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Since the publication of Nikolas Rose’s ‘The Politics of Life Itself’ (2001) there has been vivid discussion about how biopolitical governance has changed over the last decades. This article uses what Rose terms ‘molecular politics’, a new socio-technical grip on the human body, as a contrasting background to ask anew his question ‘What, then, of biopolitics today?’ – albeit focusing not on advances in genetics, microbiology, and pharmaceutics, as he does, but on the rapid proliferation of wearables and other sensor-software gadgets. In both cases, new technologies providing information about the individual body are the common ground for governance and optimization, yet for the latter, the target is habits of moving, eating and drinking, sleeping, working and relaxing. The resulting profound differences are carved out along four lines: ‘somatic identities’ and a modified understanding of the body; the role of ‘expert knowledge’ compared to that of networks of peers and self-experimentation; the ‘types of intervention’ by which new technologies become effective in our everyday life; and the ‘post-discipline character’ of molecular biopolitics. It is argued that, taken together, these differences indicate a remarkable shift which could be termed aretaic: its focus is not ‘life itself’ but ‘life as it is lived’, and its modality are new everyday socio-technical entanglements and their more-than-human rationalities of (self-)governance.
A non-fundamentalist return to origin: the new Islamic reformers’ methodology of (re)interpretation
(2020)
Focusing on some contemporary Islamic reformers’ solutions, in particular, Abolkarim Soroush, Mohsen Kadivar, and Fazlur Rahman, to concrete issues in Muslim societies, this article examines two different methodological strategies of alternative readings of the Sunna: an archeological one and a genealogical one. In the archeological perspective, the holy text has been considered as a repository of answers to all sorts of questions. Through a pathological analysis, this view suggests solutions to correct distortions and looks for new windows seeking an original interpretation of the Qur’an. The genealogical view, on the other hand, puts aside this pathology and instead insists on the idea of the contingency of any interpretation. Regardless of accuracy and validity, according to the genealogical view, all interpretations have addressed temporal and contextual questions. What is important in this perspective is not returning to an original source for finding the exact message of Allah, or correcting previous interpretations, but recurrently referring to an open-ended text in order to explore the futures of the Qur’an.
Introduction: Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by recurrent episodes of depression and mania and affects up to 2% of the population worldwide. Patients suffering from bipolar disorder have a reduced life expectancy of up to 10 years. The increased mortality might be due to a higher rate of somatic diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases. There is however also evidence for an increased rate of diabetes mellitus in BD, but the reported prevalence rates vary by large.
Material and Methods: 85 bipolar disorder patients were recruited in the framework of the BiDi study (Prevalence and clinical features of patients with Bipolar Disorder at High Risk for Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), at prediabetic state and with manifest T2D) in Dresden and Würzburg. T2D and prediabetes were diagnosed measuring HBA1c and an oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT), which at present is the gold standard in diagnosing T2D. The BD sample was compared to an age-, sex- and BMI-matched control population (n = 850) from the Study of Health in Pomerania cohort (SHIP Trend Cohort).
Results: Patients suffering from BD had a T2D prevalence of 7%, which was not significantly different from the control group (6%). Fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance were, contrary to our hypothesis, more often pathological in controls than in BD patients. Nondiabetic and diabetic bipolar patients significantly differed in age, BMI, number of depressive episodes, and disease duration.
Discussion: When controlled for BMI, in our study there was no significantly increased rate of T2D in BD. We thus suggest that overweight and obesity might be mediating the association between BD and diabetes. Underlying causes could be shared risk genes, medication effects, and lifestyle factors associated with depressive episodes. As the latter two can be modified, attention should be paid to weight changes in BD by monitoring and taking adequate measures to prevent the alarming loss of life years in BD patients.
Introduction: Affective disorders are a major global burden, with approximately 15% of people worldwide suffering from some form of affective disorder. In patients experiencing their first depressive episode, in most cases it cannot be distinguished whether this is due to bipolar disorder (BD) or major depressive disorder (MDD). Valid fluid biomarkers able to discriminate between the two disorders in a clinical setting are not yet available.
Material and Methods: Seventy depressed patients suffering from BD (bipolar I and II subtypes) and 42 patients with major MDD were recruited and blood samples were taken for proteomic analyses after 8 h fasting. Proteomic profiles were analyzed using the Multiplex Immunoassay platform from Myriad Rules Based Medicine (Myriad RBM; Austin, Texas, USA). Human DiscoveryMAPTM was used to measure the concentration of various proteins, peptides, and small molecules. A multivariate predictive model was consequently constructed to differentiate between BD and MDD.
Results: Based on the various proteomic profiles, the algorithm could discriminate depressed BD patients from MDD patients with an accuracy of 67%.
Discussion: The results of this preliminary study suggest that future discrimination between bipolar and unipolar depression in a single case could be possible, using predictive biomarker models based on blood proteomic profiling.
With increasing importance of organizational effectivity and efficiency measures like Balanced Scorecard and optimization of employee work behavior to achieve higher organizational efficiency, Human Resource activities concerning leadership development and academic leadership research are growing. Throughout the course of the twentieth century, a multitude of empirical studies show primarily positive relationships between different constructs of leadership models and desirable variables of organizational behavior. It becomes apparent, though, that in academic research the selection of analyzed leadership models and their consequences is very heterogeneous. This Master Thesis has the objective to contribute to Leadership Research by applying a comparative empirical study in the–until today–often neglected study population of in-house and sales personnel within the pharmaceutical industry. For this purpose, an online employee survey with N = 137 participants from a leading pharmaceutical company in Germany was conducted. Based on contemporary leadership theory, a range of Hypotheses regarding consequences of modern leadership models is empirically tested. The results of the study reconfirm Identification with Manager, Trust & Loyalty and Employee Satisfaction as consequences of Authentic as well as Transformational leadership. Work context as in-house vs. sales setting shows moderating effects on some of the leadership-consequences relationships. As the research involves multiple structurally different variables as well as constructs and compares feedback of different study populations, tangible management implications to boost desirable work attitudes and behaviors can be derived and appropriately adapted to match the respective work context. Ramifications for future scientific research are also presented.
Hintergrund: Das genaue Wissen um die Umstände eines jeden tödlichen Arbeitsunfalls ist Voraussetzung für die Identifizierung von Unfallschwerpunkten und ermöglicht eine effektive Präventionsarbeit. Mit dieser rechtsmedizinischen Studie zum Arbeitsunfallgeschehen soll ein Beitrag dazu geleistet werden, die Zahl tödlicher Arbeitsunfälle in Deutschland zu senken.
Material und Methode: Zur Untersuchung kamen die tödlichen Arbeitsunfälle, die sich im Einzugsbereich des rechtsmedizinischen Instituts Frankfurt am Main in den Jahren von 2005 bis 2016 ereigneten. Ausgewertet wurden Obduktionsprotokolle sowie die dem Institut zur Verfügung gestellten staatsanwaltschaftlichen Ermittlungsakten.
Ergebnisse: Es fanden sich 87 tödliche Arbeitsunfälle in dem genannten Zwölfjahreszeitraum. Die Altersstruktur reichte vom jugendlichen Alter bis in das Rentenalter. Betroffen waren zum größten Teil männliche Arbeiter (96,6 %, p < 0,0001), verhältnismäßig häufig ausländischer Nationalität (34,5 %). Die meisten Unfälle ereigneten sich in der 2. Jahreshälfte (58,6 %), an Montagen (26,4 %), kurz vor und nach der Mittagspause. In 3 Fällen lag die Blutalkoholkonzentration über 0,5‰. Die Baubranche (55,2 %) war der unfallträchtigste Wirtschaftszweig. Der Absturz (28,7 %) war der häufigste Unfallmechanismus und das Polytrauma (39,1 %) gemeinsam mit dem Schädel-Hirn-Trauma (24,1 %) gemäß dem ISS die häufigste Todesursache.
Diskussion: Nach den Ergebnissen dieser Studie sollten Alter der Arbeiter sowie die Tages‑, Wochen- und Jahreszeit bei der Ausführung risikoreicher Arbeiten im Baugewerbe berücksichtigt werden. Besonderes Augenmerk sollten Arbeitgeber auf die Kontrolle von Sicherheitsvorkehrungen bei Arbeiten in der Höhe sowie auf die Durchsetzung der Helmpflicht gerade auch bei ausländischen Arbeitnehmern legen.
In der Krise sind wir um einiges fremdbestimmter und befolgen die unterschiedlichsten neuen Regeln; die Museen sind geschlossen und mit ihren Werken können wir uns nur aus der Ferne auseinandersetzen. Line Kroms Arbeiten geben die Möglichkeit, Strukturen und Abläufe, in denen wir leben, zu hinterfragen.
This Policy Letter presents a proposal for designing a program of government assistance for firms hurt by the Coronavirus crisis in the European Union (EU). In our recent Policy Letter 81, we introduced a new, equity-type instrument, a cash-against-tax surcharge scheme, bundled across firms and countries in a European Pandemic Equity Fund (EPEF). The present Policy Letter 84 focuses on the principles and conditions relevant for the operationalization of a EPEF. Our proposal has several desirable features. It: a) offers better risk sharing opportunities, augmenting the resilience of businesses and EU economies; b) is need-based, thereby contributing to an effective use of resources; c) builds on conditions and credible controls, addressing adverse selection and moral hazard; d) is accessible to smaller and medium-sized firms, the backbone of Europe’s economy; e) applies Europe-wide uniform eligibility criteria, strengthening support among member states; f) is a scheme of limited duration, reducing (perceived) government interference in businesses; g) creates a template for a growth-oriented public policy, aligning public and private sector interests; and h) builds on the existing institutional infrastructure and requires minimal legislative adjustments.
Einen Überblick über neueste Forschungsergebnisse der Wissenschaftler am IMFS, Berichte von Konferenzen und Vorträgen sowie ausführliche Informationen zum derzeit größten Forschungsprojekt Macroeconomic Modeling and Comparison Initiative (MMCI) bietet der IMFS-Jahresbericht 2019, der jetzt veröffentlicht ist. Darüber hinaus gibt IMFS-Professor Michael Haliassos im Interview einen Einblick in seine Arbeit zum Finanzverhalten der privaten Haushalte und die ehemaligen Mitarbeiter Philipp Lieberknecht und Felix Strobel berichten, wie sie im Berufsleben auf ihrer Forschung am IMFS aufbauen können.
Auf rund 100 Seiten zeigt der Bericht die Highlights des Jahres, alle Mitarbeiter sowie die Projekte, Publikationen sowie die Veranstaltungen des IMFS, darunter „The ECB and Its Watchers“ zu finden. Der Jahresbericht ist auf Englisch erschienen und steht im PDF-Format zur Verfügung.
Inappropriate land management leads to soil loss with destruction of the land’s resource and sediment input into the receiving river. Part of the sediment budget of a catchment is the estimation of soil loss. In the Ruzizi catchment in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), only limited research has been conducted on soil loss mainly dealing with local observations on geomorphological forms or river load measurements; a regional quantification of soil loss is missing so far. Such quantifications can be calculated using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). It is composed of four factors: precipitation (R), soil (K), topography (LS), and vegetation cover (C). The factors can be calculated in different ways according to the characteristics of the study area. In this paper, different approaches for calculating the single factors are reviewed and validated with field work in two sub-catchments of Ruzizi River supplying the water for the reservoirs of Ruzizi I and II hydroelectric dams. It became obvious that the (R)USLE model provides the best results with revised R and LS factors. C factor calculations required to conduct a supervised classification using the Maximum Likelihood Procedure. Different C factor values were assigned to the land cover classes. The calculations resulted in a soil loss rate for the predominantly occurring Ferralsols and Leptosols of around 576 kt/yr in both catchments, when 2016 landcover and precipitation are used. This represents an area-normalized value of 40.4 t/ha/yr for Ruzizi I and 50.5 t/ha/yr for Ruzizi II due to different landcover in the two sub-catchments. The mean value for the whole study area is 47.8 t/ha/yr or even 27.1 t/ha/yr when considering land management techniques like terracing on the slopes (P factor). This work has shown that the (R)USLE model can serve as an easy to handle tool for soil loss quantification when comprehensive field work results are sparse. The model can be implemented in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with free data; hence, a validation is crucial. It becomes apparent that the use of high resolution Sentinel 2a MSI data as the basis for C factor calculations is an appropriate method for considering heterogeneous Land Use Land Cover (LULC) patterns. To transfer the approach to other regions, the calculation of factor R needs to be modified
Der Mensch ist ein emotionales Tier: Gefühle beeinflussen jedes menschliche Verhalten – auch jenes von Wissenschaftler/innen. Meist wird diese Emotionalität im Dienst wissenschaftlicher Objektivität vermieden oder unterdrückt. Dabei hat sie entscheidenden Anteil an Erkenntnisprozessen sowohl in der Generierung von Daten als auch in deren Interpretation und in der Präsentation von Wissensbeständen. Dies gilt ganz besonders für die Primatologie, gerade dort, wo mit unseren nächsten Artverwandten, den anderen Affen, im Feld geforscht wird. Primatologische Erkenntnisse wiederum affizieren ein großes Publikum und können deswegen leicht popularisiert werden. - Diese Open-Access-Publikation untersucht anhand primatologischer Forschungsmemoiren die Form und Funktion von Emotionen, Affekten und Gefühlen in der Feldforschung, die Affektpoetik und Emotionsregime der Primatologie sowie die Rolle, welche Fiktionen für die Reflexion des Verhältnisses von Mensch, Affe und Affekt spielen. Sie stellt damit die Frage nach der Rolle von Emotionalität in der Primatologie als Frage nach den epistemischen, poetologischen und politischen Grundlagen einer gegenwärtigen Leitwissenschaft der Anthropologie.
Use banks the right way
(2020)
Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is a rare, chronic form of obstructive lung disease, often initiated with injury of the bronchiolar epithelium followed by an inflammatory response and progressive fibrosis of small airways resulting in nonuniform luminal obliteration or narrowing. The term BO comprises a group of diseases with different underlying etiologies, courses, and characteristics. Among the better recognized inciting stimuli leading to BO are airway pathogens such as adenovirus and mycoplasma, which, in a small percentage of infected children, will result in progressive fixed airflow obstruction, an entity referred to as postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO). The present knowledge on BO in general is reasonably well developed, in part because of the relatively high incidence in patients who have undergone lung transplantation or bone marrow transplant recipients who have had graft-versus-host disease in the posttransplant period. The cellular and molecular pathways involved in PIBO, while assumed to be similar, have not been adequately elucidated. Since 2016, an international consortium of experts with an interest in PIBO assembles on a regular basis in Geisenheim, Germany, to discuss key areas in PIBO which include diagnostic workup, treatment strategies, and research fields.
Leider geschlossen! Theater spielt sich normalerweise auf der Bühne und im besten Fall vor ausverkauftem Haus ab. Da gerade nichts normal ist und die Spielstätten geschlossen sind, versuchen viele Schauspielhäuser ihren kulturellen Beitrag online zu leisten. Ein kurzer Einblick in digitale Wege der Schauspielkunst zu Krisenzeiten.
Our study is the first to objectively assess sleep and sleep-related respiration in orchestra musicians. We hypothesized low sleep quality due to high work demands and irregular work-sleep schedules, and a better respiration for wind instrument (WI) players than string instrument (SI) players due to habitual upper airway muscles training. We recorded overnight polysomnography with 29 professional orchestra musicians (21 men, 14 WI/ 15 SI). The musicians presented a sleep efficiency of 88% (IQR 82–92%) with WI having a significant higher sleep efficiency than SI (89%, 85–93% vs. 85%, 74–89%; p = 0.029). The group had a total sleep time around 6 hours (377min, 340-421min) with signs of increased NREM 1 (light sleep) and decreased REM (dream sleep). The musicians displayed an apnea-hypopnea-index of 2.1events/hour (0.7–5.5) and an oxygen saturation of 98% (97–100%). While SI player exhibited declining sleep-related respiration with age (breathing events: r = 0.774, p = 0.001, oxygen: r = -0.647, p = 0.009), WI player showed improved respiration with age (breathing events: r = -0.548, p = 0.043; oxygen: r = 0.610, p = 0.020). Our study is the first objective investigation of sleep pattern and respiration during sleep with overnight polysomnography in professional orchestra musicians. While sleep and respiration were unexpectedly good, our results revealed possible signs of sleep deprivation and an interesting age-related pattern on respiration depending on instrument. While sample size was small and results modest, these findings present first objective evidence towards the assumption that habitual playing of a WI–and training of the upper airway muscles–may have a protective effect on respiration.
Serum levels of bone sialoprotein correlate with portal pressure in patients with liver cirrhosis
(2020)
Liver cirrhosis represents the common end-stage of chronic liver diseases regardless of its etiology. Patients with compensated disease are mostly asymptomatic, however, progression to a decompensated disease stage is common. The available stratification strategies are often unsuitable to identify patients with a higher risk for disease progression and a limited prognosis. SIBLINGs, soluble glycophosphoproteins, are secreted into the blood by immune-cells. While osteopontin, the most prominent member of the SIBLINGs family, has been repeatedly associated with liver cirrhosis, data on the diagnostic and/or prognostic value of bone sialoprotein (BSP) are scarce and partly inconclusive. In this study, we analyzed the diagnostic and prognostic potential of circulating BSP in comparison to other standard laboratory markers in a large cohort of patients with liver cirrhosis receiving transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). Serum levels of BSP were similar in patients with different disease stages and were not indicative for prognosis. Interestingly, BSP serum levels did correlate inversely with portal pressure, as well as its surrogates such as platelet count, the portal vein cross-sectional area and correlated positively with the portal venous velocity. In summary, our data highlight that BSP might represent a previously unrecognized marker for portal hypertension in patients with liver cirrhosis.