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Background: High baseline levels of IP-10 predict a slower first phase decline in HCV RNA and a poor outcome following interferon/ribavirin therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Several recent studies report that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) adjacent to IL28B predict spontaneous resolution of HCV infection and outcome of treatment among HCV genotype 1 infected patients. Methods and Findings: In the present study, we correlated the occurrence of variants at three such SNPs (rs12979860, rs12980275, and rs8099917) with pretreatment plasma IP-10 and HCV RNA throughout therapy within a phase III treatment trial (HCV-DITTO) involving 253 Caucasian patients. The favorable SNP variants (CC, AA, and TT, respectively) were associated with lower baseline IP-10 (P = 0.02, P = 0.01, P = 0.04) and were less common among HCV genotype 1 infected patients than genotype 2/3 (P<0.0001, P<0.0001, and P = 0.01). Patients carrying favorable SNP genotypes had higher baseline viral load than those carrying unfavorable variants (P = 0.0013, P = 0.029, P = 0.0004 respectively). Among HCV genotype 1 infected carriers of the favorable C, A, or T alleles, IP-10 below 150 pg/mL significantly predicted a more pronounced reduction of HCV RNA from day 0 to 4 (first phase decline), which translated into increased rates of RVR (62%, 53%, and 39%) and SVR (85%, 76%, and 75% respectively) among homozygous carriers with baseline IP-10 below 150 pg/mL. In multivariate analyses of genotype 1-infected patients, baseline IP-10 and C genotype at rs12979860 independently predicted the first phase viral decline and RVR, which in turn independently predicted SVR. Conclusions: Concomitant assessment of pretreatment IP-10 and IL28B-related SNPs augments the prediction of the first phase decline in HCV RNA, RVR, and final therapeutic outcome.
NG2 cells, the fourth type of glia in the mammalian CNS, receive synaptic input from neurons. The function of this innervation is unknown yet. Postsynaptic changes in intracellular Ca2+-concentration ([Ca2+]i) might be a possible consequence. We employed transgenic mice with fluorescently labeled NG2 cells to address this issue. To identify Ca2+-signaling pathways we combined patch-clamp recordings, Ca2+-imaging, mRNA-transcript analysis and focal pressure-application of various substances to identified NG2-cells in acute hippocampal slices. We show that activation of voltage-gated Ca2+-channels, Ca2+-permeable AMPA-receptors, and group I metabotropic glutamate-receptors provoke [Ca2+]i-elevations in NG2 cells. The Ca2+-influx is amplified by Ca2+-induced Ca2+-release. Minimal electrical stimulation of presynaptic neurons caused postsynaptic currents but no somatic [Ca2+]i elevations, suggesting that [Ca2+]i elevations in NG2 cells might be restricted to their processes. Local Ca2+-signaling might provoke transmitter release or changes in cell motility. To identify structural prerequisites for such a scenario, we used electron microscopy, immunostaining, mRNA-transcript analysis, and time lapse imaging. We found that NG2 cells form symmetric and asymmetric synapses with presynaptic neurons and show immunoreactivity for vesicular glutamate transporter 1. The processes are actin-based, contain ezrin but not glial filaments, microtubules or endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, we demonstrate that NG2 cell processes in situ are highly motile. Our findings demonstrate that gray matter NG2 cells are endowed with the cellular machinery for two-way communication with neighboring cells.
The study of multiple indices of diffusion, including axial (DA), radial (DR) and mean diffusion (MD), as well as fractional anisotropy (FA), enables WM damage in Alzheimer's disease (AD) to be assessed in detail. Here, tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) were performed on scans of 40 healthy elders, 19 non-amnestic MCI (MCIna) subjects, 14 amnestic MCI (MCIa) subjects and 9 AD patients. Significantly higher DA was found in MCIna subjects compared to healthy elders in the right posterior cingulum/precuneus. Significantly higher DA was also found in MCIa subjects compared to healthy elders in the left prefrontal cortex, particularly in the forceps minor and uncinate fasciculus. In the MCIa versus MCIna comparison, significantly higher DA was found in large areas of the left prefrontal cortex. For AD patients, the overlap of FA and DR changes and the overlap of FA and MD changes were seen in temporal, parietal and frontal lobes, as well as the corpus callosum and fornix. Analysis of differences between the AD versus MCIna, and AD versus MCIa contrasts, highlighted regions that are increasingly compromised in more severe disease stages. Microstructural damage independent of gross tissue loss was widespread in later disease stages. Our findings suggest a scheme where WM damage begins in the core memory network of the temporal lobe, cingulum and prefrontal regions, and spreads beyond these regions in later stages. DA and MD indices were most sensitive at detecting early changes in MCIa.
Background: H5N1 influenza vaccines, including live intranasal, appear to be relatively less immunogenic compared to seasonal analogs. The main influenza virus surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) was shown to be more susceptible to acidic pH treatment than that of human or low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. The acidification machinery of the human nasal passageway in response to different irritation factors starts to release protons acidifying the mucosal surface (down to pH of 5.2). We hypothesized that the sensitivity of H5 HA to the acidic environment might be the reason for the low infectivity and immunogenicity of intranasal H5N1 vaccines for mammals. Methodology/Principal Findings: We demonstrate that original human influenza viruses infect primary human nasal epithelial cells at acidic pH (down to 5.4), whereas H5N1 HPAIVs lose infectivity at pH <= 5.6. The HA of A/Vietnam/1203/04 was modified by introducing the single substitution HA2 58K -> I, decreasing the pH of the HA conformational change. The H5N1 reassortants containing the indicated mutation displayed an increased resistance to acidic pH and high temperature treatment compared to those lacking modification. The mutation ensured a higher viral uptake as shown by immunohistochemistry in the respiratory tract of mice and 25 times lower mouse infectious dose50. Moreover, the reassortants keeping 58K -> I mutation designed as a live attenuated vaccine candidate lacking an NS1 gene induced superior systemic and local antibody response after the intranasal immunization of mice. Conclusion/Significance: Our finding suggests that an efficient intranasal vaccination with a live attenuated H5N1 virus may require a certain level of pH and temperature stability of HA in order to achieve an optimal virus uptake by the nasal epithelial cells and induce a sufficient immune response. The pH of the activation of the H5 HA protein may play a substantial role in the infectivity of HPAIVs for mammals.
Background: Even in the presence of oxygen, malignant cells often highly depend on glycolysis for energy generation, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. One strategy targeting this metabolic phenotype is glucose restriction by administration of a high-fat, low-carbohydrate (ketogenic) diet. Under these conditions, ketone bodies are generated serving as an important energy source at least for non-transformed cells. Methods: To investigate whether a ketogenic diet might selectively impair energy metabolism in tumor cells, we characterized in vitro effects of the principle ketone body 3-hydroxybutyrate in rat hippocampal neurons and five glioma cell lines. In vivo, a non-calorie-restricted ketogenic diet was examined in an orthotopic xenograft glioma mouse model. Results: The ketone body metabolizing enzymes 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (BDH1 and 2), 3-oxoacid-CoA transferase 1 (OXCT1) and acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) were expressed at the mRNA and protein level in all glioma cell lines. However, no activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) pathway was observed in glioma cells, consistent with the absence of substantial 3-hydroxybutyrate metabolism and subsequent accumulation of succinate. Further, 3-hydroxybutyrate rescued hippocampal neurons from glucose withdrawal-induced cell death but did not protect glioma cell lines. In hypoxia, mRNA expression of OXCT1, ACAT1, BDH1 and 2 was downregulated. In vivo, the ketogenic diet led to a robust increase of blood 3-hydroxybutyrate, but did not alter blood glucose levels or improve survival. Conclusion: In summary, glioma cells are incapable of compensating for glucose restriction by metabolizing ketone bodies in vitro, suggesting a potential disadvantage of tumor cells compared to normal cells under a carbohydrate-restricted ketogenic diet. Further investigations are necessary to identify co-treatment modalities, e.g. glycolysis inhibitors or antiangiogenic agents that efficiently target non-oxidative pathways.
Background: Identification of the causative agents of invasive fungal infections (IFI) is critical for guiding antifungal therapy. Cultures remain negative in a substantial number of IFI cases. Accordingly, species identification from formalin fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens by molecular methods such as fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and PCR provides an appealing approach to improve management of patients. Methods: We designed FISH probes targeting the 28S rRNA of Aspergillus and Candida and evaluated them with type strains. Fluorescence microscopy (FM), using FISH probes and quantitative broadrange fungal PCR targeting the rRNA gene were applied to FFPE tissue specimens from patients with proven IFI in order to explore benefits and limitations of each approach. Results: PCR followed by sequencing identified a broad spectrum of pathogenic fungi in 28 of 40 evaluable samples (70%). Hybridisation of FISH probes to fungal rRNA was documented in 19 of 40 tissue samples (47.5%), including 3 PCR negative samples with low fungal burden. The use of FISH was highly sensitive in invasive yeast infections, but less sensitive for moulds. In samples with hyphal elements, the evaluation of hybridisation was impaired due to autofluorescence of hyphae and necrotic tissue background. Conclusions: While PCR appears to be more sensitive in identifying the causative agents of IFI, some PCR negative and FISH positive samples suggest that FISH has some potential in the rapid identification of fungi from FFPE tissue samples.
Psoriasis is a characteristic inflammatory and scaly skin condition with typical histopathological features including increased proliferation and hampered differentiation of keratinocytes. The activation of innate and adaptive inflammatory cellular immune responses is considered to be the main trigger factor of the epidermal changes in psoriatic skin. However, the molecular players that are involved in enhanced proliferation and impaired differentiation of psoriatic keratinocytes are only partly understood. One important factor that regulates differentiation on the cellular level is Ca2+. In normal epidermis, a Ca2+ gradient exists that is disturbed in psoriatic plaques, favoring impaired keratinocyte proliferation. Several TRPC channels such as TRPC1, TRPC4, or TRPC6 are key proteins in the regulation of high [Ca2+]ex induced differentiation. Here, we investigated if TRPC channel function is impaired in psoriasis using calcium imaging, RT-PCR, western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining of skin biopsies. We demonstrated substantial defects in Ca2+ influx in psoriatic keratinocytes in response to high extracellular Ca2+ levels, associated with a downregulation of all TRPC channels investigated, including TRPC6 channels. As TRPC6 channel activation can partially overcome this Ca2+ entry defect, specific TRPC channel activators may be potential new drug candidates for the topical treatment of psoriasis.
Glycyrrhizin is known to exert antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, the effects of an approved parenteral glycyrrhizin preparation (Stronger Neo-Minophafen C) were investigated on highly pathogenic influenza A H5N1 virus replication, H5N1-induced apoptosis, and H5N1-induced pro-inflammatory responses in lung epithelial (A549) cells. Therapeutic glycyrrhizin concentrations substantially inhibited H5N1-induced expression of the pro-inflammatory molecules CXCL10, interleukin 6, CCL2, and CCL5 (effective glycyrrhizin concentrations 25 to 50 µg/ml) but interfered with H5N1 replication and H5N1-induced apoptosis to a lesser extent (effective glycyrrhizin concentrations 100 µg/ml or higher). Glycyrrhizin also diminished monocyte migration towards supernatants of H5N1-infected A549 cells. The mechanism by which glycyrrhizin interferes with H5N1 replication and H5N1-induced pro-inflammatory gene expression includes inhibition of H5N1-induced formation of reactive oxygen species and (in turn) reduced activation of NFKappaB, JNK, and p38, redox-sensitive signalling events known to be relevant for influenza A virus replication. Therefore, glycyrrhizin may complement the arsenal of potential drugs for the treatment of H5N1 disease.
Background: In endothelial cells, activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been linked with anti-inflammatory actions but the events downstream of kinase activation are not well understood. Here, we addressed the effects of AMPK activation/deletion on the activation of NFKappaB and determined whether the AMPK could contribute to the anti-inflammatory actions of nitric oxide (NO). Methodology/Principal Findings: Overexpression of a dominant negative AMPKalpha2 mutant in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-stimulated human endothelial cells resulted in increased NFKappaB activity, E-selectin expression and monocyte adhesion. In endothelial cells from AMPKalpha2-/- mice the interleukin (IL)-1beta induced expression of E-selectin was significantly increased. DETA-NO activated the AMPK and attenuated NFKappaB activation/E-selectin expression, effects not observed in human endothelial cells in the presence of the dominant negative AMPK, or in endothelial cells from AMPKalpha2-/- mice. Mechanistically, overexpression of constitutively active AMPK decreased the phosphorylation of IKappaB and p65, indicating a link between AMPK and the IKappaB kinase (IKK). Indeed, IKK (more specifically residues Ser177 and Ser181) was found to be a direct substrate of AMPKalpha2 in vitro. The hyper-phosphorylation of the IKK, which is known to result in its inhibition, was also apparent in endothelial cells from AMPKalpha2+/+ versus AMPKalpha2-/- mice. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that the IKK is a direct substrate of AMPKalpha2 and that its phosphorylation on Ser177 and Ser181 results in the inhibition of the kinase and decreased NFKappaB activation. Moreover, as NO potently activates AMPK in endothelial cells, a portion of the anti-inflammatory effects of NO are mediated by AMPK.
Chromosomal translocations can lead to the formation of chimeric genes encoding fusion proteins such as PML/RARalpha, PLZF/RARalpha, and AML-1/ETO, which are able to induce and maintain acute myeloid leukemia (AML). One key mechanism in leukemogenesis is increased self renewal of leukemic stem cells via aberrant activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Either X-RAR, PML/RARalpha and PLZF/RARalpha or AML-1/ETO activate Wnt signaling by upregulating gamma-catenin and beta-catenin. In a prospective study, a lower risk of leukemia was observed with aspirin use, which is consistent with numerous studies reporting an inverse association of aspirin with other cancers. Furthermore, a reduction in leukemia risk was associated with use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), where the effects on AML risk was FAB subtype-specific. To better investigate whether NSAID treatment is effective, we used Sulindac Sulfide in X-RARalpha-positive progenitor cell models. Sulindac Sulfide (SSi) is a derivative of Sulindac, a NSAID known to inactivate Wnt signaling. We found that SSi downregulated both beta-catenin and gamma-catenin in X-RARalpha-expressing cells and reversed the leukemic phenotype by reducing stem cell capacity and increasing differentiation potential in X-RARalpha-positive HSCs. The data presented herein show that SSi inhibits the leukemic cell growth as well as hematopoietic progenitors cells (HPCs) expressing PML/RARalpha, and it indicates that Sulindac is a valid molecular therapeutic approach that should be further validated using in vivo leukemia models and in clinical settings.
Dual function of the NK cell receptor 2B4 (CD244) in the regulation of HCV-specific CD8+ T cells
(2011)
The outcome of viral infections is dependent on the function of CD8+ T cells which are tightly regulated by costimulatory molecules. The NK cell receptor 2B4 (CD244) is a transmembrane protein belonging to the Ig superfamily which can also be expressed by CD8+ T cells. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of 2B4 as an additional costimulatory receptor regulating CD8+ T cell function and in particular to investigate its implication for exhaustion of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific CD8+ T cells during persistent infection. We demonstrate that (i) 2B4 is expressed on virus-specific CD8+ T cells during acute and chronic hepatitis C, (ii) that 2B4 cross-linking can lead to both inhibition and activation of HCV-specific CD8+ T cell function, depending on expression levels of 2B4 and the intracellular adaptor molecule SAP and (iii) that 2B4 stimulation may counteract enhanced proliferation of HCV-specific CD8+ T cells induced by PD1 blockade. We suggest that 2B4 is another important molecule within the network of costimulatory/inhibitory receptors regulating CD8+ T cell function in acute and chronic hepatitis C and that 2B4 expression levels could also be a marker of CD8+ T cell dysfunction. Understanding in more detail how 2B4 exerts its differential effects could have implications for the development of novel immunotherapies of HCV infection aiming to achieve immune control.
The cochlear implant (CI) represents, for almost 25 years now, the gold standard in the treatment of children born deaf and for postlingually deafened adults. These devices thus constitute the greatest success story in the field of ‘neurobionic’ prostheses. Their (now routine) fitting in adults, and especially in young children and even babies, places exacting demands on these implants, particularly with regard to the biocompatibility of a CI’s surface components. Furthermore, certain parts of the implant face considerable mechanical challenges, such as the need for the electrode array to be flexible and resistant to breakage, and for the implant casing to be able to withstand external forces. As these implants are in the immediate vicinity of the middle-ear mucosa and of the junction to the perilymph of the cochlea, the risk exists – at least in principle – that bacteria may spread along the electrode array into the cochlea. The wide-ranging requirements made of the CI in terms of biocompatibility and the electrode mechanism mean that there is still further scope – despite the fact that CIs are already technically highly sophisticated – for ongoing improvements to the properties of these implants and their constituent materials, thus enhancing the effectiveness of these devices. This paper will therefore discuss fundamental material aspects of CIs as well as the potential for their future development. Keywords: cochlear implant, biomaterials, biocompatibility, electrode, inner ear, cochleostomy, surface functionalization, drug delivery, nanoparticles, coating
Introduction: This study presents our online-teaching material within the k-MED project (Knowledge in Medical Education) at the university of Marburg. It is currently organized in five e-learning modules: cytogenetics, chromosomal aberrations, formal genetics, fundamentals of molecular diagnostics, and congenital abnormalities and syndromes. These are basic courses intended to do the educational groundwork, which will enable academic teachers to concentrate on more sophisticated topics during their lectures. Methods: The e-learning modules have been offered to a large group of about 3300 students during four years at the Faculty of Medicine in Marburg. The group consists of science students (human biology) and medical students in the preclinical or the clinical period, respectively. Participants were surveyed on acceptance by evaluating user-tracking data and questionnaires. Results and Conclusion: Analysis of the evaluation data proofs the broad acceptance of the e-learning modules during eight semesters. The courses are in stable or even increasing use from winter term 2005/06 until spring term 2009. Conclusion: Our e-learning-model is broadly accepted among students with different levels of knowledge at the Faculty of Medicine in Marburg. If the e-learning courses are maintained thoroughly, minor adaptations can increase acceptance and usage even furthermore. Their use should be extended to the medical education of technical assistances and nurses, who work in the field of human genetics. Keywords: Human genetics, e-Learning, evaluation, multimedia
Einleitung: Die vorliegende Studie beschreibt unser Online-Lehrmaterial Humangenetik im Zusammenhang mit dem k-MED-Projekt (Knowledge in Medical Education) an der Philipps-Universität Marburg. Es besteht aus fünf E-Learning-Modulen: Zytogenetik, Chromosomenstörungen, Formalgenetik, Grundlagen der molekularen Diagnostik sowie Kongenitale Abnormitäten und Fehlbildungssyndrome. Diese E-Module sollen ein einheitliches Wissensniveau der Studierenden gewährleisten und die Dozenten in der Präsenzlehre entlasten. Methoden: Die fünf E-Learning-Module Humangenetik wurden auf freiwilliger Basis einer großen Personengruppe von ca. 3300 Studierenden am Fachbereich Humanmedizin der Universität Marburg über eine Dauer von vier Jahren angeboten. Die Teilnehmer bestanden aus Naturwissenschaftlern (Humanbiologie) im 5. Fachsemester und Studierenden der Humanmedizin, die sich entweder in der Vorklinik (1. Semester) oder im klinischen Studienabschnitt (7./8. Semester) befanden. Von diesen wurden Daten zur Akzeptanz in Form von Usertrackingdaten und klausur-begleitenden Fragebögen erhoben. Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerung: Die Evaluation zeigte eine breite Akzeptanz unserer Lehrmodule über einen Zeitraum von acht Semestern. Obwohl das Angebot freiwillig ist, werden die Online-Kurse Humangenetik konstant oder sogar in zunehmendem Maße zwischen Wintersemester 2005/06 und Sommersemester 2009 genutzt. Fazit: Unser E-Learning-Modell Humangenetik wird von Studierenden aus unterschiedlichen Semestern und Studiengängen am Fachbereich Humanmedizin gut angenommen und genutzt. Bei sorgfältiger Pflege der Online-Kurse steigern moderate Anpassungen sowohl Akzeptanz als auch Benutzungshäufigkeit in signifikanter Weise. Die Anwendung der E-Learning Module erscheint uns auch in der Ausbildung von MTAs oder Pflegekräften sinnvoll, um ein ausreichendes Grundwissen in Humangenetik zu gewährleisten. Schlüsselwörter: Humangenetik, Evaluation, Multimedia, E-Learning
Background: Microvolt T-wave alternans (MTWA) testing in many studies has proven to be a highly accurate predictor of ventricular tachyarrhythmic events (VTEs) in patients with risk factors for sudden cardiac death (SCD) but without a prior history of sustained VTEs (primary prevention patients). In some recent studies involving primary prevention patients with prophylactically implanted cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), MTWA has not performed as well.
Objective: This study examined the hypothesis that MTWA is an accurate predictor of VTEs in primary prevention patients without implanted ICDs, but not of appropriate ICD therapy in such patients with implanted ICDs.
Methods: This study identified prospective clinical trials evaluating MTWA measured using the spectral analytic method in primary prevention populations and analyzed studies in which: (1) few patients had implanted ICDs and as a result none or a small fraction (≤15%) of the reported end point VTEs were appropriate ICD therapies (low ICD group), or (2) many of the patients had implanted ICDs and the majority of the reported end point VTEs were appropriate ICD therapies (high ICD group).
Results: In the low ICD group comprising 3,682 patients, the hazard ratio associated with a nonnegative versus negative MTWA test was 13.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 8.5 to 30.4) and the annual event rate among the MTWA-negative patients was 0.3% (95% CI: 0.1% to 0.5%). In contrast, in the high ICD group comprising 2,234 patients, the hazard ratio was only 1.6 (95% CI: 1.2 to 2.1) and the annual event rate among the MTWA-negative patients was elevated to 5.4% (95% CI: 4.1% to 6.7%). In support of these findings, we analyzed published data from the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Trial II (MADIT II) and Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT) trials and determined that in those trials only 32% of patients who received appropriate ICD therapy averted an SCD.
Conclusion: This study found that MTWA testing using the spectral analytic method provides an accurate means of predicting VTEs in primary prevention patients without implanted ICDs; in particular, the event rate is very low among such patients with a negative MTWA test. In prospective trials of ICD therapy, the number of patients receiving appropriate ICD therapy greatly exceeds the number of patients who avert SCD as a result of ICD therapy. In trials involving patients with implanted ICDs, these excess appropriate ICD therapies seem to distribute randomly between MTWA-negative and MTWA-nonnegative patients, obscuring the predictive accuracy of MTWA for SCD. Appropriate ICD therapy is an unreliable surrogate end point for SCD.
Background: Endothelin-1 signalling plays an important role in pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension. Although different endothelin-A receptor antagonists are developed, a novel therapeutic option to cure the disease is still needed. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of the selective endothelin-A receptor antagonist TBC3711 in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats.
Methods: Monocrotaline-injected male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized and treated orally from day 21 to 35 either with TBC3711 (Dose: 30 mg/kg body weight/day) or placebo. Echocardiographic measurements of different hemodynamic and right-heart hypertrophy parameters were performed. After day 35, rats were sacrificed for invasive hemodynamic and right-heart hypertrophy measurements. Additionally, histologic assessment of pulmonary vascular and right-heart remodelling was performed.
Results: The novel endothelin-A receptor antagonist TBC3711 significantly attenuated monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension, as evident from improved hemodynamics and right-heart hypertrophy in comparison with placebo group. In addition, muscularization and medial wall thickness of distal pulmonary vessels were ameliorated. The histologic evaluation of the right ventricle showed a significant reduction in fibrosis and cardiomyocyte size, suggesting an improvement in right-heart remodelling.
Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the selective endothelin-A receptor antagonist TBC3711 demonstrates therapeutic benefit in rats with established pulmonary hypertension, thus representing a useful therapeutic approach for treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
PAX2 regulates ADAM10 expression and mediates anchorage-independent cell growth of melanoma cells
(2011)
PAX transcription factors play an important role during development and carcinogenesis. In this study, we investigated PAX2 protein levels in melanocytes and melanoma cells by Western Blot and immunofluorescence analysis and characterized the role of PAX2 in the pathogenesis of melanoma. In vitro we found weak PAX2 protein expression in keratinocytes and melanocytes. Compared to melanocytes increased PAX2 protein levels were detectable in melanoma cell lines. Interestingly, in tissue sections of melanoma patients nuclear PAX2 expression strongly correlated with nuclear atypia and the degree of prominent nucleoli, indicating an association of PAX2 with a more atypical cellular phenotype. In addition, with chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, PAX2 overexpression and PAX2 siRNA we present compelling evidence that PAX2 can regulate ADAM10 expression, a metalloproteinase known to play important roles in melanoma metastasis. In human tissue samples we found co-expression of PAX2 and ADAM10 in melanocytes of benign nevi and in melanoma cells of patients with malignant melanoma. Importantly, the downregulation of PAX2 by specific siRNA inhibited the anchorage independent cell growth and decreased the migratory and invasive capacity of melanoma cells. Furthermore, the downregulation of PAX2 abrogated the chemoresistance of melanoma cells against cisplatin, indicating that PAX2 expression mediates cell survival and plays important roles during melanoma progression.
Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, believed to be triggered by an autoimmune reaction to myelin. Recently, a fundamentally different pathomechanism termed ‘chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency’ (CCSVI) was proposed, provoking significant attention in the media and scientific community.
Methods: Twenty MS patients (mean age 42.2±13.3 years; median Extended Disability Status Scale 3.0, range 0–6.5) were compared with 20 healthy controls. Extra- and intracranial venous flow direction was assessed by colour-coded duplex sonography, and extracranial venous cross-sectional area (VCSA) of the internal jugular and vertebral veins (IJV/VV) was measured in B-mode to assess the five previously proposed CCSVI criteria. IJV-VCSA≤0.3 cm2 indicated ‘stenosis,’ and IJV-VCSA decrease from supine to upright position ‘reverted postural control.’ The sonographer, data analyser and statistician were blinded to the patient/control status of the participants.
Results: No participant showed retrograde flow of cervical or intracranial veins. IJV-VCSA≤0.3 cm2 was found in 13 MS patients versus 16 controls (p=0.48). A decrease in IJV-VCSA from supine to upright position was observed in all participants, but this denotes a physiological finding. No MS patient and one control had undetectable IJV flow despite deep inspiration (p=0.49). Only one healthy control and no MS patients fulfilled at least two criteria for CCSVI.
Conclusions: This triple-blinded extra- and transcranial duplex sonographic assessment of cervical and cerebral veins does not provide supportive evidence for the presence of CCSVI in MS patients. The findings cast serious doubt on the concept of CCSVI in MS.
The ability to escape apoptosis or programmed cell death is a hallmark of human cancers, for example pancreatic cancer. This can promote tumorigenesis, since too little cell death by apoptosis disturbs tissue homeostasis. Additionally, defective apoptosis signaling is the underlying cause of failure to respond to current treatment approaches, since therapy-mediated antitumor activity requires the intactness of apoptosis signaling pathways in cancer cells. Thus, the elucidation of defects in the regulation of apoptosis in pancreatic carcinoma can result in the identification of novel targets for therapeutic interference and for exploitation for cancer drug discovery. Keywords: apoptosis; pancreatic cancer; TRAIL; IAPs; mitochondria
Novel insights into the synergistic interaction of Bortezomib and TRAIL: tBid provides the link
(2011)
The proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib has been identified as a potent enhancer of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in several human cancers. However, the identification of the underlying molecular mechanisms of this synergistic cell death induction has been ongoing over the last years. A recent study identifies a new mechanism of action for the synergism of TRAIL and Bortezomib.
Background: Working conditions of nursery school teachers have not been scrutinized thoroughly in scientific research. Only a few studies have so far examined work-load and strain in this profession. Preferably, subjective perceptions should be corroborated by data that can be quantified more objectively and accurately. The aim of the present observational field study was to evaluate pedagogical staffs' workflow.
Methods: In 2009 eleven educators in a day care centre were observed throughout three complete workdays. A total of 250 working hours were recorded.
Results: An educators' workday lasted on average 07:46:59 h (SD = 01:01:10 h).Within this time span, an average of 02:20:46 h (30.14%, SD = 00:28:07 h) were spent on caring, 01:44:18 h on playing (22.33%, SD = 00:54:12 h), 00:49:37 h on educational work (10.62%, SD = 00:40:09), and only 00:05:38 h on individual child contact (1.21%, SD = 00:04:58 h).
Conclusion: For the first time, educators' workflow in day care centres was studied in real time. Some of the educators' self-reported problems were corroborated. The results of this study form a basis upon which further investigations can be built and measures can be developed for an overall improvement of child care.
Introduction: Evidence from a number of open-label, uncontrolled studies has suggested that rituximab may benefit patients with autoimmune diseases who are refractory to standard-of-care. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and clinical outcomes of rituximab in several standard-of-care-refractory autoimmune diseases (within rheumatology, nephrology, dermatology and neurology) other than rheumatoid arthritis or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in a real-life clinical setting.
Methods: Patients who received rituximab having shown an inadequate response to standard-of-care had their safety and clinical outcomes data retrospectively analysed as part of the German Registry of Autoimmune Diseases. The main outcome measures were safety and clinical response, as judged at the discretion of the investigators.
Results: A total of 370 patients (299 patient-years) with various autoimmune diseases (23.0% with systemic lupus erythematosus, 15.7% antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated granulomatous vasculitides, 15.1% multiple sclerosis and 10.0% pemphigus) from 42 centres received a mean dose of 2,440 mg of rituximab over a median (range) of 194 (180 to 1,407) days. The overall rate of serious infections was 5.3 per 100 patient-years during rituximab therapy. Opportunistic infections were infrequent across the whole study population, and mostly occurred in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. There were 11 deaths (3.0% of patients) after rituximab treatment (mean 11.6 months after first infusion, range 0.8 to 31.3 months), with most of the deaths caused by infections. Overall (n = 293), 13.3% of patients showed no response, 45.1% showed a partial response and 41.6% showed a complete response. Responses were also reflected by reduced use of glucocorticoids and various immunosuppressives during rituximab therapy and follow-up compared with before rituximab. Rituximab generally had a positive effect on patient well-being (physician's visual analogue scale; mean improvement from baseline of 12.1 mm).
Conclusions: Data from this registry indicate that rituximab is a commonly employed, well-tolerated therapy with potential beneficial effects in standard of care-refractory autoimmune diseases, and support the results from other open-label, uncontrolled studies.
Background: The zinc finger transcription factor Egr-1 (Early growth response 1) is central to several growth factors and represents an important activator of target genes not only involved in physiological processes like embryogenesis and neonatal development, but also in a variety of pathophysiological processes, for example atherosclerosis or cancer. Current options to investigate its transcription and activation in vivo are end-point measurements that do not provide insights into dynamic changes in the living organism. Results: We developed a transgenic mouse (Egr-1-luc) in which the luciferase reporter gene is under the control of the murine Egr-1 promoter providing a versatile tool to study the time course of Egr-1 activation in vivo. In neonatal mice, bioluminescence imaging revealed a high Egr-1 promoter activity reaching basal levels three weeks after birth with activity at snout, ears and paws. Using a model of partial hepatectomy we could show that Egr-1 promoter activity and Egr-1 mRNA levels were increased in the regenerating liver. In a model of wound healing, we demonstrated that Egr-1 promoter activity was upregulated at the site of injury. Conclusion: Taken together, we have developed a transgenic mouse model that allows real time in vivo imaging of the Egr-1 promoter activity. The ability to monitor and quantify Egr-1 activity in the living organism may facilitate a better understanding of Egr-1 function in vivo. Additional File 1: BLI of adult Egr-1-luc mice with opened body cavity. Transgenic Egr-1-luc mice (one month old) received 6 mg luciferin in 100 μl PBS by intraperitoneal injection. Ten minutes thereafter the animal was killed by cervical dislocation, the body cavity opened immediately, skin from the ventral side partially removed and BLI measurement was carried out (10 min signal collection, setting 'high resolution'). A representative animal is shown with similar amplification setting as in Figure 2A.
Background: Asthma is increasing worldwide and results from a complex immunological interaction between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. Autovaccination with E. coli induces a strong TH-1 immune response, thus offering an option for the treatment of allergic diseases. Methods: Prospective open trial on safety, tolerability, and impact on allergic inflammation of an autologous E.coli autovaccine in intermittent or mild persistent house dust mite asthma. Determination of exhaled nitric monoxide (eNO) before and after bronchial mite challenge initially and after nine months of autovaccination. Results: Median eNO increase after autovaccination was significantly smaller (from 27.3 to 33.8 ppb; p=0.334) compared to initial values (from 32.6 to 42.2 ppb; p=0.046) (p=0.034). In nine subjects and a total of 306 injections, we observed 101 episodes of local erythema (33.3%; median of maximal diameter 2.5 cm), 95 episodes of local swelling (31.1%; median of maximal diameter 3 cm), and 27 episodes of local pain (8.8%). Four subjects reported itching at the injection site with a total of 30 episodes (9.8%). We observed no serious adverse events. All organ functions (inclusive electrocardiogramm) and laboratory testing of the blood (clinical chemistry, hematology) and the urine (screening test, B-microglobuline) were within normal limits. Vital signs undulated within the physiological variability. Conclusion: The administration of autologous autovacine for the treatment of house dust mite asthma resulted in a reduction of the eNO increase upon bronchial mite challenge. In nine subjects and 306 injections, only a few mild local reactions and no systemic severe adverse events were observed. EudraCT Nr. 2005-005534-12 ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT00677209
Background: Care management programmes are an effective approach to care for high risk patients with complex care needs resulting from multiple co-occurring medical and non-medical conditions. These patients are likely to be hospitalized for a potentially "avoidable" cause. Nurse-led care management programmes for high risk elderly patients showed promising results. Care management programmes based on health care assistants (HCAs) targeting adult patients with a high risk of hospitalisation may be an innovative approach to deliver cost-efficient intensified care to patients most in need. Methods: PraCMan is a cluster randomized controlled trial with primary care practices as unit of randomisation. The study evaluates a complex primary care practice-based care management of patients at high risk for future hospitalizations. Eligible patients either suffer from type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic heart failure or any combination. Patients with a high likelihood of hospitalization within the following 12 months (based on insurance data) will be included in the trial. During 12 months of intervention patients of the care management group receive comprehensive assessment of medical and non-medical needs and resources as well as regular structured monitoring of symptoms. Assessment and monitoring will be performed by trained HCAs from the participating practices. Additionally, patients will receive written information, symptom diaries, action plans and a medication plan to improve self-management capabilities. This intervention is addition to usual care. Patients from the control group receive usual care. Primary outcome is the number of all-cause hospitalizations at 12 months follow-up, assessed by insurance claims data. Secondary outcomes are health-related quality of life (SF12, EQ5D), quality of chronic illness care (PACIC), health care utilisation and costs, medication adherence (MARS), depression status and severity (PHQ-9), self-management capabilities and clinical parameters. Data collection will be performed at baseline, 12 and 24 months (12 months post-intervention). Discussion: Practice-based care management for high risk individuals involving trained HCAs appears to be a promising approach to face the needs of an aging population with increasing care demands. Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN56104508
Bei gesunden Menschen verläuft die Infektion mit Bartonella henselae als vergleichsweise harmlose "Katzenkratzkrankheit". Erst mit Beginn der AIDS-Pandemie zeigte sich, dass das Bakterium bei immungeschwächten Patienten auch die pathologische Neubildung von Blutgefäßen auslösen kann. Diese Pathogenitätsstrategie unterscheidet die Spezies der Bartonellen von allen anderen bakteriellen Infektionserregern des Menschen. Für Mikrobiologen ist Bartonella henselae deshalb ein interessanter Modellorganismus, weil Blutgefäßwachstum in erster Linie eine Domäne der Tumorforschung ist.
Background: The ventral midbrain contains a diverse array of neurons, including dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SN) and neurons of the red nucleus (RN). Dopaminergic and RN neurons have been shown to arise from ventral mesencephalic precursors that express Sonic Hedgehog (Shh). However, Shh expression, which is initially confined to the mesencephalic ventral midline, expands laterally and is then downregulated in the ventral midline. In contrast, expression of the Hedgehog target gene Gli1 initiates in the ventral midline prior to Shh expression, but after the onset of Shh expression it is expressed in precursors lateral to Shh-positive cells. Given these dynamic gene expression patterns, Shh and Gli1 expression could delineate different progenitor populations at distinct embryonic time points. Results: We employed genetic inducible fate mapping (GIFM) to investigate whether precursors that express Shh (Shh-GIFM) or transduce Shh signaling (Gli1-GIFM) at different time points give rise to different ventral midbrain cell types. We find that precursors restricted to the ventral midline are labeled at embryonic day (E)7.5 with Gli1-GIFM, and with Shh-GIFM at E8.5. These precursors give rise to all subtypes of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and the anterior RN. A broader domain of progenitors that includes the ventral midline is marked with Gli1-GIFM at E8.5 and with Shh-GIFM at E9.5; these fate-mapped cells also contribute to all midbrain dopaminergic subtypes and to the entire RN. In contrast, a lateral progenitor domain that is labeled with Gli1-GIFM at E9.5 and with Shh-GIFM at E11.5 has a markedly reduced potential to give rise to the RN and to SN dopaminergic neurons, and preferentially gives rise to the ventral-medial VTA. In addition, cells derived from Shh- and Gli1-expressing progenitors located outside of the ventral midline give rise to astrocytes. Conclusions: We define a ventral midbrain precursor map based on the timing of Gli1 and Shh expression, and suggest that the diversity of midbrain dopaminergic neurons is at least partially determined during their precursor stage when their medial-lateral position, differential gene expression and the time when they leave the ventricular zone influence their fate decisions.
Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder which affects widespread areas of the brainstem, basal ganglia and cerebral cortex. A number of proteins are known to accumulate in parkinsonian brains including ubiquitin and alpha-synuclein. Prion diseases are sporadic, genetic or infectious disorders with various clinical and histopathological features caused by prion proteins as infectious proteinaceous particles transmitting a misfolded protein configuration through brain tissue. The most important form is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease which is associated with a self-propagating pathological precursor form of the prion protein that is physiologically widely distributed in the central nervous system. Discussion: It has recently been found that alpha-synuclein may behave similarly to the prion precursor and propagate between cells. The post-mortem proof of alpha-synuclein containing Lewy bodies in embryonic dopamine cells transplants in PD patient suggests that the misfolded protein might be transmitted from the diseased host to donor neurons reminiscent of prion behavior. The involvement of the basal ganglia and brainstem in the degenerative process are other congruencies between Parkinson's and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. However, a number of issues advise caution before categorizing Parkinson's disease as a prion disorder, because clinical appearance, brain imaging, cerebrospinal fluid and neuropathological findings exhibit fundamental differences between both disease entities. Most of all, infectiousness, a crucial hallmark of prion diseases, has never been observed in PD so far. Moreover, the cellular propagation of the prion protein has not been clearly defined and it is, therefore, difficult to assess the molecular similarities between the two disease entities. Summary: At the current state of knowledge, the molecular pathways of transmissible pathogenic proteins are not yet fully understood. Their exact involvement in the pathophysiology of prion disorders and neurodegenerative diseases has to be further investigated in order to elucidate a possible overlap between both disease categories that are currently regarded as distinct entities.
TRENTOOL : an open source toolbox to estimate neural directed interactions with transfer entropy
(2011)
To investigate directed interactions in neural networks we often use Norbert Wiener's famous definition of observational causality. Wiener’s definition states that an improvement of the prediction of the future of a time series X from its own past by the incorporation of information from the past of a second time series Y is seen as an indication of a causal interaction from Y to X. Early implementations of Wiener's principle – such as Granger causality – modelled interacting systems by linear autoregressive processes and the interactions themselves were also assumed to be linear. However, in complex systems – such as the brain – nonlinear behaviour of its parts and nonlinear interactions between them have to be expected. In fact nonlinear power-to-power or phase-to-power interactions between frequencies are reported frequently. To cover all types of non-linear interactions in the brain, and thereby to fully chart the neural networks of interest, it is useful to implement Wiener's principle in a way that is free of a model of the interaction [1]. Indeed, it is possible to reformulate Wiener's principle based on information theoretic quantities to obtain the desired model-freeness. The resulting measure was originally formulated by Schreiber [2] and termed transfer entropy (TE). Shortly after its publication transfer entropy found applications to neurophysiological data. With the introduction of new, data efficient estimators (e.g. [3]) TE has experienced a rapid surge of interest (e.g. [4]). Applications of TE in neuroscience range from recordings in cultured neuronal populations to functional magnetic resonanace imaging (fMRI) signals. Despite widespread interest in TE, no publicly available toolbox exists that guides the user through the difficulties of this powerful technique. TRENTOOL (the TRansfer ENtropy TOOLbox) fills this gap for the neurosciences by bundling data efficient estimation algorithms with the necessary parameter estimation routines and nonparametric statistical testing procedures for comparison to surrogate data or between experimental conditions. TRENTOOL is an open source MATLAB toolbox based on the Fieldtrip data format. ...
Endovaskuläres Stenting der thorakalen Aorta- halten die Langzeitergebnisse was die frühen Ergebnisse erwarten ließen? Hintergrund: Die frühen Ergebnisse des Endovaskulären Stentings sind in der Literatur gut dokumentiert. Das Anliegen dieser Studie ist es Langzeitergebnisse der Patienten die sich endovaskulärem Stenting der thorakalen Aorta unterzogen zu ermitteln. Methode: Insgesamt 92 Patienten unterzogen sich endovaskulärem Stenting, als Erkrankungen wurden hierbei Läsionen der thorakalen Aorta (thorakales Aortenaneuysma n=45, Typ B Dissektion n=31, traumatische Ruptur n=16) behandelt. Insgesamt waren es 62 männliche und 30 weibliche Patienten. Der Follow-up Zeitraum betrug zwischen 1-7 Jahren, der mittlere Follow-up Zeitraum lag bei 4,05 Jahren. Die Patienten wurden in jährlichen Intervallen nachuntersucht. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt belief sich die Mortalität auf 27.2% (n=25). Unterteilt in 30 Tage-Mortalität, die sich auf 9.8% (n=9) belief und die Spätmortalität mit 17.4% (n=16). 5 (5.4%) Patienten erlitten einen Schlaganfall , 3 Fälle von Paraplegie (3.2%). 7 Patienten (7.6%) entwickelten Endoleaks, 5 von ihnen starben während des Follow-up Zeitraums und 3 benötigten chirurgische Reoperation wegen persistierender Perfusion und Vergrößerung des Aneurysmasacks. Zusammenfassung: Langzeitergebnisse zeigen eine Stentgraft assoziierte Morbidität und Sterblichkeit. Deshalb ist eine regelmäßige Kontrolle unerlässlich.
Background: The aim of this study was to develop a child-specific classification system for long bone fractures and to examine its reliability and validity on the basis of a prospective multicentre study. Methods: Using the sequentially developed classification system, three samples of between 30 and 185 paediatric limb fractures from a pool of 2308 fractures documented in two multicenter studies were analysed in a blinded fashion by eight orthopaedic surgeons, on a total of 5 occasions. Intra- and interobserver reliability and accuracy were calculated. Results: The reliability improved with successive simplification of the classification. The final version resulted in an overall interobserver agreement of kappa=0.71 with no significant difference between experienced and less experienced raters. Conclusions: In conclusion, the evaluation of the newly proposed classification system resulted in a reliable and routinely applicable system, for which training in its proper use may further improve the reliability. It can be recommended as a useful tool for clinical practice and offers the option for developing treatment recommendations and outcome predictions in the future.
Die selektive intraarterielle digitale Subtraktionsangiografie (DSA) ist nach wie vor der Goldstandard zur Darstellung und Beurteilung extra- und intrakranieller Stenosen. Im Gegensatz zur extrakraniellen A carotis interna fehlt für die Stenosegradbestimmung der intrakranieller Arterien ein valides Messverfahren. Da Aussagen zur Prognose symptomatischer intrakranieller Stenosen und die Entscheidung über die weitere therapeutische Vorgehensweise jedoch weitgehend vom Stenosegrad abhängen, ist ein standardisiertes Verfahren zur Stenosegradbestimmung in Prozent für die intrakraniellen Gefäße von entscheidender Bedeutung. Die im Rahmen der WASID-Studie vorgeschlagene Methode eines lokalen, proximal der Stenose gelegenen Referenzdurchmessers wurde außerhalb dieser Studie noch kaum weitergehend untersucht. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden die Angiogramme von 102 Patienten mit intrakraniellen Stenosen nach den WASID-Kriterien von 3 Observern jeweils zweimal vermessen und bezüglich der inter- und intraobserver Korrelation untersucht. Die im Rahmen der WASID-Studie vorgeschlagene und für die vorliegende Studie übernommene Methode der Stenosegradberechnung erfolgte anhand eines zunächst proximal der Stenose zu wählenden Referenzdurchmessers. Eine modifizierte Stenosegradberechnung mittels Mittelwertbildung aus proximalem und distalem Referenzdiameter wurde der WASID-Methode gegenübergestellt. Die interobserver Korrelation der WASID-Methode lag bei 89,9% für den ersten Messdurchgang und bei 90,1% für den zweiten Messdurchgang. Die Stenosegradbestimmung nach der Mittelwert-Methode ergab eine geringfügig höhere interobserver Korrelation von 90,9% bzw. 93,2%, allerdings ohne statistische Signifikanz. Die Unterschätzung (im Vergleich zur WASID-Methode) des Stenosegrades durch die Mittelwert-Methode ist jedoch signifikant (am ehesten messverfahrensbedingt). Die vergleichende Untersuchung von proximalem und distalem Referenzdiameter im Rahmen der Mittelwert-Messung ergab bezüglich der Korrelation keinen statistisch signifikanten Vorteil für einen der beiden Messpunkte. Die Analyse der intraobserver Korrelation zeigte ebenfalls keinen eindeutigen Vorteil für die Mittelwert-Methode, allenfalls lässt sich hier ein positiver Trend ausmachen. Somit liegen letztlich die inter- und auch die intraobserver Korrelationen beider Messverfaheren auf vergleichbar hohem Niveau, ein statistisch klarer Vorteil für eine der beiden Vorgehensweisen lässt sich nicht ableiten. Aufgrund der einfacheren Handhabung der WASID-Methode empfiehlt sich dieses Verfahren dennoch für den klinischen Alltag.
Seit den Anfängen der Implantologie hat sich diese zu einer Wissenschaft entwickelt, die einer stetigen und lebhaften Entwicklung unterliegt. Die Einführung zweigeteilter Implantatsysteme stellte ein Novum dar, welches dem Behandler vielfältige Freiheiten in seiner Therapieplanung ermöglichte. Zu Beginn noch unbeachtet, sollte sich zeigen, dass die Existenz der Fügefläche zwischen Implantat und Abutment mit dem Rückgang des Implantatumgebenden Knochens vergesellschaftet ist. In der Literatur werden mehrere Ursachen für den Gewebsverlust diskutiert. Dazu zählen der Einfluss des Einheilmodus, das chirurgische Vorgehen, die Mundhygiene des Patienten, allgemeine Risikofaktoren, Überbelastung, Beweglichkeit der Bauteile zueinander oder eine mikrobielle Besiedelung des Implantatinneren. Implantate die seit längerem in Funktion stehen, zeigen nach deren Demontage mitunter eine herstellerabhängige Akkumulation mikrobieller Plaque im Inneren. In diesem Zusammenhang stellte sich die Frage, ob die Verbindung zwischen Implantat und Abutment das Eindringen von oralen Mikroorganismen erlaubt und diese dort dauerhaft überlebensfähig sind. Der Vorsatz der Studie bestand somit in der Entwicklung, Konstruktion und Fertigung eines Prüfsystems zur Untersuchung eines bakterienrelevanten Lecks an Implantat-Abutment-Verbindungen und dessen Nachweis. Die Anordnung sollte den klinischen Besiedlungsweg während einer Kausimulation nachahmen und eine Echtzeitanalyse der Dichtigkeit an der Fügefläche erlauben. Zur Probengewinnung aus dem Inneren wurden 20 aktuelle Implantatsysteme (konische Verbindungen, stoßende Verbindungen, andersartige Verbindungen) mit Bohrungen auf Höhe des ersten Hohlraumes unterhalb der Implantat-Abutment-Verbindung versehen. Der so präparierte und in eine Einbettmasse, mit knochenähnlichen, mechanischen Eigenschaften, eingegossene Prüfkörper befindet sich schulterwärts unmittelbar in einer Bakterienmischkultur aus S. mutans, S. sanguinis, A. viscosus, F. nucleatum und V. parvula versenkt, deren Spiegel das Implantat-Abutment-Interface übersteigt. Angeschlossen an den Prüfkörper ist vorangestellt eine perfusorartige Spritzenpumpe und nachgestellt eine Auffangautomatik zur Sammlung einzelner Spülproben. Das eingespannte Implantat und dessen verschraubter Aufbau erfahren in einer zweidimensionalen Kausimulation im „Frankfurter Kausimulator“ eine zyklischkippende Wechselbelastung. Das simulierte Intervall entspricht klinisch etwa einer Mahlzeit. Schon zu Versuchsbeginn und nach jeder Belastungsstufe (beginnend mit Fmin=0N und endend bei Fmax=200N in 25N-Schritten) wird das Implantatinnere mit physiologischer Kochsalzlösung aus der Spritzenpumpe gespült. Die aufgefangenen Proben wurden mittels des Tod-Lebend-Färbekits LIVE/DEAD®-BacLightTM (Farbstoff: SYTO 9 und PJ) für die fluoreszenzmikroskopische Untersuchung versetzt und in einer Thoma-Zählkammer ausgezählt. Zur Validierung der Anordnung wurde das Dichtigkeitsverhalten von den 20 Implantatsystemen (je n=5) untersucht und hinsichtlich ihrer Verbindungsgeometrie (Konus/Stoß/andersartig) verglichen. Das entwickelte Prüfverfahren ermöglicht die Betrachtung einer potentiellen, mikrobiell-relevanten Spaltbildung an den Fügeflächen von Implantat und Abutment. Von den untersuchten Konus-Verbindungen zeigte nur das Osstem® Co. Ltd. GS II eine Keiminvasion in den Innenraum. Bei den Stoß-Verbindungen wiesen das Camlog® J-Serie und das Friadent® Xive S plus ein mikrobielles Leck auf. Beide andersartigen Verbindungen, BPI® BSL und Heraeus® IQ:Nect, wurden ebenfalls während der Kurzzeitsimulation undicht. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass systemimmanent eine bakterienrelevante Undichtigkeit schon sehr früh bei fabrikneuen Implantaten einsetzen kann. Die Durchlässigkeit der undichten Implantat-Abutment-Verbindungen spiegelt die Vermischung zweier Flüssigkeiten (innen/außen) wider und lässt auf eine dauerhafte Spaltbildung und Pumpwirkung an der betreffenden Ankopplung schließen. Es ist aufgrund der angewandten Methodik davon auszugehen, dass die eingedrungenen Keime auch über längere Zeit lebensfähig bleiben und sich den Mundhygienemaßnahmen des Patienten effektiv entziehen können. Im Vergleich mit den Beobachtungen der vorangegangenen Literatur und den erzielten Ergebnissen dieser Studie ist anzunehmen, dass konisch zulaufende Abutments zu einer geringeren Ausbildung von Kippbewegungen und somit zu einer weniger ausgeprägten Spaltbildung als stoßende oder andersartige Fügungen neigen. Daraus folgt eine ausgeprägtere, mikrobielle Barrierefunktion der konischen Verbindungen gegenüber anderen Ankopplungen. Ausschlaggebend für eine bakterielle Kolonisation des Lumens ist demzufolge die Art und Ausführung der mechanischen Anbindung zwischen der enossalen und der prothetischen Komponente eines Implantatsystems. Die unter diesen Gegebenheiten als undurchlässig zu betrachtenden Systeme haben ihre anhaltende Bakteriendichtigkeit in noch folgenden Langzeitversuchen unter Beweis zu stellen.
Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die Validität und die Durchführbarkeit der ultraschallgeführten Vakuumbiopsie von Brustläsionen mit dem HHMT zu erforschen. Anhand von 1000 prospektiv erfassten VB bei 846 Frauen aus dem Zeitraum 2000 bis 2006 haben wir untersuchen wollen, ob die ultraschallgeführte VB eine Alternat ive zur offenen Exzisionsbiopsie darstellt. Das mediane Alter liegt bei 45 Jahren. Wir haben für die VB zwei Nadelgrößen (11 und 8G) verwendet. Der Vergleich der verwendeten Nadeln ergab in Hinblick auf die Zeitdauer, der produzierten Gewebezylinder und Hämatomgrößen keinen signif ikanten Unterschied. Bei einer medianen Größe von 11mm waren etwa 86% der Läsionen kleiner als 2cm. Zur Auswertung haben wir die Indikationen der VB in 6 Gruppen verteilt: V.a. Fibroadenome und Zysten (sympt.), Unklare Rundherde, V.a. Mastopathieareale, V.a. Karzinomrezidiv, V.a. DCIS und V.a. Mammakarzinom. In mehr als 90% der VB wurden keine Schmerzen und eine hervorragende Toleranz der Methode angegeben, was auf ein schmerzarmes und schonendes Verfahren hindeutet. In 95% konnten wir eine nur minimale Blutung während der VB beobachten. Die histologischen Ergebnisse verteilen sich auf 88% sicher gutartige Diagnosen und 12% weiter abklärungs- oder therapiebedürf tige Befunde, davon unter teilt in 7% Karzinome, 2% DCIS und Atypie und 3% B3 Läsionen. Nach Auswertung der endgült igen histologischen Resultate der nachoperierten B3 Läsionen haben wir in 2 Fällen eine Unterschätzung vorgefunden, so dass die endgültige Histologie von DCIS und ADH nach VB zusätzlich ein invasives Karzinom ergab. Dies entspr icht einer Unterschätzungsrate von 0,2% (2/1000). Die Sensit ivität liegt aufgrund dessen bei 99,8% und die Spezif ität bei 100%. In 89% der 903 messbaren Läsionen mit durchschnittlich 13mm Durchmesser haben wir eine sonographische Komplettresektion erreicht. Die histologische Komplettresektionsrate liegt dagegen in einem Subkollektiv von 40 Karzinomfällen bei 33% (R0). Hier erscheint es uns nicht sinnvoll bei sonographisch komplett entfernten Karzinomen auf eine def init ive Operation zu verzichten. Die Gesamtkomplikationsrate liegt bei 4% und entspr icht damit den Angaben in der Literatur. In 0,6% der Fälle wurde die Biopsie wegen einer Komplikation abgebrochen, in 0,5% kam es zu relevanten post-intervent ionellen Komplikationen, die weitere operative Interventionen nach sich zogen und in 2,9% fanden wir passagere Beeinträchtigungen ohne bleibende Veränderungen an der betroffenen Brust. Schwerwiegende Komplikationen waren nicht zu verzeichnen gewesen. In 86% (n=679) der 791 Nachuntersuchungen nach 4 Tagen war ein intramammäres Hämatom im Ultraschall nachweisbar. Nach vier Wochen haben wir eine normale Resorption beobachtet, so dass 95% der Hämatome kleiner als 2 cm waren, nach 4 Monate nahezu 100%. Eine Umf rage an 219 Patient innen, mit einer Teilnahme von 67,5%, beschreibt die VB mit dem HHMT als eine sichere und schmerzarme Methode. Hämatome, Sugillationen und Narben wurden als nicht störend eingestuft. Bei einer außergewöhnlich hohen Patient innenzufriedenheit würden 96% der Frauen die VB gegenüber der offenen Biopsie bei einem erneuten Eingrif f favorisieren. Diese Umf rageergebnisse unterstreichen die Ergebnisse der prospektiven Datenauswertung und sind im Einklang mit den Resultaten der Literatur. Die ultraschallgeführte VB ist schonend und komplikationsarm, wird von Pat ient innen sehr gut akzeptiert und bestätigt die Patientinnenfreundlichkeit des Verfahrens. Die kurze Zeitdauer des Eingriffes, die ambulante Durchführbarkeit sowie die hervorragenden kosmetischen Ergebnisse zeichnen diese Biopsiemethode aus. Die VB mit dem HHMT stellt somit eine sinnvolle, sichere und kostengünst igere Methode zur Entfernung ausgewählter Läsionen im Vergleich zur konvent ionellen offenen Biopsie dar. In Hinblick auf weiter abklärungsbedürf tige Befunde (BIRADS IV Läsionen) bietet die VB eine höhere diagnostische Sicherheit als die CC-Biopsie zum Ausschluss (oder zum Nachweis) eines Karzinoms.
Ziel der Studie: ist es die Wirkung von drei Doppel-Proteaseinhibitor Regimen, bestehend aus Lopinavir (LOPSAQ), Atazanavir (ATSAQ) oder Fosamprenavir (FOSAQ) jeweils mit Saquinavir und einer Ritonavir Boosterung ohne NRTI Backbone, an HIV positiven Patienten, auf den Fettstoffwechsel zu untersuchen. Methode: Es handelt sich um eine vergleichende Kohorten-Analyse an 173 Patienten, welche jeweils eines der drei Regime als einzige antiretrovirale Therapie erhielten. Für alle Patienten wurde das Gesamt-Cholesterin und Triglyceride zur Baseline (dem Therapiebeginn) und dann über einen Beobachtungszeitraum von 48 Wochen in den Abständen von 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, 48 Wochen und einen follow up Wert analysiert. High-density-lipoprotein (HDL) und low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) wurden nur bei nüchtern Abnahmen gemessen. Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse: Das Alter der Patienten zur Baseline betrug im Median 42 Jahre, davon waren 139 (80,4%) männlich und der Zeitpunkt es Therapiebeginns lag 10,1 Jahre nach dem 1. HIV-positiven Test. 158 der Patienten war ART-erfahren und erhielten ein geboostertes Doppel-PI Regime aufgrund von Resistenzen und/oder Toxizität des vorhergegangenen Regimes. Unter diesen Patienten hatten 68 Patienten eine Therapiepause, 90 Patienten erhielten ein PI-sparendes Regime und 15 Patienten waren ART-naiv vor Therapiebeginn. Es bestanden keine signifikanten Unterschiede des Fettstoffwechsel zwischen den drei Gruppen. 26 der 173 Patienten hatten einen Lipidsenker erhalten (LOPSAQ n=20, ATSAQ n=4, FOSAQ n=2) und 7 ( 4%) der Patienten mussten während des Therapieregimes auf einen Fettsenker eingestellt werden. Das Gesamt-Cholesterin stieg über den Beobachtungszeitraum von 48 Wochen in allen drei Gruppen vom Baseline Wert zur Woche 48 signifikant an. Die Werte betrugen für LOPSAQ einen Anstieg von 166 mg/dl auf 213 mg/dl, für ATSAQ von 168 mg/dl auf 216 mg/dl und für FOSAQ von 161 mg/dl auf 235 mg/dl (LOPSAQ und ATSAQ p<0.01; FOSAQ p< 0,05, ITT-Analyse), Die Triglyceridwerte stiegen nur in der LOPSAQGruppe signifikant an (von 195 mg/dl auf 283 mg/dl; p<0.01), jedoch nicht für die anderen beiden Gruppen (ATSAQ: von 161 mg/dl auf 202 mg/dl, p=0.2; FOSAQ: von 130 mg/dl auf 220 mg/dl, p=0.6). HDL und LDL stiegen ebenfalls nur in der LOPSAQ-Gruppe signifikant von 34 mg/dl auf 45 mg/dl für HDL (p< 0,001) und von 93 mg/dl auf 127 mg/dl für LDL (p<0,001) an. In der ATSAQGruppe stiegen die Werte von 36 mg/dl auf 49 mg/dl (p= 0,23) für HDL und von 98 mg/dl auf 135 mg/dl (p=0,46) für LDL an. Zwischen den Therapiegruppen konnten keine signifikanten Unterscheide in der Qualität dargestellt werden. Diskussion und Schlussfolgerung: Für alle drei Therapieregime konnte ein Anstieg der Fettwerte zur Woche 48 dargestellt werden. In der LOPSAQ- und ATSAQ-Gruppe zeigte sich bezüglich der Cholesterin-Werte kein deutlich größerer Anstieg, als bei einer Therapie mit nur einem PI. Für die FOSAQ-Gruppe war dagegen ein deutlich stärkerer Anstieg der Cholesterin-Werte bemerkbar. Für die Triglycerid-Werte konnte in allen drei Therapieregimen ein deutlich höherer Anstieg im Vergleich zu Einzel-PI-Regimen beobachtet werden. Die HDL-Werte unterschieden sich in den beiden Gruppen (LOPSAQ und ATSAQ) kaum von denen eines Therapieregimes mit nur einem PI. Die LDL-Werte dagegen stiegen in beiden Gruppen im Vergleich zu einem Therapieregime mit nur einem PI verstärkt an. 4% der Patienten mussten wären des Beobachtungszeitraum auf einen Lipidsenker eigestellt werden. Aufgrund der erhöhten Fettwerte stieg das kardiovaskuläre Risiko der Patienten leicht an, das absolute kardiovaskuläre Risiko scheint aufgrund der Doppel-PI Therapie jedoch für die meisten HIV-infizierten Patienten nur gering erhöht zu sein. Davon sind jedoch Patienten ausgenommen, die noch weitere kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktoren vereinen.
Stammzellen aus dem Knochenmark werden seit Jahrzehnten gegen Blutkrebs eingesetzt. In der Zukunft sollen auch andere Krankheiten mit Stammzellen und therapeutischen Genen behandelt werden. Die an der Goethe-Universität geleisteten Vorarbeiten zeigen, dass der Standort wie kaum ein anderer geeignet ist, diese neuen und maßgeschneiderten Verfahren voran zubringen.
Introduction: Systemic inflammation (e.g. following surgery) involves Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling and leads to an endocrine stress response. This study aims to investigate a possible influence of TLR2 and TLR4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on perioperative adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol regulation in serum of cardiac surgical patients. To investigate the link to systemic inflammation in this context, we additionally measured 10 different cytokines in the serum. Methods: 338 patients admitted for elective cardiac surgery were included in this prospective observational clinical cohort study. Genomic DNA of patients was screened for TLR2 and TLR4 SNPs. Serum concentrations of ACTH, cortisol, interferon (IFN)-, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- and granulocyte macro-phage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were determined before surgery, immediately post surgery and on the first postoperative day. Results: 13 patients were identified as TLR2 SNP carrier, 51 as TLR4 SNP carrier and 274 pa-tients as non-carrier. Basal levels of ACTH, cortisol and cytokines did not differ between groups. In all three groups a significant, transient perioperative rise of cortisol could be ob-served. However, only in the non-carrier group this was accompanied by a significant ACTH rise, TLR4 SNP carriers had significant lower ACTH levels compared to non-carriers ((mean[95% confidence intervals]) non-carriers: 201.9[187.7 to 216.1]pg/ml; TLR4 SNP car-riers: 149.9[118.4 to 181.5]pg/ml; TLR2 SNP carriers: 176.4[110.5 to 242.3]pg/ml). Compared to non-carriers, TLR4 SNP carriers showed significant lower serum IL-8, IL-10 and GM-CSF peaks ((mean[95% confidence intervals]): IL-8: non-carriers: 42.6[36.7 to 48.5]pg/ml, TLR4 SNP carriers: 23.7[10.7 to 36.8]pg/ml; IL-10: non-carriers: 83.8[70.3 to 97.4]pg/ml, TLR4 SNP carriers: 54.2[24.1 to 84.2]pg/ml; GM-CSF: non-carriers: 33.0[27.8 to 38.3]pg/ml, TLR4 SNP carriers: 20.2[8.6 to 31.8]pg/ml). No significant changes over time or between the groups were found for the other cytokines. Conclusions: Regulation of the immunoendocrine stress response during systemic inflamma-tion is influenced by the presence of a TLR4 SNP. Cardiac surgical patients carrying this ge-notype showed decreased serum concentrations of ACTH, IL-8, IL-10 and GM-CSF. This finding might have impact on interpreting previous and designing future trials on diagnosing and modulating immunoendocrine dysregulation (e.g. adrenal insufficiency) during systemic inflammation and sepsis.
Adhesion and host cell modulation: critical pathogenicity determinants of Bartonella henselae
(2011)
Bartonella henselae, the agent of cat scratch disease and the vasculoproliferative disorders bacillary angiomatosis and peliosis hepatis, contains to date two groups of described pathogenicity factors: adhesins and type IV secretion systems. Bartonella adhesin A (BadA), the Trw system and possibly filamentous hemagglutinin act as promiscous or specific adhesins, whereas the virulence locus (Vir)B/VirD4 type IV secretion system modulates a variety of host cell functions. BadA mediates bacterial adherence to endothelial cells and extracellular matrix proteins and triggers the induction of angiogenic gene programming. The VirB/VirD4 type IV secretion system is responsible for, e.g., inhibition of host cell apoptosis, bacterial persistence in erythrocytes, and endothelial sprouting. The Trw-conjugation system of Bartonella spp. mediates host-specific adherence to erythrocytes. Filamentous hemagglutinins represent additional potential pathogenicity factors which are not yet characterized. The exact molecular functions of these pathogenicity factors and their contribution to an orchestral interplay need to be analyzed to understand B. henselae pathogenicity in detail.
TIM23-mediated insertion of transmembrane alpha-helices into the mitochondrial inner membrane
(2011)
While overall hydrophobicity is generally recognized as the main characteristic of transmembrane (TM) alpha-helices, the only membrane system for which there are detailed quantitative data on how different amino acids contribute to the overall efficiency of membrane insertion is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells. Here, we provide comparable data for TIM23-mediated membrane protein insertion into the inner mitochondrial membrane of yeast cells. We find that hydrophobicity and the location of polar and aromatic residues are strong determinants of membrane insertion. These results parallel what has been found previously for the ER. However, we see striking differences between the effects elicited by charged residues flanking the TM segments when comparing the mitochondrial inner membrane and the ER, pointing to an unanticipated difference between the two insertion systems. Keywords: CoxVa , membrane protein , Mgm1p , mitochondria , TIM23
Background: FTY720, an immunomodulator derived from a fungal metabolite which reduces circulating lymphocyte counts by increasing the homing of lymphocytes to the lymph nodes has recently gained interest in stroke research. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective efficacy of FTY720 in cerebral ischemia in two different application paradigms and to gather first data on the effect of FTY720 on the rate of spontaneous bacterial infections in experimental stroke. Methods: Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in C57BL/6 mice (strain J, groups of 10 animals) was performed with two different durations of ischemia (90 min and 3 h) and FTY720 was applied 2 h after vessel occlusion to study the impact of reperfusion on the protective potency of FTY720. Lesion size was determined by TTC staining. Mice treated with FTY720 or vehicle were sacrificed 48 h after 90 min MCAO to determine the bacterial burden in lung and blood. Results: FTY720 1 mg/kg significantly reduced ischemic lesion size when administered 2 h after the onset of MCAO for 3 h (45.4 +/- 22.7 mm3 vs. 84.7 +/- 23.6 mm3 in control mice, p = 0.001) and also when administered after reperfusion, 2 h after the onset of MCAO for 90 min (31.1 +/- 28.49 mm3 vs. 69.6 +/- 27.2 mm3 in control mice, p = 0.013). Bacterial burden of lung homogenates 48 h after stroke did not increase in the group treated with the immunomodulator FTY720 while there was no spontaneous bacteremia 48 h after MCAO in treated and untreated animals. Conclusions: Our results corroborate the experimental evidence of the protective effect of FTY720 seen in different rodent stroke models. Interestingly, we found no increase in bacterial lung infections even though FTY720 strongly reduces the number of circulating leukocytes.
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen dem schweren Heben oder Tragen von Lasten am Arbeitsplatz und dem Auftreten einer kernspintomografisch gesicherten Supraspinatussehnenruptur bei Männern. An der Studie nahmen 483 Fälle und 300 Kontrollen teil. Anhand eines standardisierten Interviews wurden die Probanden bezüglich der Belastungen durch das Heben oder Tragen von schweren Lasten befragt. Die Expositionsdauer wurde anhand der jeweiligen Angaben der Probanden hinsichtlich der Dauer der Lastenhandhabung für das gesamte Arbeitsleben erfasst. Zur Risikoabschätzung wurden mittels logistischer Regression Odds Ratios berechnet. Adjustiert wurde hierbei für Alter, Region, Arbeiten auf oder über Schulterniveau, Arbeiten mit handgeführten vibrierenden Werkzeugen, Geräteturnen, Ringen, Tennis, Kugelstoßen, Speer- und Hammerwerfen, da auch diese Faktoren das Auftreten einer Supraspinatussehnenruptur begünstigen. Es fand sich lediglich in der höchsten Belastungskategorie (mindestens 77 Stunden) mit einer Odds Ratio von 1,8 (95 % CI 1,0-3,2) ein nahezu signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen dem Heben oder Tragen von Lasten über 20 kg und dem Auftreten einer Supraspinatussehnenruptur. Die Werte in der niedrigen und mittleren Belastungskategorie waren hingegen statistisch nicht signifikant. Aufgrund dessen und aufgrund der geringen Belastungsdauer von mindestens 77 Stunden sind die Ergebnisse hinsichtlich des Hebens oder Tragens von Lasten mit Vorsicht zu betrachten. Hinweise auf einen kausalen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Heben oder Tragen von Lasten und dem Auftreten einerSupraspinatussehnenruptur gehen jedoch neben der erhöhten Odds Ratio in der höchsten Belastungskategorie auch aus der positiven Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung hervor, beruhend auf dem Anstieg der Odds Ratios mit zunehmender Expositionsdauer. Bereits schon in früher durchgeführten Studien ergaben sich vergleichbare Ergebnisse. Letztendlich konnten in der vorliegenden Arbeit lediglich diskrete rechnerische Hinweise auf einen kausalen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Heben oder Tragen von Lasten über 20 kg beobachtet werden. Für die Anerkennung einer Supraspinatussehnenruptur bedingt durch das schwere Heben oder Tragen von Lasten als Berufskrankheit sind somit noch weiter epidemiologische Studien erforderlich.
NK cells are part of the innate immune system, and are important players in the body’s first defence line against virus-infected and malignantly transformed cells. While T cells recognize neoplastic cells in an MHC-restricted fashion, NK cells do not require prior sensitization and education about the target. In leukemia and lymphoma patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation not only T cells but also NK cells have been found to mediate potent graft-versus-tumor effects. Hence, autologous or donor-derived NK cells hold great promise for cancer immunotherapy. Since the generation of highly purified NK cell products for clinical applications is labor-intensive and time consuming, established human NK cell lines such as NK-92 are also being considered for clinical protocols. NK-92 cells display phenotypic and functional characteristics similar to activated primary NK cells. While NK-92 cells are highly cytotoxic towards malignant cells of hematologic origin, they do not affect healthy human tissues. NK-92 cells can be expanded under GMP-compliant conditions, and can therefore be provided in sufficient numbers with defined phenotypic characteristics for clinical applications. Safety of NK-92 cells for adoptive immunotherapy was already shown in two phase I/II clinical trials...
Background: Although literature provides support for cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as an efficacious intervention for social phobia, more research is needed to improve treatments for children. Methods: Forty four Caucasian children (ages 8-14) meeting diagnostic criteria of social phobia according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; APA, 1994) were randomly allocated to either a newly developed CBT program focusing on cognition according to the model of Clark and Wells (n = 21) or a wait-list control group (n = 23). The primary outcome measure was clinical improvement. Secondary outcomes included improvements in anxiety coping, dysfunctional cognitions, interaction frequency and comorbid symptoms. Outcome measures included child report and clinican completed measures as well as a diagnostic interview. Results: Significant differences between treatment participants (4 dropouts) and controls (2 dropouts) were observed at post test on the German version of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children. Furthermore, in the treatment group, significantly more children were free of diagnosis than in wait-list group at post-test. Additional child completed and clinician completed measures support the results. Discussion: The study is a first step towards investigating whether CBT focusing on cognition is efficacious in treating children with social phobia. Future research will need to compare this treatment to an active treatment group. There remain the questions of whether the effect of the treatment is specific to the disorder and whether the underlying theoretical model is adequate. Conclusion: Preliminary support is provided for the efficacy of the cognitive behavioral treatment focusing on cognition in socially phobic children. Active comparators should be established with other evidence-based CBT programs for anxiety disorders, which differ significantly in their dosage and type of cognitive interventions from those of the manual under evaluation (e.g. Coping Cat).
Background: Although being considered as a rarely observed HIV-1 protease mutation in clinical isolates, the L76V-prevalence increased 1998-2008 in some European countries most likely due to the approval of Lopinavir, Amprenavir and Darunavir which can select L76V. Beside an enhancement of resistance, L76V is also discussed to confer hypersusceptibility to the drugs Atazanavir and Saquinavir which might enable new treatment strategies by trying to take advantage of particular mutations. Results: Based on a cohort of 47 L76V-positive patients, we examined if there might exist a clinical advantage for L76V-positive patients concerning long-term success of PI-containing regimens in patients with limited therapy options. Genotypic- and phenotypic HIV-resistance tests from 47 mostly multi-resistant, L76V-positive patients throughout Germany were accomplished retrospectively 1999-2009. Five genotype-based drug-susceptibility predictions received from online interpretation-tools for Atazanavir, Saquinavir, Amprenavir and Lopinavir, were compared to phenotype-based predictions that were determined by using a recombinant virus assay along with a Virtual Phenotype™(Virco). The clinical outcome of the L76V-adapted follow-up therapy was determined by monitoring viral load for 96 weeks. Conclusions: In this analysis, the mostly used interpretation systems overestimated the L76V-mutation concerning Atazanavir- and SQV resistance. In fact, a clear benefit in drug susceptibility for these drugs was observed in phenotype analysis after establishment of L76V. More importantly, long-term therapy success was significantly higher in patients receiving Atazanavir and/or Saquinavir plus one L76V-selecting drug compared to patients without L76V-selecting agents (p = 0.002). In case of L76V-occurrence ATV and/or SQV may represent encouraging options for patients in deep salvage situations.
Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) of complex infected wounds has recently gained popularity among various surgical specialties. The system is based on the application of negative pressure by controlled suction to the wound surface. The effectiveness of the VAC System on microcirculation and the promotion of granulation tissue proliferation are proved. In our case report we illustrate a scenario were a patient developed severe bleeding from the ascending aorta by penetration of wire fragments in the vessel. We conclude that all free particles in the sternum have to be removed completely before negative pressure is used.
Die Geburt eines Kindes gilt als eines der „major life events“ im Leben eines Menschen. Die Zeit um die Geburt und insbesondere das Wochenbett ist dadurch eine dramatische Umbruchzeit im Leben der Mutter. Etliche Arbeiten konnten belegen, dass diese Zeit, obgleich im soziokulturellen Kontext durchweg positiv besetzt, eine Phase erhöhter psychischer Vulnerabilität im Leben von Frauen ist. Diese Vulnerabilität führt zu einer erhöhten Inzidenz mehrerer psychischer Erkrankungen im Wochenbett. Eine herausragende Rolle nimmt unter diesen die postpartale Depression, umgangssprachlich auch „Wochenbettdepression“ genannt, ein. Mehrere Arbeiten haben ergeben, dass die Prävalenz einer postpartalen Depression um 10% aller Mütter im Wochenbett zu verorten ist. Bezüglich der Ursachen und der Pathogenese der postpartalen Depression gibt es mehrere Hypothesen. So wurden soziodemographische genauso wie neurobiologische Ursachen erforscht. Insgesamt besteht aber immer noch Bedarf an einem umfassenden, integrativen Konzept der Ätiopathogenese postpartaler Depression, dass verschiedene Faktoren zusammen fasst und gewichtet. Insbesondere fehlen bislang Untersuchungen zur Rolle der Persönlichkeit der Mutter bezüglich postpartaler psychischer Vulnerabilität und in der Entstehung postpartaler Depression. Um Erkenntnisse zur Persönlichkeitsstruktur von Müttern im Wochenbett zu gewinnen und den Einfluss von Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen auf die Entstehung einer postpartalen Depression zu erkennen, wurde dieser Arbeit das „fünf-Faktoren-Modell“ als allgemein etabliertes dimensionales Persönlichkeitsmodell zugrunde gelegt. Insgesamt wurden N = 130 Mütter im Wochenbett über einen Zeitraum von einem Tag post partum bis sechs Wochen post partum untersucht. Die Persönlichkeitsanalyse nach dem „fünf-Faktoren-Modell“ erfolgte dabei mittels des Persönlichkeitstest NEO-FFI. Depressivität wurde mittels den Depressivitätstest BDI (Beck Depression Inventory) und EPDS (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) gemessen und in klinischen Interviews bestätigt. Daneben wurden die gynäkologisch-geburtshilfliche und die psychosomatische Anamnese der Mütter erhoben und ausgewertet. Insgesamt fand sich bei N = 16 der insgesamt N = 130 untersuchten Müttern eine postpartale Depression. Dies entspricht einem Anteil von 12,3%. Überraschender Weise zeigte sich, dass die untersuchten Mütter in ihrer Gesamtheit bezüglich der Ausprägung der Faktoren des verwendeten Persönlichkeitstests signifikant von der allgemeinen Normierungsstichprobe abweichen. Die Abweichung findet sich in der getrennten Auswertung von postpartal depressiven und gesunden Müttern vor allem in letzterer Gruppe; postpartal depressive Mütter zeigten keine signifikante Abweichung zur Normstichprobe. Im Vergleich beider Gruppen untereinander zeigten sich Unterschiede in der Ausprägung der Persönlichkeitsfaktoren Neurotizismus und Extraversion. Mütter mit postpartaler Depression wiesen im Mittel mehr Neurotizismus und weniger Extraversion auf. Gesteigerter Neurotizismus und verminderte Extraversion sind mehrfach als Vulnerabilitätsfaktor für psychische Erkrankungen, auch affektive Erkrankungen, beschrieben worden. Darüber hinaus zeigten sich auch signifikante Korrelationen beider Faktoren mit der Ausprägung depressiver Symptomatik in den Depressivitätstests BDI und EPDS. Neurotizismus war mit den Punktescores dieser Tests positiv, Extraversion hingegen negativ korreliert. Eine wesentliche Beeinflussung durch die soziale oder gynäkologisch-geburtshilfliche Anamnese ließ sich nicht erkennen. In der Zusammenschau der Ergebnisse stellt sich zunächst die Frage nach der Stabilität der NEO- Faktoren bzw. deren Beeinflussbarkeit durch major life events. Für den praktischen Gebrauch im Wochenbett und die weitere Erforschung des Einflusses von Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen auf die Entstehung postpartaler Depression ist zunächst die Normierung des NEO-Fünf-Faktoren-Inventars für Mütter im Wochenbett zu fordern. Die gefundenen Abweichungen in der Ausprägung von Neurotizismus und Extraversion bei postpartaler Depression sowie deren Korrelation mit den Depressivitätstests (BDI und EPDS) zeigen eine –wenn auch unspezifische- Vulnerabilität für postpartale Depression an. Folgende Untersuchungen sollten, auch unter Einbeziehung anderer dimensionaler Persönlichkeitsmodelle, darstellen, in wie weit bestimmte, spezifische Persönlichkeitsmerkmale als prädisponierend für postpartale Depression angesehen werden können.
Background: Many cancer patients seek homeopathy as a complementary therapy. It has rarely been studied systematically, whether homeopathic care is of benefit for cancer patients. Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study with cancer patients in two differently treated cohorts: one cohort with patients under complementary homeopathic treatment (HG; n=259), and one cohort with conventionally treated cancer patients (CG; n=380). For a direct comparison, matched pairs with patients of the same tumour entity and comparable prognosis were to be formed. Main outcome parameter: change of quality of life (FACT-G, FACIT-Sp) after 3 months. Secondary outcome parameters: change of quality of life (FACT-G, FACIT-Sp) after a year, as well as impairment by fatigue (MFI) and by anxiety and depression (HADS). Results: HG: FACT-G, or FACIT-Sp, respectively improved statistically significantly in the first three months, from 75.6 (SD 14.6) to 81.1 (SD 16.9), or from 32.1 (SD 8.2) to 34.9 (SD 8.32), respectively. After 12 months, a further increase to 84.1 (SD 15.5) or 35.2 (SD 8.6) was found. Fatigue (MFI) decreased; anxiety and depression (HADS) did not change. CG: FACT-G remained constant in the first three months: 75.3 (SD 17.3) at t0, and 76.6 (SD 16.6) at t1. After 12 months, there was a slight increase to 78.9 (SD 18.1). FACIT-Sp scores improved significantly from t0 (31.0 - SD 8.9) to t1 (32.1 - SD 8.9) and declined again after a year (31.6 - SD 9.4). For fatigue, anxiety, and depression, no relevant changes were found. 120 patients of HG and 206 patients of CG met our criteria for matched-pairs selection. Due to large differences between the two patient populations, however, only 11 matched pairs could be formed. This is not sufficient for a comparative study. Conclusion: In our prospective study, we observed an improvement of quality of life as well as a tendency of fatigue symptoms to decrease in cancer patients under complementary homeopathic treatment. It would take considerably larger samples to find matched pairs suitable for comparison in order to establish a definite causal relation between these effects and homeopathic treatment.