IL-22/STAT3 vermittelter Karzinogenese, implizieren die hier vorgestellten Ergebnisse eine Funktion des Zytokins bei Borrelieninfektion und Leberzirrhose, wobei die genauen Aufgaben von IL-22 im Rahmen dieser Krankheitsbilder bislang unbekannt sind. Weitere Untersuchungen müssen klären, ob eine Modulation der IL-22 Spiegel für die Therapie der jeweiligen Erkrankungen in Frage kommen könnte. Zumindest bei Leberzirrhose könnte die IL-22 Serumkonzentration aufgrund der hier vorgelegten Ergebnisse allerdings jetzt schon als neuer prognostischer Marker herangezogen werden.