Universitätspublikationen
Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (1534)
- Preprint (951)
- Doctoral Thesis (377)
- Conference Proceeding (227)
- Bachelor Thesis (74)
- Master's Thesis (61)
- Contribution to a Periodical (46)
- Book (29)
- Part of Periodical (27)
- Diploma Thesis (22)
Keywords
- Heavy Ion Experiments (20)
- BESIII (15)
- LHC (15)
- Hadron-Hadron Scattering (11)
- Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments) (11)
- Heavy-ion collisions (10)
- Relativistic heavy-ion collisions (10)
- e +-e − Experiments (10)
- ALICE (9)
- Branching fraction (9)
- Heavy-ion collision (8)
- QCD (8)
- Black holes (7)
- Equation of state (7)
- Lattice QCD (7)
- Particle and Resonance Production (7)
- QCD phase diagram (7)
- HADES (6)
- Ionenstrahl (6)
- Quark-Gluon Plasma (6)
- Quarkonium (6)
- equation of state (6)
- focused electron beam induced deposition (6)
- Charmonium (5)
- Collective Flow (5)
- Electronic properties and materials (5)
- Hadronic decays (5)
- Jets (5)
- Magnetic properties and materials (5)
- Quantum chromodynamics (5)
- RHIC (5)
- Strahldynamik (5)
- Teilchenbeschleuniger (5)
- Toroidales Magnetfeld (5)
- density functional theory (5)
- heavy-ion collisions (5)
- radiation-induced nanostructures (5)
- ALICE experiment (4)
- Atomic and molecular interactions with photons (4)
- Beschleunigerphysik (4)
- Branching fractions (4)
- CBM (4)
- Charm physics (4)
- Charmed mesons (4)
- Cryoelectron microscopy (4)
- Dyson–Schwinger equations (4)
- Electroweak interaction (4)
- FAIR (4)
- FEBID (4)
- Fluctuations (4)
- Gross-Neveu model (4)
- Heavy Ion Collisions (4)
- Heavy Ions (4)
- Lepton colliders (4)
- Monte-Carlo-Simulation (4)
- Nuclear reactions (4)
- Particle and resonance production (4)
- Phase transitions and critical phenomena (4)
- Polarization (4)
- QCD equation of state (4)
- Quark-gluon plasma (4)
- Quasi-free scattering (4)
- RFQ (4)
- Spectroscopy (4)
- inhomogeneous phases (4)
- mean-field (4)
- phase diagram (4)
- phase transition (4)
- quark-gluon plasma (4)
- stability analysis (4)
- synaptic plasticity (4)
- Beschleuniger (3)
- Charm Physics (3)
- Compact stars (3)
- Cross section (3)
- D-wave (3)
- Emittanz (3)
- Energy system design (3)
- Exotics (3)
- Experimental nuclear physics (3)
- Experimental particle physics (3)
- Extra dimensions (3)
- FOS: Physical sciences (3)
- Fisher information (3)
- Flow (3)
- Gabor lens (3)
- General relativity (3)
- Guided waves (3)
- HBT (3)
- Heavy ion collisions (3)
- Hebbian learning (3)
- I-wave (3)
- Initial state radiation (3)
- Inverse kinematics (3)
- Jets and Jet Substructure (3)
- Magnetic field (3)
- Neutron star (3)
- Neutron stars (3)
- Nonperturbative methods (3)
- Nuclear Physics (3)
- Particle decays (3)
- Phase Diagram of QCD (3)
- Physics (3)
- Proteins (3)
- Proton (3)
- Quantum field theory (3)
- Quantum gravity (3)
- Quark-Gluon-Plasma (3)
- Quark–gluon plasma (3)
- Radiative capture (3)
- Relativistic kinetic theory (3)
- Schwerionenphysik (3)
- Spectroscopic factors (3)
- Speicherring (3)
- Strangeness (3)
- Superconducting properties and materials (3)
- beam dynamics (3)
- brain stimulation (3)
- compartmental neuron model (3)
- computational model (3)
- correlated electrons (3)
- cosmological constant (3)
- dark energy (3)
- deep learning (3)
- detector (3)
- e+-e− Experiments (3)
- elliptic flow (3)
- game theory (3)
- gravitational waves (3)
- heavy ion collisions (3)
- heavy ions (3)
- hyperons (3)
- lattice QCD (3)
- moat regime (3)
- motor cortex (3)
- multi-scale modeling (3)
- neutron stars (3)
- objective functions (3)
- pp collisions (3)
- quantum chromodynamics (3)
- relativistic heavy-ion collisions (3)
- strangeness (3)
- terahertz (3)
- transcranial magnetic stimulation (3)
- transport theory (3)
- two-point function (3)
- wave-function renormalization (3)
- α-RuCl3 (3)
- 3D printing (2)
- Accelerators & Beams (2)
- Activation (2)
- AdS-CFT Correspondence (2)
- Atomic and Molecular Physics (2)
- Atomic, Molecular & Optical (2)
- Beauty production (2)
- Bethe–Salpeter equation (2)
- Bhabha (2)
- Biochemistry (2)
- Biophysics (2)
- Biophysics and structural biology (2)
- Black hole (2)
- Boltzmann equation (2)
- CBM Experiment (2)
- CBM experiment (2)
- Casimir effect (2)
- Chemical physics (2)
- Chiral phase transition (2)
- Chiral symmetry (2)
- Chiral symmetry restoration (2)
- Color superconductivity (2)
- Complex networks (2)
- Computersimulation (2)
- Conformal Field Theory (2)
- Conserved charge fluctuations (2)
- Control System (2)
- Cryo-electron microscopy (2)
- Datenanalyse (2)
- Detector (2)
- Diffusion (2)
- Dileptonen (2)
- Dissertation (2)
- Doku Mittelstufe (2)
- Dynamical chiral symmetry breaking (2)
- EPICS (2)
- Electromagnetic probes (2)
- Electronic structure of atoms and molecules (2)
- Electroweak Interaction (2)
- Elliptic flow (2)
- Event-by-event fluctuations (2)
- FRANZ (2)
- FRANZ-Projekt (2)
- Finite temperature field theory (2)
- Functional Renormalization Group (2)
- Functional renormalization group (2)
- GSI (2)
- Gabor-Linse (2)
- Gammaspektroskopie (2)
- Gauge-gravity correspondence (2)
- Gravitational waves (2)
- Hadron (2)
- Hadron-hadron interactions (2)
- Hadronic cross section (2)
- Heavy Ion Phenomenology (2)
- Heavy Quark Production (2)
- Heavy baryons (2)
- Heavy flavor (2)
- Heavy-flavour production (2)
- Heavy-ion (2)
- Heavy-ion Collisions (2)
- Hubbard model (2)
- Hybrid mesons (2)
- Hypernuclei (2)
- Hyperons (2)
- Injektionssystem (2)
- Ionenbeschleuniger (2)
- Kaons (2)
- Kernmaterie (2)
- Ladder-RFQ (2)
- Large-scale integration of renewable power generation (2)
- Laser-produced plasmas (2)
- Lattice Quantum Field Theory (2)
- Lattice field theory (2)
- Learning (2)
- Lepton-Nucleon Scattering (experiments) (2)
- Leptonic, semileptonic & radiative decays (2)
- MAPS (2)
- Minimal length (2)
- Molekulardynamik (2)
- Monte Carlo simulations (2)
- Muon anomaly (2)
- NA61/SHINE (2)
- Nanoscale materials (2)
- Neuronales Netz (2)
- Neutron Star (2)
- Nuclear astrophysics (2)
- Nuclear matter (2)
- Nuclear modification factor (2)
- Nuclear resonance fluorescence (2)
- Nucleon induced nuclear reactions (2)
- Nucleus–nucleus collisions (2)
- Nukleosynthese (2)
- Numerical Relativity (2)
- PELDOR/DEER spectroscopy (2)
- Particle Accelerator (2)
- Particle Correlations and Fluctuations (2)
- Particle correlations and fluctuations (2)
- Pb–Pb collisions (2)
- Phase transitions (2)
- Physik (2)
- Pion form factor (2)
- Plasma Physics (2)
- Plasma-based accelerators (2)
- Protonenstrahl (2)
- QCD Phenomenology (2)
- QCD phase transition (2)
- QGP (2)
- Quantenchromodynamik (2)
- Quark deconfinement (2)
- Radio Frequenz Quadrupol (2)
- Rapid rotation (2)
- Research article (2)
- SARS-CoV-2 (2)
- Shear viscosity (2)
- Shell model (2)
- Simulation (2)
- Single electrons (2)
- Single-particle states (2)
- Spectral functions (2)
- Spurselektion (2)
- Strahlprofil (2)
- Strahltransport (2)
- Strong interaction (2)
- Synaptic plasticity (2)
- Synchrotron (2)
- TeraFET (2)
- Transport properties (2)
- Two-dimensional materials (2)
- Ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions (2)
- Vertex Detector (2)
- Zustandsgleichung (2)
- additive manufacturing (2)
- anisotropic azimuthal correlation (2)
- artificial intelligence (2)
- asymptotic giant branch stars (2)
- atomic force microscopy (2)
- binary neutron star merger (2)
- binary neutron star mergers (2)
- black holes (2)
- bulk viscosity (2)
- chemically peculiar stars (2)
- chiral symmetry (2)
- chiral symmetry restoration (2)
- circuit analysis (2)
- circumstellar dust (2)
- composite structures (2)
- conformational dynamics (2)
- correlation functions (2)
- correlations (2)
- dileptons (2)
- directed flow (2)
- disorder (2)
- electron beam induced deposition (2)
- electronic band structure (2)
- electronic transport (2)
- energy system design (2)
- energy transduction (2)
- generating functionals (2)
- global jets (2)
- granular metals (2)
- gravitational wave (2)
- hadron gas (2)
- heavy ion physics (2)
- helical magnetic fields (2)
- heterostructures (2)
- high energy physics (2)
- homeostatic adaption (2)
- hot spots (2)
- hydrodynamics (2)
- in-Medium Modifikation (2)
- inflation (2)
- initial state (2)
- injection (2)
- kink-like instability (2)
- lattice (2)
- magnetic fields (2)
- magnetic frustration (2)
- mathematical and relativistic aspects of cosmology (2)
- molecular dynamics (2)
- nanofabrication (2)
- nonlinear dynamical systems (2)
- nucleosynthesis (2)
- organic charge-transfer salts (2)
- oscillators (2)
- p-Kerne (2)
- p-n junction (2)
- particle physics (2)
- particle-in-cell simulations (2)
- phase noise (2)
- photoelectron spectroscopy (2)
- power transmission (2)
- quadratic-linear gravity (2)
- quantum gravity (2)
- quantum mechanics (2)
- quark gluon plasma (2)
- recollimation shocks (2)
- relativistic hydrodynamics (2)
- relativistic jets (2)
- reservoir computing (2)
- resonances (2)
- s-Prozess (2)
- s-process (2)
- scanning tunneling microscopy (2)
- simulation (2)
- statistical operator (2)
- stellar abundances (2)
- storage rings (2)
- string fragmentation (2)
- structural health monitoring (2)
- system analysis and design (2)
- thin films (2)
- toroidal magnetic field (2)
- track selection (2)
- transition-metal oxides (2)
- transport coefficients (2)
- vector mesons (2)
- zero-energy universe (2)
- (Anti-)(Hyper-)Nuclei (1)
- (F)EBID (1)
- (n (1)
- 1/c 2 electronic Hamiltonian (1)
- 124Sn (1)
- 140Ce (1)
- 1st order liquid–gas phase transition (1)
- 2 + 1-dimensional field theories (1)
- 2D materials (1)
- 2D vdW magnets (1)
- 3-atomic-heteronuclear molecule (1)
- 325 MHz (1)
- 4-ROD RFQ (1)
- 900 GeV (1)
- AGB star (1)
- AGN host galaxies (1)
- AGN jets (1)
- ALICE detector (1)
- ALICE upgrade (1)
- ALICE, Teilchendetektor (1)
- AM-PM noise conversion (1)
- ATR-FTIR (1)
- Ab initio calculations (1)
- Abbremsen (1)
- Absolutkonfiguration (1)
- Absorptionsspektroskopie (1)
- Accelerator (1)
- Accelerator Physics (1)
- Accelerators & storage rings (1)
- Accreting black holes (1)
- Action potentials (1)
- Activation experiment (1)
- Actuators (1)
- Ageing (1)
- Aktivierungsmethode (1)
- Akustik (1)
- Alignment parameter (1)
- Alignmentparameter (1)
- Alternating Phase Focusing (1)
- Analysis (1)
- Anderson Impurity model (1)
- Anderson-Modell (1)
- Angular distribution (1)
- Anion Transport System (1)
- Anisotropic flow (1)
- Anisotropie (1)
- Annihilation (1)
- Anregung (1)
- Anti de Sitter space (1)
- Anti-kaon–nucleon physics (1)
- Anti-nuclei (1)
- Antimatter (1)
- Antimicrobial resistance (1)
- Aptamer (1)
- Arms (1)
- Artificial Intelligence (1)
- Astronomical masses & mass distributions (1)
- Astrophysics (1)
- Asymmetrie Reconstitution (1)
- Atmosphere (1)
- Atomic & molecular beams (1)
- Atomic Physics (1)
- Atomic nuclei (1)
- Atomphysik (1)
- Atoms (1)
- Attenuated Total Reflection (1)
- Attosecond science (1)
- Auditory cortex (1)
- Autophagic cell death (1)
- BCS phase (1)
- BESIII detector (1)
- Bacterial structural biology (1)
- Band 3 Protein (1)
- Baryon number susceptibilities (1)
- Baryonic resonances (1)
- Beam Dynamic (1)
- Beam dynamics simulation (1)
- Beam loss (1)
- Beam techniques (1)
- Beer (1)
- Bell theorem (1)
- Beryllium-7 (1)
- Beschleunigung von Elektronen und Protonen (1)
- Beta decay (1)
- Betatrons (1)
- Betatronstrahlung (1)
- Bidirectional connections (1)
- Bilderkennung (1)
- Bildladung (1)
- Binary (1)
- Binary Neutron Star Mergers (1)
- Binary pulsars (1)
- Biochemical simulations (1)
- Bioenergetics (1)
- Biological locomotion (1)
- Biological physics (1)
- Biological sciences (1)
- Biomedical engineering (1)
- Biomoleküle (1)
- Biophysical chemistry (1)
- Bjorken flow (1)
- Black Holes (1)
- Blei (1)
- Bohmian mechanics (1)
- Boltzmann-Gleichung (1)
- Boltzmann-Vlasov equation (1)
- Boosted Jets (1)
- Born cross section measurement (1)
- Bose-Einstein condensates (1)
- Bose–Einstein condensation (1)
- Bosonisierung (1)
- Bottomonium (1)
- Bubble-like structure (1)
- Bulk viscosity (1)
- CBM detector (1)
- CERN PSB (1)
- CERN SPS (1)
- CH-Struktur (1)
- CJT formalism (1)
- CJT-Formalismus (1)
- CLVisc (1)
- CMOS (1)
- CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (1)
- CNC manufacturing (1)
- CO2 emission reduction targets (1)
- COLTRIMS (1)
- COVID 19 (1)
- CP violation (1)
- CPS (1)
- CVD (1)
- Calcium ATPase (1)
- Calcium-ATPase (1)
- Canonical suppression (1)
- Cauchy horizon (1)
- Cell assembly (1)
- Centrality Class (1)
- Centrality Selection (1)
- Chaostheorie (1)
- Charge change (1)
- Charge fluctuations (1)
- Charge-transfer collisions (1)
- Charged-particle multiplicity (1)
- Charmed meson production (1)
- Charmonia (1)
- Charmonium (-like) (1)
- Charmonium decays (1)
- Chemical Physics (1)
- Chemiluminescence (1)
- Chemometry (1)
- Cherenkov counter: lead-glass (1)
- Chiral Lagrangian (1)
- Chiral Lagrangians (1)
- Chiral effective model (1)
- Chiral perturbation theory (1)
- Chirale Symmetrie (1)
- Chiralität (1)
- Chiralität, Elementarteilchenphysik (1)
- Chopper (1)
- Circular accelerators (1)
- Co2(CO)8 (1)
- Coincidence measurement (1)
- Cold nuclear matter effects (1)
- Collective Flow, (1)
- Collective flow (1)
- Collective quadrupole excitations (1)
- Collectivity (1)
- Collision processes (1)
- Color Glass Condensate (1)
- Color screening (1)
- Coltrims (1)
- Compact astrophysical objects (1)
- Compact binary stars (1)
- Compact objects (1)
- Comparison with QCD (1)
- Compressed Baryonic Matter (1)
- Compton scattering (1)
- Computational Data Analysis (1)
- Computational Physics (1)
- Computational biophysics (1)
- Computational models (1)
- Condensed Matter, Materials & Applied Physics (1)
- Conformational transitions (1)
- Conservation (1)
- Continuous Integration (1)
- Continuous wave (1)
- Correlated systems (1)
- Correlation (1)
- Correlations (1)
- Cortical circuit (1)
- Cosmology (1)
- Coulomb Explosion Imaging (1)
- Coulombdissoziation (1)
- Coulombexplosion (1)
- Coulombspaltung (1)
- Covariance matrix (1)
- Critical indices (1)
- Critical phenomena (1)
- Cross section measurements (1)
- Cross sections (1)
- Current-curent interaction (1)
- Czochralski method (1)
- D meson (1)
- D0 and D+ mesons (1)
- DEER or PELDOR (1)
- DLA Elektronen (1)
- DNA repair (1)
- DW Hamiltonian canonical transformation (1)
- Dalitz decay (1)
- Dark energy (1)
- Dark matter (1)
- Dark photon (1)
- Dark sector (1)
- Darmstadt / Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (1)
- Data Standard (1)
- De Donder-Weyl Hamiltonian formulation (1)
- Deconfinement (1)
- Deep Learning (1)
- Deep learning (1)
- Delaunay-Triangulierung (1)
- Delayline Detector (1)
- Delta resonance (1)
- Dense matter (1)
- Dense nuclear matter (1)
- Density functional theory (1)
- Design, synthesis and processing (1)
- Detektor (1)
- Detektorentwicklung (1)
- Deuteronen (1)
- Di-hadron correlations (1)
- Diabetes (1)
- Diamagnetism (1)
- Diamantdetektor (1)
- Dielectron (1)
- Diffraction (1)
- Diffusion coefficient (1)
- Dimere (1)
- Dipol-Dipol-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Direct nuclear reactions (1)
- Direct reactions (1)
- Directed and elliptic flow (1)
- Discontinous Galerkin methods for Numerical Relativity (1)
- Diseases (1)
- Doppler radar (1)
- Double-sided silicon microstrip detectors characterization readout quality assurance (1)
- Drift Tube Linac (1)
- Drip-line nucleus (1)
- Dual projection (1)
- Duality (1)
- Dynamic transport (1)
- Dynamical critical phenomena (1)
- Dynamical mean field theory (1)
- Dynamical systems (1)
- Dynamischer Strukturfaktor (1)
- Dünnschichttransistor (1)
- D⁰ meson (1)
- EBID (1)
- EPR spectroscopy (1)
- Effective Field Theories (1)
- Effective Field Theory (1)
- Effective QCD model (1)
- Effective hadron theories (1)
- Eichtheorie (1)
- Eingebettetes optisches System (1)
- Einplatinene Kamera (1)
- Einstein’s equations (1)
- Elastic scattering (1)
- Electric and magnetic field computation (1)
- Electrical and electronic engineering (1)
- Electrical conductivity (1)
- Electromagnetic amplitude (1)
- Electromagnetic form factor (1)
- Electromagnetic form factors (1)
- Electromagnetic transitions (1)
- Electron capture (1)
- Electron-pion identification (1)
- Electronic transitions (1)
- Elektrodenarray (1)
- Elektron ; Impulsverteilung ; Heliumion (1)
- Elektronenanlagerungsreaktion (1)
- Elektronenwolke (1)
- Elektrostatik (1)
- Elementarteilchen (1)
- Elsevier (1)
- Emissionsspektroskopie (1)
- Emittanzmessung (1)
- Energietransduktion (1)
- Energy transfer (1)
- Entwicklungspsychologie (1)
- Enzyme mechanisms (1)
- Epidemiological statistics (1)
- Epidemiology (1)
- Equation of State (1)
- Equations of state: nuclear matter (1)
- Erythrocyte Membrane (1)
- EuB6 (1)
- European electricity grid (1)
- Event-by-event (1)
- Evolution of the Universe (1)
- Evolutionäre Spieltheorie (1)
- Excitation (1)
- Excluded volume (1)
- Exotic State (1)
- Exotic phases of matter (1)
- Exotica (1)
- Experimental testing (1)
- Experimental tests (1)
- FLASH Effekt (1)
- FM radar (1)
- FRW spacetime (1)
- FTAM and OX063 (1)
- Fahrzeug (1)
- Far from equilibrium (1)
- Faraday-Tasse (1)
- Feldeffekt (1)
- Feldeffekttransistor (1)
- Feldquant (1)
- Feldtheorie (1)
- Femtoscopy (1)
- Femtosekundenspektroskopie (1)
- Fermions (1)
- Fermion–gauge-boson vertex (1)
- Ferroelectrics and multiferroics (1)
- Fibre/foam sandwich radiator (1)
- Field Theories in Lower Dimensions (1)
- Field-effect (1)
- Filterkanal (1)
- Final state (1)
- Finite baryon density (1)
- Finite difference method (1)
- Finite element simulations (1)
- Finite-Differenzen (1)
- Finite-temperature QFT (1)
- First order phase transitions (1)
- Fission (1)
- Fixed-target experiments (1)
- Flavor changing neutral currents (1)
- Flavor symmetries (1)
- Flavour Physics (1)
- Flexible backup power (1)
- Floquet theory (1)
- Fluctuation Spectroscopy (1)
- Fluctuations in the initial conditions (1)
- Fluctuations of conserved charges (1)
- Fluid dynamics (1)
- Fluka (1)
- Fluktuationsspektroskopie (1)
- Fluoreszenz (1)
- Form factors (1)
- Formulations of Einstein Field Equations (1)
- Fourier transform spectroscopy (1)
- Fractal dimension (1)
- Fragmentierungsquerschnitte (1)
- Franck-Condon (1)
- Frankfurt <Main> / Institut für Kernphysik (1)
- Free energy (1)
- Free neutron targ (1)
- Free-Electron-Laser (1)
- Free-electron lasers (1)
- Freeze-out (1)
- Freezeout (1)
- Freie-Elektronen-Laser (1)
- Friedman equation (1)
- Fringe field (1)
- Fullerene (1)
- Funktionale Renormierungsgruppe (1)
- GEANT (1)
- GEM (1)
- GRMHD (1)
- Gabor Lens (1)
- Galaxies and clusters (1)
- Gamma intensity (1)
- Gamma spectroscopy (1)
- Gammakalorimeter (1)
- Gammaspectroscopy (1)
- Gap field (1)
- Gauge theories (1)
- GdIr2Si2 (1)
- Gefangenendilemma (1)
- Gehirn (1)
- Gene expression analysis (1)
- General Physics (1)
- General properties of QCD (dynamics, confinement, etc.) (1)
- General relativistic hydrodynamics (1)
- General relativity equations & solutions (1)
- Generalized uncertainty (1)
- Genetic engineering (1)
- Geometrical optics (1)
- Germanium detectors (1)
- Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (1)
- Gittereichtheorie (1)
- Glauber and Giessen Boltzmann–Uehling–Uhlenbeck (GiBUU) models (1)
- Glimmentladung (1)
- Global polarization (1)
- Globale Optimierung (1)
- Gluons (1)
- Goldstone bosons (1)
- Graphene (1)
- Graphentheorie (1)
- Gravitational Waves (1)
- Gravitational collapse (1)
- Gravitational fixed point (1)
- Gravitational wave (1)
- Gravitational wave events (1)
- Gravity self-completeness (1)
- Groomed jet radius (1)
- Ground-state transition width (1)
- Großhirnrinde (1)
- HADES <Teilchendetektor> ; Driftkammer ; Ausleseverfahren <Sensortechnik> (1)
- HBT correlation (1)
- HBT interferometry (1)
- HBT puzzle (1)
- HEDP (1)
- HITRAP (1)
- HLT (1)
- Hades (1)
- Hadron Spectroscopy (1)
- Hadron potentials (1)
- Hadron production (1)
- Hadron resonance gas (1)
- Hadron spectroscopy (1)
- Hadron-Hadron Scattering Heavy (1)
- Hadronenjet (1)
- Hadronic potential (1)
- Hadronization (1)
- Hadrons (1)
- Hagedorn Zustände (1)
- Hagedorn states (1)
- Halbleiterdetektor (1)
- Hallsensor (1)
- Hard Scattering (1)
- Hawking radiation (1)
- Heavy Ion Experiment (1)
- Heavy Ion Physics (1)
- Heavy flavor production (1)
- Heavy flavour production (1)
- Heavy ion (1)
- Heavy ion storage ring (1)
- Heavy ions (1)
- Heavy quarks (1)
- Heavy-Ion Collision (1)
- Heavy-flavour decay muons (1)
- Heavy-ion physics (1)
- Heavy-ion reactions (1)
- Heavy-ions (1)
- Heavy-quark symmetry (1)
- Heisenberg modell (1)
- Heisenberg-Modell (1)
- Helium (1)
- Heliumdimere (1)
- Herzberg-Teller (1)
- High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex) (1)
- High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat) (1)
- High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph) (1)
- High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th) (1)
- High-Level Trigger (1)
- High-energy astrophysics (1)
- High-energy neutron detection (1)
- High-energy photoabsorption (1)
- High-k dielectric (1)
- High-k-Dielektrikum (1)
- Hirnforschung (1)
- Historie (1)
- Hochenergiephysik (1)
- Hochfrequenzsputtern (1)
- Hochstrom-Ionenquelle (1)
- Holography (1)
- Homeostasis (1)
- Hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm (1)
- Hybrid model (1)
- Hydrodynamic (1)
- Hydrodynamic models (1)
- Hydrodynamics (1)
- Hydrogen ground state (1)
- Hyperonic stars (1)
- ICD (1)
- IHMCIF (1)
- IPGLASMA (1)
- Image Charge (1)
- Image processing (1)
- Imaginary chemical potential (1)
- Immunology (1)
- Impact parameter (1)
- Impulsspektrometer (1)
- In-medium pion mass (1)
- Inclusive Reconstruction (1)
- Inclusive spectra (1)
- Infections (1)
- Information theory and computation (1)
- Infrared Spectra (1)
- Infrared light (1)
- Infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Initial state (1)
- Innovative systems (1)
- Integrative Modeling (1)
- Integrator (1)
- Intensity interferometry (1)
- Interference fragmentation function (1)
- Interferometrie (1)
- Intermittency (1)
- Internet (1)
- Interstellar molecules (1)
- Invariant Mass Distribution (1)
- Inverse Kinematics (1)
- Invisible decays (1)
- Ion Beam (1)
- Ion-Atom-Kollisions (1)
- Ion-Molecule collisions (1)
- Ion-Molekül-Stoß (1)
- Ionbeam (1)
- Ionenquelle (1)
- Ionenstoß (1)
- Ionisation energy loss (1)
- Ions (1)
- Iron pnictides (1)
- Irregular plate (1)
- Irregular plate with non-uniform thickness (1)
- Isospin (1)
- J/ψ (1)
- J/ψ suppression (1)
- Jet Physics (1)
- Jet Substructure (1)
- Jet quenching (1)
- Jet shapes (1)
- Jet substructure (1)
- Josephson junction arrays (1)
- K+-nucleus interaction (1)
- KN interaction (1)
- Kagome systems (1)
- Kalman-Filter (1)
- Kaonic nuclei (1)
- Keldysh-Formalismus (1)
- Kernphysik (1)
- Kinetic Theory (1)
- Kitaev model (1)
- Kleines Molekül (1)
- Kohlenstoff (1)
- Kohlenstoffmolekül (1)
- Kollektive Anregung (1)
- Konformationsübergänge (1)
- Kooperativität (1)
- Kupfer-63 (1)
- LINAC (1)
- LaTeX (1)
- Lamb waves (1)
- Lambda Hyperon (1)
- Laminar flow (1)
- Langmuir-Blodgett monolayer (1)
- Langsame Extraktion (1)
- Lattice Gauge Theory (1)
- Lattice gauge field theories (1)
- Lattice gauge theory (1)
- Lattice simulations (1)
- Laute (1)
- Leptons (1)
- Levelized cost of electricity (1)
- Li-ion batteries (1)
- Li1.3Nb0.3Mn0.4O2 (1)
- Ligand-gated ion channel (1)
- Light (1)
- Light (anti-)(hyper-)nuclei production (1)
- Light nuclei production (1)
- Linac (1)
- Linear accelerator (1)
- Linear response (1)
- Linearer Collider ; Hohlraumresonator ; Moden (1)
- Linearer Collider ; Hohlraumresonator ; Moden ; Dämpfung ; Güte <Schwingkreis> ; Messung (1)
- Lipids (1)
- Lithium-7 (1)
- Longitudinal and transverse electric fields (1)
- Longitudinal flow (1)
- Low & intermediate energy heavy-ion reactions (1)
- Low & intermediate-energy accelerators (1)
- Low energy QCD (1)
- Luttinger liquid (1)
- Luttinger-Flüssigkeit (1)
- MYRRHA (1)
- Mach cones (1)
- Magnetfeld (1)
- Magnetfeldregelung (1)
- Magnetism (1)
- Magnetohydrodynamics (1)
- Magnetspektrometer (1)
- Magnons (1)
- Magon-Phonon-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Many-body (1)
- Many-body physics (1)
- Mars (1)
- Master Equations (1)
- Material budget (1)
- Materials science (1)
- Mathematical biosciences (1)
- Mathematics and computing (1)
- Maxwell–Chern–Simons (1)
- Md simulations (1)
- Mechanical engineering (1)
- Membrane and lipid biology (1)
- Membrane fusion (1)
- Membrane proteins (1)
- Membrane structures (1)
- Membrane transport (1)
- Membranes (1)
- Membranproteine (1)
- Meson decays (1)
- Meson production (1)
- Meson-exchange model (1)
- Mesons (1)
- Metasurfaces (1)
- Micro Vertex Detector (1)
- Microscopic quark–gluon string transport model (1)
- Mid-rapidity (1)
- Mikroelektrode (1)
- Mikrokanalelektronenvervielfacher (1)
- Minimum Bias (1)
- Models & methods for nuclear reactions (1)
- Models of QCD (1)
- Modified gravity (1)
- Molecular clouds (1)
- Molecular dynamics (1)
- Molecule destruction (1)
- Molecule formation (1)
- Molekularbewegung (1)
- Molekularstrahlepitaxie (1)
- Molekülphysik (1)
- Molekülstoß (1)
- Molybdän (1)
- Momentum Spectrometry (1)
- Monte Carlo (1)
- Monte Carlo simulation (1)
- Monte-Carlo simulations (1)
- Mott insulator (1)
- Mott metal-insulator transition (1)
- Mott transition (1)
- Multi-Parton Interactions (1)
- Multi-neutron detection (1)
- Multi-strange baryons (1)
- Multi-wire proportional drift chamber (1)
- Multigrid Poisson Solver (1)
- Multigrid methods (1)
- Multimessenger (1)
- Multiple Charge Conservation (1)
- Multiple parton interactions (1)
- Multivariate Analysis (1)
- NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (1)
- Nambu–Goldstone bosons (1)
- Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model (1)
- Nanophotonics and plasmonics (1)
- Nanowires (1)
- Natrium-Kalium-ATPase (1)
- Natural transformation (1)
- NbC (1)
- Network model (1)
- Network models (1)
- Netzhaut ; Nervenzelle ; Inhibition (1)
- Netzwerktopologie (1)
- Neural Networks (1)
- Neural net (1)
- Neural network (1)
- Neural networks (1)
- Neuronal plasticity (1)
- Neurons (1)
- Neuroscience (1)
- Neutrinos (1)
- Neutron physics (1)
- Neutron-induced reaction cross sections (1)
- Neutronenquelle (1)
- Neutronenspektrum (1)
- Neutronenstern (1)
- New magicity (1)
- Nicht-linearer Transport (1)
- Nichtinvasiv (1)
- Nichtlineare Optik (1)
- Nichtlineare Spektroskopie (1)
- Nickel-63 (1)
- Niedrige Dimensionen (1)
- Nobel prizes (1)
- Noether symmetries (1)
- Noise spectra (1)
- Non-Canonical Amino Acids (1)
- Non-coding RNA (1)
- Non-dipole (1)
- Non-perturbative QCD (1)
- Non-relativistic QED (1)
- Noncommutative black holes (1)
- Noncommutativity (1)
- Nonequilibrium dynamics (1)
- Nonflow (1)
- Nonlinear beam dynamics (1)
- Nonperturbative Effects (1)
- Nonperturbative effects in field theory (1)
- Nonrandom connectivity (1)
- Nuclear Astrophysics (1)
- Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex) (1)
- Nuclear Theory (nucl-th) (1)
- Nuclear fragments production (1)
- Nuclear interactions (1)
- Nuclear physics of explosive environments (1)
- Nuclear structure & decays (1)
- Nucleosynthesis in explosive environments (1)
- Nucleosynthesis-Star (1)
- Nucleus (1)
- Nukleare Astrophysik (1)
- Nukleon (1)
- Nullter Schall (1)
- Numerical Renormalization Group (1)
- Numerical simulations (1)
- Nyquist noise (1)
- O(2) Modell (1)
- O(2) model (1)
- O(4) conjecture (1)
- One-nucleon removal (1)
- Ontogenie (1)
- Open Access (1)
- Open Charm (1)
- Optical properties (1)
- Optical properties and devices (1)
- Optimal mix of wind and solar PV (1)
- Optimierung (1)
- Optische Messung (1)
- Optische Tomographie (1)
- Optisches Potenzial (1)
- Orbital electron capture (1)
- Other nonperturbative calculations (1)
- Over-Barrier Modell (1)
- Oxidation (1)
- P-Typ-ATPasen (1)
- P-type ATPase (1)
- PDB-Dev (1)
- PDBx/mmCIF (1)
- PENELOPE (1)
- PHENIX <Teilchendetektor> (1)
- PYTHIA (1)
- Pairing reentrance (1)
- Palatini (1)
- Pandemics (1)
- Partial chemical equilibrium (1)
- Partial wave analysis (1)
- Particle & resonance production (1)
- Particle Dynamic (1)
- Particle multiplicity (1)
- Particle phenomena (1)
- Particleantiparticle correlations (1)
- Particles & Fields (1)
- Parton cascade BAMPS (1)
- Path integral duality (1)
- Pb–Pb (1)
- Pepperpot (1)
- Pepperpot-Messung (1)
- Peptides and proteins (1)
- Percolation theory (1)
- Permeation and transport (1)
- Perturbative methods (1)
- Pfadintegral (1)
- Phase (1)
- Phase diagram (1)
- Phase diagram of dense matter (1)
- Phasendiagramm (1)
- Phasenraum (1)
- Phasenumwandlung (1)
- Phasenübergänge (1)
- Photodioden (1)
- Photoionisation (1)
- Photon counting (1)
- Photon number noise (1)
- Photonen (1)
- Photophysics (1)
- Photophysik (1)
- Pickupspule (1)
- Pilus (1)
- Pixel detector (1)
- Planck scale (1)
- Plasma acceleration (1)
- Plasma membrane (1)
- Plasma physics (1)
- Plasmadiagnostik (1)
- Plasmons Quantum mechanics (1)
- Plastic scintillator array (1)
- Plasticity (1)
- Plates fractalization (1)
- PointNet (1)
- Poisson-Gleichung (1)
- Polarkoordinaten (1)
- Polyakov loops (1)
- Polyatomare Verbindungen (1)
- Polypeptide (1)
- Polypeptides (1)
- Population activity (1)
- Potassium transport (1)
- Probability distribution (1)
- Production Cross Section (1)
- Production mechanisms (1)
- Properties of Hadrons (1)
- Protein Dynamics (1)
- Protein Modifications (1)
- Protein Shape (1)
- Protein folding (1)
- Protein homeostasis (1)
- Proteine (1)
- Proton number fluctuations (1)
- Proton-proton collisions (1)
- Protonen (1)
- Protonen Linac (1)
- Protonengegentransport (1)
- Protonenplasmen (1)
- Proton–proton (1)
- Prototypes (1)
- Protyposis (1)
- Pseudorapidity and centrality dependence (1)
- Pulse Shape Analysis (1)
- Pulsed epr (1)
- Pygmy Dipole Resonance (1)
- Pygmy dipole resonance (1)
- Pygmy quadrupole resonance (1)
- QCD phase transitions (1)
- QCD vector interaction strength (1)
- QCD-phase diagram (1)
- QED (1)
- QFT on curved background (1)
- Quantenphysik (1)
- Quantenspinsystem (1)
- Quantentheorie (1)
- Quantum Impurity System (1)
- Quantum corrected black hole (1)
- Quantum electrodynamics (1)
- Quantum information (1)
- Quantum modified Gravity (1)
- Quantum phase transitions (1)
- Quark <Physik> (1)
- Quark Deconfinement (1)
- Quark Gluon Plasma (1)
- Quark Production (1)
- Quark gluon plasma (1)
- Quark-gluon Plasmap (1)
- Quark-gluon-plasma (1)
- Quasi-particle phonon model (1)
- Quasiteilchen (1)
- R value (1)
- RFQ-Accelerator (1)
- RFQ-Beschleuniger (1)
- RNA (1)
- RNA structures (1)
- Radiation Tolerance (1)
- Radiation detectors (1)
- Radiation hardness (1)
- Radiative decay (1)
- Radiative decays (1)
- Radiative transfer (1)
- Radio continuum emission (1)
- Radio jets (1)
- Rain (1)
- Random fields (1)
- Random graph model (1)
- Rapidity Range (1)
- Rare decays (1)
- Ratengleichungen (1)
- Reaction Kinetics (1)
- Reactions with relativistic radioactive beams (1)
- Reaktionskinetik (1)
- Reaktionsmikroskop (1)
- Recombination (1)
- Recombination of partons (1)
- Reconstructed jets (1)
- Regelungssystem (1)
- Regeneration (1)
- Relativistic Dissipative Hydrodynamics (1)
- Relativistic Heavy Ions (1)
- Relativistic Heavy-ion Collisions (1)
- Relativistic heavy ion physics (1)
- Relativistic heavy-ion reactions (1)
- Relativistic nuclear collisions (1)
- Relativistische Hydrodynamik (1)
- Relaxation time approximation (1)
- Renewable power generation (1)
- Renormalization group (1)
- Renormierungsgruppe (1)
- Representational drift (1)
- Resolution Parameter (1)
- Resonance reactions (1)
- Resonances (1)
- Riccati equation (1)
- Richardson extrapolation (1)
- Robotic behavior (1)
- Robots (1)
- Rudder stock (1)
- Rydberg (1)
- SIS18 (1)
- SMASH (1)
- SPS (1)
- STAR (1)
- STAR <Teilchendetektor> (1)
- SYK model (1)
- Sachunterricht (1)
- Saha equation (1)
- Scale invariance (1)
- Scaling laws (1)
- Scattering of atoms, molecules, clusters & ions (1)
- Scattering theory (1)
- Scattering-type Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy (1)
- Schaum (1)
- Schlitz-Gitter (1)
- Schottky (1)
- Schulbuchanalyse (1)
- Schwerionen (1)
- Schwerionenstrahl (1)
- Schwerpunkthöhe (1)
- Schwinger effect (1)
- Schwinger–Dyson equations (1)
- Schätzverfahren (1)
- Scintillation (1)
- Secondary beams (1)
- Secretin (1)
- Sehrinde (1)
- Seiberg–Witten map (1)
- Sekundärelektronen (1)
- Selbstorganisation (1)
- Self absorption (1)
- Self-dual (1)
- Self-triggered front-end electronics (1)
- Semi-leptonic decays (1)
- Sensors (1)
- Septum (1)
- Shakhov model (1)
- Shield (1)
- Shock Waves (1)
- Short-lived nuclei (1)
- Signalanalyse (1)
- Silicon Tracking System (1)
- Silicon tracking system (1)
- Simulation and modeling (1)
- Single muons (1)
- Single particle decay spectroscopy (1)
- Single-molecule biophysics (1)
- Slavkovska (1)
- Small systems (1)
- Social distancing (1)
- Social systems (1)
- Sodium-potassium ATPase (1)
- SoftDrop (1)
- Solar power (1)
- Solar power generation (1)
- Solid state theory (1)
- Spectators (1)
- Spectroscopic factors & electromagnetic moments (1)
- Spektroskopie (1)
- Spieltheorie (1)
- Spin Hall (1)
- Spin alignment (1)
- Spin distribution and correlation (1)
- Spin-down (1)
- Spin-orbit coupling (1)
- Spintronics (1)
- Spinwaves (1)
- Spinwelle (1)
- Spinwellen (1)
- Splitting function (1)
- Spontaneous symmetry breaking (1)
- Sputtern (1)
- SrNi2P2 (1)
- Stahlenschäden (1)
- Statistical Physics (1)
- Statistical and Nonlinear Physics (1)
- Statistical model (1)
- Statistical models (1)
- Statistical multifragmentation models (1)
- Statistical theory and fluctuations (1)
- Statistische Physik (1)
- Stellar remnants (1)
- Stellar structure (1)
- Storage Ring (1)
- Storage rings (1)
- Stoß (1)
- Strahldiagnose (1)
- Strahldiagnosemethode (1)
- Strange hadrons (1)
- Strangeness Enhancement (1)
- Strangeness production (1)
- String T-duality (1)
- Strong amplitude (1)
- Strong coupling expansion (1)
- Strongly-coupled plasmas (1)
- Structural biology (1)
- Störungstheorie (1)
- Stößparameter (1)
- Sub-wavelength optics (1)
- Sulfur Dioxide (1)
- Superconducting devices (1)
- Supercooled QGP (1)
- Supermassive black holes (1)
- Supernova (1)
- Supernova remnant (1)
- Surfaces, interfaces and thin films (1)
- Surrogate-reaction method (1)
- Susceptibilities (1)
- Synapses (1)
- Synchronisierung (1)
- Systematic Uncertainty (1)
- Szintillation (1)
- Szintillationsschirm (1)
- Säugling (1)
- TATA box binding protein (1)
- THz (1)
- THz detection (1)
- THz imaging (1)
- TNSA (1)
- TPC (1)
- TPSC (1)
- TR (1)
- Techniques Electromagnetic calorimeters (1)
- Techniques and instrumentation (1)
- Teilchendynamik (1)
- Template (1)
- Terahertz optics (1)
- Theoretical and experimental femtoscopy (1)
- Theoretical and experimental identical-particle correlations (1)
- Theoretical neuroscience (1)
- Theoretical nuclear physics (1)
- Theoretical physics (1)
- Thermal & statistical models (1)
- Thermal Field Theory (1)
- Thermal evolution (1)
- Thermal lensing (1)
- Thermalization (1)
- Thermo optic effects (1)
- Thermodynamik (1)
- Thermoplasma acidophilum (1)
- Thermoplasma volcanium (1)
- Thermus thermophilus (1)
- Theta-Pinch (1)
- Thin film transistor (1)
- Thin lens (1)
- Three-gluon vertex (1)
- Time Projection Chamber (1)
- Time Projection Chamber (TPC) (1)
- Time-Resolved Spectroscopy (1)
- TmRh2Si2 (1)
- Tomographie (1)
- Topological insulators (1)
- Topologische Zustände (1)
- Topology (1)
- Tracking (1)
- Transient & explosive astronomical phenomena (1)
- Transimpedanzverstärker (1)
- Transition Radiation Detector (1)
- Transition radiation detector (1)
- Transport (1)
- Transport Simulations (1)
- Transport Theory (1)
- Transport model (1)
- Transport model for heavy-ion collisions (1)
- Transport phenomena (1)
- Transverse momentum (1)
- Transversity (1)
- Trigger (1)
- Triple quarkonia (1)
- Tumortherapie (1)
- Two body weak decay (1)
- UWB diagnostics (1)
- Ultrafast laser spectroscopy (1)
- Ultrafast spectroscopy (1)
- Ultrakalte Quantengase (1)
- Un-particle physics (1)
- Unparticle parameter constraints (1)
- Unparticle physics (1)
- Unparticles (1)
- Unruh effect (1)
- Unstable nuclei induced nuclear reactions (1)
- UrQMD (1)
- Vakuum (1)
- Vakuumphysik (1)
- Vector Boson Production (1)
- Very long baseline interferometry (1)
- Vesicle fusion (1)
- Vesicles (1)
- Vibrational Energy Transfer (1)
- Virtual reality (1)
- Visible spectroscopy (1)
- Visual cortex (1)
- Vortex ratchets (1)
- Vorticity (1)
- Ward–Green–Takahashi identities (1)
- Wasserstoffatmosphäre (1)
- Wasserstoffmolekül ; Heliumion ; Ion-Molekül-Stoß ; Rückstoßimpulsspektroskopie (1)
- Weak Decays (1)
- Weak interactions (1)
- Wigner function (1)
- Wind power (1)
- Wind power generation (1)
- Worldwide Protein Data Bank (1)
- X(3872) (1)
- X-ray crystallography (1)
- X-ray generation (1)
- X-ray irradiation (1)
- X-ray phase contrast imaging (1)
- X-ray spectroscopy (1)
- X-rays (1)
- Xenon-based gas mixture (1)
- Y (4260) (1)
- Y states (1)
- Yang-Mills-Theorie (1)
- YbNi4P2 (1)
- YbRh2Si2 (1)
- Yttrium-Eisengranat (1)
- Zero crossing (1)
- Zero-point length (1)
- Zerstörungsfrei (1)
- Zr (1)
- a-induced reactions (1)
- absorbed power (1)
- abundances (1)
- accelerator physics (1)
- activation (1)
- active perception (1)
- adhesion (1)
- adsorption (1)
- algebraic cluster model (1)
- ambiguous perception (1)
- ambiguous structure-from-motion (SFM) (1)
- anisotropic flow (1)
- antiviral signaling (1)
- application (1)
- applications of teraherz imaging (1)
- archaea (1)
- artificial magnetic lattices (1)
- astrophysikalischer p-Prozess (1)
- asymptotic behavior (1)
- atomic cluster deposition (1)
- atomic cluster on a suface (1)
- atomic physics (1)
- attosecond spectroscopy (1)
- automotive (1)
- autonomous learning (1)
- axions (1)
- bacteriorhodopsin reconstitution (1)
- band insulator (1)
- baryon stopping (1)
- beam energy scan (1)
- beam transport (1)
- behavioral performance (1)
- bilayer square lattice (1)
- bilinear model (1)
- bilineares Modell (1)
- binary systems (1)
- binocular rivalry (1)
- binocular vision (1)
- bistability (1)
- black hole (1)
- black lipid membrane (1)
- blue bronze (1)
- branching fractions (1)
- brightness (1)
- bulk observables (1)
- bunch-to-bucket (1)
- calorimeter: electromagnetic (1)
- capture processes (1)
- causality (1)
- cell internal structure (1)
- cell respiration (1)
- center-of-mass energy (1)
- central schemes (1)
- centrality (1)
- centrality dependence (1)
- change detection (1)
- chaos (1)
- charcoal (1)
- charge density wave (1)
- charge-cluster glass (1)
- charged kaon freeze-out (1)
- charmed baryon (1)
- charmonium-like states (1)
- chemical vapor deposition (1)
- children (1)
- chiral effect (1)
- chiral imbalance (1)
- chiral perturbation theory (1)
- chromium (1)
- circadian rhythm (1)
- class separation (1)
- clathrates (1)
- closed orbit feedback system (1)
- closed-loop robots (1)
- cluster expansion model (1)
- cobalt (1)
- cognition (1)
- coherent emission (1)
- coherent state (1)
- coincidence detection (1)
- collective flow (1)
- commissioning (1)
- communication networks (1)
- compact binary mergers (1)
- complex networks (1)
- complex systems (1)
- compliant robot (1)
- computational imaging (1)
- computational methods (1)
- confinement (1)
- continuum model (1)
- correlations and fluctuations (1)
- cortex (1)
- cosmology (1)
- coupled oscillators (1)
- covariant canonical gauge gravity (1)
- covariant canonical gauge theory of gravity (1)
- critical point (1)
- crowd behaviour (1)
- crystal growth (1)
- curvature-dependent fermion mass (1)
- cyclotron (1)
- dE/dx (1)
- damage detection (1)
- dark matter (1)
- dark matter experiments (1)
- data traffic (1)
- decay (1)
- decays (1)
- decelerated ions (1)
- decision making (1)
- deconfinement (1)
- dendrites (1)
- dense plasma target (1)
- density (1)
- deposition (1)
- deposition; dissociation; electron beam induced deposition (EBID); focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID); precursor; trimethyl(methylcyclopentadienyl)platinum(IV) ((CH3-C5H4)Pt(CH3)3) (1)
- desorption (1)
- detector characterization (1)
- detectors (1)
- development (1)
- diagnostics (1)
- diffractive optics (1)
- diffusion model (1)
- digital communications (1)
- dimuon (1)
- diphoton (1)
- dipole-dipole interaction (1)
- direct-write fabrications (1)
- dissipative fluid dynamics (1)
- dissociation (1)
- dissociative electron attachment (1)
- dissociative ionization (1)
- dynamical Higgs effect (1)
- dynamical mean-field theory (1)
- e+e − annihilation (1)
- e+e⁻ − Experiments (1)
- e+e− Experiments (1)
- e+e− annihilation (1)
- early diabetes detection (1)
- echo-state networks (1)
- effective field theories (1)
- effective field theory (1)
- effective temperature (1)
- efficient coding (1)
- electric field (1)
- electrical characterization (1)
- electrical tests (1)
- electrical transport characteristics (1)
- electro-magnetic plasma (1)
- electromagnetic fields (1)
- electromagnetic orbital angular momentum (1)
- electromagnetic probes (1)
- electromagnetic vorticity (1)
- electromechanical impedance (1)
- electron (1)
- electron backscattering (1)
- electron induced deposition (1)
- electron molecule interaction (1)
- electron transfer (1)
- electron transport (1)
- electron tunneling (1)
- electron-lattice coupling (1)
- electron-phonon interactions (1)
- electron-positron collision (1)
- electronic structure (1)
- electronics: readout (1)
- electron–phonon coupling (1)
- electron−phonon interactions (1)
- electrostatics (1)
- elsarticle.cls (1)
- emerging length (1)
- emittance (1)
- emotion theory (1)
- endoplasmic reticulum (1)
- endothelial cells (1)
- energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (1)
- entropy limited hydrodynamics (1)
- envy (1)
- estimation methods (1)
- eta meson (1)
- evacuation (1)
- event pileup (1)
- exact exchange (1)
- excess kurtosis (1)
- excitation (1)
- excitation transport (1)
- excited nuclei (1)
- experimental results (1)
- extended Einstein gravity (1)
- extra dimensions (1)
- famotidine (1)
- faraday cup (1)
- fatigue testing (1)
- feelings (emotions) (1)
- fibre: optical (1)
- field-effect transistor (1)
- field-effect transistors (1)
- filter channel (1)
- finite baryon density (1)
- finite-temperature quantum-field theory (1)
- first order phase transition (1)
- flow allocation (1)
- flow anisotropies (1)
- fluctuation spectroscopy (1)
- fluctuations (1)
- fluctuations and correlations (1)
- flux growth (1)
- flux limiters (1)
- focused electron beam (1)
- focused electron beam-induced deposition (1)
- focused ion beam induced depositions (1)
- focused-electron-beam-induced deposition (FEBID); Monte Carlo simulation of electron transport; surface excitations; secondary-electron emission (1)
- formation length (1)
- free will (1)
- frequency beating (1)
- fullerene (1)
- functional principal component analysis (1)
- galactic chemical evolution (1)
- gamma) Reaktionen (1)
- gamma) reactions (1)
- gasous detectors (1)
- gauge theory (1)
- gauge/gravity duality (1)
- general relativity (1)
- generalized uncertainty principle (1)
- generative model (1)
- generatives Modell (1)
- genetic algorithm (1)
- geodesic equation (1)
- glass fiber reinforced materials (1)
- glass-like structural ordering (1)
- gold (1)
- granular ferromagnets (1)
- granulare Metalle (1)
- graph theory (1)
- graphene (1)
- gravitation (1)
- guiding principle (1)
- hadron spectroscopy (1)
- hadron transport (1)
- hadron-quark phase transition (1)
- hadronic events (1)
- half-integer resonance (1)
- heat shock protein (1)
- heavy fermions (1)
- heavy ion collision (1)
- heavy ion experiments (1)
- heavy ion fusion (1)
- heavy-ion (1)
- heavy-ion collision (1)
- heavy-ion collisions; (1)
- heavy-ion physics (1)
- heavy-ion storage rings (1)
- heavy-ions (1)
- heavy-quark effective theory (1)
- height of COG (1)
- helicity amplitude analysis (1)
- helium dimers (1)
- helium-beam radiography (1)
- hematological (1)
- heteronuclear FEBID precursors (1)
- hheterostructures (1)
- high (1)
- high energy astrophysics (1)
- high-Tc superconductivity (1)
- high-energy physics (1)
- high-resolution momentum spectroscopy (1)
- higher twist effects (1)
- highly parallel recordings (1)
- highly-charged ions (1)
- histamine (1)
- homeostasis (1)
- human intracranial recordings (1)
- human-body radiation (1)
- hybrid (1)
- hybrid star (1)
- hydrogen atmosphere (1)
- hydrogen energy levels (1)
- hypernuclear (1)
- impact parameter (1)
- in situ processing (1)
- in-medium modification (1)
- inclusive J/ψ decays (1)
- independent component analysis (1)
- inertia of spacetime (1)
- inertia of space–time (1)
- inertial confinement fusion (1)
- infancy (1)
- inflammation (1)
- infrared laser test (1)
- infrared spectroscopy (1)
- injection system (1)
- instabilities (1)
- interactive visualization (1)
- interferometry (1)
- intermetallic compound (1)
- intra-dimer charge and spin degrees of freedom (1)
- intrinsic motivation (1)
- intrinsic plasticity (1)
- inverse kinematics (1)
- ion (1)
- ion stopping (1)
- ion-beam therapy (1)
- ionisierende Strahlung (1)
- ionizing radiation (1)
- ion–atom collisions (1)
- ion–molecule collisions (1)
- isospin (1)
- isospin asymmetric matter (1)
- isospin imbalance (1)
- isotopic abundance (1)
- jets (1)
- kagome lattices (1)
- kaltes Gastarget (1)
- kilonovae (1)
- kinematic collimation (1)
- kinematische Kollimation (1)
- kinetic approaches to dense matter (1)
- kinetic instabilities (1)
- large-scale integration of renewable power generation (1)
- large-scale integration of variable renewable generation (1)
- laser characterization (1)
- laser plasma emission (1)
- laser test (1)
- laser-ion acceleration (1)
- laser-matter interaction (1)
- lattice-supersolid (1)
- lawsHeavy-ion collisions (1)
- leukocytes (1)
- light harvesting networks (1)
- light nuclei (1)
- light nuclei production (1)
- light-driven ATP synthesis (1)
- light–energy conversion (1)
- limit cycles (1)
- line density (1)
- line element (1)
- linear sigma mode (1)
- liposomes (1)
- lithography (1)
- liver, pancreas (1)
- load and structural monitoring (1)
- local field potential (1)
- low dimensions (1)
- low-dose irradiation (1)
- low-mass dilepton (1)
- lower critical field (1)
- luminosity (1)
- machine learning (1)
- magnetic exchange beyond Heisenberg (1)
- magnetic nanostructures (1)
- magnetic nanowires (1)
- magnetic susceptibility (1)
- magnetism (1)
- magnon condensation (1)
- magnon-phonon interaction (1)
- magnon-phonon interactions (1)
- main phospholipid (1)
- malignancies (1)
- manganese (1)
- many particle entanglement (1)
- many-body blockade (1)
- many-body method (1)
- many-electron correlation (1)
- marine structures (1)
- mass degeneracy (1)
- mathematical model (1)
- maximum recoverable strain (1)
- membrane protein (1)
- membrane proteins (1)
- metal carbonyl (1)
- meteorological radar (1)
- metric tensor (1)
- micro Hall magnetometry (1)
- micro-Hall magnetometry (1)
- microdosimetry (1)
- micromagnetic simulations (1)
- micropillar compression (1)
- microwave breast imaging (1)
- millimeter wave radar (1)
- millimeter-wave spectroscopy (1)
- minimal length (1)
- model (1)
- modeling (1)
- modified Coulomb potential (1)
- moiré patterns (1)
- molecular electronic devices (1)
- molecular magnets (1)
- molecular modeling (1)
- molecular simulations (1)
- momentum spectrometer (1)
- monkeys (1)
- monte carlo simulations (1)
- multi-center magnons (1)
- multi-messenger (1)
- multi-orbital Hubbard model (1)
- multicoincidence imaging (1)
- multimessenger astrophysics (1)
- multiparton interactions (1)
- multiunit activity (1)
- mushroom instability (1)
- music charts (1)
- n,p,π and Λ+Σ0 production (1)
- nano-fabrication (1)
- nano-printing (1)
- nanocarbon (1)
- nanoelectronic devices (1)
- nanofractal formation (1)
- nanofractal fragmentation (1)
- nanolesions (1)
- nanolithography (1)
- nanomagnetism (1)
- nanoparticle (1)
- nanostructured arrays (1)
- nanotechnology (1)
- nash equilibrium (1)
- natural scenes (1)
- natural tasks (1)
- near-field microscopy (1)
- net-proton fluctuations (1)
- networks (1)
- neutral mesons (1)
- neutral pion (1)
- neutron - nuclear reactions (1)
- neutron star (1)
- neutron star collisions (1)
- neutron star properties (1)
- neutron stars; (1)
- neutron-induced reactions (1)
- neutron-star-merger (1)
- next-to-leading order perturbative QCD calculations (1)
- nickel (1)
- nnp (1)
- non-Condon (1)
- non-equilibrium states (1)
- non-invasive diagnosis techniques (1)
- non-invasive test (1)
- non-neutral plasma (1)
- non-perturbative methods (1)
- noncommutative geometry (1)
- nonequilibrium phase transitions (1)
- nonneutral plasma (1)
- nuclear (1)
- nuclear collective model (1)
- nuclear modification (1)
- nuclear reaction cross sections (1)
- nuclear reaction cross-sections (1)
- nucleon coalescence (1)
- nuklear matter (1)
- nukleare Wirkungsquerschnitte (1)
- number of J/ψ events (1)
- numerical methods (1)
- numerical relativity (1)
- observational cosmology (1)
- omega stringer (1)
- on imaging (1)
- on-chip solutions (1)
- one-photon double ionization (1)
- open guided waves (1)
- open quantum systems (1)
- operation (1)
- optimal wind/solar mix (1)
- optimization (1)
- optische Potentiale (1)
- optokinetic nystagmus (1)
- organic compounds (1)
- organic conductor (1)
- organic semiconductor (1)
- organotypic slice culture (1)
- oxygen vacancies (1)
- oxysterol-binding protein homology protein (1)
- p A¯ reactions (1)
- p+p collisions (1)
- p-Linac (1)
- packaging (1)
- parity-doublet model (1)
- particle-theory and field-theory models of the early universe (1)
- passive imaging (1)
- path integral (1)
- patient study (1)
- patterning (1)
- pauli principle (1)
- percolation (1)
- perovskite oxides (1)
- phase shift (1)
- phase transitions (1)
- phonon (1)
- phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase (1)
- phosphatidylserine (1)
- photochemistry (1)
- photons (1)
- photopolymerization (1)
- piezoresistivity (1)
- plasma ion beam interaction (1)
- plasma membrane (1)
- plasmonics (1)
- plasticity (1)
- platinum (1)
- polar coordinates (1)
- polarization (1)
- polarized radiation (1)
- polarons (1)
- power system analysis; (1)
- ppK − (1)
- precursor (1)
- precursor residence time (1)
- predictive modelling (1)
- prefrontal cortex (1)
- presolar grain (1)
- pressure (1)
- pressure sensors (1)
- projectile effective charge (1)
- protein coevolution (1)
- protein complex (1)
- protein stability (1)
- protein structures (1)
- proton countertransport (1)
- proton flow (1)
- proton permeability (1)
- proton-proton (1)
- pseudoelasticity (1)
- pyramidal neuron (1)
- p¯ + 40Ar → 40 Cl + (1)
- quadratic Lagrangian (1)
- quadratic temperature dependent resistivity (1)
- quadrupole (1)
- quality assurance (1)
- quantum (1)
- quantum criticality (1)
- quantum dots (1)
- quantum electrodynamics test (1)
- quantum hydrodynamics (1)
- quantum measurement (1)
- quantum spin frustration (1)
- quantum spin liquids (1)
- quantum spin system (1)
- quantum transport (1)
- quark deconfinement (1)
- quark matter (1)
- quark-gluon plasma temperature (1)
- quark‐gluon plasm (1)
- quasiparticle expansion (1)
- quintessence (1)
- r-Prozess (1)
- r-process (1)
- radar detection (1)
- radar imaging (1)
- radar signal processing (1)
- radar-based structural health monitoring (1)
- radiation hard sensor (1)
- radon (1)
- rain (1)
- reaction rate (1)
- recurrent networks (1)
- recurrent neural networks (1)
- reference damage (1)
- relativistic astrophysics (1)
- relativistic boson system of particles and antiparticles (1)
- relativistic collisions (1)
- relativistic fluid dynamics (1)
- relativistic heavy ion reactions (1)
- relativity and gravitation (1)
- remote sensing by radar (1)
- resonance properties (1)
- resonant (1)
- reversible figures (1)
- rfq (1)
- robophysics (1)
- s-SNOM (1)
- saturation (1)
- scanning Hall probe microscopy (1)
- scanning laser Doppler vibrometry (1)
- scanning probe microscopy (1)
- science of sciences (1)
- self-organization (1)
- self-organized criticalit (1)
- self-organized criticality (1)
- self-organized locomotion (1)
- semiconductors (1)
- semiexclusive processes (1)
- sensorimotor loop (1)
- shear stress (1)
- sign problem (1)
- signal processing (1)
- silicon detector (1)
- silicon sensor (1)
- simulations (1)
- single crystal growth (1)
- single-shot measurement (1)
- site-directed spin labeling (1)
- slabs (1)
- slowness Lernen (1)
- slowness learning (1)
- small systems (1)
- smooth pursuit (1)
- social acceleration (1)
- social classes (1)
- social modelling (1)
- social stratification (1)
- sociophysics (1)
- soft photons (1)
- solar physics (1)
- space charge (1)
- space charge distortions (1)
- sparse coding (1)
- specific heat (1)
- spectators (1)
- spectra (1)
- spectral radius (1)
- spectroscopy (1)
- spike train analysis (1)
- spiking neural networks (1)
- spin labeling (1)
- spin polarization (1)
- spin wave (1)
- spintronics (1)
- spontaneous symmetry breaking (1)
- stability (1)
- stability matrix eigenvalues (1)
- starke Magnetfelder (1)
- statistical model (1)
- sterol (1)
- stimulus coding (1)
- storage ring (1)
- strain sensing (1)
- strangeness enhancement (1)
- strategy condensation (1)
- string T-duality (1)
- strong Coulomb field (1)
- strong correlations (1)
- strongly correlated electrons (1)
- strontium vanadate epitaxial films (1)
- structural biology (1)
- su(2) x u(2) (1)
- sub-threshold (1)
- subthreshold (1)
- superconducting devices (1)
- superconductivity (1)
- superconductor-to-metal transition (1)
- superdeterminism (1)
- supervised learning (1)
- supraleitend (1)
- surface plasmon polaritons (1)
- surface reconstruction (1)
- surface science (1)
- surface waves (1)
- surrogate reactions (1)
- sustained hyperglycemia (1)
- symmetry energy (1)
- synaptic scaling (1)
- synchronization (1)
- synchronization two rings (1)
- synchronized oscillators (1)
- synchrotron emission (1)
- synthetic aperture radar (1)
- target (1)
- terahertz emission (1)
- terahertz magnetometry (1)
- terahertz photons (1)
- terahertz sensing (1)
- teraherz imaging systems (1)
- teraherz nano-imaging and nanoscopy (1)
- tetraether lipid (1)
- tetraquark (1)
- tetraquarks (1)
- the Weibel instability (1)
- theoretical biology (1)
- theory mind (1)
- thermal expansion (1)
- thermal transition (1)
- thermoadaptation (1)
- thermodynamic functions and equations of state (1)
- thermodynamic properties (1)
- thermodynamics (1)
- thermoelectric material (1)
- thermoelectrics (1)
- theta-pinch (1)
- three-dimensional nanostructures (1)
- time scales (1)
- time series prediction (1)
- time-resolved (1)
- tip fabrication (1)
- toll-like receptor (1)
- top-down control (1)
- topological states (1)
- toroidales Magnetfeld (1)
- torsion (1)
- torsional dark energy (1)
- total cross-section (1)
- tracking (1)
- transient interaction (1)
- transmission cost allocation (1)
- transmission grid extensions (1)
- transport (1)
- transport models (1)
- transport models quark-gluon plasma (1)
- transvers beam dynamics (1)
- triangular flow (1)
- trigger efficiency (1)
- tungsten (1)
- two-electron systems (1)
- ultracold quantum gases (1)
- ultraperipheral and central heavy ion collisions (1)
- ultrashort laser pulses (1)
- unconventional superconductor (1)
- unsaturated phospholipid (1)
- van der Waals (1)
- vanadium (1)
- vanadium oxides (1)
- vapor-liquid-solid mechanism (1)
- variational Monte Carlo (1)
- vibronic (1)
- virtual photon emission (1)
- viscosity (1)
- viscous cosmology (1)
- viscous hydrodynamics (1)
- visual short-term memory (1)
- visual working memory (1)
- washboard pinning potential (1)
- white and brown dwarfs (1)
- wind (1)
- wind energy (1)
- wind turbine blades (1)
- wind turbines (1)
- wwPDB (1)
- x-ray techniques (1)
- yttrium-iron garnet (1)
- zero-point length (1)
- zerstörungsfrei (1)
- Θ+ pentaquark (1)
- Λ+c baryon (1)
- Σ hyperon (1)
- β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) complex (1)
- γ-ray spectroscopy (1)
- γ-spectroscopy (1)
- η/s (1)
- κ meson (1)
- φ feed-down (1)
- √sN N = 2.76 TeV (1)
- field-effect transistor (1)
Institute
- Physik (3385) (remove)
Two-particle correlation functions of negative hadrons over wide phase space, and transverse mass spectra of negative hadrons and deuterons near mid-rapidity have been measured in central Pb+Pb collisions at 158 GeV per nucleon by the NA49 experiment at the CERN SPS. A novel Coulomb correction procedure for the negative two-particle correlations is employed making use of the measured oppositely charged particle correlation. Within an expanding source scenario these results are used to extract the dynamic characteristics of the hadronic source, resolving the ambiguities between the temperature and transverse expansion velocity of the source, that are unavoidable when single and two particle spectra are analysed separately. The source shape, the total duration of the source expansion, the duration of particle emission, the freeze-out temperature and the longitudinal and transverse expansion velocities are deduced.
A statistical model of the early stage of central nucleus--nucleus (A+A) collisions is developed. We suggest a description of the confined state with several free parameters fitted to a compilation of A+A data at the AGS. For the deconfined state a simple Bag model equation of state is assumed. The model leads to the conclusion that a Quark Gluon Plasma is created in central nucleus--nucleus collisions at the SPS. This result is in quantitative agreement with existing SPS data on pion and strangeness production and gives a natural explanation for their scaling behaviour. The localization and the properties of the transition region are discussed. It is shown that the deconfinement transition can be detected by observation of the characteristic energy dependence of pion and strangeness multiplicities, and by an increase of the event--by--event fluctuations. An attempt to understand the data on J/psi production in Pb+Pb collisions at the SPS within the same approach is presented.
Elliptic flow from nuclear collisions is a hadronic observable sensitive to the early stages of system evolution. We report first results on elliptic flow of charged particles at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN)=130 GeV using the STAR TPC at RHIC. The elliptic flow signal, v_2, averaged over transverse momentum, reaches values of about 6% for relatively peripheral collisions and decreases for the more central collisions. This can be interpreted as the observation of a higher degree of thermalization than at lower collision energies. Pseudorapidity and transverse momentum dependence of elliptic flow are also presented.
We present the first measurement of fluctuations from event to event in the production of strange particles in collisions of heavy nuclei. The ratio of charged kaons to charged pions is determined for individual central Pb+Pb collisions. After accounting for the fluctuations due to detector resolution and finite number statistics we derive an upper limit on genuine non-statistical fluctuations, perhaps related to a first or second order QCD phase transition. Such fluctuations are shown to be very small.
The transverse mass spectra of Omega, J/psi and psi' in Pb+Pb collisions at 158 AGeV are studied within a hydrodynamical model of the quark gluon plasma expansion and hadronization. The model reproduces the existing data with the common hadronization parameters: temperature T=T_H = 170 MeV and average collective transverse velocity v_T = 0.2.
The transverse mass spectra of J/psi and psi' mesons and Omega hyperons produced in central Au+Au collisions at RHIC energies are discussed within a statistical model used successfully for the interpretation of the SPS results. The comparison of the presented model with the future RHIC data should serve as a further crucial test of the hypothesis of statistical production of charmonia at hadronization. Finally, in case of validity, the approach should allow to estimate the mean transverse flow velocity at the quark gluon plasma hadronization.
Experiment NA49 at the Cern SPS uses a large acceptance detector for a systematic study of particle yields and correlations in nucleus-nucleus, nucleon-nucleus and nucleon-nucleon collisions. Preliminary results for Pb+Pb collisions at 40, 80 and 158 A*GeV beam energy are shown and compared to measurements at lower and higher energies.
Directed and elliptic flow of charged pions and protons in Pb + Pb collisions at 40 and 158 A GeV
(2003)
Directed and elliptic flow measurements for charged pions and protons are reported as a function of transverse momentum, rapidity, and centrality for 40 and 158A GeV Pb + Pb collisions as recorded by the NA49 detector. Both the standard method of correlating particles with an event plane, and the cumulant method of studying multiparticle correlations are used. In the standard method the directed flow is corrected for conservation of momentum. In the cumulant method elliptic flow is reconstructed from genuine 4, 6, and 8-particle correlations, showing the first unequivocal evidence for collective motion in A+A collisions at SPS energies.
New results from the energy scan programme of NA49, in particular kaon production at 30 AGeV and phi production at 40 and 80 AGeV are presented. The K+/pi+ ratio shows a pronounced maximum at 30 AGeV; the kaon slope parameters are constant at SPS energies. Both findings support the scenario of a phase transition at about 30 AGeV beam energy. The phi/pi ratio increases smoothly with beam energy, showing an energy dependence similar to K-/pi-. The measured particle yields can be reproduced by a hadron gas model, with chemical freeze-out parameters on a smooth curve in the T-muB plane. The transverse spectra can be understood as resulting from a rapidly expanding, locally equilibrated source. No evidence for an earlier kinetic decoupling of heavy hyperons is found.
The large acceptance and high momentum resolution as well as the significant particle identification capabilities of the NA49 experiment at the CERN SPS allow for a broad study of fluctuations and correlations in hadronic interactions. In the first part recent results on event-by-event charge and p_t fluctuations are presented. Charge fluctuations in central Pb+Pb reactions are investigated at three different beam energies (40, 80, and 158 AGeV), while for the p_t fluctuations the focus is put on the system size dependence at 158 AGeV. In the second part recent results on Bose Einstein correlations of h-h- pairs in minimum bias Pb+Pb reactions at 40 and 158 AGeV, as well as of K+K+ and K-K- pairs in central Pb+Pb collisions at 158 AGeV are shown. Additionally, other types of two particle correlations, namely pi p, Lambda p, and Lambda Lambda correlations, have been measured by the NA49 experiment. Finally, results on the energy and system size dependence of deuteron coalescence are discussed.
Rapidity distributions for $\Lambda$ and $\bar{\Lambda}$ hyperons in central Pb-Pb collisions at 40, 80 and 158 A$\cdot$GeV and for ${\rm K}_{s}^{0}$ mesons at 158 A$\cdot$GeV are presented. The lambda multiplicities are studied as a function of collision energy together with AGS and RHIC measurements and compared to model predictions. A different energy dependence of the $\Lambda/\pi$ and $\bar{\Lambda}/\pi$ is observed. The $\bar{\Lambda}/\Lambda$ ratio shows a steep increase with collision energy. Evidence for a $\bar{\Lambda}/\bar{\rm p}$ ratio greater than 1 is found at 40 A$\cdot$GeV.
Bose-Einstein correlations of charged kaons were measured near mid-rapidity in central Pb+Pb collisions at 158 A GeV by the NA49 experiment at the CERN SPS. Source radii were extracted using the Yano-Koonin-Podgoretsky and Bertsch-Pratt parameterizations. The results are compared to published pion data. The measured m_perp dependence for kaons and pions is consistent with collective transverse expansion of the source and a freeze-out time of about 9.5 fm.
We study the behaviour of the effective temperature for K+ in several energy domains. For this purpose, we apply the recently developed SPheRIO code for hydrodynamics in 3+1 dimensions, using both Landau-type compact initial conditions and spatially more spread ones. We show that initial conditions given in small volume, like Landau-type ones, are unable to reproduce the effective temperature together with other data (multiplicities and rapidity distributions). These quantities can be reproduced altogether only when using a large initial volume with an appropriate velocity distribution.
We suggest that the fluctuations of strange hadron multiplicity could be sensitive to the equation of state and microscopic structure of strongly interacting matter created at the early stage of high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions. They may serve as an important tool in the study of the deconfinement phase transition. We predict, within the statistical model of the early stage, that the ratio of properly filtered fluctuations of strange to non-strange hadron multiplicities should have a non-monotonic energy dependence with a minimum in the mixed phase region.
The data on mT spectra of K0S K+ and K- mesons produced in all inelastic p + p and p + pbar interactions in the energy range sqrt(s)NN=4.7-1800GeV are compiled and analyzed. The spectra are parameterized by a single exponential function, dN/(m_T*dm_T)=C exp(-m_T/T), and the inverse slope parameter T is the main object of study. The T parameter is found to be similar for K0S, K+ and K- mesons. It increases monotonically with collision energy from T~30MeV at sqrt(s)NN=4.7GeV to T~220MeV at sqrt(s)NN=1800GeV. The T parameter measured in p+p and p+pbar interactions is significantly lower than the corresponding parameter obtained for central Pb+Pb collisions at all studied energies. Also the shape of the energy dependence of T is different for central Pb+Pb collisions and p+p(pbar) interactions.
Observation of an exotic S = -2, Q = -2 baryon resonance in proton-proton collisions at the CERN SPS
(2003)
Results of resonance searches in the Xi- pi-, Xi- pi+, antiXi+ pi- and antiXi+ pi+ invariant mass spectra in proton-proton collisions at sqrt s=17.2 GeV are presented. Evidence is shown for the existence of a narrow Xi- pi- baryon resonance with mass of 1.862+/-0.002 GeV/c^2 and width below the detector resolution of about 0.018 GeV/c^2. The significance is estimated to be 4.0 sigma. This state is a candidate for the hypothetical exotic Xi_(3/2)^-- baryon with S = -2, I = 3/2 and a quark content of (d s d s ubar). At the same mass a peak is observed in the Xi- pi+ spectrum which is a candidate for the Xi_(3/2)^0 member of this isospin quartet with a quark content of (d s u s dbar). The corresponding antibaryon spectra also show enhancements at the same invariant mass.
Fluctuations of charged particle number are studied in the canonical ensemble. In the infinite volume limit the fluctuations in the canonical ensemble are different from the fluctuations in the grand canonical one. Thus, the well-known equivalence of both ensembles for the average quantities does not extend for the fluctuations. In view of a possible relevance of the results for the analysis of fluctuations in nuclear collisions at high energies, a role of the limited kinematical acceptance is studied.
A non-monotonic energy dependence of the K + / pi + ratio with a sharp maximum close to 30 A GeV is observed in central Pb+Pb collisions. Within a statistical model of the early stage, this is interpreted as a sign of the phase transition to a QGP, which causes a sharp change in the energy dependence of the strangeness to entropy ratio. This observation naturally motivates us to study the production of multistrange hyperons (Xi, Omega) as a function of the beam energy. Furthermore it was suggested that the kinematic freeze-out of Omega takes place directly at QGP hadronization. If this is indeed the case, the transverse momentum spectra of the Omega directly reflect the transverse expansion velocity of a hadronizing QGP. In this report we show preliminary NA49 results on Omega - and Omega + production in central Pb+Pb collisions at 40 and 158 A GeV and compare them to measurements of Xi - and Xi + production in central Pb+Pb collisions at 30, 40, 80 and 158 A GeV.
Report from NA49
(2004)
The most recent data of NA49 on hadron production in nuclear collisions at CERN SPS energies are presented. Anomalies in the energy dependence of pion and kaon production in central Pb+Pb collisions are observed. They suggest that the onset of deconfinement is located at about 30 AGeV. Large multiplicity and transverse momentum fluctuations are measured for collisions of intermediate mass systems at 158 AGeV. The need for a new experimental programme at the CERN SPS is underlined.
The transverse mass mt distributions for deuterons and protons are measured in Pb+Pb reactions near midrapidity and in the range 0<mt–m<1.0 (1.5) GeV/c2 for minimum bias collisions at 158A GeV and for central collisions at 40 and 80 A GeV beam energies. The rapidity density dn/dy, inverse slope parameter T and mean transverse mass <mt> derived from mt distributions as well as the coalescence parameter B2 are studied as a function of the incident energy and the collision centrality. The deuteron mt spectra are significantly harder than those of protons, especially in central collisions. The coalescence factor B2 shows three systematic trends. First, it decreases strongly with increasing centrality reflecting an enlargement of the deuteron coalescence volume in central Pb+Pb collisions. Second, it increases with mt. Finally, B2 shows an increase with decreasing incident beam energy even within the SPS energy range. The results are discussed and compared to the predictions of models that include the collective expansion of the source created in Pb+Pb collisions.
Event-by-event fluctuations of particle ratios in central Pb + Pb collisions at 20 to 158 AGeV
(2004)
In the vicinity of the QCD phase transition, critical fluctuations have been predicted to lead to non-statistical fluctuations of particle ratios, depending on the nature of the phase transition. Recent results of the NA49 energy scan program show a sharp maximum of the ratio of K+ to Pi+ yields in central Pb+Pb collisions at beam energies of 20-30 AGeV. This observation has been interpreted as an indication of a phase transition at low SPS energies. We present first results on event-by-event fluctuations of the kaon to pion and proton to pion ratios at beam energies close to this maximum.
Results are presented on event-by-event electric charge fluctuations in central Pb+Pb collisions at 20, 30, 40, 80 and 158 AGeV. The observed fluctuations are close to those expected for a gas of pions correlated by global charge conservation only. These fluctuations are considerably larger than those calculated for an ideal gas of deconfined quarks and gluons. The present measurements do not necessarily exclude reduced fluctuations from a quark-gluon plasma because these might be masked by contributions from resonance decays.
System-size dependence of strangeness production in nucleus-nucleus collisions at √sNN = 17.3 GeV
(2005)
Emission of pi, K, phi and Lambda was measured in near-central C+C and Si+Si collisions at 158 AGeV beam energy. Together with earlier data for p+p, S+S and Pb+Pb, the system-size dependence of relative strangeness production in nucleus-nucleus collisions is obtained. Its fast rise and the saturation observed at about 60 participating nucleons can be understood as onset of the formation of coherent partonic subsystems of increasing size. PACS numbers: 25.75.-q
Results are presented on Omega production in central Pb+Pb collisions at 40 and 158 AGeV beam energy. Given are transverse-mass spectra, rapidity distributions, and total yields for the sum Omega+Antiomega at 40 AGeV and for Omega and Antiomega separately at 158 AGeV. The yields are strongly under-predicted by the string-hadronic UrQMD model and are in better agreement with predictions from a hadron gas models. PACS numbers: 25.75.Dw
System size and centrality dependence of the balance function in A + A collisions at √sNN = 17.2 GeV
(2004)
Electric charge correlations were studied for p+p, C+C, Si+Si and centrality selected Pb+Pb collisions at sqrt s_NN = 17.2$ GeV with the NA49 large acceptance detector at the CERN-SPS. In particular, long range pseudo-rapidity correlations of oppositely charged particles were measured using the Balance Function method. The width of the Balance Function decreases with increasing system size and centrality of the reactions. This decrease could be related to an increasing delay of hadronization in central Pb+Pb collisions.
System size dependence of multiplicity fluctuations of charged particles produced in nuclear collisions at 158 A GeV was studied in the NA49 CERN experiment. Results indicate a non-monotonic dependence of the scaled variance of the multiplicity distribution with a maximum for semi-peripheral Pb+Pb interactions with number of projectile participants of about 35. This effect is not observed in a string-hadronic model of nuclear collision HIJING.
The hadronic final state of central Pb+Pb collisions at 20, 30, 40, 80, and 158 AGeV has been measured by the CERN NA49 collaboration. The mean transverse mass of pions and kaons at midrapidity stays nearly constant in this energy range, whereas at lower energies, at the AGS, a steep increase with beam energy was measured. Compared to p+p collisions as well as to model calculations, anomalies in the energy dependence of pion and kaon production at lower SPS energies are observed. These findings can be explained, assuming that the energy density reached in central A+A collisions at lower SPS energies is sufficient to transform the hot and dense nuclear matter into a deconfined phase.
Results are presented from a search for the decays D0 -> K min pi plus and D0 bar -> K plus pi min in a sample of 3.8x10^6 central Pb-Pb events collected with a beam energy of 158A GeV by NA49 at the CERN SPS. No signal is observed. An upper limit on D0 production is derived and compared to predictions from several models.
Low energy beam transport (LEBT) for a future heavy ion driven inertial fusion (HIDIF [1]) facility is a crucial point using a Bi+ beam of 40 mA at 156 keV. High space charge forces (generalised perveance K=3.6*10-3) restrict the use of electrostatic focussing systems. On the other hand magnetic lenses using space charge compensation suffer from the low particle velocity. Additionally the emittance requirements are very high in order to avoid particle losses in the linac and at ring injection [2]. urthermore source noise and rise time of space charge compensation [3] might enhance particle losses and emittance. Gabor lenses [4] using a continuous space charge cloud for focussing could be a serious alternative to conventional LEBT systems. They combine strong cylinder symmetric focussing with partly space charge compensation and low emittance growth due to lower non linear fields. A high tolerance against source noise and current fluctuations and reduced investment costs are other possible advantages. The proof of principle has already been shown [5, 6]. To broaden the experiences an experimental program was started. Therefrom the first experimental results using a double Gabor lens (DGPL, see fig. 1 ) LEBT system for transporting an high perveance Xe+ beam will be presented and the results of numerical simulations will be shown.
Rapidity distributions for Lambda and anti-Lambda hyperons in central Pb-Pb collisions at 40, 80 and 158 AGeV and for K 0 s mesons at 158 AGeV are presented. The lambda multiplicities are studied as a function of collision energy together with AGS and RHIC measurements and compared to model predictions. A different energy dependence of the Lambda/pi and anti-Lambda/pi is observed. The anti-Lambda/Lambda ratio shows a steep increase with collision energy. Evidence for a anti-Lambda/anti-p ratio greater than 1 is found at 40 AGeV.
Die Dokumente enthalten jeweils die gleiche Arbeit, allerdings in drei unterschiedlichen Varianten, die sich in der Qualität der Bilder und damit in der Filegröße unterscheiden: * Bilder in voller Druckqualität (8,2 MB): DissWFOM1.pdf (Dokument1) * Photos in reduzierter Auflösung (3,1 MB): DissWFOM2.pdf (Dokument2) * Photos und Zeichnungen in red. Auflösung (1,4 MB): DissWFOM3.pdf (Dokument3)
Cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy (COLTRIM) has been employed to image the momentum distributions of continuum electrons liberated in the impact of slow He2+ on He and H2. The distributions were measured for fully determined motion of the nuclei that is as a function of the impact parameter and in a well de ned scattering plane The single ionization (SI) of H2 leading to H2+ recoil ions in nondissociative states (He2+ + H+ -> He2+ + H+ + e-) and the transfer ionization (TI) of H2 leading to H2 dissociation into two free protons (He2+ H2 -> He+ + H+ + H+ + e-) were investigated. Similar measurements have been carried out for He target, the corresponding atomic two electron system, i.e. the single ionization (SI) (He2+ + He -> He+ + He2+ e- and the transfer ionization (TI) (He2+ + He -> He+ + He2+ + e-). These measurements have been exploited to understand the results obtained for H target. In comparing the continuum electron momentum distributions for H2 with that for He, a high degree of similarity is observed. In the case of transfer ionization of H2, the electron momentum distributions generated for parallel and perpendicular molecular orientations revealed no orientation dependence. The in scattering plane electron momentum distributions for the transfer ionization of H2 by He2+ and for the transfer ionization of He by He2e showed that the salient feature of these distributions for both collisions systems consists in the appearance of two groups of electrons with difeerent structures. In addition to the group of the saddle electrons forming two jets separated by a valley along the projectile axis we nd a new group of electrons moving with a velocity higher than the projectile velocity These new fast forward electrons result from a narrow range of impact parameters and appear as image saddle in the projectile frame. In contrast to the transfer ionization of He, the fast forward electrons group disappears in the in scattering plane electron momentum distribution generated for the single ionization of He. Instead of this group another new group of electrons appear These electrons exhibit an amount of backscattering These backward elec trons appear as image saddle in the target frame The structures that the saddle electrons show are owing to the quasi molecular nature of the collision process For the TI of H2, the TI of He and the SI of He, a pi-orbital shape of the electron momentum distribution is observed This indicates the importance of the rotational coupling 2-p-theta -> 2p-pi in the initial promotion of the ground state followed by further promotions to the continuum The backward electrons as well as the fast forward electrons are not discussed in the theoretical literature at all. However, a number of obvious indications of the existence of the backward and fast forward electrons could be seen in the experimental works of Abdallah et al. as well as in the theoretical calculations of Sidky et al One might speculate that electrons which are promoted on the saddle for some time during the collision could finally swing around the He+ ion in the way out of the collision, i.e. either around the projectile in the forward direction as in the TI case forming the fast forward electrons or around the recoil ion in the backward direction as in the SI case forming the backward electrons. This might be a result of the strong gradient, and hence the large acceleration of the screened He+ potential.
Fourier-Transform Infrarot Differenz Spektroskopie ist eine Methode. die es erlaubt, selbst kleinste konformelle Änderungen in der Umgebung der katalytischen Zentren in Enzymen selektiv und mit hoher Zeitauflösung zu messen. Diese Technik wurde an Oxidasen von Paracoccus denitrificans, Thermus thermophilus und Escherichia coli angewandt, um einen Einblick in strukturelle und molekulare Prozesse der Bindung und Dynamik von Liganden am binuklearen Zentrum zu erhalten. Die pH- und Temperatur-Abhängigkeit von CO Schwingungsmoden sowie deren Verhalten nach der Photolyse konnten zeitaufgelöst untersucht und miteinander verglichen werden. Bei Temperaturen >180K war die Bestimmung von thermodynamischen Parametern wie Enthalpie-Barrieren und Arrhenius-Vorfaktoren möglich. Aus dem Verlauf der Rückbindungskinetiken ließen sich ferner Rückschlüsse über die konformelle Heterogenität der Bindung ziehen. Für Temperaturen um 140K konnte das Protein im "quasistationären" Zustand vermessen werden, da Rückreaktionen des Liganden an die Bindungsstelle des Häm a3 unterbunden waren. Trotz der strukturellen Ähnlichkeit und analoger Funktion zeigten diese typischen Oxidasen große Unterschiede sowohl im Reaktionszentrum als auch im kinetischen Verhalten des Liganden. Die kinetischen Parameter für alle untersuchten Oxidasen weichen deutlich voneinander ab und spiegeln unter anderem die Stärke der Bindung am CUB wider. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Populationen der CO-Konformere und die äquivalente Rückbindungs-Kinetik der unterschiedlichen Konformere in den Oxidasen aus dem thermophilen System weisen auf ein strukturelles Merkmal in der Nähe des binuklearen Zentrums hin, das den Populations-Austausch in anderen Oxidasen unterbindet. Aufgrund der pH-Abhängigkeit der entsprechenden Oxidasen kann man schließen, daß diese Eigenschaft durch eine oder mehrere protonierbare Gruppen bewirkt wird, die die unterschiedlichen Konformere in bestimmten Positionen fixiert hält. Die Rückbindungsraten des Liganden zeigen für die T. thermophilus Oxidasen eine Rückbindung erster Ordnung. was auf eine homogene Verteilung der zwei Konformer-Populationen im Enzym deutet. Hingegen zeigte die Oxidase aus P. denitrificans für die Rückbindung eine Verteilung der Reaktionsraten. Ursache dafür ist ein sehr heterogenes Ensemble an Proteinen, das minimale strukturelle Unterschiede im Konformationsraum des Reaktionszentrums aufweist. Ein weiterer Aspekt der Arbeit war die Beobachtung von Absorptionsbanden der Hämpropionate an Cytochrome c Oxidase von Paracoccus denitrificans nach CO Rückbindung. Sowohl über 13C-isotopenmarkierte Hämpropionate als auch über ortsgerichtete Mutagenese in deren unmittelbarer Umgebung konnten definierte Banden-Zuordnungen im IR-Differenzspektrum erhalten werden. Experimente am Enzym mit Mutationen an der Stelle Asp 399 zeigten, daß die strukturellen Eigenschaften des Häm a3-CuB Zentrums im wesentlichen von dieser Veränderung nicht beeinflußt werden. Jedoch war die pH-Abhängigkeit der CO Konformere hier unterbunden, was auf deren Einfluß auf eine Protonierbarkeit im Wildtyp-Enzym hinweist. Rückschlüsse anhand der Mutante Asp399Asn zeigten (über den Verlust der pH-Abhängigkeit) ganz klar, daß alle unterschiedlichen CO-Konformere funktionell intakt sind. FT-IR Messungen an einem weiteren Enzym, der isolierten Cytochrom bd Oxidase aus E. coli, zeigten bei einer Untersuchung der CO Rückbindungs-Eigenschaften bei 84K die ausschließliche Rückbindung an das Häm d. der möglichen Sauerstoff-Bindungsstelle. Die Bindungsstelle an Häm b, die zu ca. 5% ebenfalls CO bindet, kann bei diesen Temperaturen nicht wiederbesetzt werden. Im typischen Spektralbereich von 1680 bis 1760 cm hoch minus 1 konnten eindeutig die Absorptionsbanden von Asparagin- oder Glutaminsäure-Seitenketten identifiziert werden. Über einen direkten Vergleich der Spektren, die über Redox-Reaktion und CO Rückbindung erhalten wurden, konnten diese Signale als klar in der direkten Umgebung des binuklearen Zentrums lokalisiert zugeordnet werden. Eine Rolle als vorübergehender Protonen-Akzeptor/Donor auf dem Weg zur Sauerstoff-Bindungsstelle ist naheliegend.
Das hemmende Umfeld von Ganglienzellen in der Netzhaut des Auges Der Bereich auf der Netzhaut, aus dem Ganglienzellen Lichtsignale erhalten, wird rezeptives Feld genannt. Er umfaßt einen erregenden, zentralen Teil, das rezeptive Feldzentrum, und einen hemmenden, peripheren Teil, das Umfeld. Die antagonistische Organisation (erregendes Zentrum/hemmendes Umfeld) des rezeptiven Feldes verbessert die Signalverarbeitung, indem Kontraste verstärkt werden. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die Mechanismen der Umfeldhemmung an der isolierten, intakten Kaninchennetzhaut zu untersuchen. Das rezeptive Feldzentrum wird durch den erregenden Kontakt zwischen Photorezeptor Þ Bipolarzelle Þ Ganglienzelle erzeugt. Visuelle Stimulation des rezeptiven Feldzentrums erhöht die Entladungsrate (Anzahl der Aktionspotentiale pro Zeiteinheit) der Ganglienzelle. Die Erhöhung der Entladungsrate wird durch die Freisetzung des erregenden Transmitters Glutamat aus präsynaptischen Bipolarzellen bewirkt. Eine Belichtung des Umfeldes hat den entgegengesetzten Effekt: die Entladungsrate der Ganglienzelle wird verringert. Die Umfeldantwort der Ganglienzelle wird durch die laterale Hemmung in der OPL (äußere Synpsenschicht) und der IPL (innere Synapsenschicht) erzeugt. In der OPL wird die Signalübertragung von GABAergen Horizontalzellen moduliert, indem sie Photorezeptoren und/oder Bipolarzellen hemmen. In der IPL modulieren Amakrinzellen, die entweder GABAerg oder glyzinerg sein können, die Signalübertragung, indem sie Bipolarzellen und/oder Ganglienzellen hemmen. Die Entladungsrate von retinalen Ganglienzellen wird bei Belichtung des Umfeldes somit auf zwei Arten verringert: entweder werden präsynaptische Zellen (Photorezeptoren, Bipolarzellen) gehemmt oder die Ganglienzelle wird direkt durch Amakrinzellen gehemmt. Im ersten Fall schütten Bipolarzellen weniger Glutamat aus (indirekte laterale Hemmung), im zweiten Fall wird durch hemmende Neurotransmitter (GABA oder Glyzin) ein Einstrom von Chloridionen in die Dendriten der Ganglienzellen hervorgerufen (direkte laterale Hemmung). Es ist bisher noch unklar, zu welchem Anteil direkte und indirekte laterale Hemmung an der Umfeldantwort beteiligt sind. Weiterhin ist nicht bekannt, welche Neurotransmitterrezeptoren bei der Erzeugung des hemmenden Umfeldes eine Rolle spielen. Um dies zu untersuchen, wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit lichtinduzierte, synaptische Ströme von retinalen Ganglienzellen an der isolierten, intakten Kaninchenetzhaut gemessen. Dabei wurde die Netzhaut von vorher eingeschläferten Kaninchen freipräpariert und anschließend in einer mit Sauerstoff angereicherten Extrazellulärlösung aufbewahrt. An diesem isolierten, intakten NetzhautPräparat (in vitro Retina) konnten bis zu acht Stunden Lichtantworten gemessen werden. Die lichtinduzierten Ströme wurden in der Ganzzellkonfiguration der PatchClampTechnik in der Spannungsklemme gemessen. Die Meßkammer mit der flach ausgebreiteten Netzhaut befand sich auf einem Mikroskoptisch. Das Mikroskop war mit einer InfrarotDifferentialinterferenzOptik (NomarskiOptik) ausgestattet und die Mikroelektroden konnten unter Sichtkontrolle mit Hilfe eines Mikromanipulators an die Zellkörper herangefahren werden. Kreisförmige und ringförmige Lichtmuster mit verschiedenen Durchmessern, wurden auf einem Computerbildschirm erzeugt und durch den Mikrsokopkondenser auf den Boden der Meßkammer projiziert. Erregende Ströme retinaler Ganglienzellen konnten isoliert werden, indem das Membranpotential der Zelle auf das Umkehrpotential für Chloridionen eingestellt wurde. Die erregenden Ströme wurden durch Belichtung des Umfeldes stark verringert. Dies wird durch die verminderte Freisetzung von Glutamat durch Bipolarzellen verursacht und ist ein Hinweise auf eine indirekte, laterale Hemmung der Ganglienzelle. Durch die Zugabe des GABARezeptorblockers Picrotoxinin in die Nährlösung (Badapplikation) konnte die Umfeldhemmung der meisten Ganglienzellen nahezu vollständig aufgehoben werden. Dieses Ergebnis zeigt, daß präsynaptische GABA A und GABA C Rezeptoren eine wichtige Rolle bei der Umfeldhemmung spielen. Direkte hemmende Chloridionenströme konnten isoliert werden, indem das Membranpotential der Zelle auf das Umkehrpotential für erregende Ströme eingestellt wurde. Durch Beleuchtung des Umfeldes wurden Chloridionenströme in Ganglienzellen ausgelöst. Dies ist ein Hinweis auf eine direkte, laterale Hemmung der Ganglienzelle durch Amakrinzellen, die zusätzlich zur indirekten Hemmung erfolgt. Bei Anwendung der Stromklemme der PatchClampTechnik konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß Chloridionenströme die Entladungsrate der Zelle beeinflussen. Durch die Badapplikation von Picrotoxinin und durch die Überströmung mit dem GABA A Rezeptorhemmer Bicucullin wurden die Chloridionenströme deutlich verringert. Durch den Glyzinrezeptorblocker Strychnin konnten die hemmenden Ströme nur bei wenigen Zellen verringert werden. Dies ist ein Hinweis auf eine direkte Hemmung der Ganglienzelle über GABA A Rezeptoren. In den meisten Ganglienzellen konnten direkte und indirekte Hemmung durch die Badapplikation von Tetrodotoxin verringert werden. Tetrodotoxin hemmt das Entstehen von Aktionspotentialen und das Ergebnis zeigt, daß 'widefield Amakrinzellen, die über Aktionspotentiale kommunizieren zur Umfeldhemmung beitragen. Bisherige Modelle gingen davon aus, daß Interaktionen zwischen Horizontalzellen, Photorezeptoren und Bipolarzellen in der OPL die Hauptursache für die Umfeldhemmung sind. Die vorliegende Arbeit hat gezeigt, daß Interaktionen zwischen Amakrinzellen, Bipolarzellen und Ganglienzellen wesentlich zur Umfeldhemmung beitragen. In der Netzhaut gibt es zwischen 12 und 15 Ganglienzelltypen, die auf unterschiedliche Mustermerkmale wie z. B. Farbe, Kontrast oder Bewegung reagieren. Alle bisher untersuchten Ganglienzelltypen verringern bei einer Reizung des Umfeldes ihre Entladungsrate. Ist bei allen Ganglienzelltypen der Beitrag von Horizontal und Amakrinzellen zur Umfeldhemmung sowie der Anteil von direkter und indirekter lateralen Hemmung gleich? Oder gibt es für jeden Ganglienzelltyp aufgrund seiner physiologischen und morphologischen Ausprägung verschiedene Mechanismen der lateralen Hemmung? Diese Fragen könnten durch die Entwicklung von Pharmaka, welche selektiv Horizontalzellen bzw. Amakrinzellen hemmen, untersucht werden. Die Anwendung dieser Substanzen könnte den Beitrag dieser Zellen zur Umfeldhemmung eines bestimmten Ganglienzelltyps nachweisen. Gleichzeitig könnte die indirekte Hemmung von retinalen Ganglienzellen durch intrazelluläre Applikation von Chloridionenkanalblockern viel genauer als bisher gemessen werden, da auf diese Weise erregende synaptische Ströme besser isoliert werden können. Durch die Kombination dieser beiden Methoden könnte für jeden Ganglienzelltyp der Netzhaut die zellulären und synaptischen Mechanismen der Umfeldhemmung detailliert beschrieben werden.